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Lauraceae is a group of tropical plants with a wide distribution. The abundance and species richness of the Lauraceae family includes the under to the upper canopy of the forest. The Lauraceae family can be utilized in various sectors, especially economically. Limiting characters as a significance in the Lauraceae classification was needed to provide additional information regarding taxon grouping. This research aimed to study epidermal characteristics, leaf venation variations, and the diversity of Lauraceae species under different forest environmental conditions. The research procedure involved: collecting ecological field data and morphological identification using a purposive sampling method based on the presence of species. Soil sampling and environmental microclimate were measured on each plot. The anatomical process was carried out by recording characters. Correlation between environmental factors and plant targets used canonical correspondence analysis. The kinship between members of Lauraceae was expressed in a dendrogram. The result of this study showed that Lauraceae could live at various elevations. The analysis data indicated differences in environmental factors that affect the existence of Lauraceae species. Leaf venation studies support clustering in the family using characters such as primary, secondary, tertiary veins, and areola. Observation of leaf venation can be used as a taxonomic significance in the family Lauraceae. Epidermal cell walls in leaf samples are straight, curved shallow, deep, and sharp. Other characters that can be found are anomocytic, laterocytic, and brachyparasitic types of stomata, with stellate and glandless trichomes The anatomical dendrogram separated Lauraceae into clusters on a similarity coefficient scale.

Oil palm has been widely studied regarding growth and development, water use, productivity, and other economically relevant functions. However, not much is known about the hydraulic conductivity of oil palm root systems and how xylem vessels perform their function to transport water from roots to shoots so far. This information is needed to describe oil palm strategies to maintain water status, especially in oil palms that grow under various soil hydrological regimes. To investigate the root hydraulic performance, we measured mean xylem vessel diameter (D), vessel density (VD), vessel lumen area (Alumen), and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) for oil palm root samples in seasonally flooded riparian and well-drained sites at Harapan Jambi Forest. The result showed that D, Alumen, and Kp increased with increasing root diameter at both plantation types. On the contrary, VD significantly decreased with increasing root diameter. Potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) in riparian sites was smaller than in well-drained sites and significantly different in root diameter >2-5 and >5-10 mm and related to both plantation types. The low potential hydraulic conductivity of root xylem vessels and the narrowing of xylem vessel lumen that occurs in oil palm roots in the seasonally flooded riparian sites were presumed as adaptation mechanisms to maintain water supply from the roots to the shoot in oil palm plants in these sites.

Nepenthes occur in various habitat types in West Kalimantan. But some species are categorized as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. Autecological studies of Nepenthes spp. are required for species management and conservation. The study aimed to analyze species diversity, distribution pattern, association, and environmental factors that correlated with Nepenthes spp. at peat swamp and heath forest in Pematang Gadung. Data was collected in September 2021 by purposive sampling on 60 plots measuring 3 x 3 m2 in each habitat type. Species diversity was analyzed based on the presence and abundance of species in the plots. The distribution pattern was determined using a standardized Morisita index (Ip). Meanwhile, the association type was determined based on the Jaccard index (JI). Environmental data were analyzed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using Past Version 4.03. This study found six wild species in a peat swamp and four species in a heath forest. The population of Nepenthes spp. has clumped distribution pattern with Ip>0. Nepenthes spp. are associated with plants such as Barringtonia racemosa, Syzygium sp., Nephrolepis biserrata, and Campnosperma auriculatum. The result of CCA revealed that environmental factors in both habitat types affected the presence of each Nepenthes species. The air temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity show different influences on different species.

The article aimed to record community knowledge regarding cultivating, utilizing, and conserving tarasi fruit (Cassia javanica) in Cianjur and Sukabumi Districts, West Java. The ethnobotanical interview method was used for 22 respondents from Cilaku village, Cianjur district, and Tegal Buleud village, Sukabumi district. Respondent criteria have or have owned a tarasi tree and used it. The interview consisted of 20 questions. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS). The results found that ecologically, tarasi fruit was grown by the community from seed (82%), in cultivation (68%), and planted in the yard (86%). Tarasi fruit is used, among others, for cooking seasoning (38%), firewood (42%), tools (8%), and digestive medicine (12%), but the highest ICS score is for cooking seasoning (10.89). The utilization of tarasi fruit in the form of dried pods is processed into a paste. The presence of live trees in only 36.4% still used for seasoning in only 9.1%, and there has yet to be an attempt to share knowledge. The conclusion is that tarasi fruit for vegetable shrimp paste must be developed so that it has an impact on conservation.

Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is an area that has the largest karst ecosystem in Indonesia. Karst is prone to damage and difficult to reuse, so it requires conservation efforts. One of the plant species that can maintain this sustainability is Ficus which acts as key species in karst ecosystems. However, at this time the species is experiencing disturbances, one of which is due to the experience of invasive plants that can threaten the existence of Ficus because the weeds can colonize habitats and are dominant which can change species diversity. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and distribution of Ficus, compare species composition, and analyze environmental factors that affect Ficus spp. in Pattunuang Resort and Bantimurung Resort. Vegetation analysis method with nesting plots placed by purposive sampling and supported with environmental and soil data measurements to determine the factors that indicate the habitat preference of Ficus. We found 18 plant species of Ficus spp. in total. At Resort Pattunuang we found 14 Ficus species with the highest abundance being Ficus sundaica (27.55%), while we recorded 15 Ficus species at Resort Bantimurung with the highest abundance being Ficus ampelas (29.23%). Ficus species were uniformly distributed with a relatively high ratio of species composition in both resorts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the presence of Ficus in Pattunuang Resort is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, and air humidity. In Bantimurung Resort, the existence of Ficus is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, soil moisture, and air humidity.

