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Developing data management systems to store and make use of the heterogeneous archaeological datasets is very significant nowadays. This allows to preserve the information and offers new management possibilities, like the immediate connection of different kinds of data for analyses, or the digital documentation of the site for its improvement. In this scope, this paper aims to present a Virtual Research Environment for archaeological sites. It is based on open source software modules dedicated to the Internet, to avoid users to be software driven and to permit them to work from different computers. Our VRE has diverse objectives: digital archiving of archaeological datasets, data inquiry through different interfaces notably clickable maps and 3D models, attractive visualization and communication of the information. The tool proposed is compliant to every kind of archaeological site. Some experimentation has been done on sites managed by the Service of the National Sites and Monuments of Luxembourg.

ISBN 978-963-8046-90-1; International audience; The project presented here proposes the first implementation of a Web-based Information System for the conservation, handling, and use of site data. The case study is the castle of Vianden in Luxembourg, on which considerable archaeological data have accumulated over the years. There is a recognized need in archaeology for a tool that will allow for fast, effective, and flexible exploratory analysis of data, especially at spatial and temporal levels. We have developed such an Information System with maximal portability by using Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) for data exchange. Our system consists of several interfaces permitting different types of access to heterogeneous information. We propose a description of the data in textual interfaces along with images, and dynamic links to this data through interactive 2D and 3D representations. The 2D images, photos, or vectors are generated in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), while 3D models are generated in X3D

Cultural heritage documentation induces the use of computerized techniques to manage and preserve the information produced. Geographical information systems have proved their potentialities in this scope, but they are not always adapted for the management of features at the scale of a particular archaeological site. Moreover, computer applications in archaeology are often technology driven and software constrained. Thus, we propose a tool that tries to avoid these difficulties. We are developing an information system that works over the Internet and that is joined with a web site. Aims are to assist the work of archaeological sites managers and to be a documentation tool about these sites, dedicated to everyone. We devote therefore our system both to the professionals who are in charge of the site, and to the general public who visits it or who wants to have information on it. The system permits to do exploratory analyses of the data, especially at spatial and temporal levels. We propose to record metadata about the archaeological features in XML and to access these features through interactive 2D and 3D representations, and through queries systems (keywords and images). The 2D images, photos, or vectors are generated in SVG, while 3D models are generated in X3D. Archaeological features are also automatically integrated in a MySQL database. The web site is an exchange platform with the information system and is written in PHP. Our first application case is the medieval castle of Vianden, Luxembourg.

This presentation introduce two applications of digital photogrammetry in an archaeological context: the first one focuses on data survey and management and the second one deals with complex surface definition and laser scanning. These two applications are made with the web based photogrammetric software, ARPENTEUR system, (Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) available at http://www.arpenteur.net. ARPENTEUR is a set of tools developed in MAP laboratory dedicated to archaeological survey and also used to teach photogrammetryAfter a brief presentation of the ARPENTEUR project we will focus on a project in medieval archaeology in collaboration with the “Dipartimento di Studi storici e Geografici” of the University of Florence (Italy) who are responsible for the archaeological research. The case study is the Castle of Shawbak, traditionally known in historical reports as the “Crac de Montréal” in Jordan.The second application combines the laser scanning techniques and close range photogrammetry. One of the main objectives of architectural and patrimonial survey is to provide a precise documentation of the status quo of the surveyed objects (monuments, buildings, archaeological object and sites) for preservation and protection, for scientific studies and restoration purposes, for the presentation to the general public. Complex object, not planar or with ornaments and decorations require high-density and high-resolution spatial data.The laser scanning techniques and close range photogrammetry can offer two complementary sets of instruments and technologies able to answer the specific requirements of architectural and archaeological surveys. The second case study is about the ancient water supply system of Petra, Jordan. Given the inaccessible nature of the site, a hybrid survey method was relevant. This case study is a part of a project in collaboration with Istituto di Geodinamica e Sedimentologia e Centro Studi Archeologici “CE.S.AR”, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy and ITABC laboratory, (Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy).

