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In areas of induced seismicity, earthquakes can be triggered by stress changes due to fluid injection and static deformation from fault slip. Here we present a method to distinguish between injection‐driven and earthquake‐driven triggering of induced seismicity by combining a calibrated, fully coupled, poroelastic stress model of wastewater injection with interpretation of a machine learning algorithm trained on both earthquake catalog and modeled stress features. We investigate seismicity from Paradox Valley, Colorado as an ideal test case: a single, high‐pressure injector that has induced thousands of earthquakes since 1991. Using feature importance analysis, we find that injection‐driven earthquakes are approximately 22± $\pm $5% of the total catalog but act as background events that can trigger subsequent aftershocks. Injection‐driven events also have distinct spatiotemporal clustering properties with a larger b‐value, closer proximity to the well, and earlier occurrence in the injection history. Generalization of our technique can help characterize triggering processes in other regions where induced seismicity occurs. Plain Language Summary: The Paradox Valley Unit, Colorado in the central United States has had a remarkable increase in seismicity coincident with over 8 million cubic meters of brine fluid injection since 1991, inducing thousands of earthquakes within an aquifer 4.5 km below the surface. We use a physics‐based model of the Earth combined with statistical and machine learning techniques to help discern which earthquakes are triggered by other earthquakes and which earthquakes are directly triggered by the stress changes from the well as well as their comparative characteristics. Discerning which earthquakes are directly caused from pressure changes due to the fluid injected by the well can inform our understanding of earthquake physics and provide useful information to operators of energy production sites. Key Points: Physics‐based models with interpretable machine learning can identify likely triggering mechanism of earthquakes within an induced sequenceWith this technique, we show that only 22土5% of earthquakes in Paradox Valley are primarily injection‐drivenInjection‐driven events have a larger b‐value, are closer to the well, and occur earlier in the injection history [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris exhibits substantial potential as a sustainable food ingredient, but its robust cell wall and limited protein solubility hinder industrial scale protein recovery. A comprehensive solution was devised, integrating dry bead milling and alkaline solubilization. In this method, cells were initially disrupted with bead milling followed by alkali (NaOH) treatment. Without bead milling, protein extraction yield was very low (5.0 % with water, 16.8 % with 0.1 M NaOH) at a biomass loading of 20 g/L. However, the integrated approach significantly improved these results, achieving a maximum protein extraction yield of about 47.3 % at a biomass loading of 100 g/L. The optimized conditions for both dry bead milling (frequency 26 Hz, duration 1.0 h) and alkaline solubilization (biomass weight to NaOH molar ratio 200–250 (g/M), 37 °C, mixing time 1.0 h) played a pivotal role in realizing these improved results. This integrated approach effectively addresses the challenges and holds industrial relevance, offering a more efficient way to extract microalgal protein.

In this work, we report on the thermal oxidation of AlInN/AlN/GaN heterostructures. A 'nearly native' Al2O3 oxide was formed during this oxidation procedure, which can be used as a gate oxide and thus enables the fabrication of metal insulator semiconductor hetero field effect transistors. A constant barrier height of [uppercase_phi_synonym]B ≈ 2.34 eV was obtained for all oxidized samples, independent of the oxidation time and temperature, indicating a stable AlInN-oxide interface. The interface state density was approximated to be as low as Nint = 2.5 × 1012 cm-2. Oxide thicknesses were estimated to be in the range of 0.6 nm and 3.2 nm, resulting in a suppression of reverse leakage currents oflarge area metal insulator semiconductor diodes by up to three orders of magnitude. Two-dimensional electron gas density and, in particular, carrier mobility are strongly affected by the thermal oxidation in the O2 atmosphere. A narrow processing window for successful thermal oxidation was identified, covering temperatures between 700 °C and 800 °C and durations of few minutes. The resulting oxide thickness scales well with the square root of oxidation time, indicating diffusion of oxygen atoms into the barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Raton Basin had the highest number of earthquakes in Colorado and New Mexico from 2008 to 2010. The rate of both wastewater injection and earthquakes in the basin increased dramatically starting in 1999 and 2001, respectively. We compare seismicity ( M L 0.0-4.3) in the Raton Basin from 2008 to 2010 with the location of modeled pore pressure increases, estimated from cumulative wastewater injection volume beginning at the onset of well injection to present for