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Summary: Aims: Attention‐deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with obesity and impacts the outcome of metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS). This study aimed at calculating the prevalence in candidates for MBS, which is yet unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis, searching three databases from their respective inception to December 2022 for studies reporting the prevalence of ADHD in adolescents and adults assessed before undergoing MBS. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022384914). We adhered to Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines; the quality of studies was assessed with the JBI Critical Appraisal checklist. Random‐effect meta‐analyses were performed; confidence intervals were computed with a binomial exact method, and the pooled estimate was calculated after double arcsine transformation. Findings: Fourteen studies (24,455 adults) and three studies (299 adolescents) were selected. The quality of studies was moderate to poor; meta‐analyses were performed on subgroups according to the case definition used. The prevalence is 8.94% and 9.90% in adults, and 28.73% in adolescents. Conclusions: ADHD is three times more frequent in adults and six times more frequent in adolescents than in the general population. Recommendations are provided to improve the quality of future studies and obtain more reliable estimates of prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder of complex but essentially genetic origin. From a medical perspective, dealing with maltreatment in children with ADHD means defining maltreatment and determining the risk factors and the protective factors -- in particular those related to ADHD -- by distinguishing between maltreatment suffered and maltreatment committed. While the World Health Organisation has long defined abuse in all its complexity, this was not the case in French law until Law n82022-140 of 7 February 2022. Subsequently, other legal advances have been made which we discuss. Thus, our medical discussion is complemented by an examination of the range of judicial responses that aim to detect and prevent situations of abuse in general and in ADHD in particular. Finally, we examine the necessary conditions for both medical and judicial expertise in neurodevelopmental disorders and the potentially damaging consequences that should be avoided. The originality of this article is that it was written jointly by a doctor and a lawyer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In childhood, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattentiveness/disorganization, hyperactivity/impulsiveness, or a combination thereof. Although the criteria for ADHD are well defined, the long-term consequences in adults and children need to be more comprehensively understood and quantified. We conducted a systematic review evaluating the long-term outcomes (defined as 2 years or more) of ADHD with the goal of identifying long-term outcomes and the impact that any treatment (pharmacological, non-pharmacological, or multimodal) has on ADHD long-term outcomes. Methods Studies were identified using predefined search criteria and 12 databases. Studies included were peer-reviewed, primary studies of ADHD long-term outcomes published between January 1980 to December 2010. Inclusion was agreed on by two independent researchers on review of abstracts or full text. Published statistical comparison of outcome results were summarized as poorer than, similar to, or improved versus comparators, and quantified as percentage comparisons of these categories. Results Outcomes from 351 studies were grouped into 9 major categories: academic, antisocial behavior, driving, non-medicinal drug use/addictive behavior, obesity, occupation, services use, self-esteem, and social function outcomes. The following broad trends emerged: (1) without treatment, people with ADHD had poorer long-term outcomes in all categories compared with people without ADHD, and (2) treatment for ADHD improved long-term outcomes compared with untreated ADHD, although not usually to normal levels. Only English-language papers were searched and databases may have omitted relevant studies. Conclusions This systematic review provides a synthesis of studies of ADHD long-term outcomes. Current treatments may reduce the negative impact that untreated ADHD has on life functioning, but does not usually 'normalize' the recipients.

The somatic consequences of the COVID-19 are numerous and often serious, but mental health has been a neglected aspect at least in the first few months of the pandemic. The purpose of this mini-review is to assess the way COVID-19 has impacted populations already weakened by somatic diseases or mental disorders, and also triggered the emergence of other mental disorders. We extracted from PubMed database papers addressing in the paediatric population the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health (containment, stress, anxiety, depression), maltreatment, video games, neurodevelopment disorders (Attention-Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Tourette syndrome). We considered 600 references and retained 140; very few studies were conducted in France. Themes such as the need to develop teleconsultation, sleep disorders, eating disorders and obesity have emerged. Overall, the level of evidence for these studies is low (observational, non-randomized, uncontrolled), but the results question all the more that the consequences on future generations are largely unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to retrospectively describe the pathway toward ADHD diagnosis and treatment, and identify potential areas for improvement. Method: Parent-reported questionnaires were collected by a national sample of ADHD specialists. Results: In total, 473 complete questionnaires were analyzed. Initial onset of ADHD symptoms was reported at a mean age