International audience

Experiences and recent developments of a WEB application dedicated to digital photogrammetry are presented. The aim of the ARPENTEUR project (as Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) is to propose a photogrammetric concept and software embedded in Web technology and Java programming language. Photogrammetry and 3D modeling tools are available on the Internet with a simple browser (http://www.arpenteur.net). Four years ago the first prototype of ARPENTEUR was based on the Java Development Kit (J.D.K. 1.1) at the time only available for some browsers. Nowadays, we are working with the J.D.K. 1.4 plug-in enriched by Java Advancing Imaging (J.A.I. 1.1) library. The local computer simply requires the installation of these plug-ins. Different photogrammetry projects have been presented since the Amsterdam ISPRS congress in 2000: - stone by stone photogrammetric survey using architectural knowledge, - I-MAGE process (Image processing and Measure Assisted by Geometrical primitive), - 3D plotting and orthoimage generation, - underwater photogrammetry and web integrated documentation system. Photogrammetric solutions are available for the orientation of any kind of digital images (with fiducial marks, réseau, or non metric ones). Orientation results can also be imported from the PhotoModelerTM package in order to focus on the modeling modules available in ARPENTEUR without having to measure again the orientation points. In the version 3.0 of ARPENTEUR, XML “documents” as data and result files are built. XML is a markup language for documents containing structured information. XML technologies strongly separate presentation and content, and thus are an ideal means to present, understand, manipulate and transfer data between users and applications. We propose to discuss in the paper about photogrammetry and XML language, with a proposal of “model definition” as a first step towards a specification for structured documents in photogrammetry and their use on the web.

After a description of the new photogrammetric developments in ARPENTEUR and some examples of the use of the XML formalism in the general survey process, we'll finish this paper by a call to our community to discuss about a generic XML structure of photogrammetric data. We aim to develop a public JavaTM API to manage photogrammetric data through XML files. A photogrammetric software package available as an applet on the Internet has been developed in the frame of a project called ARPENTEUR (ARchitectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) since 1998. It can be easily used on the WEB from anywhere all over the world and with whatever operating system in use. Two servers located in Marseilles and Strasbourg are available to manage project data. The software package is also a Web based tool since photogrammetric concepts are embedded in Web technology and JavaTM programming language. This project is in constant evolution since 1998, several modelling functionalities and possibilities of importation and exportation of data to other applications have been added. Since ARPENTEUR version 3.0 (January 2002), XML has been chosen to structure the photogrammetric orientation data and to represent the measured data collected during the plotting phase. The aim was to increase interoperability between ARPENTEUR and other software packages. We propose an XML data structure to represent the data. All photogrammetric data in ARPENTEUR are now stored in XML files. This new feature is a convenient way to share data with other applications: - Considering the heterogeneous character of the data to be managed in a photogrammetric survey, XML structuring is a good opportunity to federate them in a single document. - It is then possible to elaborate a request on the whole set of data and write a simple and automatic publication in HTML or PDF. - The document structure is described in a separate file, what allows the user to seek in the document and get only the relevant information. As the number of software tools is continuously growing, the photogrammetric field is still missing some common way to provide simple and efficient way to exchange data. This lack of standardisation leads to a waste of time, energy and redundant efforts. As the use of XML formalism has reached a certain level, it appears now as a rational choice. The ARPENTEUR team proposes a standard representation of photogrammetric data through XML and will provide a reference implementation of it. This proposal is a call to other groups, vendors and colleagues to participate to build such a standard.

The interdisciplinary work presented here deals with the management of diverse types of information collected during an archaeological excavation, and organized as an XML based data management system. The approach is global, from the consultation of three-dimensional data to simple textual data, and to additional data captured by a digital photogrammetry system called ARPENTEUR, which is now fully integrated to the XML data management system. This work is available on the Internet: http://GrandRibaudF.gamsau.archi.fr A stratigraphic approach and a set of underwater photogrammetric survey was done after the excavation process. The photogrammetric orientation work was done in Photomodeler 4.0 (camera calibration and bundle adjustment). The final plotting of amphoras and other artefacts was done using the ARPENTEUR software after importation of all camera orientation data from Photomodeler. The Arpenteur plotting phase is driven by a theoretical model of the measured artefact. The resulting survey is described in a set of XML files containing all measured data (2D, 3D and computed amphoras or artefacts). At this point, a data management system (based on XML technology) is built in order to access to all the data from 2D or 3D representation of the site on the Internet. In the framework of multimedia data management system as photographs, indexation of metadata available as XML documents is particularly convenient. Thanks to this formalism we can represent in an homogeneous way a set of very different kind of data such as : − Structural description of the image content (given by an expert), − Physical data as color histogram, color zone, (with automatic extraction) − Photogrammetric data − Metadata as : intellectual properties, shooting date, policy of right, original support, etc ... This homogeneous representation management of the data coming from different sources is an opportunity to elaborate a request on the whole set of data. On the other hand the results data (also generated in XML) allows a simple and automatic publication of the result towards different media as HTML or PDF for example. The implementation of such a system has to be done in close collaboration with experts of the investigated domain (here underwater archaeology) in order to build a relevant data model and adapt the request algorithm to the specific problematic. The XML document structure allows different kind of data indexation : − Intuitive way, by interactive navigation, − Simple way as keyword research (for example as search engine, i.e. Google) − Accurate way by request formalisation as we can do in a traditional DBMS with SQL. After a brief introduction of the archaeological context, followed by the photogrammetric aspects of the plotting phase with ARPENTEUR, we will then present the existing system and explain the way to navigate into the heterogeneous data as 3D models, theoretical amphora models, oriented photographs and 2D measured points.

