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AIM: To analyze the distribution of fibrovascular proliferative membranes (FVPMs) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients that treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and to evaluate the outcomes separately. METHODS: This was a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Consecutive 25-gauge (25-G) PPV cases operated for PDR from May 2018 to April 2020. According to the FVPMs images outlined after operations, subjects were assigned into three groups: arcade type group, juxtapapillary type group, and central type group. All patients were followed up for over one year. General characteristics, operation-related variables, postoperative parameters and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Among 103 eyes recruited, the FVPMs distribution of nasotemporal and inferiosuperioral was significantly different (both P

Abstract Chronic corticosterone (CORT) stress is an anxiety and depression inducing factor that involves the dysfunction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuronal plasticity. However, the regulation of proteomic profiles in neurons suffering CORT stress is remaining elusive. Thus, the proteomic profiles of mouse neuronal C17.2 stem cells were comprehensively investigated by TMT (tandem mass tag)-labeling quantitative proteomics. The quantitative proteomics conjugated gene ontology analysis revealed the inhibitory effect of CORT on the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, which can be antagonized by berberine (BBR) treatment. In addition, animal studies showed that changes in mitochondria by CORT can affect neuropsychiatric activities and disturb the physiological functions of neurons via disordering mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, the mitochondrial energy metabolism can be considered as one of the major mechanism underlying CORT-mediated depression. Since CORT is important for depression after traumatic stress disorder, our study will shed light on the prevention and treatment of depression as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by typical motor symptoms and various non-motor symptoms (NMS). Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is one common NMS, with high prevalence, disability rate, and poor response to treatment. Recently there have been increasingly new findings in clinical and experimental studies on PDD. This review focuses on its epidemiology, neuropsychological characteristics, predictive factors, diagnosis and pharmacotherapy from clinical perspective so as to promote its research in China. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.02.003

Ginsenosides are major active constituent of Panax ginseng which is a popularly used functional food or drug in several Asian countries. The effects of ginsenosides on the renal dysfunction and injury caused by cantharidin were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Ginsenosides inhibited the cytotoxicity in rat normal kidney NRK cell induced by cantharidin. Cantharidin caused NRK cell apoptosis accompanied with decreasing bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment of ginsenosides reduced apoptosis rate and increased bcl-2 expression. In experimental rats, administration of cantharidin (0.14 mg/kg) for 15 days induced renal damage, which was evident from significantly increased levels of serum creatinine, urine protein and urea nitrogen. Pretreatment of ginsenosides reduced the increases of serum creatinine, urine protein, urea nitrogen and histological change in rats. These findings provide the evidence that ginsenosides might be useful in enhancing the tolerance of the kidney against renal injury associated with cantharidin.

The anticomplementary activities of 12 ginseng saponins obtained from Panax ginseng were investigated. The total saponin and its major components showed strong anticomplementary activities through classic pathway. The targets research indicated that 12 ginseng saponins imposed their effects on complements C1q, C2, C3, C4, and C5, however, maybe not C9.

Ziyuglycoside I (ZGS1) is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of leucopenia. Currently, information on ZGS1 and its in vivo metabolite ziyuglycoside II (ZGS2) is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of ziyuglycoside I (ZGS1) and its metabolite ziyuglycoside II (ZGS2) in rats. In our study, a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous determination of ZGS1 and its metabolite for Sprague-Dawley rat pharmacokinetics studies. The method was validated following internationally-approved guidelines. The results presented in this study indicated that subcutaneous administration of ZGS1 prolonged its extension time and increased the area under the curve (AUC0–t) of ZGS2 during 0 to t minutes. In summary, in this study, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ZGS1 and its metabolite ZGS2 were defined and its tissue distribution, and excretion in rats were described. Our finding may be beneficial for leucopenia drug that focus on ZGS1.

