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The albertosaurines Albertosaurus sarcophagus and Gorgosaurus libratus are among the best represented tyrannosaurids, known from nearly complete growth series. These specimens provide an opportunity to study mandibular biomechanical properties and tooth morphology to infer changes in feeding behaviour and bite force through ontogeny in tyrannosaurids. Mandibular force profiles reveal that the symphyseal region of albertosaurines is consistently stronger in bending than the mid-dentary region, indicating that the anterior extremity of the jaws played an important role in prey capture and handling through ontogeny. The symphyseal region was better adapted to withstand torsional stresses than in most non-avian theropods, but not to the extent seen in Tyrannosaurus rex, suggesting that albertosaurine feeding behaviour may have involved less bone crushing or perhaps relatively smaller prey than in Tyrannosaurus rex. The constancy of these biomechanical properties at all known growth stages indicates that although albertosaurines maintained a similar feeding strategy through ontogeny, prey size/type had to change between juvenile and mature individuals. This ontogenetic dietary shift likely happened when individuals reached a mandibular length of ~58 cm, a size at which teeth shift from ziphodont to incrassate in shape and bite force begins to increase exponentially. The fact that large albertosaurines were capable of generating bite forces equivalent to similar-sized tyrannosaurines suggests that no significant differences in jaw-closing musculature existed between the two clades and that the powerful bite of Tyrannosaurus rex is the result of its large body size rather than of unique adaptations related to a specialized ecology. Key words: feeding behaviour, paleoecology, biomechanics, mandibular force profile, Tyrannosauridae, diet. Les albertosaurines Albertosaurus sarcophagus et Gorgosaurus libratus figurent parmi les tyrannosaurides les mieux representes, les connaissances a leur sujet reposant sur des series de croissance quasi completes. Ces specimens offrent l'occasion d'etudier les proprietes biomecaniques des mandibules et la morphologie des dents pour en inferer des changements du mode d'alimentation et de la force de morsure au fil de l'ontogenese chez les tyrannosaurides. Des profils de force des mandibules revelent que la region symphysaire des albertosaurines est toujours plus resistante en flexion que la region dentaire mediane, ce qui indique que l'extremite anterieure des machoires jouait un important role dans la capture et la manipulation des proies tout au long de l'ontogenese. La region symphysaire des albertosaurines etait mieux adaptee a resister aux contraintes en torsion que celle de la plupart des theropodes non aviaires, mais pas autant que celle de Tyrannosaurus rex, ce qui indiquerait que le broyage d'os etait possiblement un aspect moins important de leur comportement d'alimentation ou que leurs proies etaient plus petites que celles de Tyrannosaurus rex. La constance de ces proprietes biomecaniques a toutes les etapes connues de la croissance indique que, bien que la strategie d'alimentation des albertosaurines ne variait pas beaucoup au filde l'ontogenese, la taille et le type de proies acquises devaient changer entre les individus juveniles et matures. Cette transition ontogenetique de l'alimentation se produisait vraisemblablement lorsque les individus atteignaient une longueur des mandibules de ~58 cm, taille a laquelle la forme des dents passe de ziphodonte a epaissie et la force de morsure commence a augmenter de facon exponentielle. Le fait que les grands albertosaurines etaient capables de produire des forces de morsure equivalentes a celles de tyrannosaurines de meme taille donne a penser qu'il n'y avait aucune difference significative de la musculature de fermeture des machoires entre les deux clades et que la puissante morsure de Tyrannosaurus rex est le resultat de sa grande taille plutot que d'adaptations singulieres reliees a une specialisation ecologique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: mode d'alimentation, paleoecologie, biomecanique, profil de force des mandibules, tyrannosauride, regime alimentaire., Introduction Tyrannosaurids were the apex predators of Late Cretaceous ecosystems in Asia and North America. Originating from small-bodied ancestors that lived during the Middle Jurassic through mid-Cretaceous, tyrannosaurids may have [...]