The abundance of water strider Ptilomera dromas Breddin (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in Ciliwung River related to water quality. Water-strider Ptilomera dromas Breddin (Gerridae: Hemiptera) is an aquatic insect that is commonly found in various waters, such as rivers, ponds, and lakes. The purpose of this research was to study the abundance of P. dromas in Ciliwung river in relation to its water quality. The abundance of P. dromas was surveyed at five stations, i.e. Cilember, Cijulang, Gadog, Katulampa, and Sempur stations. Environmental parameters measured were water temperature, air temperature, pH, water flow, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), free CO2 level, nitrogen total, water hardness, and total suspended solid (TSS). The relationship of P. dromas abundance with environment parameters was analyzed by using general linear model (GLM). Results showed that the highest abundance of P. dromas was found in Gadog station, followed by Cilember, Katulampa, and Cijulang stations. The population of P. dromas was not found in Sempur station, which might be related to the presence of Katulampa weir that acts as physical barrier and due to high BOD and TSS values. Based on GLM analysis, water hardness and pH were correlated positively with abundance of P. dromas. The existence of P. dromas in the upstream stations is linked to the high water quality and low pollution of waters.

The red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) reported Castanopsis argentea as an endangered species. Studies about autecology on its natural habitat become important to perform species conservation. This study aimed to analyze the population structure, distribution pattern, and environmental factors that influence the presence of C. argentea in the Telaga Warna Nature Reserve. Data was collected in September 2020 by making 21 plots with a single plot. The purposive sampling method was used based on C. argentea representatives to determine plot location. Measurement of environmental factors, including soil sampling was carried out on each plot. Population structure was analyzed based on plant density, and Morisita index determined the distribution pattern. Environmental data were analyzed using PCA with Minitab 19 programs. Our field observation showed that C. argentea seedling has the highest density (1071 ind/ha) and decreased in the mature phase. C. argentea was found to have a clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 1.03. PCA analysis showed differences in environmental factors that were thought to influence the presence of C. argentea individuals in four growth phases. The highest population structure of C. argentea was found in the growth phase of seedlings and saplings at an altitude of 1400 m asl. The spread population distribution of C. argentea was clumped. The influences of environmental variables on the existence of C. argentea were Mg, Ca, CEC, pH, and soil moisture.

Plastic waste is a problem in the city/district. Plastic waste cannot be decomposed so it needs special efforts in plastic waste management. The purpose of this study was to determine the plastic waste management strategy in Bogor City. The research was conducted in Bogor City from September to November 2022. Research data were obtained from interviews with waste managers and direct measurement of waste for 8 consecutive days. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. From the results of waste measurement, it was found that plastic waste generated in Bogor City is around 2- 29%. Plastic waste reduction strategies are the existence of regulations from the government, waste reduction using reuse, reduce, and recycle.

Pandam Gadang has tropical forests which become the habitat of Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) which grows as a parasite of Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Study on R. arnoldii is needed since its population continuously decrease as a result of habitat destruction of its host. The aim of the study was to determine habitat conditions, vegetation structure, and characteristic of the host species of Rafflesia; to identify environmental factors, and determine the Rafflesia habitat suitability in Pandam Gadang Koto Tinggi Village, West Sumatra. Analysis of vegetation in the habitat where Rafflesia grows using a circular plot. The number of individuals Rafflesia found was recorded and completed with observations of its morphology. Micro-climate measurements were carried out together with data collection in the field. Flower morphological analysis was descriptively presented. Environmental parameters were-processed with Canoco software 4.56 using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Habitat suitability was analyzed using Maximum Entropy. The 17 Rafflesia individuals found on Pandam Gadang were R. arnoldii, known as "Cendawan Biriang", living parasitically on Tetrastigma leucostaphylum. The results of analysis of vegetation in the Rafflesia habitat showed that there were 250 individual plants consisting of 42 species and 21 genera. Seedlings most dominant was Lauraceae, belt were dominated by Moraceae, Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Trees were dominated by Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Meliaceae. Existence and survival of R. arnoldii depended on soil pH 7-7.8, environmental humidity 83-91.8 % and distance from the nearest river 3-27.8 m.

Hoya is a tropical flowering plant that has great potential as an export commodity. It needs to be cultivated to ensure its sustainability in nature. Information about the suitable habitat of Hoya was not widely known yet. This study aimed to compare the habitat characteristics of several species of Hoya. The research was conducted by exploring the sample plots determined by purposive sampling based on the differences of habitat characteristics. The biotic components observed were phorophyte species type and the number of individual of each Hoya species. The abiotic components measured in each plot were altitude and geographical position, air temperature, humidity, light intensity, wind speed, and canopy cover. Hoya ‘s diversity was analyzed using the Shannon Winner Index. Environmental factor data and biotic factors were analyzed with Canoco for Windows 4.5 software. There were 6 species of Hoya namely Hoya multiflora, Hoya imperialis, Hoya vitellinoides, Hoya hasseltii, Hoya campanulata and Hoya lacunosa found in this study. The highest biodiversity index was obtained in an altitude of 700-800 m.a.s.l (H’=1.41) and in hillsides area (H’=1.3). Hoya ‘s most frequent phorophyte was Schima wallichii. Factors affecting the presence of Hoya in the phorophytes were the position of attachment to the main stem and the rough surface characteristics of the tree. Hoya ‘s preference place was on the bark fracture. Abiotic factors that most influencing the existence of Hoya were air humidity and canopy cover. The data of this research can be used as basic information for carried out the conservation efforts and cultivation strategy in the future.

