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Para una historia intelectual de Las venas abiertas de América Latina

Chile has experienced a substantial immigration boom in the last 10 years. The urban areas of this nation present high levels of residential segregation, represented in its main city, Santiago. This article presents results of an exploratory analysis of the relationship between residential segregation, immigration rate by educational institutions and changes in school performance. Based on the generation of clusters characterized by cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, an analysis of the changes in school performance in those schools that received the greatest number of migrants is generated.

La vivienda incremental nace como respuesta a la dificultad de muchos hogares vulnerables para acceder a una solución formal, ofreciéndoles un mínimo habitacional como opción. Esto genera desafíos para la política pública, ya que la propia acción de los habitantes puede afectar la calidad de las viviendas, entendida como una dimensión clave para la comprensión de la pobreza energética. Este artículo utiliza un encuadre de la trialéctica del espacio de Pierre Bourdieu para estudiar las interacciones individuales y comunitarias en un condominio de viviendas incrementales con 10 años de antigüedad. De esta manera se pretende relevar la manera en que las familias expuestas a la pobreza energética sufren también la falta de recursos económicos, culturales, sociales y simbólicos. Para esto se utiliza un modelo mixto de análisis que incluye levantamientos constructivos, entrevistas en profundidad y registros de parámetros ambientales. La interpretación de los resultados deja ver que la acción individual bajo situación de precariedad de las propias familias no consigue configurar un espacio simbólico ni físico de representación colectiva, con una materialización adecuada para la habitabilidad de las viviendas. Esto se expresa en desfavorables condiciones de desempeño energético y calidad ambiental interior, altamente vinculadas a las modificaciones constructivas realizadas.

The study addresses the underutilisation of wood in construction in Chile, particularly given the country’s robust forestry sector. The research investigates perceptions, tensions, and contradictions among end-users regarding timber construction in Valdivia, a city with a mixed forestry industry. Methods included a comprehensive survey of 96 households across various socioeconomic clusters, utilising descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses. Key findings reveal persistent negative perceptions about wood’s durability, fire resistance, and maintenance costs. However, positive aspects, such as lower construction costs and adequate thermal comfort, were also noted. Surprisingly, concerns were raised about wood’s environmental impact, including deforestation and its role in combating climate change, contrasting with the material’s known ecological benefits. The study concludes that these perceptions are deeply influenced by ideological and sociopolitical factors, suggesting that mere marketing strategies may not suffice to alter public opinion. Instead, a collaborative effort involving public policy, industry advancements, and transparent scientific communication is essential to promote the benefits of timber construction and address the entrenched biases.

This study investigates the socio-spatial distribution of food deserts in Santiago de Chile, aiming to understand how urban planning and socioeconomic factors influence access to nutritious food. Employing geospatial analysis techniques with data from OpenStreetMap and the 2017 Census, the research identifies areas within Santiago where access to healthy food is limited. The novelty of this study lies in its application of spatial autocorrelation methods, specifically Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), to reveal clusters of nutritional inequality. The findings indicate significant concentrations of food deserts in both lower socioeconomic peripheral areas and, surprisingly, in some high-income central areas. These results suggest that both poverty and urban infrastructure, including car dependency, play critical roles in shaping access to healthy food. By highlighting over two million residents affected by food deserts, the study underscores the urgent need for integrated urban planning and public health strategies. This research contributes to the understanding of urban nutritional inequality and provides a replicable methodological framework for other cities. The implications extend beyond Santiago, offering insights into how urban design can be leveraged to improve public health outcomes through better access to nutritious food.

This study examines the link between food deserts and cardiovascular health in older adults in Santiago’s Metropolitan Region, Chile. As the population ages and chronic diseases rise, understanding the impact of food accessibility on health is essential. Using multiscale geographically weighted regression, we analyzed data from the Cardiovascular Health Program, socioeconomic indicators, and food desert maps, sourced from the Chilean Ministry of Health and other databases. Spatial analysis, including Voronoi diagrams, assessed the influence of food deserts on health outcomes. Findings show a significant correlation between limited access to healthy foods and higher cardiovascular disease rates, especially in economically disadvantaged areas. The regression model is significant to contribute to the explanation of disease prevalence, emphasizing the impact of food availability on health. This study highlights the importance of considering spatial factors in urban planning and public health policies. By showcasing the role of food environments in health disparities, it advocates for integrated health interventions. Targeted urban planning to address food deserts can enhance access to healthy foods, improving cardiovascular health and well-being among Santiago’s elderly. The findings provide insights for policymakers to create healthier urban environments and stress the need for sustainable food systems to support public health.

Este artículo se basa en una investigación centrada en las sinergias entre elementos compositivos en Música y Arquitectura. El estudio se centra en fuentes de composición innovadoras desde la Música, que se enfrenta a procesos de creación similares a los de la Arquitectura. Las relaciones compositivas y de génesis artística que existen entre la Música y la Arquitectura son diversas y han sido analizadas tradicionalmente, pero existe la necesidad de actualizarlas. Para ello, el texto explora dos estrategias compositivas contemporáneas: la expresividad y la morfología. Tomándolos como vehículos para canalizar sinergias, se establecen relaciones entre composiciones musicales y arquitectónicas, ilustrándolas con dos parejas: dos melodías innovadoras y dos campus universitarios emblemáticos (Universidad de Virginia y Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM). La razón de elegir este tipo de proyectos es que, por su tributo a la dimensión espacio-temporal, los campus tienen vínculos sugerentes con composiciones musicales, que pueden inspirar futuras pautas de diseño.