International audience; The paper presents the ARPENTEUR project (ARchitectural PhotogrammEtryNetwork Tool for EdUcation and Research). This WEB-based tool has been developed since1998 and regularly completed and updated according to the evolution of the JavaDevelopment Kit proposed by SUNTM. The actual version is working on any browser and anyplatform updated with the J.D.K. 1.3 plug-in enriched by the Java Advancing ImagingLibrary (J.A.I. 1.0.2.). Presently two servers in Marseille and Strasbourg (France) are freelyavailable from any computer in the world connected to the Internet [www.arpenteur.net].Each user has an own workspace on the server in which all his project data (images, cameraand control point files, and other input or output files) are stored. Files can be up-ordownloadedwithin ARPENTEUR by simple File Transfer Protocol available in the mainmenu. Apart from Internet parameters which are characteristic for such tools on the WEB,specific modules dedicated to photogrammetry and 3D modeling are proposed.The photogrammetric module is presently based on the orientation of couples of images (notnecessarily stereopairs, and not necessarily from metric cameras) and well known steps ofinterior and exterior orientation. Image processing functions from the Java AdvancingImaging Library as well as an area based correlation method for the measurement ofhomologous points are included.The 3D modeling module has been complemented recently by a semi-automated PrimitiveMeasurement Method called I-MAGE (Image processing and Measure Assisted byGEometrical primitive). This measuring method is based on the coupling of imagecorrelation and geometric primitives as planes, cylinders, cone and sphere shapes of theobject. The resulted 3D models can be visualized either on the internet-oriented VRML pluginsor inside the MicrostationTM software package.Projects from any kind of images (terrestrial, close-range as well as aerial images resized to asmaller format for a better handling on the Internet) can be prepared on the Arpenteur'servers and be used as lecture material for groups of students

Nous présentons ici un travail à caractère résolument transdisciplinaire dont l'objectif principal est de réunir au sein d'une même interface la gestion d'une base de données archéologique, représentant l'état des connaissances relatives à une fouille. La démarche se veut globale, depuis la consultation des données par le biais d'une représentation tridimensionnelle ou purement textuelle quand celle-ci ne se justifie pas, jusqu'à l'ajout de données mesurées à l'aide d'un système de photogrammétrie numérique (l'Arpenteur), lequel est complètement intégré dans le système de documentation. Nous nous appuyons sur une formalisation objet des connaissances archéologiques manipulées, implémentées en JAVA 1.3, langage choisi pour l'ensemble des développements, depuis l'outil de photogrammétrie numérique jusqu'aux générateurs de maquettes tridimensionnelles (VRML ou JAVA 3D) utilisés comme interfaces de navigation dans la base de données. Après une brève présentation du contexte archéologique et des aspects originaux de la fouille liés au contexte sous marin en grande profondeur de l'épave, nous présenterons le système existant, puis nous aborderons les problèmes rencontrés, tous n'ont pas été résolus à ce jour, comme la traduction d'objets vers et depuis un SGBD relationnel, les problèmes de révision de données issues de sources différentes, la génération automatisée de modèles 3D comme interface de navigation.