West Indian arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a tuber crop that is consumed as an alternative food. İt can grow in an area with altitudinal range from 0 to 1,000 m asl. This study aimed to analyse physiological response and photosynthate distribution which is related to growth performance and tuber yield of West Indian arrowroot at two different altitudes. Four accessions of West Indian arrowroot i.e. Bantul, Krajan, Kemalang, and Begawat were planted at 250 and 1,100 m asl. This study was conducted using split plot design with altitude as the main plot and the accession of West Indian arrowroot as a subplot. The results showed that altitudes significantly affected physiological response, plant height, leaf area per plant, and tuber yield of West Indian arrowroot. The rate of photosynthesis in the highland tended to be higher than that in the lowland, but plant height and tuber yield were lower in highland. These results suggested that the West Indian arrowroot had different pattern on photosynthate distribution between shoot and tuber at different altitudes because of environmental factors. Bantul accession had the lowest tuber yield compared to the others, and showed the low ability of accession Bantul in distributing photosynthate towards tuber.

Permainan tradisional merupakan jenis permainan yang menggunakan alat dan bahan sederhana, seperti tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menghitung persentase permainan tradisional berbahan tumbuhan yang masih bertahan di provinsi Jawa Tengah, menganalisis peran tumbuhan dalam permainan tradisional, dan mengungkapkan pengetahuan anak-anak tentang tumbuhan dalam permainan tradisional. Data dikoleksi dengan menggunakan wawancara terhadap masyarakat (orang tua (>50 th), orang dewasa (15-30 th), anak-anak (5-14 th) di empat lokasi yaitu lereng Gunung Lawu, pedalaman Karangpandan, pedesaan Karanganyar, perkotaan Surakarta. Hasil dari penelitian antara lain: persentase permainan tradisional berbahan tumbuhan yang masih bertahan: di lereng gunung Lawu (39%), pedalaman (28%), pedesaan (19%), dan perkotaan (14%). Pemanfaatan tumbuhan dalam permainan tradisional oleh anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan menggunakan tanaman budidaya, tumbuhan yang tumbuh di pekarangan, dan bagian tumbuhan berupa daun. Ketersediaan tumbuhan mampu mempengaruhi eksistensi permainan tradisional di masyarakat. Anak-anak memiliki pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan yang diperoleh atau dikembangkan melalui kegiatan bermain permainan tradisional. Kata kunci: pengetahuan anak-anak, tumbuhan, bermain, perkotaan, lereng gunung

Myrmecophytes or locally known as simbagh utak are common medicinal plants used by locals in Bengkulu, especially in South Bengkulu, for treating various diseases. Despite their potential as medicines, there is no report on biotic factors can be used to indicate of Myrmecophytes species’ richness and habitat suitability. The objectives of this research were to analyze the Myrmecophytes’ species richness and habitat suitability. This study used the purposive sampling method by exploring the area where Myrmecophytes were commonly found. The biotic factors of Myrmecophytes were analyzed by identifying the tree host, the other epiphyte plant grew around them, and animal occupants on the tuber of the Myrmecophytes. The Myrmecophytes distribution was analyzed by using ArcGIS10.1. The results showed that there were two species of Myrmecophytes, namely Hydnophytum formicarum and Myrmecodia tuberosa in the study area. The Myrmecophytes attached and hung in 9 species of host trees. The characteristics of host trees are high trees with large diameter, mostly rough-barked; some were cracked and mossy. The highest frequency of host trees included Hevea brasiliensis and Durio zibethinus. Myrmecophytes coexisted with 12 species of epiphytes. Epiphyte plants like Dendrobium sp. and Drymoglossum piloselloides can be used to indicate the presence of Myrmecophytes. Ants made up the most predominantly animal found living inside the tubers of Myrmecophytes, with some cockroaches and termites found at the tuber of Hydnophytum. Information on species' richness and habitat suitability of Myrmecophytes can serve as supporting data for conservation efforts in Bengkulu to prevent the extinction of this species.

Tetrascera scandens, a member of Dilleniaceae, is used for traditional medicine; the stem is utilized by the Anak Dalam tribe of Jambi Province, Sumatera island, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea symptoms. The aims of this study were to identify the secretory structures, histochemical aspects, and the antibacterial potency of T. scandens stem. Histological study of the secretory structures of T. scandens stem was carried out. The species has idioblast cells and trichomes as its secretory structures. Histochemical analysis indicated the substance secreted by T. scandens idioblast cells mainly contains alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols. Trichomes of T. scandens only contain flavonoids. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was tested against Staphyllococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Different concentration of extracts was tested using the well diffusion method. According to the results, 100 mg/mL T. scandens extract showed the best inhibitory activity with a maximum inhibition zone of 17.7 mm against S. aureus and of 12.5 mm against E. coli. This study provides scientific evidence that the stem of T. scandens has antibacterial activity and justifies its use by the local community.

