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The main defense response to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is thought to be blockage of intercellular virus transport by callose deposition on plasmodesmata. But the specific regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signal downstream of NO was associated with the regulation of callose accumulation. Abundant H2O2 was produced on the cell membrane and cell wall in the incompatible combination of soybean cultivar Jidou 7 and SMV strain N3, whereas no obvious H2O2 was observed in the compatible combination of Jidou 7 and strain SC-8. When H2O2 production was inhibited, callose accumulation induced by SMV infection decreased to a level insufficient to restrict virus transport in the incompatible combination. The H2O2-associated transcriptome dynamics of soybean during SMV infection was investigated. Transcriptome and functional analysis using virus-induced gene silencing showed that GmSEOB and GmPAP27, two genes regulated by H2O2, functioned in resistance by positively regulating the accumulation of callose in response to SMV infection. These results lay a foundation for further research on the signal transduction and molecular regulation of callose deposition during soybean resistance to SMV infection.

Microarray technology has been widely applied in biomedical research. The key to microarray study is to develop efficient immobilization method. In this study, we designed a new reversible microarray immobilization method based on thiol-quinone reaction. A quinone-functionalized slide was fabricated through H2O2 treatment of dopamine-coated slides. Various thiol-containing molecules can be anchored onto the quinone-functionalized slides via thioether linker, which could be cleaved under H2O2 treatment to regenerate quinone groups on the surface. The highly versatile approach can be widely used for immobilization of various thiol-containing molecules.

In the process of social progress and development, the wide application of various technologies has provided convenience for the development of various fields, and the development of motion capture technology has provided reliable technical support for the development of basketball. In the development process of indoor positioning technology, although many advanced technologies can help people obtain some key data, there are still many shortcomings. This article analyzes the shortcomings of various technologies in the process of positioning, and proposes an indoor positioning method of WKNN based on the spatial characteristics of the object for the problems of large positioning results and low accuracy. This is to a certain extent Solved many problems. In practice, the Wi-Fi fingerprint database used by the WKNN algorithm proposed for spatial features is consistent with the traditional WKNN algorithm, but the results calculated by the traditional WKNN algorithm may have large errors and people cannot judge the calculation. The newly proposed algorithm can solve the problem of large calculation result span and inaccurate positioning caused by the selection of multiple target points in the same area for analysis by traditional algorithms. In order to reduce the complexity of subsequent research work, this article also focuses on the space the characteristics of the object are analyzed, and the constraint points are specified during the calculation process, so that the result distribution of the traditional WKNN algorithm can be restricted to prevent large interval jumps. Specific experimental analysis can prove that the method proposed in this article can solve the problem of low positioning accuracy to a certain extent.

The use of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for the classification of electrochemical mechanisms using simulated voltammograms with one cycle of the potential for training has previously been reported. In this paper, it is shown how valuable additional patterns for mechanism distinction become available when a new DNN with advanced architecture is trained simultaneously on images obtained from three cycles of potential using tensor inputs. Significant improvement relative to the single cycle training in achieving correct classification of E, EC1st and EC2nd mechanisms (E = electron transfer step, C1st and C2nd are first and second order follow up chemical reactions, respectively) is demonstrated with noisy simulated data for conditions where all mechanisms are close to chemically reversible and hence difficult to distinguish even by an experienced electrochemist. Challenges anticipated in applying the new DNN to classification of experimental data are highlighted. Directions for future development are also discussed.

Engineering a system with a high mass fraction of active ingredients, especially water-soluble proteins, is still an ongoing challenge. In this work, we developed a versatile surface camouflage strategy that can engineer systems with an ultrahigh mass fraction of proteins. By formulating protein molecules into nanoparticles, the demand of molecular modification was transformed into a surface camouflage of protein nanoparticles. Thanks to electrostatic attractions and van der Waals interactions, we camouflaged the surface of protein nanoparticles through the adsorption of carrier materials. The adsorption of carrier materials successfully inhibited the phase transfer of insulin, albumin, β-lactoglobulin, and ovalbumin nanoparticles. As a result, the obtained microcomposites featured with a record of protein encapsulation efficiencies near 100% and a record of protein mass fraction of 77%. After the encapsulation in microcomposites, the insulin revealed a hypoglycemic effect for at least 14 d with one single injection, while that of insulin solution was only ∼4 h.