Los eventos sísmicos pueden causar un daño importante a inmuebles públicos y privados y son vital importancia para la gestión pública. En este contexto, es relevante reconocer los actores y los momentos críticos que experimentan las organizaciones que coordinan las labores de respuesta, rescate, recopilación de datos y deliberación de traslados. En Chile, la toma de decisiones sobre estos procesos involucra a tres ministerios: el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social recopila la información de las personas y las familias afectadas por la emergencia; el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo catastra información para asignar beneficios transitorios o definitivos de vivienda; y el Ministerio del Interior, quien a través del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres (SENAPRED), planifica y coordina los recursos públicos y privados para gestionar el manejo de la emergencia. Al momento de la crisis se suman otros grupos: voluntarios, unidades de bomberos, carabineros, agrupaciones de la sociedad civil, empresas aseguradoras, entre otros. El artículo explora las complejidades institucionales y técnicas que participan de la primera respuesta luego de un sismo (ej. toma de datos, sistematización, análisis y toma de decisiones).

Abstract Background Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an underrecognized genetic disorder associated mainly with pulmonary emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). All individuals with COPD regardless of age or ethnicity should be tested for AATD, but in Colombia its prevalence in unknown. Main objective To determine the prevalence of the genetic mutations, present in AATD in adult patients with COPD in Colombia, using a genotyping test on cells from the oral mucosa. Methods This was a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study which included adult patients attending seven COPD care centres in Colombia. Demographic data, medical history, including history of exposure to smoking and biomass smoke, most recent spirometry, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment received, serum AAT levels, and mutations detected by the genotyping test were recorded for all the recruited patients. For the comparison of variables between the groups with and without mutation, we used the X2 test for the qualitative variables and the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test according to their distribution. Main findings We collected a sample of 1,107 patients, the median age was 73.8 years (87.6–79.9). Mutations were documented in 144 patients (13.01%), the majority had the M/S mutation (78.50%), followed by M/Z (9.72%). One patient had a ZZ mutation and two patients had null alleles. In total, 23 patients had mutations associated with serum AAT deficiency (levels below 60 mg/dl). Conclusions Genetic mutations were documented in 13.01% of patients with COPD in Colombia and 2.07% were AATD-related, showing that there is a significant number of underdiagnosed patients.

A partir de uma fotografia que reúne Guattari e Glissant, e dos depoimentos sobre um livro que pretendiam escrever juntos, propomos pensar um possível pacto de cumplicidade poética que se tece entre o rastro de ambas as obras. Para isso, comparamos algumas categorias preferencialmente centradas na figura do rizoma; e destacamos a ideia de um abismo negro para dar conta de uma certa assimetria relativa às respectivas condições de enunciação. Nosso propósito é delinear, no encontro desses escritos, aquele livro não escrito que alimentaria as hipóteses sobre uma reciprocidade teórica e metodológica entre as respectivas propostas.

El presente estudio aborda el fenómeno de la investificación en el mercado de arriendo del Gran Santiago. Para ello se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo por regresiones geográficamente ponderadas. A través de la recopilación y análisis de datos de transacciones y de indicadores urbanos, se exploran los patrones de localización de inversiones residenciales con relación a funciones urbanas específicas a nivel de zonas censales. El análisis revela que la proximidad a instituciones de educación superior, la estabilidad en los precios de arriendo y la presencia de personas mayores son factores determinantes en la selección de propiedades para inversión. Estos hallazgos evidencian la transformación del paisaje urbano como espacios de renta para el capital y destaca la creciente segmentación socioespacial, subrayando así la necesidad de regulaciones que atiendan las implicancias del investification en la dinámica urbana del Gran Santiago.

Considering the global scenario of population aging, which countries such as Chile are going through, the social problems that it means in terms of viability and quality of life for the elderly are increasing and are a cause for concern. For this reason, this study summarizes the results of investigating the accessibility of services and recreational spaces under the parameters of a “15-minute city” for the elderly people in the city of Santiago de Chile. The investigation employed a multivariate geostatistical analysis with a quantitative approach and was developed on a census block scale to test some of the principles of the 15-min city along with the principles on active aging of the elderly. The results are surprising, show a good territorial coverage for the study area and open the possibility of Santiago becoming a 15-min city for older adults. However, there are still several challenges in terms of public policies, from mental and physical health to the design of public spaces, which are fundamental to think about for cities of the future.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore a possible association between ED and the severity of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the International Index Erectile Function (IIEF), a scale validated and translated to Spanish. Bivariate analyses between subgroups were made for quantitative variables using a t-test for means and Mann–Whitney U for medians; qualitative variables were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher’s test, depending on distribution. Confusion bias in the association between ED and airflow obstruction was controlled using a logistic regression model. Results: The Spanish version of the IIEF-15 scale was valid and applicable to the Colombian population. The prevalence of ED in COPD patients living at high altitudes was similar to that found at sea level. Such prevalence is higher than in general population. Beta-blockers increased 7 times the risk of ED, but we found no association between the degree of airflow obstruction and ED. Conclusion: Although the severity of COPD is not associated with ED, the prevalence of ED in COPD is higher than in general population. Therefore, ED screening in COPD patients using the IIEF could be justified. The strong association between beta-blockers and ED had not been previously described in patients with COPD but must be considered in their clinical management.