ARPENTEUR (as Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) is a web application fordigital photogrammetry mainly dedicated to architecture. ARPENTEUR has been developed since 1998 by two French research teams: the "Photogrammetry and Geomatics" group of ENSAIS-LERGEC's laboratory (Strasbourg, France) and the MAP-gamsau CNRS laboratory located in the school of Architecture of Marseille (France). The software package is a Web based tool since photogrammetric concepts are embedded in Web technology and Java programming language. The aim of this project is to propose a photogrammetric software package and 3D modeling methods available on the Internet as applets through a simple browser (http ://www.arpenteur.net). The use of Java and the WEB platform is full of advantages. Distributing software on any platform, at any place connected to Internet is of course very promising. The updating is done directly on the server and the user always works with the latestrelease installed on the server. Three years ago the first prototype of ARPENTEUR was based on the Java Development Kit (J.D.K. 1.1) at the time only available for some browsers. Nowadays, we are working with the J.D.K. 1.3 plug-in enriched by Java Advancing Imaging (J.A.I.) library.Our photogrammetry package includes different solutions for the orientation of the digital images. Different kinds of cameras (with fiducial marks, réseau cameras, non metric and digital cameras) can be used. The réseau crosses are measured automatically in the interior orientation. An area based correlation process allows semi-automatic measurements on the images. Various examples from different projects mainly based on small and medium format images are accessible via the world wide web on our servers located in Marseille and Strasbourg (France). Users can set-up their own projects by transferring their images, camera and control information on the ARPENTEUR servers from any place in the world connected on the Internet.The concept of running photogrammetric software on the Internet by a simple browser is extended by a new approach of architectural photogrammetry 3D modeling. The architectural survey is monitored by underlying geometrical models stemming from architectural knowledge. Image correlation, geometrical functions and photogrammetry data are combined to optimize the modeling process. The resulted 3D models can be visualized either on the internet-oriented VRML plug-ins,or inside the Microstation™ software package.

This paper focuses on an original approach to architectural survey whereby the measuring step, driven by an architectural model, isleft to the architect's or the archaeologist's initiative, with reduced participation by the photogrammetric expert. A new set of toolsto this end is available in the Web-based tool ARPENTEUR (Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation andResearch).Surveys are accomplished with the so-called I-MAGE process (Image processing and Measure Assisted by Geometrical primitive)which enables the user, for instance, to obtain 3-D measurements while digitising a single image with "no loss" of accuracy. IMAGEis a new measuring method for digitising 3-D points, based on the coupling of image correlation and the expected shape ofobjects. Shapes are primitive surfaces or partial surfaces like planes, cylinders, cones and spheres. We have developed the I-MAGEprocess to assist the plotting phase: the homologous point is determined by the system using both the image orientation and thegeometrical primitive computed on a set of 3D points already measured.On the other hand, so far, accuracy has not always been the principal purpose of surveys in archaeology and architecture. Eachphotograph contains a tremendous amount of qualitative information which is not often used to its full potential. We suggest,therefore, the full use of all the information made available during the photogrammetric process, such as: camera orientation results,3-D primitive surface computation, and rectification or projection of the images onto the primitives. The result is a scaled imagecontaining all of the qualitative information. Accuracy is then a consequence of the hypothesis made when nearing the real surfacewith a primitive. We present as an example an orthoimage generation from a rubbed vault (estimated with a cylindrical primitive) atthe frigidarium in the Thermes de Cluny, at the Museum of the Middle-Ages, Paris.

General outlines and experiences from a WEB application dedicated to digital photogrammetry are presented. The project called ARPENTEUR (as Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) has been started in 1998 by two French research teams of Strasbourg (the "Photogrammetry and Geomatics" group at ENSAIS) and Marseille (the MAP-gamsau CNRS laboratory located in the school of Architecture). The aim of this project is to propose a photogrammetric concept and software embedded in Web technology and Java programming language. Photogrammetry tools and 3D modeling methods are available on the Internet as applets through a simple browser (http://www.arpenteur.net). Mainly projects in architectural photogrammetry were presented in the last two years. As an example we present in this paper an application from aerial images, as well as an analysis of the current possibilities available with this technology.

The interdisciplinary work we present here is aimed principally at administering diverse types of information collected during an archaeological excavation using a single data management system. The approach is global, from the consultation of three- dimensional data to simple textual data to the addition of data captured by a digital photogrammetry system called l'Arpenteur [Surveyor], which is fully integrated to the data management system. We are using an object formalisation of the manipulated archaeological data using JAVA 1.3, the language chosen for all developments, from the digital photogrammetry tool to the three-dimensional model generator (VRML or JAVA 3D) used as a navigation interface in the database. Following a brief introduction to the archaeological context, and the special aspects of the excavation due to the great depth of the shipwreck, we will then present the existing system and explain the problems encountered. Not all of them have yet been resolved, such as the translation of objects to and from the relational DBMS, the revision of data coming from different sources, and the automatic generation of three-dimensional models as a navigation interface.

