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The paper outlines the functioning of Hungarian weekend schools in the United Kingdom, which are key institutions in emerging diaspora communities. The paper interprets Hungarian weekend schools in two paradigms: it approaches them as diaspora institutions, and also as Anglo-Saxon supplementary schools. One of the paper's main conclusions is that, in addition to the manifest functions of Hungarian weekend schools (e.g., preservation of national identity, mother-tongue education, community engagement), latent functions are also essential, such as the psychological need of belonging to a community, the support of children's educational attitudes, the consciousness of bilingualism, the enhancement of social capital, and integration into the host community. Thus, weekend schools are not only sites for knowledge transfer, but they also provide space for the institutionalization of diaspora as cultural community-building institutions.

This research report explores the impact of ethnicity on economic cooperation and development in Transylvania, Romania, and Southern Slovakia. Data indicate a negative correlation between ethnic diversity and economic progress due to the disadvantaged socio-economic status of the minorities. Alongside enduring structural factors stemming from historical discrimination, the "opportunity horizon" of minority Hungarians is influenced by language skills, government policies on minority issues, and kin-state support from Hungary. The research further suggests that neoliberal market deregulation intensifies ethnic parallelism, adversely affecting overall welfare. It calls for a resource-based approach to inter-ethnic relations and for a stronger emphasis on (micro)economic arguments in ethnopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can linguistic diversity in the media impede state language proficiency? In this paper, we test the extent to which the availability of minority languages in the media affects state language proficiency for ethnic minorities. We take advantage of an exogeneous development: The rapid expansion of Budapest-originating media outside Hungary in the mid-2000s transformed the media landscape in neighbouring states. Using an original survey data of ethnic Hungarians in minority regions in four Central-Eastern European states over two waves, we find (1) the availability of minority language media means minorities are consuming less media in the state language, which in turn induces low levels of state language proficiency – i.e. through an exogeneous exposure mechanism; and (2) minorities with weaker state language proficiency choose to consume minority language media – i.e. through an endogenous selection mechanism. The results suggest a strong relationship between the language of media consumption and linguistic proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduces a methodological tool for measuring local social innovation potential and its application in five settlements in the Abaúj region of northeastern Hungary. When working on the local innovation potential (LIP) index we present in this study, we drew upon existing theories and models of social innovation. The complexity of LIP index comes from the fact that it builds upon both qualitative and quantitative data and research methods. Therefore it is simultaneously based on social scientific methods that are traditionally considered “soft” and “hard”. The LIP index is can take into account local specificities and characteristics into account and is thus suitable for presenting a fine-tuned description of the current situation and characteristics of a settlement, together with its future potential and directions for development.

The paper outlines the functioning of Hungarian weekend schools in the United Kingdom, which are key institutions in emerging diaspora communities. The paper interprets Hungarian weekend schools in two paradigms: it approaches them as diaspora institutions, and also as Anglo-Saxon supplementary schools. One of the paper's main conclusions is that, in addition to the manifest functions of Hungarian weekend schools (e.g., preservation of national identity, mother-tongue education, community engagement), latent functions are also essential, such as the psychological need of belonging to a community, the support of children's educational attitudes, the consciousness of bilingualism, the enhancement of social capital, and integration into the host community. Thus, weekend schools are not only sites for knowledge transfer, but they also provide space for the institutionalization of diaspora as cultural community-building institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a case study from a school where fieldworks were carried before, during and after COVID-19. In the first phase of the fieldwork, the institution came into our attention as a non-resilient school. Our initial findings revealed that previous changes in the maintenance of the school, the spread of church education, the regional education market, the perception of changes in the composition of the student body and the presence of conflicts at the settlement level not only narrowed the school's scope but also combined to create a micro-environmental climate that worked against the school's resilience. During the COVID-19 and aftermath period, our main question was how the institution, which was not considered to be resilient, could cope with the challenges of the global crisis. We have found that COVID has triggered internal learning processes, especially in terms of teachers' use of digital tools. Although they have not managed to communicate with students in a uniform way and with a uniform set of tools, they have nevertheless developed new communication practices. During the fieldwork after the COVID-19 waves we have found that a person with local influence and community-organising skills had emerged in the local society. This social actor was able to use his or her networking capital and prestige to influence school processes. This fact highlights that the non-resilient institution has provided a successful local response in the shadow of global challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to describe the historical consciousness of the people living in Székelyland based on a sociological survey. The sociological description of historical consciousness is permeated by a bottom-up perspective: it does not focus on the political construction of memory by the elite but tries to analyze the extent of the historical knowledge of the everyday people in their own imagined community, the specific patterns of interconnection of knowledge elements. At the same time, the study also seeks to answer the question of to what extent and how historical knowledge of the past of one's own community is embedded in Székely society. The author has called the Székelyland community knowledge set the Székely matrix, suggesting that this knowledge set is rather complex and not hierarchical. The community/national knowledge set described by the author is also based on perceptions of minority status, psychological compulsions and responses, probabilities and beliefs about past and present that intersect multiple social identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on Hungarian migrants, their perception of the pandemic management in the home and host countries, and their vaccination willingness. We found that integration in the host country and the migrant person's trust in the home and host country institutions are crucial factors in how migrants evaluate the impact of the pandemic and how they perceive pandemic managment. The pandemic management of the home country was rated the least successful by migrants who are more integrated in their respective host countries and who have greater trust in the institutions of their new countries, while those who have greater trust in the home country's institutions saw their host countries' pandemic management negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, fluorescence con-elation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to measure the molecular motion of the pteridine derivative neopterin. However, technical limitations in the present optical setup precluded the identification of ,single neopterin molecules. FCS measurements with a fluorophore were also can-ied out for comparison. Exemplified by rhodamine green, we have introduced a concept that allows the detection, identification and analysis of assays in solution at the single-molecule level in tenns of bulk concentration. This concept is based on FCS and Poisson distribution analysis of assay sensitivity. The molecules had not to be quantified in a more concentrated fonn, or in flow and trapping experiments. The study demonstrated an ultrasensitive, reliable, rapid and direct tool for analytics and diagnostics in solution. We discuss a possible application of our new concept in activation control of cell-mediated immunity via neopterin determination.