El artículo elabora un estudio exegético de la figura del “Infierno” presente en la obra del psiquiatra martiniqués Frantz Fanon. Dicho tropo se piensa como un elemento medular de la narrativa de Piel negra, máscaras blancas que guarda vínculo con las reflexiones acerca de la alienación racista, la epidermis, la mirada y la zona de no-ser. Explorando las distintas modulaciones del “Infierno”, el artículo realiza un desplazamiento que busca argumentar cómo lo infernal del relato de Fanon, más que metáfora, da cuenta de lo “real-vivido” del mundo colonial. En consecuencia, el cuerpo racializado y su experiencia vivida ofrecen una lectura acerca del “Infierno” en clave anafórica y existencial que tensa las gramáticas moderno-hegemónicas acerca de las identidades. Desde este punto de partida, el trabajo discute el problema de la temporalidad ligado con el tenor crítico que en diversos momentos de Piel negra… asume la arquitectura infernal del colonialismo narrada por Fanon.

Examinar una tradición de levantamientos de inspección visual fundamentados en evidencia empírica representa la base para el desarrollo de un asistente digital (App) como instrumento de diagnóstico y valoración de estructuras en albañilería simple durante la post-emergencia sísmica. La integración de los códigos observacionales derivados de esta tradición permitió la calibración y el análisis de las técnicas de levantamiento y medición utilizadas. El asistente aprovecha las tecnologías ampliamente disponibles en la población e integra los conocimientos especializados y las técnicas tradicionales derivadas del levantamiento directo como base analítica para la valoración de los daños. Esta dimensión analítica de la representación del daño es uno de los aspectos críticos que establece las correlaciones entre los códigos visuales y las escalas de valoración del algoritmo que determina el riesgo sísmico y el grado de habitabilidad estructural de las viviendas.

Learning innovation is a positive approach on the contemporary higher education international stage. This article stresses the need to devise physical spaces that are also innovative. For that purpose, using a qualitative methodology, we investigated recent trends based on the synergies between certain creative disciplines: architecture, music, and fashion. The comparison was based on compositional features and formative dimension. Using a qualitative methodological comprehensive approach, a set of case studies was analysed. The findings show the usefulness of activating these synergies as effective strategies when enriching educational processes in different ways. Six cases of excellence wherein university physical spaces reached levels of innovation were studied, representing relevant transfers among the three disciplines. The text presents examples that show the educational consequences in the establishment of those synergies, in terms of both composition (music–architecture) and the activation of heritage sites in the city as venues of learning innovation (fashion–architecture). The basic conclusions were based on the fact that the increase in teaching and spatial creativity that emanates from said synergies among the three disciplines can be potentially extrapolated to other areas of knowledge.

From the analysis of the Wave 5 National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey 2021 dataset, the study conducted in South Africa, we developed a model of analysis based on three dimensions, namely, subjective well-being, material living conditions, and importance attributed to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional analysis of the data for Gauteng area indicates that the dimension of subjective well-being of families in South Africa—even in relation to the factors such as conditions of deprivation (e.g., hunger)—does not necessarily influence the importance the respondents attach to their children’s education, this as reflected in whether or not they send them to school when COVID-19 restrictions allowed for schools to come back to face-to-face teaching. Subjective well-being of parents and guardians is, however, a predictor of concern about their children’s education and future. Our working hypothesis is that, although there is little evidence that subjective well-being has a significant association with the respondents’ willingness for their children to continue their schooling, there is a significant indirect effect of subjective well-being—which is especially determined by the gender as well as of the living material conditions—and the greater or lesser importance that the respondents attribute to their children’s education. Likewise, and in more general terms, subjective well-being is clearly related to gender, with women having the lowest levels of subjective well-being.

Discutimos las complejidades críticas de lo que el psiquiatra martiniqués Frantz Fanon definió como la zona de no-ser en su estudio Piel negra, máscaras blancas de 1952. En un primer instante, nos detenemos en los principales núcleos exegéticos de la zona de no-ser que se vinculan con la experiencia límite del cuerpo negro aludido por Fanon. Constatamos en un segundo momento cómo, lo que el autor define bajo el nombre de sociogenia, se entronca con un análisis histórico existencial del cuerpo racializado. El análisis del “doble narcisismo” y los procesos de epidermización explicitados por Fanon nos permiten concluir, en un tercer instante, que la zona de no-ser potencia la interrogación descolonial de un cuerpo epidermizado sobre el racismo y los repartos binarios de identidad.

The goal of this research is to analyze the different critical dimensions of the writing of Roberto Fernández Retamar. We are guided by the hypothesis that in the anti-colonial texts of the Cuban poet, one intuits a heterogeneous and non-essentialist reading of the Latin-American culture, which is embedded with the elaboration of a metaphoric concept of Caliban, able to disorganize the cultural dichotomies of the colonial modernity. In the first part, we verified how the particularity of “Caliban” consists in his capacity of resisting any cultural derivation and unilateral writing, being related with what Jacques Derrida defines as différence. Secondly, we reflect on the humanism developed by Fernández Retamar with the well-known trope: the anticolonial humanism conceived from a relationship of aggressiveness between the “own” and the “other”. Finally, we analyzed the impact of the notion “posoccidentalismo” suggested by the Cuban in his criticism of the Latin-American post colonialism. We agree with Caliban; a symbol is not an authority of the absolute. On the contrary, it is a tool that wants to undo scriptural and epistemic modes offered by the western culture, and that takes form, within the work of Fernández Retamar, in an anticolonial and post western humanism, which is still budding.