Myrmecophyte is a common medicinal plant used by local people in Indonesia for treating various diseases especially in Papua. Bengkulu province is one of the Myrmecophyte habitats, but there has no report on its identity and distribution. The objectives of this research were to identify the diversity and analyze the Myrmecophytes distribution as well as factor affecting its presence. This study used purposive sampling method by exploring the area where Myrmecophytes commonly found. The Myrmecophyte distribution based on host tree was analyzed using Morishita index and the autecological analysis of abiotic factors was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from Minitab 16. The results of this research showed that there were two species of Myrmecophytes in Bengkulu province, namely Hydnophytum formicarum and Myrmecodia tuberosa, as well as two variants of M. tuberosa i.e. M. tuberosa ‘armata’ and M. tuberosa ‘siberutensis’. The distribution of Myrmecophytes based on host tree was mostly randomly scattered in Central Bengkulu regency, Seluma, North Bengkulu, South Bengkulu, and Kaur. Their distributions were affected by light intensity and temperature. The data of this research can be used as basic information for carried out conservation efforts in Bengkulu province. The abundance of Myrmecophytes is also used as a source of additional income for local people in Bengkulu province.

Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. has been widely used in aesthetic needs and medical fields. Detail information about the life cycle of A. lunulatum is still unknown, particularly about its gametophyte generation. Present work aimed to study and compare the growth and development of the gametophytes of A. lunulatum from dry and humid areas. Research method consists of two stages: (1) Spores were collected from two locations, Pasuruan and Bogor and (2) Spores were planted and observed the growth and development of gametophyte. The result showed that natural habitat of the plant in various dry and humid areas, affecting the rate of growth and development rates of A. lunulatum gametophyte. The gametophyte from the dry area showed faster rate of growth and development than that of humid areas. The spores collected from dry area need 9 weeks for germination, growth, and development while the spores of humid area took 22 weeks.

Forest rehabilitation on Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP) has been carried out since 2008, but it has not yet known the progress of the landscape function of the rehabilitation fields. The progress of landscape function can be evaluated using landscape function analysis method which yields three indexes namely land stability, water infiltration, and land nutrition cycle. This study aims to determine the progress of landscape function in several GCNP rehabilitation zones based on the age of rehabilitation. The research method consist of: (1) determination of research location, (2) microclimate measurement, (3) measurement of soil characteristics, and (4) landscape function analysis (LFA). Land stability in forest and land rehabilitation zones (RHL) were 9, 7, and 5 years old and the natural zones respectively: 57.9%; 54.3%; 48.6%; and 56.1%, respectively. Infiltration in RHL zones aged 9, 7, and 5 years and natural zones respectively: 49%; 39.4%; 31.8%; and 36.2%, respectively. The nutritional cycle in the RHL zone was 9, 7, and 5 years old and the natural zone was 47.9%; 34.6%; 23.4%; and 29.2%. Therefore a rehabilitation zone in GCNP which is seven years or older showed its landscape function has reached even beyond the original landscape function.

Hoya species are a type of epiphytic flowering plants that are known to have traditional medicinal values. Since 2011, eight Hoya species are recorded at the Bodogol Nature-Conservation Education Center (BNCEC), Bogor, Indonesia. For effective conservation measures, this study is aimed to analyze the population structure and distribution pattern of Hoya species at BNCEC. Data collection was done from July to August 2016 using a  purposive sampling method in a 400m2 plot. The results show that each species differed in their population structures. The H. multiflora population structure has the shape of an inverted pyramid, where there were more adult individuals than seedling and young ones, both H. campanulata and H. imperialis have the shape of a natural population pyramid, showing a population balance between seedling, young, and adult individuals. H. lacunosa has the shape of an hourglass, in which the number of seedlings and adult individuals is larger than the young. H. hasseltii and H. vitellinoides have no clear population structures as no adult individuals were discovered for these two species. The distribution pattern of Hoya populations at BNCEC is of the clumped type (Morisita’s index = 0.661).

Genus BaccaureaLour. adalah salah satu anggota dari famili Phyllanthaceae, merupakan genus yang cukup besar dengan anggota mencapai 43 spesies. Pada pengobatan tradisional genus Baccaurea telah dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk mengobati sembelit, pembengkakan pada mata, radang sendi, abses, sakit perut, memperlancar haid serta buang air kecil. Beberapa anggota genus Baccaureamemiliki potensi sebagai tumbuhan obat karena mengandung metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, karotenoid, antosianin, tanin, asam rosmarinik dan fenolik. Kandungan metabolit sekunder tersebut berpotensi sebagai antioksidan, antikanker, antimikroba, antidiabetes, antiinflamasi, antitripanosoma. B. ramiflora, B. lanceolata, B. macrocarpa, B. angulata, B. motleyana, B. brevipes, B. hookeri, B.recemosa, B. sapida, B. polyneura, B.parviflora dan B.dulcis adalah anggota genus Baccaurea yang berpotensi sebagai tumbuhan obat.