of 4.45 years. Mean age at diagnosis was 8.07 years, and half of the families had seen at least three health care professionals previously. Psychiatrists were most commonly consulted. A "combined" (89% boys) and inattentive (49% boys) profile was identified. Diagnosis was made 1 year later for the latter group. Two thirds of patients received pharmacological treatment. The delay in diagnosis was identified as the main source of concern for caregivers. Conclusion: The 4-year delay in diagnosis may represent a loss of opportunity. Training health care professionals in the core symptoms of ADHD may help reduce disparities and improve patient trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare otologic outcomes in patients with cleft palate who underwent 2 different surgical protocols. Design: Monocentric retrospective analysis of medical reports. Patients, Participants: All consecutively treated patients affected by a cleft palate, born between January 1998 and December 2002 (group 1) and between January 2007 and December 2010 (group 2). Interventions: Patients in group 1 underwent Veau-Wardill-Kilner palatoplasty at 10 months and had ventilation tubes inserted in case of otitis media with effusion (OME) during surgery. Patients in group 2 underwent Sommerlad intravelar veloplasty at 5 months. Ventilation tubes were inserted only in case of persistent OME. Main Outcome Measure(s): The need for a second set of ventilation tubes to be inserted in case of persistent OME, the presence of OME at the age of 2 years, and tympanic abnormalities at the age of 5 years were analyzed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference either for the presence of OME at the age of 2 years (27 [45%] vs 32 [57.14%], respectively, in groups 1 and 2; P = .191) or for tympanic abnormalities at the age of 5 years (20 [33.33%] vs 15 [26.79%]; P = .433). Statistically significant difference was found for the need to insert a second set of ventilation tubes in case of persistent OME (29 [48.33%] vs 12 [21.42%], respectively; P = .02). Conclusion: Early Sommerlad intravelar veloplasty may reduce persistent OME and consequently the need for ventilation tubes insertion, compared to later Veau-Wardill-Kilner palatoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The first year of university is a particularly stressful period and can impact academic performance and students’ health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health and lifestyle of undergraduates and assess risk factors associated with psychiatric symptoms. Materials and methods: Between September 2012 and June 2013, we included all undergraduate students who underwent compulsory a medical visit at the university medical service in Nice (France) during which they were screened for potential diseases during a diagnostic interview. Data were collected prospectively in the CALCIUM database (Consultations Assistés par Logiciel pour les Centres Inter-Universitaire de Médecine) and included information about the students’ lifestyle (living conditions, dietary behavior, physical activity, use of recreational drugs). The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms related to depression, anxiety and panic attacks was assessed and risk factors for these symptoms were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 4,184 undergraduates were included. Prevalence for depression, anxiety and panic attacks were 12.6%, 7.6% and 1.0%, respectively. During the 30 days preceding the evaluation, 0.6% of the students regularly drank alcohol, 6.3% were frequent-to-heavy tobacco smokers, and 10.0% smoked marijuana. Dealing with financial difficulties and having learning disabilities were associated with psychiatric symptoms. Students who were dissatisfied with their living conditions and those with poor dietary behavior were at risk of depression. Being a woman and living alone were associated with anxiety. Students who screened positively for any psychiatric disorder assessed were at a higher risk of having another psychiatric disorder concomitantly. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in undergraduate students is low but the rate of students at risk of developing chronic disease is far from being negligible. Understanding predictors for these symptoms may improve students’ health by implementing targeted prevention campaigns. Further research in other French universities is necessary to confirm our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates a psychometric approach of broad relevance to psychiatric research instruments. Many instruments include indicators related to more than one source of true-score variance due to the: (1) assessment of conceptually adjacent constructs; (2) the presence of a global construct underlying answers to items designed to assess multiple dimensions. Exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) is naturally suited to the investigation of the first source, whereas bifactor models are particularly suited to the investigation of the second source. When both sources are present, bifactor-ESEM becomes the model of choice. To illustrate this framework, we use the responses of 1159 adults [655 female, 504 male, mean age ( Mage) = 41.84] who completed the French Version of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). We investigate the factor structure of the CSM, test the relations between CSM factors and body mass index, and verify the measurement invariance of the model across gender and age groups. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the nature of the attention deficit observed in patients with Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder have led to the hypothesis of the existence of a pure concentration disorder, initially named Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT). However, it is still not clear whether SCT is an extreme form of the inattentive presentation of ADHD or a disorder which is comorbid with ADHD. Children and adults can both be affected by SCT. It is more frequently associated with internalised disorders (chiefly anxiety and depression) than ADHD. Psychostimulant treatments are less effective for SCT symptoms, relative to ADHD symptoms. Screening for the presence of SCT symptoms in every patient diagnosed with ADHD is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional impact of ADHD takes many forms throughout a patient's lifetime. It is impossible to help patients with ADHD without understanding that they struggle with an invisible disability. Our knowledge in this field is not exhaustive, and we rely on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health published by the World Health Organisation to present the complexity of this issue. It is clear that investigation of the possible ADHD status of one of the parents is recommended in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Midstream clean-catch urine is an accepted method to diagnose urinary tract infection but is impracticable in infants before potty training. We tested the bladder stimulation technique to obtain a clean-catch urine sample in infants. Materials and methods: We included 142 infants under walking age who required a urine sample in a cross- sectional study carried out during a 3-months period, from September to November 2014, in the emergency department of the University Children’s Hospital of Nice (France). A technique based on bladder stimulation and lumbar stimulation maneuvers, with at least two attempts, was tested by four trained physicians. The success rate and time to obtain urine sample within 3 minutes were evaluated. Discomfort (EVENDOL score ≥4/15) was measured. We estimated the risk factors in the failure of the technique. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare frequencies. T-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare quantitative data according to the normality of the distribution. Risk factors for failure of the technique were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: We obtained midstream clean-catch urine in 55.6% of infants with a median time of 52.0 s (10.0; 110.0). The success rate decreased with age from 88.9% (newborn) to 28.6% (>1 y) (p = 0.0001) and with weight, from 85.7% (<4kg) to 28.6% (>10kg) (p = 0.0004). The success rate was 60.8% for infants without discomfort (p<0.0001). Heavy weight and discomfort were associated with failure, with adjusted ORs of 1.47 [1.04–2.31] and 6.65 [2.85–15.54], respectively. Conclusion: Bladder stimulation seems to be efficient in obtaining midstream urine with a moderate success rate in our study sample. This could be an alternative technique for infants before potty training but further randomized multicenter studies are needed to validate this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation of treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) previously focused on symptom control, but attention has shifted to functional outcomes. The effect of different ADHD treatment periods and modalities (pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and combination) on long-term outcomes needs to be more comprehensively understood. Methods: A systematic search of 12 literature databases using Cochrane’s guidelines yielded 403 English-language peer-reviewed, primary studies reporting long-term outcomes (≥2 years). We evaluated relative effects of treatment modalities and durations and effect sizes of outcomes reported as statistically significantly improved with treatment. Results: The highest proportion of improved outcomes was reported with combination treatment (83% of outcomes). Among significantly improved outcomes, the largest effect sizes were found for combination treatment. The greatest improvements were associated with academic, self-esteem, or social function outcomes. A majority of outcomes improved regardless of age of treatment initiation (60%–75%) or treatment duration (62%–72%). Studies with short treatment duration had shorter follow-up times (mean 3.2 years total study length) than those with longer treatment durations (mean 7.1 years total study length). Studies with follow-up times <3 years reported benefit with treatment for 93% of outcomes, whereas those with follow-up times ≥3 years reported treatment benefit for 57% of outcomes. Post-hoc analysis indicated that this result was related to the measurement of outcomes at longer periods (3.2 versus 0.4 years) after treatment cessation in studies with longer total study length. Conclusions: While the majority of long-term outcomes of ADHD improve with all treatment modalities, the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment was most consistently associated with improved long-term outcomes and large effect sizes. Older treatment initiation age or longer durations did not markedly affect proportion of improved outcomes reported, but measurement of outcomes long periods after treatment cessation may attenuate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Validated tools are lacking in languages such as French to diagnose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Adult ADHD Symptoms Self-Report (ASRS) was filled out by 1171 parents of 900 school-aged youths in the context of the Children and Parents With ADHD and Related Disorders study. Prevalence estimates based on three scoring methods are compared (6-item screener, all 18 items, or the screener followed by the 12 remaining items). On the basis of the recommended and more conservative scoring method, the overall prevalence of ADHD symptoms is estimated to be 2.99%, without significant group differences between sexes or between younger and older adults. Potential correlates of ADHD symptoms were also examined in their relatives (children, brothers/sisters, uncles/aunts, and parents) as follows: birth order, level of education, body mass index categories, enuresis, suicide attempts, depression, and learning disabilities. Adults can be screened for ADHD symptoms using the