One of the challenges inherent in automotive LCD relates to the response characteristics displayed in low‐temperature environments. In this study, we devised a panel by incorporating heater wires into the Thin‐Film Transistor (TFT) substrate of the LCD, which was optimized through thermal simulations. Additionally, we validated the enhanced response time in low‐temperature environments by utilizing the optimized heater wires within the LCD cell for automotive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Distal humerus fracture in the elderly is a challenging fracture for orthopedic surgeons. Non-union is one of the serious complications of distal humerus fracture after surgery. This retrospective multicenter study aimed to estimate the incidence of distal humeral non-union after open reduction and internal fixation, determine factors related to non-union, and compare the postoperative results of cases with non-union to cases with the union. Methods: Among 423 patients diagnosed with distal humeral fracture and who were treated by surgical therapy in 2010–2020 from our database called TRON. Only 190 subjects met the inclusion criteria. We performed a logistic regression analysis with the presence of non-union as the response variable to examine risk factors. We compare the Mayo Elbow Performance Scores of cases with non-union to cases with the union. Results: Non-union occurred after surgery in 15 patients (7.9%). The logistic regression analysis showed that body mass index<20 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2, and ≤3 screws in the articular segment were significant explanatory factors for non-union (odds ratio 10.4 and 47.8, respectively). The Mayo Elbow Performance Scores were significantly worse in patients with non-union. Discussion: Low and high body mass index and three or fewer screws in the articular segment might be risk factors for non-union of distal humerus fracture in the elderly. Non-union is associated with poor clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first discovery of dinosaur eggs announced by the American Museum of Natural History (central Asiatic expeditions to Mongolia) in 1923, these fossils became widely recognised from Mesozoic strata in Asia and elsewhere. In the 1920s, and actually before 1923, dinosaur eggs had been collected from another part of Asia, specifically Liaoning Province in northeastern China. From 1921 to the late 1920s, five eggs were collected from the Cenomanian Quantou Formation during construction, and thus represent an important historic collection as some of the earliest dinosaur eggs discovered in Asia. Here, we describe one egg from this collection and assign it to Paraspheroolithus irenensis, an egg taxon that likely belonged to hadrosaur dinosaurs. The egg is approximately 7 × 8 cm in diameter, with eggshell that displays typical spheroolithid microstructure and is just over a millimetre in thickness. Paraspheroolithus irenensis is shown to be the most widespread spheroolithid oospecies in China, and our comparative work extends its geographic range to northeastern most China. The Quantou Formation thus has yielded at least three spheroolithid oospecies, indicating the potential for a diversity of hadrosaur or related ornithopod species in the region at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binocular Esterman visual field test (EVFT) of 120 points was the first method to quantify the defects in the binocular visual field. It is used in many parts of the world as a standard test to determine whether an individual has the visual capabilities to drive safely. In Japan, it is required for the grading and issuance of visual disability certificates. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the EVFT results. We studied 104 patients who had undergone the binocular EVFT at Mie University Hospital. Their mean age was 68.0 ± 11.4 years, and the best-corrected visual acuity of the better eye was 0.18 ± 0.38 logMAR units. The EVFT was performed twice on the same day, and the results of the first and second tests were compared. The mean Esterman scores for the first and second test were 89.3 ± 30.5 and 89.1 ± 30.2, respectively, and the test times were 338.9 ± 86.8 and 336.7 ± 76.4 s, respectively. The differences were not significant (p = 0.69 and p = 0.33). In the Bland–Altman analyses (second–first test) of the Esterman scores, the mean difference was 0.38 without significant fixed errors (p = 0.20) or proportional errors (p = 0.27). The limits of agreement within the 1.96 standard deviation were −8.96 to +9.45 points. The agreement rate for the most peripheral 24 test points