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Objectives: We explored temporal variations In disease burden of ambient particulate matter 2.5 pm or less in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone in Italy using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Methods: We compared temporal changes and percent variations (95% Uncertainty Intervals [95% UI]) in rates of disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost, years lived with disability and mortality from 1990 to 2019, and variations in pollutant-attributable burden with those in the overall burden of each PM2.5- and ozone-related disease. Results: In 2019, 467,000 DALYs (95% UI: 371,000, 570,000) were attributable to PM2.5 and 39,600 (95% UI: 18,300, 61,500) to ozone. The crude DALY rate attributable to PM2.5 decreased by 47.9% (95% UI: 10.3, 65.4) from 1990 to 2019. For ozone, it declined by 37.0% (95% UI: 28.9, 44.5) during 1990-2010, but it increased by 44.8% (95% UI: 35.5, 56.3) during 2010-2019. Age-standardized rates declined more than crude ones. Conclusion: In Italy, the burden of ambient PM2.5 (but not of ozone) significantly decreased, even in concurrence with population ageing. Results suggest a positive impact of air quality regulations, fostering further regulatory efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; S-RBD-specific; immunoglobulins; seroconversion; decreasing immunity; neutralizing antibodies EN Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD-specific immunoglobulins seroconversion decreasing immunity neutralizing antibodies 1 3 3 01/05/22 20211201 NES 211201 Research letter Emerging evidence is offering significant insights into the effectiveness and safety of the vaccination against the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but another crucial aspect of the current global vaccination campaign is the time trend of the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines over a longer period and the resulting duration of the protection offered.1 Here, we present data on the dynamics of antibodies that bind SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) - the most critical target for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies within the S1 sub-unit2 - after 6 months from the administration with BNT162b2 vaccine. Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2, S-RBD-specific, immunoglobulins, seroconversion, decreasing immunity, neutralizing antibodies Complete methods of the VASCO project have been presented elsewhere.3 In this survey, HCWs who were administered the two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 21 days apart between December 2020 and January 2021 were invited to undertake a quantitative serology test for the research of SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD-specific immunoglobulins G (IgG). [Extracted from the article]