Litter decomposition rate is useful method to determine forest fertility level. The aims of this study were to measure decomposition rate, and analyze the nutrient content released organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphor from Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata litters during the decomposition process. The research was conducted in the Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang-Banten on A. marina and R. apiculata forest communities. Litter decomposition rate measurements performed in the field. Litter that has been obtained with the trap system is inserted into litter bag and than tied to the roots or trees to avoid drifting sea water. Litter decomposition rate was measured every 15 days and is accompanied by analysis of the content of organic C , total N and P. Our research results showed decomposition rate of A. marina (k= 0.83) was higher than that of R. apiculata (k= 0.41). Differences of leaf anatomical structure and sea water salinity influenced to the rate of litter decomposition. Organic C released was declined with longer of litter decomposition, on the contrary of releasing N and P nutrients.

Eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 caused a dense cover of Acacia decurrens Willd., which is an Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS). The dense cover happened in all areas of Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP) in Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to describe the relationship between major natural disturbance from volcanic eruption in triggering the invasion of A.decurrens in Mount Merapi National Park. Vegetation data were collected using line transect in two different sites. The first site was Cangkringan which was affected by pyroclastic flow and the second site was Selo which was not affected by pyroclastic flow. Distribution patterns and association of A.decurrens with other species in each location was analyzed using ordination analysis of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Microclimate such as temperature, humidity, light density and soil humidity was recorded in each location. Correlation between species abundance and microclimate data was assessed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that the population of A. decurrens was more dominant in Cangkringan than in Selo site. Cangkringan site was impacted with pyroclastic flow during Mount Merapi eruption in 2010, while Selo site was not affected. In Cangkringan, A.decurrens was distributed in clump, while in Selo the plant was randomly distributed. Ordination analysis using NMDS showed that there was positive association between A.decurrens and herbaceous plant. Negative association was observed between A.decurrens and other tree species. CCA analysis showed that temperature and light density was positively correlated with A. decurrens abundance. This study showed that the IAPS invasion in MMNP was correlated with the eruption of Mount Merapi.

Disturbances caused by the conversion of rain forests into agricultural systems provide an opportunity for the expansion of Invasive Plant Species (IPS). Bukit Duabelas National Park is one of the few remaining lowland forests in Jambi Province (Sumatera, Indonesia). The surrounding areas up to the national park borders have already been converted into jungle rubber agroforests as well as rubber and oil palm plantations which might lead to an increased spread of IPS into the forest. This study was aimed at compiling a list of IPS and determining their distribution and coverage of IPS in four land use systems (rain forest jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantations). Spatial distribution patterns were investigated by creating a horizontal vegetation profile diagram for the permanent plots of the EFForTS project (Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems, http://www.uni-goettingen.de/crc990). The dominance of IPS was determined using Important Value Index. A total of forty IPS were identified across the four land-use systems. The numbers of IPS were the highest in oil palm (28 species) and rubber plantations (27 species), and the lowest in jungle rubber (10 species). IPS were absent in the lowland rain forest. The diversity of IPS was influenced by environmental factors, especially canopy openness. IPS with the highest ground coverage were Dicranopteris linearis and Clidemia hirta. Both of them were found in all three land-use systems outside the rain forest when the forest canopy opens due to illegal logging or other human disturbances. Therefore, reforestation of disturbed areas is recommended to prevent the spread of IPS.

Bryophyte communities were compared between arboreal (trunk bases) and terrestrialhabitats in primary forest Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java. The communitieswere analyzed based on species diversity, abundance, and biomass. A total of 150 bryophytesspecies were identified, including 67 species of mosses (Bryopsida) and 83 of liverworts(Hepaticopsida). Both bryophyte groups varied in diversity and abundance between arborealand terrestrial communities as well as among different elevations. Species diversity of arborealhabitats (116 species) was higher than that of terrestrial habitats (64 species). Moss species weremore abundant in terms of coverage in terrestrial habitats whereas liverworts species weremore abundant in arboreal habitats. Species richness in both terrestrial and arboreal habitatsdecreased towards higher elevation, whereas the abundance increased.

Motor vehicles release carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and particulate matters to the air as pollutants. Vegetation can absorb these pollutants through gas exchange processes. The objective of this study was to examine the combination of the relative growth rate (RGR) and physiological responses in determining tolerance levels of plant species to air pollutants. Physiological responses were calculated as air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Eight roadside tree species were placed at polluted (Jagorawi highway) and unpolluted (Sindangbarang field) area. Growth and physiological parameters of the trees were recorded, including plant height, leaf area, total ascorbate, total chlorophyll, leaf-extract pH, and relative water content. Scoring criteria for the combination of RGR and APTI method was given based on means of the two areas based on two-sample t test. Based on the total score of RGR and APTI, Lagerstroemia speciosa was categorized as a tolerant species; and Pterocarpus indicus, Delonix regia, Swietenia macrophylla were categorized as moderately tolerant species. Gmelina arborea, Cinnamomum burmanii, and Mimusops elengi were categorized as intermediate tolerant species. Lagerstroemia speciosa could be potentially used as roadside tree. The combination of RGR and APTI value was better to determinate tolerance level of plant to air pollutant than merely APTI method.

Bryophyte communities were compared between arboreal (trunk bases) and terrestrial habitats in primary forest Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java. The communities were analyzed based on species diversity, abundance, and biomass. A total of 150 bryophytes species were identified, including 67 species of mosses (Bryopsida) and 83 of liverworts (Hepaticopsida). Both bryophyte groups varied in diversity and abundance between arboreal and terrestrial communities as well as among different elevations. Species diversity of arboreal habitats (116 species)was higher than that of terrestrial habitats (64 species). Moss specieswere more abundant in terms of coverage in terrestrial habitats whereas liverworts species were more abundant in arboreal habitats. Species richness in both terrestrial and arboreal habitats decreased towards higher elevation, whereas the abundance increased.