ASRS; negative long-term outcomes should be assessed in patients' relatives too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the relationship between season of birth and handedness, taking into account gender and nationality variables. Young adults from three countries (2120 females and 1353 males; 877 Spanish, 2184 Italian, and 412 French), aged from 18 to 30 years, filled the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI). According to the literature, the percentage of left-handed participants in the whole sample was 9.30%. The distribution of left- and right-handed participants was not significantly different among the seasons of birth. The present data do not support a significant season of birth effect on handedness in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study explores the relationships between functional and dysfunctional impulsivity factors, circadian typology, and sex. A sample of 850 university students (396 men) aged between 18 and 33 yrs of age completed the Dickman's Impulsivity Inventory (DII) and reduced morningness–eveningness questionnaire (rMEQ). Factorial analysis showed a dimensional clustering with satisfactory item saturation for both dimensions of impulsivity, especially in men and evening-type. Men presented higher values than women for functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, while morning-type subjects obtained lower scores in dysfunctional impulsivity than the neither- and evening-types. An interactive effect between circadian typology and sex was obtained for dysfunctional impulsivity. Higher scores in men for dysfunctional impulsivity were found in neither- and evening-types, while no significant differences were obtained between men and women in the morning-type group. The morning-type typology can be considered a protective factor for impulse control disorders, especially in men, but further research is needed on the clinical and neurobiological implications of our results. (Author correspondence: aadan@ub.edu). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to explore the relationships between circadian typology and Cloninger’s model of the seven dimensions of personality, taking into account the possible sex interactions. This model considers four temperament dimensions (viz., HA, harm avoidance; NS, novelty seeking; RD, reward dependence; and PS, persistence) and three character dimensions (viz., SD, self-directedness; C, cooperativeness; and ST, self-transcendence). A sample of 862 university students (500 women), between 18 and 30 (21.94 ± 2.64) yrs of age completed the short versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-56) and the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ). Women showed higher values for HA, RD, and C, while men showed higher values for NS. Evening-type subjects had higher NS but lower HA, PS, and SD scores. Moreover, circadian typology modulated the sex differences in HA and NS, and only evening-type men showed a lower HA score and higher NS score. Circadian typology is related to Cloninger’s model of Temperament and Character personality dimensions. Future studies should further examine possible implications, regarding both the vulnerability of developing psychopathological disorders and the prognosis of response to different treatments. (Author correspondence: ) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-faceted impairment, comorbidities, age and impulsivity, that is structurally part of ADHD, are risk factors for a suicidal outcome which is a dramatic issue. However, screening for and treating ADHD and its comorbid disorders would dampen the suicidal risk. Designing studies leading to meaningful results is complex. Pharmacological treatments, particularly psychostimulants, may constitute a protection factor against suicidal risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Morningness scales have been translated into several languages, but a lack of normative data and methodological differences make cross‐cultural comparisons difficult. This study examines the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) in samples from five countries: France ( n =627), Italy ( n =702), Spain ( n =391), Thailand ( n =503), and Australia ( n =654). Strong national differences are identified. A quadratic relationship between age and CSM total score was apparent in the Australian data with a downward trend after age 35 yrs. There was no age effect in any sample in the range from 18 to 29 yrs. Factor analysis identified a three‐factor solution in all groups for both men and women. Tucker's congruence coefficients indicate that: (1) this solution is highly congruent between sexes in each culture, and (2) a morning affect factor is highly congruent between cultures. These results indicate there are national differences in factorial structure and that cut‐off scores used to categorize participants as morning‐ and evening‐types should be established for different cultural and age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Impulsiveness–Venturesomeness–Empathy questionnaire (I7) is a frequently used questionnaire assessing aspects of impulsivity. Since a Dutch translation is lacking, comparisons and inferences regarding these traits are limited between results from studies that do use the I7. We translated the I7 and studied the psychometric properties in a Dutch sample of 1048 students between 16 and 59 years of age. The results are consistent with those found in English, French, German, Spanish, and Swiss samples. That is, three orthogonal factors were extracted that are highly congruent between genders and with the English normative sample. Furthermore, scale inter-correlations and reliabilities were also similar to previous results. This implies that the Dutch translation of the I7 questionnaire is suitable to assess impulsivity and venturesomeness in Dutch-speaking countries, and to differentiate between these traits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]