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Many physical and mechanical properties of crystalline materials depend strongly on their internal structure, which is typically organized into grains and domains on several length scales. Here we present dark-field X-ray microscopy; a non-destructive microscopy technique for the three-dimensional mapping of orientations and stresses on lengths scales from 100 nm to 1 mm within embedded sampling volumes. The technique, which allows ‘zooming’ in and out in both direct and angular space, is demonstrated by an annealing study of plastically deformed aluminium. Facilitating the direct study of the interactions between crystalline elements is a key step towards the formulation and validation of multiscale models that account for the entire heterogeneity of a material. Furthermore, dark-field X-ray microscopy is well suited to applied topics, where the structural evolution of internal nanoscale elements (for example, positioned at interfaces) is crucial to the performance and lifetime of macro-scale devices and components thereof., The internal structure of materials determines many of their physical and mechanical properties. Here, the authors have developed a non-destructive X-ray microscopy technique for layer-by-layer mapping of crystallographic orientations and stresses to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction of a material.

X‐ray Powder Diffraction and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy experiments (WAS) and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments were carried out at the ESRF DUBBLE beam line (BM26) and at the energy dispersive beam line (ID24), respectively. A mobile pulse generator, developed at the LNCMP, delivered 110kJ to the load coil, which was sufficient to generate peak fields of 30T with a rise time of about 5 ms. A liquid He flow cryostat allowed us to vary the sample temperature accurately between 4.2K and 300K.Powder diffraction patterns of TbVO4 were recorded in a broad temperature range using 21 keV monochromatic X‐rays and using an on‐line image plate detector. We observed the suppression of the Jahn‐Teller structural distortion in TbVO4 due to the high magnetic pulsed field.XAS spectra could be measured and finite XMCD signals, directly proportional to the magnetic moment on the Gd absorber atom, were measured in thin Gd foils. Thanks to its element and orbital selectivity, XMCD proofs to be very use...