all 28 injection wells in the basin. We find that modeled pore pressures in the New Mexico portion of the basin (above 0.08 MPa) reached that necessary to induce seismicity (0.01-0.1 MPa). We simulate a fault plane, 20 km long, inferred from seismicity in Vermejo Park (1355 of 1881 total earthquakes), in our model. We find that the relatively permeable fault allows pressures to migrate deeper into the basin at the onset of our study in 2008, providing an explanation for the observed seismicity in the basement. The Tercio lineament of earthquakes is similar to Vermejo Park fault in strike, but has fewer earthquakes (129) and is shorter in length (9 km). Seismicity in Vermejo Park occurs continuously, but earthquakes occur episodically in the remainder of the basin. The number of earthquakes we observe in seven seismic clusters increases as the cumulative injected volume from wells within 5 km increases. The modeled pore pressures, earthquake locations, and relationship between cumulative volume and number of earthquakes indicate that seismicity in the Raton Basin is likely induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater disposal in the central U.S. is likely responsible for an unprecedented surge in earthquake activity. Much of this activity is thought to be driven by induced pore pressure changes and slip on pre-stressed faults, which requires a hydraulic connection between faults and injection wells. However, direct pressure effects and hydraulic connectivity are questionable for earthquakes located at large distances and depths from the injectors. Here, we examine triggering mechanisms of induced earthquakes, which occurred at more than 40 km from wastewater disposal wells in the greater Fairview region, northwest Oklahoma, employing numerical and semi-analytical poroelastic models. The region exhibited few earthquakes before 2013, when background seismicity started to accelerate rapidly, culminating in the Mw5.1 Fairview earthquake in February 2016. Injection rates in the ∼2–2.5 km deep Arbuckle formation started to increase rapidly in 2012, about two years before the start of seismicity-increase. Most of the injection activity was concentrated toward the northeast of the study region, generating a relatively cohesive zone of pressure perturbations between 0.1 and 1 MPa. Much of the near-injection seismicity was likely triggered by pressure effects and fault-assisted pressure diffusion to seismogenic depth. Outside of the high-pressure zone, we observed two remarkably detached, linear seismicity clusters, which occurred at 20 to 50 km distance from the initial seismicity and 10 to 40 km from the nearest, high-rate injector. Semi-analytical models reveal that poroelastically-induced Coulomb-stress-changes surpass pore pressure changes at these distances, providing a plausible triggering mechanism in the far-field of injection wells. These results indicate that both pore-pressures and poroelastic stresses can play a significant role in triggering deep and distant earthquakes by fluid injection and should be considered for seismic hazard assessment beyond the targeted reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectin-3 represents an endogenous galactoside-binding lectin which may be involved in tumor cell adhesion and proliferation. In order to evaluate its biological significance in human gastric cancer, we investigated its expression in the stomach of a large series of patients (n = 193) by immunohistochemical staining with the monoclonal antibody Mac-2. Compared to normal tissues, primary gastric adenocarcinomas showed a slight increase in galectin-3 expression. However, there was no correlation of membrane-bound and cytoplasmic galectin-3 with histopathological differentiation parameters (according to the WHO and Laurén classifications) or tumor progression (as documented by pTNM staging). Nuclear galectin-3 reactivity was significantly stronger in diffuse-type cancer compared to the intestinal-type tumors. Galectin-3 binds to terminal GalNAcα(1-3) bound to polylactosamine chains and related glycotopes. Therefore, the strong coexpression of membrane/cytoplasmic galectin-3 with Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I (GSA I) binding sites (Galα1-3Gal-, GalNAcα-) on carcinoma cells seems to be interesting. On the other hand, nuclear galectin-3 immunoreactivity did not correlate with the incidence of Ki-67-positive tumor cells. A prognostic value of galectin-3 regarding patient survival could not be established. Copyright © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shows that the rhodium(II)-catalyzed reaction of type II alpha-diazo carbonyl compounds provides a convenient route to a variety of indenones and substituted butenolides. Tandem cyclization-rearrangement sequence; High chemoselectivity; Competition between biomolecular cyclopropanation, 1,2-hydrogen migration and internal cyclization.

Presents theoretical insights regarding the cycloaddition behavior of push-pull stabilized carbonyl ylides. Establishment of the stereochemistry of the cycloadduct; Application of an X-ray crystallographic study; Indications that a severe cross-ring diaxial interaction promotes a twist-boat conformation.