The woody nature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has hindered the development of efficient gene editing strategies to improve this species. The lack of highly efficient gene transfer techniques, which, furthermore, are applied in multicellular explants such as somatic embryos, are additional technical handicaps to gene editing in the vine. The inclusion of geminivirus-based replicons in regular T-DNA vectors can enhance the expression of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) elements, thus enabling the use of these multicellular explants as starting materials. In this study, we used Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-derived replicon vectors to express the key components of CRISPR/Cas9 system in vivo and evaluate their editing capability in individuals derived from Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer experiments of ‘Thompson Seedless’ somatic embryos. Preliminary assays using a BeYDV-derived vector for green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression demonstrated marker visualization in embryos for up to 33 days post-infiltration. A universal BeYDV-based vector (pGMV-U) was assembled to produce all CRISPR/Cas9 components with up to four independent guide RNA (gRNA) expression cassettes. With a focus on fungal tolerance, we used gRNA pairs to address considerably large deletions of putative grape susceptibility genes, including AUXIN INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURE 12 (VviAIR12), SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 4 (VviSWEET4), LESION INITIATION 2 (VviLIN2), and DIMERIZATION PARTNER-E2F-LIKE 1 (VviDEL1). The editing functionality of gRNA pairs in pGMV-U was evaluated by grapevine leaf agroinfiltration assays, thus enabling longer-term embryo transformations. These experiments allowed for the establishment of greenhouse individuals exhibiting a double-cut edited status for all targeted genes under different allele-editing conditions. After approximately 18 months, the edited grapevine plants were preliminary evaluated regarding its resistance to Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. Assays have shown that a transgene-free VviDEL1 double-cut edited line exhibits over 90% reduction in symptoms triggered by powdery mildew infection. These results point to the use of geminivirus-based replicons for gene editing in grapevine and other relevant fruit species.

Energy poverty, considered a form of deprivation distinct from income poverty, is associated with three factors: low-income levels, high energy costs, and poor residential energy efficiency. It is necessary to study the socio-spatial distribution of energy poverty, particularly in metropolitan areas, due to persistent socioeconomic segregation and their public agenda implications, including the U.N. SDGs. A model of these characteristics can propose a spatial analysis of urban and climate implications, contributing evidence for public policy. This article aims to address energy poverty from a spatial approach extended to the urban area in Santiago de Chile through an exploratory model that estimates the impact of socioeconomic, urban, and climatic variables at a territorial scale on the performance of homes. Using a geographical weighted regression with the inside home temperature in winter as the dependent variable, the independent variables were the percentage of professionals, NDVI, annual thermal amplitude, and housing material quality. A housing quality pattern that acts as a proxy for vulnerability to energy poverty was found, repeating the distribution pattern of the different socioeconomic sectors. The findings incorporate a new interpretive matrix into the complex reproduction of segregation and inequality in a capital city from a developing country.

El trabajo aborda los problemas de la tragedia, la invención y el cuerpo colonizado en las escrituras de los pensadores martiniqueses Aimé Césaire y Frantz Fanon. Para ello, en un primer momento nos detenemos en el vínculo que existe entre la tragedia de las experiencias de los cuerpo negros aludidos en las escrituras de los mentados autores con los controles y reificaciones de la modernidad colonial. En un segundo momento, discutimos la invención de la imagen poética de Cuaderno de un retorno al país natal de Césaire y cómo desde ella sobresale la agencia de un cuerpo propio en una reescritura crítica del Triángulo Atlántico. A continuación, en un tercer apartado, reflexionamos sobre la experiencia vivida de Fanon en su trabajo Piel negra, máscaras blanca con el objetivo de rastrear su talante trágico, autodestructivo, y su potencia inventiva. Finalmente se concluye que Césaire y Fanon hacen de la invención una posibilidad de construir otra imaginación histórica del cuerpo por fuera de los ordenamientos raciales de la modernidad colonial.

Abstract Background In plants, host factors encoded by susceptibility (S) genes are indispensable for viral infection. Resistance is achieved through the impairment or the absence of those susceptibility factors. Many S genes have been cloned from model and crop species and a majority of them are coding for members of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex, mainly eIF4E, eIF4G and their isoforms. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of those translation initiation factors in susceptibility of stone fruit species to sharka, a viral disease due to Plum pox virus (PPV). Results For this purpose, hairpin-inducing silencing constructs based on Prunus persica orthologs were used to generate Prunus salicina (Japanese plum) 4E and 4G silenced plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and challenged with PPV. While down-regulated eIFiso4E transgenic Japanese plums were not regenerated in our conditions, eIFiso4G11-, but not the eIFiso4G10-, silenced plants displayed durable and stable resistance to PPV. We also investigated the alteration of the si- and mi-RNA profiles in transgenic and wild-type Japanese plums upon PPV infection and confirmed that the newly generated small interfering (si) RNAs, which are derived from the engineered inverted repeat construct, are the major contributor of resistance to sharka. Conclusions Our results indicate that S gene function of the translation initiation complex isoform is conserved in Prunus species. We discuss the possibilities of using RNAi silencing or loss-of-function mutations of the different isoforms of proteins involved in this complex to breed for resistance to sharka in fruit trees.

El ensayo se concentra brevemente en los diversos pliegues estético-políticos y culturales del "Sankofa Film and Video Collective" y el trabajo del cineasta y artista Isaac Julien. Para ello, en un primer apartado nos detenemos en los análisis teóricos sobre la Identidad y las culturas negras realizados por el "Sankofa Film and Video Collective" desde los trabajos de Stuart Hall. En un segundo momento, nos concentramos en la docuficción Frantz Fanon: Black Skins, White Mask (1996) de Julien y su vínculo con la problematización del cuerpo negro. Finalmente hacemos un balance abierto sobre los aportes de la obra de Julien dentro del espacio de lo sensible y las estéticas de la diáspora negra a partir de su "docu-ficcionamiento" de la obra de Frantz Fanon.