was significantly lower than the agreement rate for the other 96 test points (p < 0.01). The agreement rate of the upper visual field was significantly lower than that of the lower field (p < 0.01). The overall reliability rate of the EVFT is acceptable, but the peripheral and upper test points have relatively low reliability rates. These findings are important for interpretations of the EVFT results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North America is known for its rich uppermost Cretaceous record of dinosaur egg remains, although a notable fossil gap exists during the lower Maastrichtian. Here we describe a diverse dinosaur eggshell assemblage from the St. Mary River Formation of southern Alberta that, in conjunction with recently described eggs from the same formation in Montana, helps fill this gap and sheds light on the dinosaur diversity in this poorly fossiliferous formation. Three theropod eggshell types (Continuoolithus cf. C. canadensis, Montanoolithus cf. M. strongorum, and Prismatoolithus cf. P. levis) and one ornithopod (Spheroolithus cf. S. albertensis), are reported from Albertan exposures of the St. Mary River Formation, increasing the ootaxonomic diversity of the formation from two to five ootaxa. The taxonomic composition of the eggshell assemblage is consistent with the dinosaurian fauna known from the St. Mary River Formation based on skeletal remains. Spheroolithus eggshells constitute the majority of identifiable eggshells in our assemblage, a trend also observed in several other Upper Cretaceous formations from North America. Continuoolithus is shown to be synonymous with Spongioolithus, thus expanding the Maastrichtian geographic range of the ootaxon to include Utah. The St. Mary River eggshell assemblage supports a general trend of increase in eggshell thickness among theropod ootaxa from the uppermost Santonian through the Maastrichtian, which is inferred to reflect an increase in body size among some clades of small theropods through the Upper Cretaceous. Eggshell preservation in the St. Mary River Formation may be related to the semiarid climatic and environmental conditions that prevailed. Si l'Amerique du Nord est reconnue pour ses strates cretacees sommitales riches en restes d'oeufs de dinosaure, une lacune notable dans le registre fossile caracterise le Maastrichtien inferieur. Nous decrivons un assemblage varie de coquilles d'oeuf de dinosaure de la Formation de St. Mary River du sud de l'Alberta qui, combine a des oeufs decrits recemment de la meme formation au Montana, aide a combler cette lacune et jette un nouvel eclairage sur la diversite des dinosaures dans cette formation peu fossilifere. Trois types de coquille de theropodes (Continuoolithus cf. C. canadensis, Montanoolithus cf. M. strongorum et Prismatoolithus cf. P. levis) et un d'ornithopode (Spheroolithus cf. S. albertensis) se retrouvent dans des affleurements albertains de la Formation de St. Mary River, ce qui accroit la diversite ootaxonomique de la formation de deux a cinq ootaxons. La composition taxonomique de l'assemblage de coquilles d'oeuf concorde avec la faune dinosaurienne de la Formation de St. Mary River connue a partir de restes oussex. Les coquilles d'oeuf de Spheroolithus constituent la majorite des coquilles identifiables dans notre assemblage, une tendance aussi observee dans plusieurs autres formations du Cretace superieur de l'Amerique du Nord. Il est demontre que les ootaxons Continuoolithus et Spongioolithus sont synonymes, ce qui elargit l'aire de repartition geographique maastrichtienne de l'ootaxon pour y inclure l'Utah. L'assemblage de coquilles d'oeuf de la Formation de St. Mary River appuie l'interpretation d'une tendance generale d'augmentation de l'epaisseur des coquilles d'oeuf chez les ootaxons de theropodes du Santonien sommital jusqu'au Maastrichtien, ce qui refleterait une augmentation de la taille de certains clades de petits theropodes jusqu'au Cretace superieur. La preservation de coquilles d'oeuf dans la Formation de St. Mary River pourrait etre associee aux conditions climatiques et environnementales semi-arides qui prevalaient a l'epoque. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Abundant dinosaur egg remains have been discovered in Upper Cretaceous formations of North America, the vast majority of which are known from Campanian deposits (Horner and Makela 1979; Hirsch [...]

Abstract: The Willow Creek Formation (upper Maastrichtian--lower Paleocene) of southwestern Alberta is a poorly fossiliferous formation that preserves a low end-Cretaceous dinosaur diversity compared with most correlative terrestrial deposits in [...]