A new ferulic acid ester named 4-methyl-3-trans-hexenylferulate (1), together with eight known phenolic acid esters (2–9), was isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots and rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 4-Methoxyphenethyl ferulate (8) NMR data is reported here for the first time. The uptake and transepithelial transport of the isolated compounds 1–9 were investigated in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Compounds 2 and 6 were assigned for the well-absorbed compounds, compound 8 was assigned for the moderately absorbed compound, and compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 were assigned for the poorly absorbed compounds. Moreover, all of the isolated compounds were assayed for the inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages model and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) was used as a positive control. Compounds 1, 5, 8, and 9 exhibited potent inhibitory activity on NO production with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 1.01, 4.63, 2.47, and 2.73 μM, respectively, which were more effective than L-NIL with IC50 values of 9.37 μM. These findings not only enriched the types of anti-inflammatory compounds in N. incisum but also provided some useful information for predicting their oral bioavailability and their suitability as drug leads or promising anti-inflammatory agents.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome, associated with varicella zoster virus infection is characterized by herpes zoster oticus, facial nerve palsy, and cochleovestibular symptoms. Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated cranial polyneuropathy occasionally occurs with involvement beyond VII and VIII. We represent a patient of Ramsay Hunt syndrome who presented with only VI involvement at the first visit followed by cranial polyneuropathy. Varicella zoster virus infection was confirmed by the detection of varicella zoster virus-DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is a clinicradiological syndrome, which has been reported to be associated with many conditions and the most common pathogens are virus. However, bacteria are rare pathogens for MERS. We report a 20-year-old man diagnosed with definite infective endocarditis, who presented with transient encephalopathy with reversible lesions in the entire corpus callosum and bilateral white matter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The blood culture indicated a Staphylococcus aureus infection. His neurological manifestation improved and imaging abnormalities faded after receiving a combination of intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone, and antibiotics. Clinicians should be aware of transient encephalopathy with reversible callosal lesions as a potential unusual presentation of infective endocarditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytotoxic activity of 36 saponins isolated from roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel against the human cancer cell lines (A549, SGC-7901) and the human hepatic cell line (HL-7702) was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Saponins 1-14 showed considerable cytotoxic activity, whereas saponins 15-36 showed no significant activity, which suggested that a free carboxylic group located at C-28 of aglycon is essential for their cytotoxic activity. Moreover, the analysis of structure-activity relationships also suggested that the oleanane-type saponins showed better cytotoxic activity than lupane-type saponins, and the length and linkage of glycotic chain attached to C-3 of aglycon displayed an important effect to the potent cytotoxicity. In conclusion, oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[βD-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-L-arabinopyranoside (5) exhibited the most significant cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a generalization of group theory, i.e. a unification theory of different causal algebras, and its applications to theoretical physics. We propose left and right causal algebras, left and right causal decomposition algebras, causal algebra and causal decomposition algebras in terms of quantitative causal principle. The causal algebraic system of containing left (or right) identity I (or I) is called as the left (or right) causal algebra, and associative law is deduced. Furthermore the applications of the new algebraic systems are given in theoretical physics, specially in the reactions of containing supersymmetric particles, we generally obtain the invariance of supersymmetric parity of multiplying property. In the reactions of particles of high energy, there may be no identity, but there are special inverse elements, which make that the relative algebra be not group, however, the causal algebra given in this paper is just a tool of severely and directly describing the real reactions of particle physics. And it is deduced that the causal decomposition algebra is equivalent to group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for platelet-activating-factor (PAF) antagonists, two new lignan compounds were isolated from the leaves of Syringa reticulata Hara var. mandshurica. Their structures were elucidated as (7 R,8 S, 8' S)-3,4,3',4'-dimethylenedioxy-8,9-dihydroxy-8.8', 7- O-9'-lignan (mandshuricol A) and (7 R,8 S,8' S)-3',4'methylenedioxy-4-methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy-8.8', 7- O-9'-lignan (mandshuricol B), Mandshuricol A and B showed antagonistic activity on PAF in the [3H] PAF receptor binding assay with IC50 values of 4.8 × 10–5 M and 3.5 × 10–5 M, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia davurica Ledeb., two new saponins named davuricoside I (compound 1) and E (compound 2) were isolated. Their chemical structures were elucidated as 3β, 16α, 28, 29-tetrihydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- D-glucuronopyranoside (compound 1) and 3β, 16α, 29-trihydroxy-13, 28-epoxy-oleanane-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (compound 2) on the basis of their one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against human A2780 cells. (Managing editor: Wei Wang) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., two new saponins, named capilliposide E (1) and capilliposide F (2), were isolated. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 3β,22α-dihydroxy-16α-acetat-28→13-lactone-oleanane-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1←2)-α-Z-arabinpyranoyi]-22-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3β, 22α-dihydroxy-16α-acetat-28-l3-lactone-oleanane-3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosy-(l→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-arabinpyranoyl}-22-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). The structures of these compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS techniques, and chemical methods. (Managing editor: Wei WANG) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new xanthone glycosides, securixanside A ( 1 ), securixanside B ( 2 ), and securixanside C ( 3 ) were isolated from the stems of Securidaca inappendiculata . These compounds were characterized by spectrometric and chemical methods, including FABMS and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds, capilliposide I and capilliposide II, together with a known compound quercetin-3- O -(2,6-di-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside were isolated from the extracts of the whole herbs of Lysimachia capillipes . Their structures were established through their spectral data and chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]