Brain networks offers a new insight about connections between function and anatomical regions of human brain. We present results from brain networks built from functional magnetic resonance images during finger tapping paradigm. Pearson voxel-voxel correlation in time and frequency domains were performed for all subjects. Besides this standard framework we have implemented a new approach consisting in filtering the data with respect to the fMRI paradigm (finger tapping) in order to obtain a better understanding of the network involved in the execution of the task. The main topological graph measures have been compared in both cases: voxel-voxel correlation and voxel-paradigm filtering plus voxel-voxel correlation. With the standard voxel-voxel correlation a clearly free-scale network was obtained. On the other hand, when we prefiltered the paradigm we obtained two different kind of networks: 1) free-scale; 2) random-like. To our best knowledge, this behaviour is reported here for first time for brain networks. We suggest that paradigm signal prefiltering can provide more infomation about the brain networks.

La satisfacción residencial es un concepto que permite medir los niveles de complacencia que las personas perciben del ambiente en que viven, abarcando desde la vivienda hasta su entorno. En este contexto se elaboró un estudio para evaluar la satisfacción residencial de los beneficiados por el Fondo Solidario de Vivienda (FSV), modalidad para adquirir una vivienda social sin deuda, en conjuntos construidos desde 2001 a 2007 en las comunas de Colina, Huechuraba, Puente Alto y Lo Barnechea, analizando sus tres niveles: vivienda, vecindario y barrio, permitiendo ver cómo estos interactúan e inciden en los niveles de agrado y desagrado de las personas con su hábitat residencial.

As part of an APEC educational project on the cross-cutting concept of energy, researchers and teachers from 6 countries spent 8 months designing, testing and implementing a pilot STEM public class with two schools from Chile and one from the US. One of the researchers taught a lesson from a school in Chile, with a live transmission to the other two schools via Skype. At the same time, the lesson was also broadcasted via videostreaming. In addition to live questions and answers, students used individual devices to answer four open-ended questions that were commented on by the reseacher as he received them. The experience demonstrated that Cross-Border Public Classes boost student engagement and represent a promising strategy for introducing a key 21st century skill: synchronous learning involving multiple teams across the world. It also revealed how Lesson Study and Public Classes integrated with ICT network technology can form a powerful learning ecosystem for regional development and social innovation.

In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), protoplast techniques are limited to a few genotypes; thus, the use of regular regeneration procedures of multicellular explants causes us to face complexities associated to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing efficiency and final identification of individuals. Geminivirus-based replicons contained in T-DNAs could provide an improvement to these procedures considering their cargo capability. We built a Bean yellow dwarf virus-derived replicon vector, pGEF-U, that expresses all the editing reagents under a multi-guide RNA condition, and the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) marker gene. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer experiments were carried out on ‘Yagana-INIA’, a relevant local variety with no previous regeneration protocol. Assays showed that pGEF-U had GFP transient expression for up to 10 days post-infiltration when leaf explants were used. A dedicated potato genome analysis tool allowed for the design of guide RNA pairs to induce double cuts of genes associated to enzymatic browning (StPPO1 and 2) and to cold-induced sweetening (StvacINV1 and StBAM1). Monitoring GFP at 7 days post-infiltration, explants led to vector validation as well as to selection for regeneration (34.3% of starting explants). Plant sets were evaluated for the targeted deletion, showing individuals edited for StPPO1 and StBAM1 genes (1 and 4 lines, respectively), although with a transgenic condition. While no targeted deletion was seen in StvacINV1 and StPPO2 plant sets, stable GFP-expressing calli were chosen for analysis; we observed different repair alternatives, ranging from the expected loss of large gene fragments to those showing punctual insertions/deletions at both cut sites or incomplete repairs along the target region. Results validate pGEF-U for gene editing coupled to regular regeneration protocols, and both targeted deletion and single site editings encourage further characterization of the set of plants already generated.

En este trabajo nos concentramos en la articulación y las formas de comprensión que la noción de espacio entre-medio, entre-lugar o in-between, del teórico poscolonial Homi Bhabha ha tenido en distintas propuestas críticas del pensamiento intelectual de nuestra región. Reflexionar esto, creemos, supone ensayar una lectura compartida -un intercambio de palabras- entre diversos soportes enunciativos que han visto en el concepto de espacio entre-medio una figura que resulta vital para re-definir las lecturas sobre y desde América Latina, pero también, admite un recorrido entre distintas perspectivas que no se vinculan de manera exclusiva con la crítica poscolonial y las “formas” epistemológicas llamadas decoloniales. Exploraremos primero cómo en las reflexiones de Bhabha la mentada categoría es útil al momento de pensar las restricciones epistemológicas que instituyen las dicotomías “Identidad y Alteridad”, “Mismo y Otro”, “Centro y Periferia” estabilizadas por el pensamiento occidental. Después discutimos la utilidad de esta noción en las reflexiones de Nelly Richard, fundamentalmente en aquellas referidas a la relación entre los órdenes de la estética y la cultura en Latinoamérica. Posteriormente veremos cómo la noción del in-between es re-significada críticamente en la idea del linde en las reflexiones de Eduardo Grüner sobre la Revolución haitiana y la emergencia de una teoría crítica “periférica” principalmente. Terminamos nuestro trabajo discutiendo por qué la noción de pensamiento fronterizo de Walter Mignolo habilita una reflexión sobre la existencia de epistemologías subalternas latinoamericanas y caribeñas que abren posibles espacios intermedios o fronterizos de enunciación crítica.