Oil palm has been widely studied regarding growth and development, water use, productivity, and other economically relevant functions. However, not much is known about the hydraulic conductivity of oil palm root systems and how xylem vessels perform their function to transport water from roots to shoots so far. This information is needed to describe oil palm strategies to maintain water status, especially in oil palms that grow under various soil hydrological regimes. To investigate the root hydraulic performance, we measured mean xylem vessel diameter (D), vessel density (VD), vessel lumen area (Alumen), and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) for oil palm root samples in seasonally flooded riparian and well-drained sites at Harapan Jambi Forest. The result showed that D, Alumen, and Kp increased with increasing root diameter at both plantation types. On the contrary, VD significantly decreased with increasing root diameter. Potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) in riparian sites was smaller than in welldrained sites and significantly different in root diameter >2-5 and >5-10 mm and related to both plantation types. The low potential hydraulic conductivity of root xylem vessels and the narrowing of xylem vessel lumen that occurs in oil palm roots in the seasonally flooded riparian sites were presumed as adaptation mechanisms to maintain water supply from the roots to the shoot in oil palm plants in these sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vessel diameter variation along the hydraulic pathway determines how much water can be moved against the force of gravity from roots to leaves. While it is well-documented that tree size scales with vessel diameter variation at the stem base due to the effect of basipetal vessel widening, much less is known whether this likewise applies to terminal sun-exposed twigs. To analyze the effect of tree height on twig xylem anatomy, we compiled data for 279 tropical rainforest tree species belonging to 56 families in the lowlands of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Terminal upper-canopy twigs of fully grown individuals were collected and used for wood anatomical analysis. We show that hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (D h) and potential hydraulic conductivity (K p) of upper canopy twigs increase with tree height across species although the relationship was weak. When averaged across given tree height classes irrespectively of species identity, however, a strong dependency of tree height on D h and K p was observed, but not on the lumen-to-sapwood area ratio (A l: A x) or vessel density (VD). According to the comparison between actual tree height and the maximum tree height reported for a given species in the stand, we show that the vascular xylem anatomy of their terminal twigs reflects their canopy position and thus ecological niche (understory versus overstory) at maturity. We conclude that the capacity to move large quantities of water during the diurnal peak in evaporative demand is a prerequisite for growing tall in a humid tropical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepenthes occur in various habitat types in West Kalimantan. But some species are categorized as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. Autecological studies of Nepenthes spp. are required for species management and conservation. The study aimed to analyze species diversity, distribution pattern, association, and environmental factors that correlated with Nepenthes spp. at peat swamp and heath forest in Pematang Gadung. Data was collected in September 2021 by purposive sampling on 60 plots measuring 3m x 3m in each habitat type. Species diversity was analyzed based on the presence and abundance of species in the plots. The distribution pattern was determined using a standardized Morisita index (Ip). Meanwhile, the association type was determined based on the Jaccard index (JI). Environmental data were analyzed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using Past Version 4.03. This study found six wild species in a peat swamp and four species in a heath forest. The population of Nepenthes spp. has clumped distribution pattern with Ip>0. Nepenthes spp. are associated with plants such as Barringtonia racemosa, Syzygium sp., Nephrolepis biserrata, and Campnosperma auriculatum. The result of CCA revealed that environmental factors in both habitat types affected the presence of each Nepenthes species. The air temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity show different influences on different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) reported Castanopsis argentea as an endangered species. Studies about autecology on its natural habitat become important to perform species conservation. This study aimed to analyze the population structure, distribution pattern, and environmental factors that influence the presence of C. argentea in the Telaga Warna Nature Reserve. Data was collected in September 2020 by making 21 plots with a single plot. The purposive sampling method was used based on C. argentea representatives to determine plot location. Measurement of environmental factors, including soil sampling was carried out on each plot. Population structure was analyzed based on plant density, and Morisita index determined the distribution pattern. Environmental data were analyzed using PCA with Minitab 19 programs. Our field observation showed that C. argentea seedling has the highest density (1071 ind/ha) and decreased in the mature phase. C. argentea was found to have a clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 1.03. PCA analysis showed differences in environmental factors that were thought to influence the presence of C. argentea individuals in four growth phases. The highest population structure of C. argentea was found in the growth phase of seedlings and saplings at an altitude of 1400 m asl. The spread population distribution of C. argentea was clumped. The influences of environmental variables on the existence of C. argentea were Mg, Ca, CEC, pH, and soil moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea plantations can provide microclimate conditions for many epiphytic species, including orchids, but information on their diversity is not yet available. Epiphytic orchid diversity study has been carried out at the Nirmala Tea Plantation, Bogor, West Java. The main objective of this study was to reveal the diversity of epiphytic orchids in the Nirmala Tea Plantation. The data were obtained by vegetation analysis using the purposive sampling method by making 54 plots sized 5 x 5m2 at two different altitudes, 1050 and 1500 masl. The quantitative data were analyzed by calculating the critical value and morisita indices. The correlation between epiphytic orchid and microclimate variables was processed using Spearman bivariate correlation, performed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. A