Phytopathogenic fungi have attracted great attention as a promising source for new drug discovery. In the progress of our ongoing study for bioactive natural products from an in-house phytopathogenic fungi library, a pathogenic fungus, Fusarium proliferatum strain 13294 (FP13294), was selected for chemical investigation. Two novel aliphatic unsaturated alcohols named fusariumnols A and B (1 and 2), together with one previously characterized sesquiterpenoid lignoren (3) were identified. Structures of 1–3 were assigned by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Their bioactivities were assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis (MIC = 100 μM).

The indoor low-concentration formaldehyde (HCHO) removal in cobalt-based catalysts is still a “hot potato”. In this work, metal–organic-frameworks (MOF)-derived and Zinc (Zn)-modulated new cobalt nanoparticles catalyst (CZ-Co@NC-800) was designed and prepared. The CZ-Co@NC-800 performed outstanding elimination activities for ~1 ppm HCHO at 25 °C. In the static test condition, it achieves complete HCHO removal in 3 h at a relative humidity (RH) of ~55%. Moreover, 90.18% HCHO removal ratio is held after five recycle tests. In the dynamic test condition, it remains the characteristic to eliminate around 95.89% of HCHO within 8 h under an RH of ~55% and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of ~150,000 mL·h−1g−1. Such advanced results should be ascribed to large specific surface area bringing about more cobalt active sites; and it is also because residual Zn metal affects the electronic structure of CZ-Co@NC-800 and enhance the surface charge transfer rate, thus the activation and dissociation ability of oxygen is promoted. Besides, a short HCHO reaction path over CZ-Co@NC-800 which was clarified by the In situ DRIFTs is also a reason for excellent catalytic performance. This work represents a crucial addition to expand the family of cobalt-based catalysts for indoor HCHO elimination.

N-doped carbon-based single-atom catalysts (NC-SACs) are widely researched in various electrochemical reactions due to high metal atom utilization and catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of NC-SACs originates from the coordinating structure between single metal site (M) and the doped nitrogen (N) in carbon matrix by forming M-Nx-C structure (1≤ x≤ 4). The M-N4-C structure is widely considered to be the most stable and effective catalytic site. However, there is no in-depth research for the “x” modulation in Pt-Nx-C structure and the corresponding catalytic properties. Herein, atomically dispersed Pt on N-doped carbon (Pt-NC) with Pt-Nx-C structure (1≤ x≤ 4), as a research model, is fabricated by a ZIF-8 template and applied to catalytic oxygen reduction. Different carbonization temperatures are used to control N loss, and then modulate the N coordination of Pt-Nx-C structure. The Pt-NC has the predictable low half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.72 V vs RHE compared to the Pt/C 20% of 0.81V due to low Pt content. Remarkably, the Pt-NC shows a high onset potential (1.10 V vs RHE, determined for j = -0.1 mA cm2) and a high current density of 5.2 mA cm−2, more positive and higher than that of Pt/C 20% (0.96 V) and 4.9 mA cm−2, respectively. As the structural characterization and DFT simulation confirmed, the reducing Pt-N coordination number induces low valence of Pt atoms and low free energy of oxygen reduction, which is responsible for the improved catalytic activity. Furthermore, the Pt-NC shows high mass activity (172 times higher than that of Pt/C 20%), better stability and methanol crossover resistance.

Fungi, as eukaryotic organisms, contain two genomes, the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome, in their cells. How the two genomes evolve and correlate to each other is debated. Herein, taking the gourmet pine mushroom Tricholoma matsutake as an example, we performed comparative mitogenomic analysis using samples collected from diverse locations and compared the evolution of the two genomes. The T. matsutake mitogenome encodes 49 genes and is rich of repetitive and non-coding DNAs. Six genes were invaded by up to 11 group I introns, with one cox1 intron cox1P372 showing presence/absence dynamics among different samples. Bioinformatic analyses suggested limited or no evidence of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Interestingly, hundreds of mitochondrial DNA fragments were found in the nuclear genome, with several larger than 500 nt confirmed by PCR assays and read count comparisons, indicating clear evidence of transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome. Nuclear DNA of T. matsutake showed a higher mutation rate than mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, we found evidence of incongruence between phylogenetic trees derived from mitogenome and nuclear DNA sequences. Together, our results reveal the dynamic genome evolution of the gourmet pine mushroom.

Methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by Zn/Cu alloy has been widely studied, but there is still debate on its catalytic active phase and whether the Zn can be oxidized during the reaction process. What is more, as Zn atoms could locate on Zn/Cu alloy surface in forms of both single atom and cluster, how Zn surface distribution affects catalytic activity is still not clear. In this work, we performed a systematic theoretical study to compare the mechanistic natures and catalytic pathways between Zn single atom and small cluster on catalyst surface, where the surface oxidation was shown to play the critical role. Before surface oxidation, the Zn single atom/Cu is more active than the Zn small cluster/Cu, but its surface oxidation is difficult to take place. Instead, after the easy surface oxidation by CO2 decomposition, the oxidized Zn small cluster/Cu becomes much more active, which even exceeds the hardly-oxidized Zn single atom/Cu to become the active phase. Further analyses show this dramatic promotion of surface oxidation can be ascribed to the following factors: i) The O from surface oxidation could preferably occupy the strongest binding sites on the center of Zn cluster. That makes the O intermediates bind at the Zn/Cu interface, preventing their too tight binding for further hydrogenation; ii) The higher positive charge and work function on the oxidized surface could also promote the hydrogenation of O intermediates. This work provided one more example that under certain condition, the metal cluster can be more active than the single atom in heterogeneous catalysis.

Hydrogen has been expected as a new energy carrier for realizing low carbon society. This paper demonstrates H2 production from water splitting for development of artificial photosynthesis on the copper indium sulfide (CuInS2) electrodes. The photoelectrode was fabricated by electrodeposition (ED) of Cu and In metallic precursors on Mo-coated glass, followed by sulfurization under sulfur (S) vapor environment instead of H2S gas. In order to improve surface properties, the CuInS2 surface was modified with In2S3 by the chemical bath deposition (CBD). The Pt particles as a co-catalyst for proton reduction were, then, photo-electrochemically deposited on the CuInS2 or In2S3/CuInS2 electrodes. They exhibited photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting in 0.1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution to produce H2, of which the efficiency is in the order of: Pt-In2S3/CuInS2 > Pt-CuInS2 >> CuInS2. The half-cell solar-to-hydrogen (HC-STH) of 0.7 % with almost 100 % Faraday efficiency was obtained on the Pt-In2S3/CuInS2 photoelectrode. High photoelectrochemical property is attributed to the band-bending of p-n homo-junction between CuInS2 and In2S3.

Low-density TiO2(C)/GB hollow powders were synthesized by loading anatase TiO2 onto glass microbubbles. CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) was used to produce pores in the supported TiO2. A TiO2 layer with a thickness greater than 100 nm was tightly loaded onto the glass microbubbles. CTAB led to a slight expansion of the bandgap energy from 3.22 eV (TiO2(0)/GB) to 3.41 eV (TiO2(3.0)/GB). The ECB and the EVB values were −0.32 and 2.91 V for the TiO2(1.5)/GB, respectively. Both the average pore size (from 5.59 to 9.44 nm) and the total pore volume (from 0.0799 to 0.1283 cm3/g) of TiO2(C)/GB increased with an increasing amount of CTAB. The hole-electron recombination efficiency was in the sequence of TiO2(1.5)/GB

The development of high–efficiency and low–cost bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts is critical to enlarge application of zinc–air batteries (ZABs). However, it still remains challenges due to their uncontrollable factor at atomic level during the catalysts preparation, which requires the precise regulation of active sites and structure engineering to accelerate the reaction kinetics for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a novel Co–doped mixed lanthanum oxide and hydroxide heterostructure (termed as Co–LaMOH|OV@NC) was synthesized by pyrolysis of La–MOF–NH2 with spontaneous cobalt doping. Synergistic coupling of its hollow structure, doping effect and abundant oxygen vacancies creates more active sites and leads to higher electroconductivity, which contribute to the better performance. As employed as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst, the resulting 3Co–LaMOH|OV@NC exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity for both ORR and OER. In assembled ZAB, it also demonstrates an excellent power density of 110.5 mW cm−2, high specific capacity of 810 mAh gZn−1, and good stability over 100 h than those of Pt/C + RuO2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the heterointerfaces coupled with oxygen vacancies lead to an enhanced charge state and electronic structure, which may optimize the conductivity, charge transfer, and the reaction process of catalysts. This study provides a new strategy for designing highly efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts based on rare earth oxide and hydroxides heterointerface.