Premise Algarrobilla (Balsamocarpon brevifolium, Fabaceae) is an endemic xerophytic shrub restricted to the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Extensive utilization of the region for coal production has endangered this species. Conservation efforts are underway, with genetic diversity analyses being key to the restoration of these populations. Methods and Results Fifteen new microsatellite markers were developed for B. brevifolium and used to analyze three populations from the Atacama and Coquimbo regions in Chile. Microsatellites were highly polymorphic, with an average of 5.77 alleles per marker and an average level of expected heterozygosity of 0.72. These markers were evaluated and cross‐amplified on two related species (Senna cumingii and Caesalpinia angulata) with partial success. Conclusions The development of this set of markers permits an extensive study of B. brevifolium populations for conservation purposes.

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a wholly privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neo-liberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both concentration and inequality in the distribution of water rights are very high, which undermines a just social development process and facilitates the economic exploitation of the environment. It proposes a profound revision of the application of a mercantile logic to a scarce essential resource for life such as water and explores the importance of its role as a national good for public use.

This article presents a methodology for evaluating the potential for an urban area to become a 15-min city based on its existing essential urban functions. To elaborate this methodology, the research focused on the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile, by identifying 28 urban functions and applying principal component analysis to review how these georeferenced variables are grouped into synthetic components that illustrate the walkability of each block concerning access to these functions. Variables are mapped by GIS software to review where concentrations of essential urban functions occur and where there is a need to increase availability of these missing uses. One of the findings of this study in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago is that essential urban functions provided by the state present a relatively equitable distribution in the metropolis. In contrast, essential urban functions provided by the market are highly concentrated in specific clusters, segregating walkability areas in the metropolitan space. The methodology presented here is replicable for other cities, and the findings offer a critical perspective on land management and urban planning for this case study, where normative frameworks must change to implement the 15-min city.

Due to the low incidence of precipitation attributed to climate change, many high-altitude Andean lakes (HAALs) and lagoons distributed along the central Andes in South America may soon disappear. This includes La Brava–La Punta, a brackish lake system located south of the Salar de Atacama within a hyper-arid and halophytic biome in the Atacama Desert. Variations in the physicochemical parameters of the water column can induce changes in microbial community composition, which we aimed to determine. Sixteen sampling points across La Brava–La Punta were studied to assess the influence of water physicochemical properties on the aquatic microbial community, determined via 16S rRNA gene analysis. Parameters such as pH and the concentrations of silica, magnesium, calcium, salinity, and dissolved oxygen showed a more homogenous pattern in La Punta samples, whereas those from La Brava had greater variability; pH and total silica were significantly different between La Brava and La Punta. The predominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The genera Psychroflexus (36.85%), Thiomicrospira (12.48%), and Pseudomonas (7.81%) were more abundant in La Brava, while Pseudospirillum (20.73%) and Roseovarius (17.20%) were more abundant in La Punta. Among the parameters, pH was the only statistically significant factor influencing the diversity within La Brava lake. These results complement the known microbial diversity and composition in the HAALs of the Atacama Desert.

Chile faces a housing affordability crisis, given that most of the population is unable to secure a house. While housing prices between 2008 and 2019 increased by 63.96%, wages only increased by 21.85%. This article presented an analysis of the housing price configuration for the main borough in the country—Santiago. The assessment focused on verticalised housing constructed between 2015 and 2019. The article developed an exploratory study on the price of housing in Santiago to generate a diagnosis to identify the role played by expectations of profitability when configuring price. Based on the information generated, we sought to contribute to the discussion on public policies that advance the development of affordable housing in central boroughs with high urban value, as is the case for Santiago’s borough of Greater Santiago. We hypothesised that profit expectation of real estate developers plays a key role in the housing prices, and an adjustment in the profit ratios might increase the affordability while keeping the housing market above profitable rates. This research addressed the lack of data transparency in the Chilean housing market with archival research, reconstructing costs and earnings from projects based on official registrations of transactions at the borough level. In Chile, the access to investment costs, land values, yields, and house price formation are not publicly available, even though these factors imply that many households are facing severe difficulties in paying for and accessing decent housing.

La zona metropolitana de San Luis Potosí (ZMSLP) se localiza estratégicamente entre las ciudades más pobladas de México: la capital del país (México, D.F.), Guadalajara y Monterrey; además, es parte de la ruta de migración de personas provenientes de países centroamericanos hacia Estados Unidos. Esto ha ocasionado un vertiginoso crecimiento industrial y de servicios durante los últimos veinte años. Para conocer la susceptibilidad de urbanización, se desarrolló un modelo de regresión logística basado en variables espacialmente explícitas generadas a partir de imágenes de satélite Landsat (1990 y 2009) e información geoespacial. De las variables examinadas, la distancia a la zona industrial, la elevación y el costo del uso del suelo tuvieron un comportamiento estadísticamente significativo. Se presentan las zonas de susceptibilidad de crecimiento urbano como una herramienta de planeación territorial a nivel regional. El modelo estadístico fue validado satisfactoriamente mediante un algoritmo de validación cruzada con 10 iteraciones.