Patient dissatisfaction with the care they receive in general practice is sometimes expressed as a formal complaint. We report our experience with an hierarchical complaints procedure. The annual rate of complaints received by the area medical director of a local health centre serving 11500 patients was 100 per 10000 registered patients. The medical officer for the region (regional population 160000) received 4 complaints per 10000 patients. The regional Public Complaints Committee received 0.1 complaint per 10000 patients per year and the Israeli National Health Service Ombudsman received 0.2 complaints per 10000 patients per year from the same region. Almost all dissatisfaction relating to style of practice was dealt with at the local level, while complaints relating to matters of substance or ethics quickly reached the higher authorities. The complaints procedure was thus shown to distinguish between temporary breakdowns of the doctor-patient relationship and inadequacies of the system of care and to handle the relevant complaints appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Weingarten MA (Department of Family Medicine, Tel-Aviv University Medical School, Tel-Aviv, Israel) and Monnickendam M S. The effect of direct charges on consultations in family practice: a study of a doctors' strike. 1985; 2: 35–41. Experience accumulated during the doctors' strike of 1983 in Israel was analysed to compare the effect on the work of the family doctor of direct-charge as against pre-paid insurance arrangements, in three different settings-suburban, rural and working-class small town. The imposition of direct charges greatly reduced the consultation rate; more of the patients consulting received prescriptions, especially for antibiotics; laboratory investigation, referral and admission to hospital were unchanged, but referral for specialist consultation was reduced; the most frequently seen diagnostic categories remained respiratory diseases and undefined signs or symptoms, but pneumonia was seen much more frequently; there was no change in the proportion of follow-up visits, but house calls were more frequent. These trends were stable over the four-month period of the strike, and partial reimbursement of the fee did not change the picture signifi cantly. The evidence did not conclusively support the hypothesis that direct charges selectively deter trivial complainers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One hundred and seventy-three Jewish women of child-bearing age attending their family doctor were asked about their contraceptive practices and attitudes. Medical means of contraception were used by 42% of the women and coitus interruptus by 44%. Although coitus interruptus is prohibited by Jewish ritual law, its use in fact applies to all age groups of women, irrespective of religiousness or family size. The small group of contraceptive pill users (17%) were younger, had smaller families and expressed a greater readiness to consider abortion in case of accidental pregnancy than the rest of the sample. They were less observant of the religious laws and might be described as ‘modern’ compared with the larger group of ‘traditional’ women. The latter preferred the intrauterine device and had larger families, but would not consider abortion, which is forbidden by Jewish law in most cases. The evidence demonstrated that the mainly traditional patients do not conform to the pattern of behaviour prescribed by their religion as closely as expected. As a result of this survey the authors are actively advocating the intrauterine device as a more effective, acceptable alternative to coitus interruptus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Weingarten M A and Cannon B S. Age as a major factor affecting adherence to medication for hypertension in a general practice population. 1988; 5: 294–296. An audit of the treatment of hypertension in a general practice revealed that 51 out of 246 patients prescribed medication did not collect their monthly supply of drugs. There were no significant differences between the adherers and the non-adherers in sex, severity of hypertension, type or complexity of medication. The patient's age was the only factor which was associated with adherence. Patients under the age of 55 years or over 65 years had significantly lower adherence than those aged 55–64 years. Most previous studies coming from hospital-based or clinical trial populations have failed to demonstrate this association with age which may be characteristic of an unselected general practice population. The results may not be applicable to populations of different social or cultural background but they suggest appropriate directions for health promotion efforts in our community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hypercalcemia, often associated with certain types of adult tumors, has also been described in pediatric neoplasms. In childhood, the more common associations include lymphoma, leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma and rarely neuroblastoma. However, recently, several infants with hypercalcemia were described having renal tumors without bone metastases. The following is a case report of a 2-month-old infant who presented with severe hypercalcemia and a large right-sided abdominal mass, which at surgery was diagnosed as a cellular mesoblastic nephroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of gender differences in the sexual activity of men and women after a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have produced conflicting results. The present study was performed to determine whether there are gender differences (1) in the quantity and quality of sexual activity after a first AMI, and (2) in the relations between selected demographic and medical variables and sexual activity after AMI. Four hundred sixty-two men and 51 women with a first AMI were interviewed once before discharge and again 3 to 6 months after AMI. Patients' demographic and medical background and their frequency of and satisfaction with sexual behavior were obtained from the interviews and from medical charts. Analyses of variance showed that women reported significantly less frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity than men before and after AMI. Both women and men reported significantly less sexual activity and less satisfaction with sexual activity after AMI than before AMI. The decrease in frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity after AMI was similar for women and men. The relations between selected demographic and medical variables such as age, education, and perceived health before the first AMI and the frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity of the women and men did not appear to be affected differently by the AMI. A first AMI appears to reduce the frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity of women and men similarly 3 to 6 months after AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the electrical and optical properties of hybrid GaN/pentacene heterostructures. We identify bipolar transport in GaN/pentacene by I-V and C-V measurements. Further results show a much stronger photocurrent under AM1.5 illumination of GaN/pentacene/Au structures than that of simple GaN/Au Schottky diodes. The higher photocurrent can be explained with the additional absorption of low-energy photons by pentacene. We introduce an interface model describing the behaviour of photogenerated charge carriers pairs for the case of Ga-polar n-GaN and pentacene. These results demonstrate the enhancement of inorganic device performance by integration of organic semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]