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Exhaust gas from compression ignition engine fed with oil-water emulsions containing 10 vol. % of water or H202 (30 vol. %) water solution in commercial diesel oil have been analysed and the results com- pared with the composition of flue gas when diesel oil alone was used. The analyses concerned concentrations of NO, total NON, carbon monoxide, the sum of hydrocarbons as well as volatile organic compounds. When emulsion was used, considerable reduction of nitrogen oxides (however for low engine load only) and slightly lower smokiness of flue gas was reached; on the other hand, it caused higher concentrations of CO, romatic hydrocarbons and the highest increase, even up to 10-fold, of acetaldehyde concentration, a typical product of incomplete combustion of organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular functioning of the organism of a city calls for the organization of logistically integrated systems in various areas of activities of the city, among them what concerns maintaining of cleanness and order, what is permanently disturbed by a continuous production of waste material, called communal waste when generated by the inhabitants and industrial waste generated by the industry functioning on the terrain of the city. There exist proofs that already 9000 years before J.C. waste being consumption residue was stored outside of the settlements. It can be supposed that people secured themselves against smell, parasites and "visits" of wild animals. In the case of an activity that consists in cleaning the city one can talk about logistics being understood as planning, organizing, realizing en controlling the flow of waste material from the place of its forming, through waste gathering, treatment (connected with recuperation), and finally rendering the waste harmless by methods of storing, in order to fulfill legal requirements concerning environment protection, with involving optimal financial means. The principles of city waste management are regulated by several legal law-based acts, by several accompanying orders and many regulations of local governments. Beneath, a chronological list of fundamental laws in this domain is presented: • The "Law concerning the obligation of maintaining cleanness and order in the community" (Journal of Laws 1996, Nr. 132, pos. 622), • The "Law concerning environment protection" (Journal of Laws 2001, Nr. 62, pos. 627), • The "Law concerning waste material" (Journal of Laws 2001, Nr. 62, pos. 628), • The "Law concerning the obligations of the undertaker" (Journal of Laws 2001, Nr. 63, pos. 639), • The "Law concerning the road transport" (Journal of Laws 2004, Nr. 204, pos. 2088). The law concerning the obligation of maintaining cleanness and order in the community is binding for the local authorities in the domain of organizing a rational system of management of waste generated on the terrain of the community. The presented paper presents a system implemented in conditions of the Wroclaw agglomeration by the enterprise WPO ALBA -- the entity with the most important scope of activity in that domain. The city of Wroclaw is an agglomeration with faculties of a district, with a population of 634.000 inhabitants, functioning on a surface of 292,8 km2, what signifies a population density of 2165,2 persons/km2 (data of 2001). In the community of Wroclaw 90.640 entities of national economy were registered. The number of working people (without economic entities with less than 9 working persons and without persons working in individual farms) amounted to 192.500 in 2002, and 179.900 in 2003. The city has generated in 2001: • 230 000 Mg of communal waste, • 295 300 Mg of other waste (without communal waste), • 39 732 dam³ of industrial and communal liquid wastes that required cleaning treatment, and emitted industrial air pollution with the following amounts, namely: • 2513 Mg (dust contamination) and • 1989551 Mg (gas contamination). In the framework of cleaning activity the city, the total of carried away waste amounted in 2001 to: • solid wastes 804.9 dam³, among them 504.4 dam³ in apartment buildings; • liquid wastes 158.8 dam³, among them 152.8 dam³ in apartment buildings. There are more than 70 enterprises that are dealing with carrying away waste material. These unities have to possess a license to perform an activity consisting in gathering waste material. Such licenses are granted by the Waste Management Administration on the basis of regulations of the law concerning maintaining cleanness and order in communities. In this domain, it is the firm 1. WPO ALBA S.A., which plays the dominating role.