This article analyzes various aspects of the political imprisonment of Aprista leaders and militants between 1932 and 1945 and seeks to introduce some correctives in the official party version that tends to emphasize the heroism and sacrifice of those who suffered detention and mistreatment from authoritarian regimes. The article reviews the forms of organization, communication, and resistance on the part of political prisoners, their relationship with common criminals, the advantages or privileges that at times some of them enjoyed, and the use of networks of friendship to try to diminish the effects of political repression. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of studying political imprisonment as a central element in the evolution of the Aprista party.

Desde la perspectiva de los desarrolladores existe la hipótesis arraigada que la localización acaba condicionando las principales determinantes de los proyectos inmobiliarios. Ante dicho paradigma se confronta la teoría de la renta ofertada según la cual el suelo recibe valor de aquello a lo que da soporte, expresado por medio de atributos arquitectónicos. A la luz de dos estudios de casos en Santiago se pretende estudiar la relación que existe entre el valor del suelo y el valor inmobiliario con el objetivo de identificar el sentido de esta causalidad, a la vez de establecer el rol que juegan los atributos de sustentabilidad – como expresión de atributos arquitectónicos emergentes – en la conformación del precio. Se observó que el valor del inmueble es producto de la interacción entre el valor del suelo y las características arquitectónicas generada a través de una causalidad circular, donde a cada localización le corresponde una tipología que puede producir submercados. En este sentido, los atributos de sustentabilidad efectivamente influyen en la formación de valor, pero no de forma lineal, sugiriendo claramente la existencia de submercados de vivienda acordes a los niveles de precios, y constituyendo un nuevo elemento en la relación entre suelo y atributos.

This paper is part of a general research project whose main objective is to establish a baseline for post-occupancy energy consumption and indoor environmental quality for office buildings in Santiago, Chile. This study aims at understanding how architectonical variables relate to, and can even determine, user comfort perception. Thus, one-year continuous monitoring in several floors at four office buildings was performed and seasonal surveys were completed. Survey participants were asked a series of questions regarding spatial orientation and comfort perception in their workspace.The data from the comfort survey and onsite measurements such as season of the year, case study, type of workspace and possibility of an outdoor view from the workstation were contrasted with the components obtained by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Three components were selected from the PCA, and three Maps of Perception (MP) were produced. These maps were then analyzed and interpreted so as to obtain information on the general perception of thermal and lighting comfort at workspaces within several office buildings in Santiago.

Se evaluaron los loci Y-específicos DYS287, DYS199 y DYS390 en un total de 105 individuos, en cuatro poblaciones del norte del Perú. Sólo un individuo presentó el linaje YAP+ /C, de probable origen africano. La frecuencia de cromosomas Y Amerindios, indicado por el linaje YAP- /T, fue mayor en la población Aguaruna de Yamayakat (97%), disminuyendo en mestizos de Moche (73%), Santiago de Chuco (53%) y Trujillo (33%); por otro lado, el grado de mestizaje fue mayor en las poblaciones nor-occidentales. Los haplótipos más frecuentes fueron YAP- /C/24 en Trujillo (47%) y YAP- /T/24 en Santiago de Chuco (23%). La diversidad haplotípica en Santiago de Chuco (0,881) fue mayor que en Trujillo (0,752). Es de resaltar la considerable proporción de cromosomas Y Amerindios en las poblaciones peruanas a pesar de más de 500 años de influencia hispánica y otras culturas.

En este trabajo, se presenta un algoritmo de clasificación incremental basado en los k vecinos más similares, el cual permite trabajar con datos mezclados y funciones de semejanza que no necesariamente son distancias. El algoritmo presentado es adecuado para procesar grandes conjuntos de datos, debido a que sólo almacena en la memoria principal de la computadora los k vecinos más similares procesados hasta el paso t, recorriendo una sola vez el conjunto de datos de entrenamiento. Se presentan resultados obtenidos con diversos conjuntos de datos sintéticos y reales.

Durante el verano de 1995, en la Estación Experimental y de Prácticas de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de El Salvador, se estableció un ensayo intercalando Canavalia (0,80 m x 0,50m) y maíz (0,80 m x 0,30 m) bajo labranza cero. El lote sedividió en una parte con alta infestación de coyolillo y otra con predominio de malezas de hoja ancha como: Baltimora recta, Melantera sp., Lantana camara y Panicum sp. (No se hizo control de malezas). Se muestreó cada 10 días, utilizando 10 plantas de Canavalia por muestra, estudiando las variables: altura de planta, peso seco, tasa de crecimiento absoluto y tasa media de crecimiento relativo. La infestación de Cyperus inicialmente varió entre 1200 a 1650 plántulas de rebrote/m2. El ensayo se analizó como parcelas apareadas. Los resultados indican que para altura de plantas de Canavalia existieron diferencias significativas desde los 10 dds, incrementándose a los 20 y 30 dds; alcanzando mayor crecimiento bajo ausencia de Cyperus; logrando a los 40 dds, los 108 cm de altura; en contraste con la vecindad de Cyperus, cuya máxima altura fue 82,9 cm. Se demostró una competencia desfavorable a Canavalia, reflejándose también en la acumulación de materia seca.