total of 15 epiphytic orchids were found at an altitude of 1050 m asl and 10 species of epiphytic orchids at an altitude of 1500 m asl. Seven species, Agrostophyllum longifolium Rchb.f., Appendicula reflexa Blume, Bulbophyllum sp.2, Dendrochilum sp., Eria sp.1, Flickingeria sp, Pholidota carnea Lindl, were found at both altitudes. The diversity of epiphytic orchids is affected by altitude, light intensity, and wind speed. The distribution pattern of epiphytic orchids in Nirmala Tea Plantation is clumped. The results of this study report the diversity of orchids grown in tea plantations for the first time. This information is helpful for the cultivation and conservation of orchid diversity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six new species of Begonia sect. Jackia from Sumatra are described and illustrated: B. araneumoides, B. batuphila, B. hijauvenia, B. mursalaensis, B. panjangfolia, and B. perunggufolia. All morphological characters and measurements were observed from living plants in the Bogor Botanical Gardens greenhouse or the wild. Using IUCN criteria, 4 species are considered to be Data Deficient, 1 Vulnerable, and 1 Least Concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional games are using simple tools and materials, such as plants. The aim of this study is to count the percentage of traditional games using plants that still exist in Central Java Province, to analyze the role of plants on traditional game, and to reveal the children's knowledges about plants from traditional games. The data were collected by interviewing the respondents, including the parents (>50 y.o), the adults (15-30 y.o), the childrens (5-14 y.o) in 4 study areas: the hillside of Lawu, the hinterlands of Karangpandan, the ruralside of Karanganyar, and the city of Surakarta. The results showed that the precentage of traditional games that still exist are: in the hillside (39%), the hinterland (28%), the rural (19%), the city (14%). Plant usage in traditional games by the children has a tendency to use cultivated plants, which grow in home gardens and the parts of plants that are often used are leaves. Plant availaibility could strongly influence the existence of traditional games in society. Childrens have knowledge about plantsthat are obtained or developed through playing traditional games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandam Gadang has tropical forests which become the habitat of Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii), which grows as a parasite of Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Study on R. arnoldii is needed since its population continuously decreases as a result of habitat destruction of its host. The aim of the study was to determine habitat conditions, vegetation structure, and characteristics of the host species of Rafflesia; to identify environmental factors, and determine the Rafflesia habitat suitability in Pandam Gadang Koto Tinggi Village, West Sumatra. Analysis of vegetation in the habitat where Rafflesia grows using a circular plot. The number of individuals Rafflesia found was recorded and completed with observations of its morphology. Microclimate measurements were carried out together with data collection in the field. Flower morphological analysis was descriptively presented. Environmental parameters were-processed with Canoco software 4.56 using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Habitat suitability was analyzed using Maximum Entropy. The 17 Rafflesia individuals found on Pandam Gadang were R. arnoldii, known as "Cendawan Biriang", living parasitically on Tetrastigma leucostaphylum. The results of analysis of vegetation in the Rafflesia habitat showed that there were 250 individual plants consisting of 42 species and 21 genera. Seedlings most dominant was Lauraceae, belt was dominated by Moraceae, Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Trees were dominated by Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Meliaceae. Existence and survival of R. arnoldii depended on soil pH 7-7.8, environmental humidity 83-91.8 %, and distance from the nearest river 3-27.8 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hoya is a tropical flowering plant that has great potential as an export commodity. It needs to be cultivated to ensure its sustainability in nature. Information about the suitable habitat of Hoya was not widely known yet. This study aimed to compare the habitat characteristics of several species of Hoya. The research was conducted by exploring the sample plots determined by purposive sampling based on the differences of habitat characteristics. The biotic components observed were phorophyte species type and the number of individual of each Hoya species. The abiotic components measured in each plot were altitude and geographical position, air temperature, humidity, light intensity, wind speed, and canopy cover. Hoya 's diversity was analyzed using the Shannon Winner Index. Environmental factor data and biotic factors were analyzed with Canoco for Windows 4.5 software. There were 6 species of Hoya namely Hoya multiflora, Hoya imperialis, Hoya vitellinoides, Hoya hasseltii, Hoya campanulata and Hoya lacunosa found in this study. The highest biodiversity index was obtained in an altitude of 700-800 m.a.s.l (H'=1.41) and in hillsides area (H'=1.3). Hoya 's most frequent phorophyte was Schima wallichii. Factors affecting the presence of Hoya in the phorophytes were the position of attachment to the main stem and the rough surface characteristics of the tree. Hoya 's preference place was on the bark fracture. Abiotic factors that most influencing the existence of Hoya were air humidity and canopy cover. The data of this research can be used as basic information for carried out the conservation efforts and cultivation strategy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Indian arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a tuber crop that is consumed as an alternative food. İt can grow in an area with altitudinal range from 0 to 1,000 m asl. This study aimed to analyse physiological response and photosynthate distribution which is related to growth performance and tuber yield of West Indian arrowroot at two different altitudes. Four accessions of West Indian arrowroot i.e. Bantul, Krajan, Kemalang, and Begawat were planted at 250 and 1,100 m asl. This study was conducted using split plot design with altitude as the main plot and the accession of West Indian arrowroot as a subplot. The results showed that altitudes significantly affected physiological response, plant height, leaf area per plant, and tuber yield of West Indian arrowroot. The rate of photosynthesis in the highland tended to be higher than that in the lowland, but plant height and tuber yield were lower in highland. These results suggested that the West Indian arrowroot had different pattern on photosynthate