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the available solutions to the problem of how to abate toxic car emissions is the addition of reducing agents to the fuel used. The aim of the study was to assess (on the basis of quantitative and qualitative analyses of acrolein, formaldehyde and benzene) the effect of diesel oil additives (water emulsion, ethyl alcohol, propane-butane mixture) on the toxicity of the pollutants present in the exhaust gas from a self-ignition engine. The addition of water emulsion accounted for a rise in the concentrations of all pollutants and for the increase in toxicity during idle running. Ethyl alcohol and the propane-butane mixture had a beneficial effect on the reduction in the overall concentration of pollutants, as well as (to a greater extent) on the decrease in the toxicity of the exhaust gas. It has been found that the analyses of car emissions must include not only the concentrations of particular pollutants, but also their toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of reduction of volatile organic compounds in exhaust gas from a self-ignition engine was assessed. Theoretically, this efficiency should rise proportionally to engine load and, consequently, to gas temperature. This pattern, however, is disturbed by the formation of products of incomplete combustion in the catalytic afterburner, especially by those of aldehydes, even at high temperature. The efficiency of combustion of individual groups of compounds (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) was analyzed. Two treatment systems were tested: a soot filter with Ce-Pt and the same filter with Pt-Ce as active agents. Of these, the Ce-Pt system was lbund to be more efficient. The study has revealed that the assessment of the volatile organic compounds' degradation must include the reduction of the most toxic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of the Earth has exceeded 6 billions, and the number of proprietors of motor vehicles has reached the level of 800 millions. In Poland, the number of cars being exploited exceeds the number of 10 millions. At a certain moment, the motor vehicle losses its values of usefulness and becomes a waste material. At present, rational waste management that permits to limit the consumption of natural raw materials and energy as well to reduce areas for storing waste being not utilized becomes a necessity and not only an act of will. Poland has acceded to countries where appropriate legal regulations in that domain are in force, as a result of accepting in January 2005 the Law concerning recycling vehicles withdrawn from further use. The subject of this contribution concerns the identification of elements of a logistic system of waste management concerning vehicles being withdrawn from further exploitation, in connection with the definition of the notion of logistics being accepted by the European Committee for Standardization in 1992. These elements are: planning, organization, realization and control of the process in the domain of technology, information flow and finances management. Planning in the are of recycling technique creates economic units in the form of: an enterprise conducting a unit of gathering the vehicles, an enterprise conducting a station of vehicle dismantling, an enterprise operating shredding equipment and an enterprise performing activity in the area of recovery and recycling. The vehicles can be supplied by their proprietors to the gathering unit or dismantling station, assuming that the distance from the nearest of the mentioned enterprises does not exceed 50 km. The necessity of supplying a complete vehicle is also an essential requirement, or of paying a charge of 10 zlotys for each missing kilogram of its mass. The Legislator also states that an enterprise that imports into the country more than 1000 vehicles per year has to organize a recycling network, and that the enterprise that imports a smaller number of vehicles - has to pay a charge amounting to 500 zlotys for each car. The Law imposes, upon the undertaker conducting a dismantling station, the obligation of reaching a level of recovery and recycling of vehicles being withdrawn from further use respectively of 95 % and 85 % of the mass of vehicles received at his/her station. In this work, an analysis concerning the other elements and areas of the discussed problems has been performed. As a result of that analysis, the following statements have been made: • The proposed system of recycling vehicles being withdrawn from further exploitation contains all the essential elements resulting from the principles of waste logistics. • A certain shortcoming consists in the suggested principle of admitting the installation to be operated after having verified its regular functioning. • The proposed solution consisting in a payment when transmitting an incomplete vehicle to recycling seems to be problematic, as: - in the case of an old vehicle, the calculated amount to be paid can be a barrier for assuring legal withdrawal of the vehicle from further use, - in the case of a partially damaged new vehicle, the fact of disassembling good elements of the vehicle outside the station can be attractive from the financial point of view, - in the case of a considerably destroyed vehicle (as a result of a road or fatal event) the amount to be paid can be inadequate with regard to the existing situation. • A lack of information exists concerning the procedure of canceling the vehicle from the central files in the case of theft. • The parameters of the network have not been defined, this network having obligatorily to be organized by the enterprise importing the vehicle onto the territory of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]