Acknowledgement of COPD underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis in primary care can contribute to improved disease diagnosis. PUMA is an international primary care study in Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela and Uruguay.To assess COPD underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis in primary care and identify factors associated with COPD underdiagnosis in this setting.COPD was defined as post-bronchodilator (post-BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)

Introducción. La hepatitis A es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa causada por un virus ARN no encapsulado de la familia Picornaviridae y del género Hepatovirus, que se trasmite por vía fecal-oral, bien sea de persona a persona o en epidemias originadas por una fuente común. Objetivo. Se estimo la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos de tipo IgG contra el virus de la hepatitis A en niños de 1 a 15 años, atendidos en un hospital universitario, como parte de un estudio cooperativo nacional. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo, entre junio y noviembre de 2007. Los niveles de anticuerpos se detectaron mediante un inmunoensayo enzimático de micropartículas. A cada participante del estudio se le hizo una encuesta de riesgo con las variables objeto del estudio. Resultados. Se estudiaron 422 niños. La prevalencia global de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A fue de 29,1%: 37,1% en el grupo de 5 a 9 años, 36,1%, en el de 10 a 15 y 13,8%, en el de 1 a 4 años. La mayor proporción de prevalencia de anticuerpos se encontró en los niños de estrato socioeconómico más bajo: 44,2% para el estrato 1 y 27,9% para el estrato 2. Discusión. En este estudio se encontró una seroprevalencia de anticuerpos para hepatitis A más baja en menores de 5 años, lo que puede indicar una transición del patrón epidemiológico hacia un nivel intermedio. La prevalencia fue mayor en los niños de estratos socioeconómicos bajos, lo que puede estar en relación con el hacinamiento y las malas prácticas de higiene.Introduction: Hepatitis A is an infectious disease caused by a non-encapsulated RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family, classified as Hepatovirus. It is transmitted by a fecal-oral route, either from person to person or in common source epidemics. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against the hepatitis A virus in children aged 1-15 years, treated in a university hospital as part of a national collaborative study. Methods: A descriptive study was performed between June and November 2007. The antibody titers were detected by means of a Microparticle Capture Enzyme Immunoassay. A survey to identify risk factors was conducted for each participant, with additional variables under study. Results: We studied 422 children. The overall prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A was 29.1%, with 37.1% in the group of 5 to 9 years of age, 36.1% for 10 to 15, and 13.8% for 1 to 4. The highest proportion of antibody prevalence was found in children of the lowest socioeconomic status, 44.2% for the stratum 1 and 27.9% for the stratum 2. Conclusion: The seroprevalence to hepatitis A virus was lower in children with less than five years of age, which is an indication of a transition of the epidemiological profile to an intermediate one. The prevalence was higher in children of low socioeconomic levels, which may be related to overcrowding and poor hygiene practices

Estuda-se o processo de transformação nas ciências huamanas no século XX rumo a uma transdisciplinaridade, discutindo-se a contribuição da obra de Norbert Elias, a partir do questionamento de quais seriam suas principais obras históricas e suas lições para os historiadores. Além disso, analisa-se a vinculação entre o perfil intelectual do autor e seu itinerário intelectual com os sucessivos contextos culturais de sua produção. Destaca-se a análise da compreensão da dimensão histórica do trabalho de Elias, fundada na centralidade da visão de longa duração, do comparativismo e da interpretação crítica.The present article studies the transformations occurred in the twentieth century’s human sciences towards a transdisciplinary stance by discussing the importance of Norbert Elias’s writings, specially identifying his major historical works and their contribution to historians and association with the author’s intellectual profile, his trajectory and the successive cultural contexts of their production. The comprehensive analysis of the historical dimension of Elias’s work based on long-term vision, comparativism and critical interpretation is highlighted.

This article is a commentary to the Walter Benjamin’s essay, popularly known as the ‘Thesis about the Philosophy of History’. This commentary tries to show the main lessons of this brilliant methodological essay, to the most contemporary historiography of today. Particularly, the article developes the intellectual consequences to conceive the history ‘in a contrary way’.Este artigo é um comentário ao importante ensaio de Walter Benjamin, popularmente conhecido como “Teses sobre a Filosofia da História". Nele, busca-se tornar explícitas as principais lições gerais que, para a historiografia atual, derivam desta brilhante reflexão metodológica, e em particular aquelas que se vinculam à idéia de conceber a história "a contrapelo".

We report the case of a 12 year old boy with incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD). During the course of his illness he presented with symptoms of acute hepatitis, which delayed the final diagnosis. Although patients with KD may present with elevation of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin, associated acute hepatitis is of rare occurrence in this entity. Se presenta el caso de un joven de doce años, con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) incompleta, quien presentó, en el trascurso de la misma, un cuadro clínico compatible con hepatitis aguda. El diagnóstico definitivo se retrasó por la necesidad de descartar otros diagnósticos diferenciales relacionados con la hepatitis aguda. Aunque en la EK puede ocurrir una disfunción hepática, caracterizada por aumento de las transaminasas y bilirrubinas, el cuadro clínico de una hepatitis aguda es muy raro en el curso de esta enfermedad.

Tetanus is an immune-preventable disease which still causes ravages in nations without protective vaccination coverage. Its lethality rate is almost 50%. It is necessary that health personnel are familiarized with its prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Tetanus is an acute illness of worldwide distribution, sporadic occurrence and low frequency in industrialized countries. Due to its high lethality rate it still is a public health problem, especially in regions with deficient preventive programs. This review presents up to date knowledge on different aspects of this important disease, with emphasis on its diagnosis and treatment. El tétanos es una enfermedad inmunoprevenible que todavía causa estragos en las naciones que no han logrado coberturas protectoras de vacunación. Su tasa de letalidad alcanza el 50%. Es necesario que nuestro personal de salud esté familiarizado con su prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar una actualización de conocimientos sobre esta importante enfermedad, haciendo énfasis en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. El tétanos es una enfermedad aguda de distribución mundial y presentación esporádica, infrecuente en países industrializados. Por su elevada tasa de letalidad aún representa un problema de salud pública, en especial en regiones con programas preventivos deficientes.