Dinosaur tracksites recently discovered in exposures of the Belly River Group in the Milk River Natural Area (MRNA) and Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP) of southern Alberta represent a novel type of ichnofossils. The tracks, all referable to hadrosaurs, occur as sideritic or calcareous concretions protruding above fine-grained deposits and are here termed concretionary tracks. Detailed sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical analyses reveal that, although the MRNA and DPP tracks are of different mineralogical compositions (calcium carbonate versus siderite, respectively), they display similar internal structures (microscopic convoluted laminations) and occur in depositional settings indicative of wet paleoenvironments, where the ground was soft and water saturated. These characteristics suggest that concretionary tracks are footprint casts that formed as groundwater rich in dissolved carbonates flooded depressions left in the soft substrate. As the ponded water evaporated, minerals began to precipitate and mix with clastic material transported into the depressions, settling as finely laminated mud within the tracks and filling them either completely or partially. The geochemical composition of the precipitate would depend on the prevalent groundwater conditions (e.g., pH, dissolved carbonate and sulphate concrentrations). Cementation of the tracks occurred relatively soon after burial ( Des sites preservant des empreintes de pas de dinosaures recemment decouverts dans des affleurements du Groupe de Belly River dans la Milk River Natural Area (MRNA) et dans le Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP) du sud de l'Alberta representent un nouveau type d'ichnofossiles. Les empreintes, qui ont toutes ete produites par des hadrosaures, sont preservees sous forme de concretions sideritiques ou calcaires emergeant de depots fins et sont ici nommees ' empreintes concretionnaires '. Des analyses sedimentologiques, petrographiques et geochimiques detaillees revelent que, bien que les empreintes de la MRNA et du DPP soient de compositions mineralogiques differentes (carbonate de calcium et siderite, respectivement), elles possedent des structures internes semblables (lamination convolutee microscopique) et se trouvent dans des milieux de depot qui refletent des paleoenvironnements humides ou le sol etait mou et sature en eau. Ces caracteristiques suggerent ou indiquent que les traces concretionnaires sont des moules d'empreintes de pas formes par le remplissage, par de l'eau souterraine riche en carbonates dissous, de depressions laissees dans le substrat mou. Alors que l'eau accumulee s'evaporait, des mineraux commencerent a se precipiter et a se melanger avec des particules clastiques transportees dans les depressions, le tout se deposant sous forme de fines laminations au sein des empreintes, remplissant partiellement ou entierement ces dernieres. La composition geochimique du precipite dependait des conditions de l'eau souterraine (p. ex. pH, concentrations de carbonate et de sulfate dissous). La cimentation des empreintes s'est produite peu apres l'enfouissement (, Introduction Dinosaur tracks are widely distributed across western Canada. They have been reported in Upper Jurassic through uppermost Cretaceous rock formations, even as float material in Pleistocene gravels, from Alberta, [...]

The lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used for the space programs, today. Among them, REIMEI was one of the first satellites using lithium-ion secondary battery. In 2005, the satellite was launched, and injected into the low earth polar orbit. Eleven years has passed since the launch and over 60,000 cycles of charge and discharge was experienced in space. The lithium-ion secondary cell of the REIMEI battery was designed using spinel manganese oxide type material for the positive electrode, and the graphitized type carbon for the negative electrode. The cell case was made of aluminium laminated film and the structure was reinforced by the epoxy resin and aluminium housing. After the operation of eleven years, the cells still maintain the appropriate uniform balance and operative. In order to identify the internal condition of the battery/cell, we calculated the ac impedance by the pulse duration to the on-board battery.

The satellite borne batteries should be composed by safe materials if we don’t want to have a risk of explosion caused by batteries. Therefore, we focused on two safe batteries. One is a lithium-ion battery with an ionic liquid electrolyte, and the other is a LiFePO4/C type lithium-ion battery. To check whether the batteries are suit for space applications or not, we demonstrate the ionic liquid type batteries and LiFePO4/C type battery in orbit by mounting on “Hodoyoshi-3” microsatellite, and test LiFePO4/C type cell on the ground at various conditions for a better understanding. On the ground tests, AC impedance and capacity of the cells were initially measured, and charge/discharge cycling was constantly repeated at 10, 23 and 45°C. The cells were discharged by constant current (CC) protocol to DOD 50% with 1.0 C for 30 minutes. They were then charged by a constant-current/constant voltage (CC-CV) protocol to 3.6 V for 65 minutes with 0.5 C. For capacity check, the cells were charged at 1.0 C in CC-CV mode until their charge current becomes 60 mA, and discharged at 1.0 C in CC mode to 2.0 V at 23°C. The AC impedance was measured by applying 100 mA of AC oscillation over the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz at SOC 50%. As a result, the decrease in the impedance for the charge transfer through the cycles was observed at each test condition. Furthermore, especially in over recommended charge condition at 10°C, cells that were charged and discharged at 1.1 A/1.1 A were led to internal short circuit. The results suggested that the negative electrode performed as a “lithium-ion excess” by cycles. We define “lithium-ion excess” that lithium-ion happens to stay inside the negative electrode without desorption after cells discharge.