A novel laminated TiAl matrix composite (LMC) consisting of alternating equiaxed grain layers (EGLs) and fully lamellar grain layers (FGLs) has been fabricated successfully by hot pressing of alternating Ti/Al–6Si foils and subsequent multi-step reaction annealing. The oxidation behavior of the LMC at 800 °C was studied. The results show that the oxide scale is formed with typical multilayer structure after oxidized at 800 °C for 100 h. The oxidation behavior is different between EGLs and FGLs while the thickness of oxide scale is almost identical, suggesting an isotropy oxidation resistance of the LMC. Si addition effectively enhances the oxidation resistance of the LMC.

In this article, an ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated from phenolphthalein polyethersulfone (PES-C) modified with emodin using a phase-inversion method. ATR-FTIR and UV-vis analysis showed that emodin had good compatibility with the PES-C ultrafiltration membrane. SEM showed that the prepared ultrafiltration membranes consisted of a porous skin layer and a macroporous support sublayer. The contact angle value of the pure PES-C ultrafiltration membrane was 77.71° and that of the PES-C ultrafiltration membrane blended with 0.105 wt.% emodin decreased to 65.71°, which explained the fact why its pure water flux significantly increased from 190 L/m2·h to 387 L/m2·h. The antifouling properties of the obtained ultrafiltration membranes were assessed by static protein adsorption, bacterial adhesion, antibacterial tests, and filtration experiments with BSA. The PES-C (13.895 wt.%)/emodin (0.105 wt.%) ultrafiltration membrane presented the lowest protein adsorption rate (1.44%), the highest flux recovery ratio (57%), and the largest inhibition zone diameter (3.0 ± 0.06 mm). Compared with that of the pure PES-C ultrafiltration membrane, the bacterial adhesion effect of the PES-C/emodin (0.105 wt.%) ultrafiltration membrane was significantly reduced. In addition, PES-C incorporated into the emodin ultrafiltration membrane had excellent stability in a deionized water system.

Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and overexpression of the EPSPS gene is one of the molecular mechanisms conferring glyphosate resistance in weeds. A regulatory sequence of EPSPS gene was isolated previously, and an alteration in its 5´-untranslated region (UTR) pyrimidine (Py)-rich stretch element is involved in the regulation of EPSPS expression in glyphosate-resistant (GR) Eleusine indica. However, the transcription factors involved in this regulatory sequence remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the regulatory network of EPSPS overexpression associated genes in a GR E. indica population by RNA-seq. The differentially expressed transcript analyses revealed that glyphosate treatment caused an increase in the expression of 2752 unigenes and a decrease in the expression of 4025 unigenes in the GR E. indica, compared to the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) E. indica. Among them, 1373 unigenes were identified to be co-expressed with the EPSPS gene in GR E. indica. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the up-regulated unigenes were mainly enriched in chloroplasts and associated with the shikimate biosynthesis pathway, chlorophy II and peroxisome metabolism processes. Notably, the expression of a Shikimate kinase which catalyzed the conversion of Shikimate to Shikimate 3-phosphate (S3P, a substrate of EPSPS), was also up-regulated. Eight transcription factors were identified as likely to be involved in the regulation of the EPSPS expression, and three of them (ARF2, ARF8 and BPC6) showed more binding sites because of a (CT)n insertion of the 5´-UTR Py-rich stretch element in GR. However, the yeast one-hybrid assay illustrated that ARF8 and BPC6 could bind to the 5´-UTR Py-rich stretch element of wild type EPSPS, but could not bind to the mutated form. Our data suggests that the transcriptional regulation of EPSPS expression is complex and was significantly altered in GR E. indica. These discoveries provide new references for further study of the EPSPS overexpression mechanism that endows glyphosate resistance.

In this work, four quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants including cetyltrimethyl ammonium fluoride (CTAF), cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium iodide (CTAI) were investigated to study the effect of halide anions on the surface activity and foaming performance. The result showed that CTAF had superior surface activity, which could reduce the surface tension of water to 33.15 mN/m at a low CMC (critical micelle formation concentration) of 1.65 mmol/L. Based on the calculation of Amin (the minimum occupied area per surfactant molecule), we assumed that this higher surface activity was related to the small ionic radius of the fluorine ion (F–). The foamability and foam stability of CTAF has great advantages over other surfactants studied. On this basis, the factors affecting the formation and stabilization of the CTAF foam were investigated. The results showed that foam formation benefited from high temperatures and low methanol concentration, while high salinity was beneficial for foam stability. When CTAF at a concentration of 0.2% was used as a foaming agent, foaming was excellent at a methanol concentration of 10%, a salinity of 22 ⨯ 104 mg/L, and a temperature of 90°C. With this study, uncertainties that existed in the literature regarding the effect of anion on surface activity and foam performance were explained and the effect of temperature, methanol and salinity on foam generation and stabilization was understood.