ARPENTEUR is a web application for digital photogrammetry mainly dedicated to architecture (ArchitecturalPhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) available at http ://www.arpenteur.net. ARPENTEUR hasbeen developed by two complementary research teams: the “Photogrammetry and Geomatics” group of ENSAIS-LERGEC's laboratory (Strasbourg, France) and the Gamsau-MAP CNRS laboratory located in the school ofArchitecture of Marseilles (France).This paper focuses on a new approach of stone-by-stone surveying in which formalised architectural knowledge is usedas a prerequisite to the photogrammetric measurement process.In addition to this morphological definition, the structure point of view is implemented in the model in order to considersome architectural elements as containing a set of ashlar blocks. In our approach of stone-by-stone surveying, which hasbeen conceived for the study of historical ashlar masonry but can be applied to other types of investigation, themeasurement is performed directly on each individual stone in its built context. A previous edifice analysis , conductedby an archaeologist, is necessary to define the construction characteristics and chronology, and the properties of all themeasured architectural entities. This results in the definition of an approximate depth for each type of stone, allowing alimited survey to the blocks visible part. An extrusion vector is computed in order to inform lacking geometricaldescription of the block.Once the instanced block is measured a polyhedron representation of its morphology is generated. The instance is alsoadded to a data structure in which it is positioned according to topological or geometrical order. The result is therefore acollection of ordered blocks that includes, for instance, for each block data on its neighbours (adjacent blocks). Whencompleted, the tool will create a direct link between the architectural object and the database, enabling to locate andthus identify the properties of each block registered in the database. The possibilities of this new type of approach toarchitecture extend from archaeology to restoration and maintenance to any type of structure treated byphotogrammetrical survey.Retrieving architectural information (for example the intrados radius of an arch) is the approach we have developed inarchitectural surveying. We are currently working on giving this possibility in the stone-by-stone surveying process onwhich this paper focuses.

The paper presents the main features of a digital photogrammetry software package running on the web, and its use for teaching photogrammetry. The network tool is called ARPENTEUR (Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research). Everybody can freely access ARPENTEUR via the internet (http ://www.arpenteur.net). This software is an extension of the TIPHON software (Traitement d'Images et PHOtogrammétrie Numérique) which has been developed with the students of the Department of Surveying at ENSAIS-LERGEC (Engineering College of the Polytechnicum of Strasbourg) since 1996. Since 1998, in the frame of a joint project between ENSAIS-LERGEC and GAMSAU (laboratory of the French National Science Council located at the school of Architecture at Marseilles, France), the TIPHON software has been adapted to the Internet World to become platform-independent and available as an applet on the web by a simple internet browser like NestcapeTM Communicator. The software package is a Web based tool since photogrammetric concepts are embedded in Web technology and JavaTM programming language. Different solutions are available for the orientation of the digital images. Images from different kinds of cameras (with fiducial marks, réseau cameras, non metric and digital cameras) can be used. The réseau crosses are measured automatically in the interior orientation. The measurements on the images are manual or semiautomatic by area based correlation. The model resulting from the survey process can be visualized either on the internet-oriented VRML plug- ins, or inside the MicrostationTM software package. Presently various examples from different projects mainly based on small and medium format images are accessible via the world wide web on our servers located in Marseilles and Strasbourg (France). The aim of the paper is : - to present shortly our concept of running photogrammetric software on the Internet by a simple browser; - to explain how users can handle examples usable for teaching architectural photogrammetry on the web (available at www.arpenteur.net, user : isprs password: amsterdam) and set their personal projects on the web with ARPENTEUR., L'article présente les caractéristiques principales d'un logiciel de photogrammétrie numérique fonctionnant sur Internet. Le logiciel, qui est dédié à la photogrammétrie architecturale, s'appelle ARPENTEUR (Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research). Tout utilisateur peut librement accéder à ARPENTEUR par l'intermédiaire d'Internet (http://www.arpenteur.net). Ce logiciel est une extension du logiciel TIPHON (Traitement d'Images et PHOtogrammétrie Numérique) qui avait été développé avec les étudiants de la Filière Topographie de l'ENSAIS- LERGEC (Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries du Polytechnicum de Strasbourg) depuis 1996. Depuis 1998, dans le cadre d'un projet commun entre l'ENSAIS-LERGEC et le GAMSAU (laboratoire du CNRS implanté au sein de l'Ecole d'Architecture de Marseille), le logiciel TIPHON a été réécrit sous la forme d'applets pour être intégré à Internet et devenir indépendant des systèmes d'exploitation. Un simple navigateur comme NestcapeTM Communicator permet d'utiliser le logiciel sur le Web. Le logiciel est un véritable outil Internet puisque les concepts photogrammétriques développés en JavaTM intègrent les dernières technologies d'Internet. Différentes solutions sont disponibles pour le calcul des orientations des images numériques. Différents types d'images (avec marques-repères, avec réseau, non métriques et numériques) peuvent être utilisées. Les croix de réseau sont mesurées automatiquement lors de l'orientation interne. Les mesures sur les images sont manuelles ou semi-automatiques par corrélation. Les résultats des traitements peuvent être visualisés soit en VRML, soit à l'aide du logiciel MicrostationTM. Des exemples de différents projets constitués d'images de petits ou de moyens formats sont accessibles par Internet sur nos serveurs situés à Marseille et Strasbourg (France). Le but de cet article est: - de présenter brièvement notre concept de photogrammétrie sur Internet; - d'expliquer comment utiliser les exemples disponibles pour l'enseignement de la photogrammétrie architecturale (accessibles à l'adresse www.arpenteur.net, user : isprs password: amsterdam) et préparer ses projets personnels sur Internet avec ARPENTEUR.