distribution between shoot and tuber at different altitudes because of environmental factors. Bantul accession had the lowest tuber yield compared to the others, and showed the low ability of accession Bantul in distributing photosynthate towards tuber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomical structures may vary among the species of Nepenthes. Therefore, the anatomical characters apparently could be used for supporting the morphological characters in identifying species. This study aimed to seek a valuable anatomical character for identifying and defining five species of Nepenthes occur in Bangka Belitung Islands. Samples of leaves, pitchers and its lids of Nepenthes gracilis, Nepenthes mirabilis, Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes rafflesiana, and Nepenthes reinwardtiana were collected and prepared for paradermal and transverse section of microscope slides. The results showed that the anatomical characters of the leaves, pitchers and lids from these five species of Nepenthes could be used for differentiating five species Nepenthes observed. The absence of nectary gland at the abaxial of pitcher lids of N. gracilis and N. ampullaria separate them from others species. The leaf epidermis of these two species have different cell wall. The length of lunate cells at the inner surface of upper half pitchers are comparable for identifying the pitchers of N. mirabilis from those of N. reinwardtiana. The presence of crystal at the parenchymal tissue of pitcher differentiate N. rafflesiana from the four others. In this research, the identification key for Nepenthes from Bangka Belitung Islands based on the anatomical character was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dischidia is an epiphytic plant, it is used as herbal medicine and has economic value. In addition, Dischidia also has an ecological function. Moreover, some species of Dischidia are endemic in a particular region. Various forest types occur in Bangka Island serves as natural habitat for this epiphytic plant. This research aimed to record the diversity and abundance of Dischidia and analyze those environmental factors which affect its abundance. The research was conducted in August - September 2016 at Bangka Island. Three plots of 20 × 20 m? were placed with a minimum interval of 50 m in the habitat where Dischidia are found. The species diversity and abundance of Dischidia as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, wind speed, and altitude were recorded in these plots. The vegetation structure was analyzed based on index of diversity, index of dominancy and index of evenness. Data on the environmental condition and abundance of Dischidia were then analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) method with Canoco 4.5 software. Five species of Dischidia were found in Bangka Island that are Dischidia bengalensis, Dischidia imbricate, Dischidia nummularia, Dischidia rafflesiana, and Dischidia hirsute. Dischidia is found in 14 species of host plants. D. imbricate (23 individual plants) occurred in the heath forest at Pejem showed the highest abundance. Epiphytic fern plants, the Asplenium nidus (27 individual plants), was the dominant epiphytes found in the host tree of Dischidia The CCA showed that light intensity, temperature and humidity influenced the abundance of Dischidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is a natural strategy for the protection or inhibition toward other vegetation through the release of chemicals into the environment. Alpinia malaccensis is thought to be capable of carrying out allelopathic mechanisms, as this species is found to grow well on land invaded by Merremia peltata. Invasive type control with alleopathic mechanism is an alternative to consider as it does not leave a potential residue as a contaminant of soil as it is chemically controlled. The study attempt to investigate the content of A. malaccensis allelochemicals and analyzed the alelopathy potential of A. malaccensis on seed germination and seedling growth of M. peltata. Research method used completely randomized design with 6 replicates for seed treatment and three replicates for seedling treatment. Seeds which have relatively similar size and weight were obtained from the field. Seeds were germinated in petri dishes that have been coated by filter paper, each petri dish contained 6 seeds of M. peltata. The treatment of the seeds germination was performed by giving 3 ml of rhizomes and leaves extracts of A. malaccensis (control, 30 g/L, 60 g/L, 90 g/L, 120 g/L, and 150 g/L). The treatment of the seedlings was performed by giving 30 ml of rhizomes and leaves extracts of A. malaccensis (control, 50 g/L, 100 g/L, 150 g/L, and 200 g/L). The analysis of chemical compounds of fresh rhizomes and leaves showed that A. malaccensis contains alcohol, amide, fatty acid, phenol, ketones, and terpenoids. Rhizomes and leaves extracts 150 g/L of A. malaccensis showed the highest inhibition in germination, dry weight, plumule and radicle length of M. peltata sprout parameters. Rhizomes and leaves extract 200 g/L of A. malaccensis showed the highest inhibition in tendril length, amount of leaves, length and width of M. peltata leaves parameters. To be more efficient, application in the field should use low concentration of extracts that can inhibit the M. peltata. Results of this study are expected to provide information about alternative solutions to suppress the invasion of M. peltata to preserve ecosystems of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) in Lampung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrascera scandens , a member of Dilleniaceae, is used for traditional medicine; the stem is utilized by the Anak Dalam tribe of Jambi Province, Sumatera island, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea symptoms. The aims of this study were to identify the secretory structures, histochemical aspects, and the antibacterial potency of T. scandens stem. Histological study of the secretory structures of T. scandens stem was carried out. The species has idioblast cells and trichomes as its secretory structures. Histochemical analysis indicated the substance secreted by T. scandens idioblast cells mainly contains alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols. Trichomes of T. scandens only contain flavonoids. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was tested against Staphyllococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Different concentration of extracts was tested using the well diffusion method. According to the results, 100 mg/mL T. scandens extract showed the best inhibitory activity with a maximum inhibition zone of 17.7 mm against S. aureus and of 12.5 mm against E. coli . This study provides scientific evidence that the stem of T. scandens has antibacterial activity and justifies its use by the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]