In this paper, ammonium oleic acid salts (AOS) were prepared from oleic acid and amines and investigated as low molecular weight shale swelling inhibitors. First, the inhibitory effect of AOS was investigated using the linear expansion test of bentonite. The results show that the inhibitor prepared from oleic acid and tetraethylene pentamine with a molar ratio of 1:2 (AOS-8) has an excellent inhibitory effect on the hydration expansion of bentonite. The inhibitory effect of AOS-8 on bentonite was further investigated in subsequent work steps using various methods, including the linear swelling test of clay and particle distribution measurement. The results show that AOS-8 has superior performance in inhibiting hydration swelling and dispersion of bentonite. With 0.5% AOS-8, the swelling rate was reduced to 37.7%, and the particle size of bentonite in water could be controlled with AOS-8. Finally, the inhibition mechanism of AOS-8 was determined in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In water-based drilling fluid, AOS-8 is compatible with conventional additives. It can also significantly improve the lubricating capacity of the mud cake after ageing at 120°C.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins play important roles in plant growth and development. However, little is known about their functions in the leaf morphogenesis of Jingxiu grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Here, we explored the function of VvPPR1, which encodes a DYW-type PPR protein in grape. We showed that VvPPR1 is involved in the regulation of leaf rolling, anthocyanin accumulation, and trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of structural characteristics showed that VvPPR1 is a DYW-type PPR gene in the PLS subfamily consisting of 15 PPR motifs. The N-terminal had a targeted chloroplast site, and the C-terminal had a DYW domain. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of VvPPR1 was highest in grape leaves. Subcellular localization revealed that VvPPR1 is localized in the cytoplasm and chloroplast. VvPPR1-overexpressing plants had rolled leaves, high degrees of anthocyanin accumulation, and longer trichomes. The expression levels of genes related to these phenotypes were either significantly up-regulated or down-regulated. These results demonstrate that VvPPR1 is involved in leaf rolling, anthocyanin accumulation, and trichome formation in Arabidopsis; more generally, our findings indicate that VvPPR1 could be a target for improving the cultivation of horticultural crops.

It is very promising and challenging to construct a yolk-shell structure with highly efficient microwave absorption (MA) performance through a simple fabrication process. Here, a novel C/MnO@void@C (MCC) yolk-shell structure has been successfully synthesized by one-step calcination without additional processing. The as-obtained MCC composites with tunable crystallinity degrees and hollowness can be obtained by treatment at various temperatures. The MCC composites treated at 700 °C (MCC-700) show an impressive MA performance, and the optimal reflection loss of -53.2 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.4 GHz can be obtained. This excellent performance results from multiple balance mechanisms. First, the regulated permittivity of MCC-700 due to proper crystallinity and hollowness is beneficial for the balance between dielectric loss (tan δe) and impedance match (Zim). Second, the optimal balance between the increasing polarization range and decreasing polarization intensity can be achieved, which is favorable for the improvement of the MA performance. Third, the multicore yolk-shell structure of MCC-700 is conducive to multiple scattering and continuous energy dissipation. Thus, our new findings provide a rational way for the utilization of yolk-shell structural manganese-based materials.

Our quantitative understanding of natural tropospheric ozone concentrations is limited by the paucity of reliable measurements before the 1980s. We utilize the existing measurements to compare the long-term ozone changes that occurred within the marine boundary layer at northern and southern midlatitudes. Since 1950 ozone concentrations have increased by a factor of 2.1 ± 0.2 in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and are presently larger than in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), where only a much smaller increase has occurred. These changes are attributed to increased ozone production driven by anthropogenic emissions of photochemical ozone precursors that increased with industrial development. The greater ozone concentrations and increases in the NH are consistent with the predominant location of anthropogenic emission sources in that hemisphere. The available measurements indicate that this interhemispheric gradient was much smaller and was likely reversed in the pre-industrial troposphere with higher concentrations in the SH. Six Earth system model (ESM) simulations indicate similar total NH increases (1.9 with a standard deviation of 0.3), but they occurred more slowly over a longer time period, and the ESMs do not find higher pre-industrial ozone in the SH. Several uncertainties in the ESMs may cause these model–measurement disagreements: the assumed natural nitrogen oxide emissions may be too large, the relatively greater fraction of ozone injected by stratosphere–troposphere exchange to the NH may be overestimated, ozone surface deposition to ocean and land surfaces may not be accurately simulated, and model treatment of emissions of biogenic hydrocarbons and their photochemistry may not be adequate.