On 23rd of September 2000, in the frame of the European Days of Cultural Patrimony the Institute HAiKZ organised the seminar entitled “Computer techniques in a process of preservation of Cultural Patrimony”. In the same day a large scale public stereo projection presenting the results of co-operation took place in the heart of the town (Rynek Główny)., Le 23 Septembre 2000, dans le cadre des Journées Européennes du Patrimoine Culturel, l'Institut HAiKZ a organisé un séminaire intitulé Les techniques numériques dans le processus de préservation du Patrimoine Culturel. Dans la soirée du même jour, une projection stéréo libre et à grande échelle présentant les résultats de la coopération au grand public a eu lieu sur un écran géant dans le cœur de la ville (Rynek Główny, Place Centrale).

This paper focuses on a new approach of stone-by-stone surveying in which formalised architectural knowledge is used as a prerequisite to the photogrammetric measurement process. One of the major aspects of our approach regards the photogrammetric survey of historical architecture built from stone or brick,aiming at the three-dimensional and database treatment of the individual stones or bricks as elements composing structural units,such as arches,pillars,windows and vaults. The chosen object are the remains of the romanesque priory church of Aleyrac, in northern Provence (France), the semi-ruinous state of which gives a clear insight into the constructional details of its fine ashlar masonry. In addition to the morphological definition, the structural point of view is implemented in the model in order to consider some architectural elements as containing a set of ashlar blocks. In our approach of stone-by-stone surveying, which has been conceived for the study of historical ashlar masonry but can be applied to other types of investigation,archaeological or else,the measures are taken directly on each individual stone in its built context. A previous analysis of the building, conducted by an archaeologist, is necessary to define the characteristics of the construction, its relative chronology, and the properties of all the measured architectural entities. Retrieving architectural information (for example the intrados radius of an arch) is the approach we have developed in architectural surveying. We are currently working on this issue in the stone-by-stone surveying process on which this paper focuses. The photogrammetric approach is developed with ARPENTEUR,a web application for digital photogrammetry mainly dedicated to architecture (Architectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research) available at http://www.arpenteur.net. ARPENTEURhas been developed by two complementary research teams:the “Photogrammetry and Geomatics”group of ENSAIS-LERGEC's laboratory (Strasbourg, France) and the Gamsau-MAPCNRSlaboratory located in the school of Architecture of Marseilles (France). The survey process is made by a non-photogrammetrist operator using the I-MAGEmethod (Image processing and Measure Assisted by GEometrical primitive) which allows the operator to achieve the main part of the 3D survey considering one single picture.