Understanding the behavior of Li-ion cells during thermal runaway is critical to evaluate the safety of these energy storage devices under outstanding conditions. Li-ion cells possess a high energy density and are used to store and supply energy to many aerospace applications. Incidents related to the overheating or thermal runaway of these cells can cause catastrophic damages that could end up costly space missions; therefore, thermal studies of Li-ion cells are very important for ensuring safety and reliability of space missions. This work evaluates the thermal behavior of Li-ion cells before and after storage degradation at high temperature using accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) equipment to analyze the thermal behavior of Li-ion cells under adiabatic conditions. Onset temperature points of self-heating and thermal runaway reactions are obtained. The onset points are used to identify non-self-heating, self-heating and thermal runaway regions as a function of state of charge. The results obtained can be useful to develop accurate thermo-electrochemical models of Li-ion cells.

Autologous cell implantation and angiogenic gene therapy have been evaluated in critical limb ischemic patients. Here, we compared the features of these strategies individually and in combination. C57BL/6J mice with ischemic hindlimbs were injected with adherent mononuclear cells (aMNCs) from bone marrow or adenovirus encoding the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene (Ad-HGF). Under comparable angiogenic conditions, 10 x [10.sup.5] aMNCs produced significantly higher amounts of VEGF and FGF-2 and stimulated the number of arterioles in ischemic muscle compared with 1 x [10.sup.8] plaque-forming units (pfu) of Ad-HGF. Ad-HGF produced 10 times more HGF in ischemic muscle compared with aMNCs. Injection of 0.3 x [10.sup.5] aMNCs previously transfected with Ad-HGF (aMNC/Ad-HGF) increased blood flow and elevated the numbers of capillaries and arterioles to levels comparable with that seen with 10 x [10.sup.5] aMNCs or 1 x [10.sup.8] pfu of Ad-HGF. Hypoxic conditions induced the apoptotic death of aMNCs. However, coincubation with HGF or aMNC/Ad-HGF protected cells against apoptosis. HGF stimulated the migration of aMNCs, and the migration capacity of the aMNC/Ad-HGF group was significantly higher than that in the aMNC/Ad-LacZ group. In conclusion, cell-based HGF gene therapy decreased the number of cells required for neovascularization. This strategy can be an effective angiogenic therapy. angiogenesis; apoptosis doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00321.2009

We propose the new structure of hybrid backplane technology with IGZO‐TFT and LTPS. In this structure, IGZO is directly connected with inter metal to reduce the number of layers. The uniformity of contact resistance between IGZO and metal was less than 20n at G4.5 which is enough for using signal bass line. The characteristics of IGZO‐TFT uniformity and reliability were good enough for mass‐production. The panel with the new hybrid structure backplane has been adopted into practical use as the smartphone with 6.6 inches flexible OLED panel. We believe that the proposed structure would be useful for the mass production of high performance OLED display at low cost production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new structure hybrid backplane technology with back contact IGZO‐TFT and LTPS. In this structure, IGZO is directly connected with intermediate metal to reduce the number of layers. The patterning process of IGZO and intermediate metal was optimized to realize superior IGZO/metal contact structure. The uniformity of contact resistance over a large area has been address for hybrid backplane. The characteristics of IGZO‐TFTs with high uniformity and reliability were confirmed. High‐quality AMOLED panels with new structure backplane have been adopted at smartphone with 6.6 in. display after severe reliability tests. We believe that the proposed structure would be useful for the mass‐production of OLED display with high quality and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An AMOLED panel using hybrid backplane technology based on p‐type low temperature polycrystalline silicon (p‐LTPS) and n‐type indium–gallium–zinc–oxide (n‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) has been successfully manufactured. New pixel and Gate‐on‐Array (GOA) circuits were designed and fabricated using this technology. GOA with CMOS inverter is realized by utilizing both IGZO and p‐LTPS. The hybrid backplane AMOLED panel can operate between 1 and 120 Hz, which enables both high refresh rate and low standby power display applications. Furthermore, the AMOLED panel lifetime has markedly enhanced by improving IGZO TFT's uniformity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An AMOLED panel