International audience; Our research addresses the question of how to handle the architectural knowledge in order to provide non-computer science specialists with a tool dedicated to the making and to the representation of archaeological hypothesis. Our approach of the architectural object is based on theoretical analysis and on elements of bibliography connected to specific buildings. Relevant hierarchy of concepts (individual elements of architecture that we call entities as well as relations linking them to one another) are formalised following the object oriented methodology in order to provide each element of vocabulary isolated as non ambiguous with a corresponding theoretical definition. The “Hublot" application we present allows interaction with the theoretical model (create and arrange one's own set of entities) through a web browser in which textual data and VRML 2.0 (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) scenes are linked. This research is connected with the ARKIW POLONIUM co-operation program that links the MAP-GAMSAU CNRS laboratory and the HAiKZ Institute of Kraków's Faculty of Architecture. The field of experimentation proposed is Kraków's Kramy Bogate located on the city's main market square. Formalisation of the theoretical models and web interfaces are JAVA developments

ARPENTEUR is an application for digital photogrammetry mainly dedicated to architecture (ArchitecturalPhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research). One can freely access ARPENTEUR via the internet(http://moma.gamsau.archi.fr or http://photogeo.u-strasbg.fr). Usual steps of inner and outer orientation areimplemented in order to generate a photogrammetric stereomodel.ARPENTEUR has been developed thanks to the collaboration of two complementary research laboratories : the group“Photogrammetry and Geomatics” of ENSAIS-LERGEC's laboratory (Strasbourg, France) and the Gamsau-MAPCNRS laboratory (CNRS : French National Body for Scientific Research) located in school of Architecture(Marseilles, France).This paper focuses on a new approach of photogrammetric surveying in which formalised architectural knowledge is aprerequisite to the measurement process. The first step of the survey is therefore a rigorous analysis of thearchitectural corpus used in the building. All the architectural elements which are expected to be measured aredefined and organised in a hierarchy of concepts and formalised using the Java™ object language capabilities.The purpose of the photogrammetric measurement is then to inform the architectural geometrical model with datasuch as location, orientation and dimension. Each architectural element considered is given within its definition aredundant set of geometrical primitives that can be observed on its surface. These primitives appear as a geometricalinterpretation of the architectural element's morphology. Depending on the case study's specificity, one can choose tomeasure a subset of these primitives. Unmeasured data (occulted zone on a picture, ... ) should be generated by thesystem using both theoretical model and measured data.We propose an experimentation of this process on the old town hall tower, in Kraków (Poland). Images used in thesystem were taken with a point and shoot digital camera. The experimentation focuses the neo-gothic addition to theoriginal XIVth century tower. Elements considered therefore correspond to a reconstruction based on a historicalanalysis of Kraków's gothic urban corpus.The model resulting from the survey process can be visualised either on the internet-oriented VRML plug-ins, orinside the Microstation™ software.

International audience; Development of net-based tools initiates a new architecture-computer science junction, offering a possibility to investigate distant exchange and updating of research work on architectural artefacts. Dealing with conservation in architecture, photogrammetry and computer science our research meets the stakes of multidisciplinarity. Moreover, The heterogeneous technical systems and tools met in the scope of these disciplines clearly call for a platform-independent tool that would give an access to the patrimonial information gathered. Web interfacing is an answer to this problem, it is the central development presented in this paper. Questions addressed in this paper are object oriented knowledge modelling in the area of conservation, web-interfacing and the application of the above mentioned items to a first case study - a simulation tool for the wooden ceilings of Kraków

International audience; In the field of the architectural patrimony, the building up of surveying and knowledge representation tools gives new analysis opportunities, and favours the dawning up of reconstructional hypotheses. Addressing this question the MOMA research project (Models and Optical Measurements in Architecture) implements architectural models used as a pre-requisite for the survey process. Individual objects are identified and organised following the object-oriented approach in computer science. These elementary entities gather in their definition both morphologi-cal data and patrimonial information. They are grouped into consistent sets of objects through relations stemming from the architectural vocabulary and implemented in a language developed for this purpose. Measurements are car-ried out on predefined morphological specificities of these entities. Dealing with conservation in architecture, pho-togrammetry, computer science, MOMA meets the stakes of a multidisciplinary research. Moreover, the heteroge-neous technical systems and tools met in the scope of these disciplines clearly call for a platform-independent tool giving access to the patrimonial information gathered. Web interfacing is an answer to this problem, its implementation in our research puts a strong focus on VRML visualisation as a central entry point in the system.

ISBN 2-2-910085-15-5; International audience