using hybrid backplane technology based on p‐type LTPS and n‐type oxide has been successfully manufactured. New pixel and Gate‐on‐Array (GOA) circuits were designed and fabricated using this technology. CMOS operation of the GOA is realized by utilizing both IGZO and p‐LTPS. The hybrid backplane AMOLED panel can operate between 1 Hz and 120 Hz, which enables both high refresh rate and low standby power display applications. Furthermore, the AMOLED panel lifetime has markedly enhanced by improving IGZO TFT's uniformity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a combinatorial approximation of the monoidal topological complexity TCM of a simplicial complex K that controls reserved robot motions in K. We introduce an upper bound SCMr of TCM using the r-iterated barycentric subdivision of K × K modulo the diagonal and consider the refinement of the approximation. We show that TCM can be described as SCMr for sufficiently large r ≥ 0. As an example, we consider a simplicial model Sn of an n-sphere and demonstrate that SCMr(Sn) presents the best estimate of the monoidal topological complexity of an n-sphere for r ≥ 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skeletal muscle wasting progresses rapidly during critical care. However, the effect of skeletal muscle changes on physical function during intensive care remain poorly understood. Objective: To examine the changes in skeletal muscle thickness of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for septic shock and the relationship between skeletal muscle thickness and physical function following intensive care. Design: Longitudinal observational study. Setting: Single emergency hospital. Patients: Ten septic shock patients who were mechanically ventilated in the ICU were recruited. Interventions: Not applicable. Methods: Ultrasound measurements of thickness of rectus femoris (RF) were conducted within 24 hours after admission and repeated every two days until the 14th hospital day. The correlations between TRF and various parametric data (i.e., age, severity classification, mechanically ventilated period, length of stay (LOS) at the ICU, and physical function) correlations were assessed with Pearson's product moment coefficient of correlation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Curve estimation for best fit for chronological changes in TRF with respect to the HD and the correlation between TRF and clinical indicators. Results: Eight septic shock patients were observed completely for 14 days. TRF decreased linearly by 30.6% (IQR: 23.9‐45.7) during the first 14 days. The correlation between TRF at admission and physical function at the 30th hospital day was close to significant. The TRF at the 14th hospital day was negatively correlated with disease severity and age. A positive correlation was observed between the decrease in rate of TRF and LOS at the ICU. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle thickness of septic shock patients rapidly decreased in a linear manner over 14 days and may predict physical function after critical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess Virtual Reality (VR) based visual auditory stimulation can relieve pain. To achieve this, the impact that body surface electrical stimulation has on the body surface potentials and activity in the central nervous system in VR environments were extracted. Twenty‐two adults participated in this study. The body surface potentials and Electroencephalogram frequencies were measured under various conditions: non‐viewing, viewing neutral clips, viewing unpleasant clips, and viewing pleasant clips. The pain index was calculated from the body surface potentials. Participants were asked to complete subjective pain measurement scales. Results showed that the pain index and the relative subjective pain score decreased when presented with unpleasant and pleasant video clips. The incidence of alpha waves declined when presented with unpleasant clips, while the incidence of beta waves increased when presented with unpleasant and pleasant video clips. Inattentiveness to pain due to VR immersion and descending pain inhibition due to awareness of emotional stress after viewing VR clips were considered to have contributed to the decline in the pain index and in relative subjective pain score. This study suggests that it is possible to relieve pain by VR viewing related to unpleasant or pleasant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pixel Circuit and a Gate Driver on Array for light‐emitting display are presented. By simultaneously utilizing Top‐Gate n‐type Oxide and p‐type LTPS TFTs, the circuits provide high refresh rate and low power consumption. An AMOLED panel with proposed circuits is fabricated and driving at various refresh rate ranging from 1Hz to 120Hz could be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]