The annual failure probability of a slope is an important input for the risk assessment of rainfall-induced landslides. Currently, the annual probability of slope failure under rainfall conditions is usually estimated through statistical analyses of historical landslide events in a region, which cannot consider the local conditions such as soil properties and the slope geometry. In this study, a mechanics-based method is suggested to evaluate the annual failure probability of a slope under rainfall, through which the local conditions of a slope can be explicitly considered. In the suggested method, the uncertainty of soil properties is analyzed based on reliability methods, the uncertainty of annual rainfall events is modeled through a bivariate distribution of intensity and duration, and the most critical annual rainfall is simulated through sampling from the above bivariate distribution. The suggested method is used to study the annual failure probability of a slope assuming it is in Singapore. Through the suggested method, the contributions from different types of rainfalls to the annual failure probability of the slope can also be identified. The suggested method can provide a useful tool to evaluate the annual failure probability of slopes under rainfall conditions, which may increase the capability of the profession to assess the rainfall-induced landslide risk.

Fire-induced changes in soil properties exert influence on soil processes, e.g., soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. The mineralization of organic substrates and soil priming effects in post-fire soils and the mechanisms involved remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate substrate mineralization with chemical recalcitrance gradient (sucrose, maize flour, and maize straw) and induced priming effects on forest soils after the fire. Fire-burned forest soils (unburned as control) after 8 years were collected, and the physicochemical and biotic properties using high-throughput Illumina sequencing) were analyzed. Incubation of 42 days was conducted to investigate substrate decomposition and soil priming effects using the natural abundance 13C technique. The bacterial community in soil after the fire event had high diversity and was dominated by the phyla of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria. The addition of substrate to the burned soil had larger mineralization and caused higher soil priming effects than the control soil. Positive priming of SOC by substrate was most likely attributed to “co-metabolism,” indicated by the positive correlation between soil priming and sucrose mineralization. The intensity of substrate mineralization and soil priming effects in the burned soil depended on fire shifting microbial community and substrate quality itself.

An efficient synthesis of an acid-free neutral oxoborane of the type carboranyl-B(carbene)=O has been developed via a serendipitous discovery from the reaction of 1,2-[BBr(carbene)]-o-carborane with AgOTf. This represents a new type of oxoborane. The stabilization of this oxoborane may be attributed to 1) kinetic stabilization provided by a bulky 3D carboranyl ligand and 2) thermodynamic stabilization offered by a carbene ligand. Crystallographic analyses support the presence of the shortest terminal B=O double bond ever reported thus far. Its reactivity has also been examined.

A robust isotope-labeled internal standard method was established for the detection of 22 pesticides and metabolite residues in four kinds of fish; two were from freshwater fish, and two were from marine fish. Pesticides with wide application possibilities in rice in China, strong leaching to water, or high bioconcentration factors (BCF) in fish were selected. The samples were extracted with 1% acetic acid-99% acetonitrile. The extracts were first purified by solid-phase extraction (PEP-plus), cleaned with dispersive-solid-phase extraction (PSA and C18), and finally analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that good linearities for the target compounds were observed in the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient (R2) of each compound was greater than 0.99. The recoveries of the method were within 70-120% with RSDs

MAPbI3, one of the archetypical metal halide perovskites, is an exciting semiconductor for a variety of optoelectronic applications. The photoexcited charge-carrier diffusion and recombination are important metrics in optoelectronic devices. Defects in grain interiors and boundaries of MAPbI3 films cause significant nonradiative recombination energy losses. Besides defect impact, carrier diffusion and recombination anisotropy introduced by structural and electronic discrepancies related to the crystal orientation are vital topics. Here, large-sized MAPbI3 single crystals (SCs) were grown, with the (110), (112), (100), and (001) crystal planes simultaneously exposed through the adjusting ratios of PbI2 to methylammonium iodide (MAI). Such MAPbI3 SCs exhibit a weak n-type semiconductor character, and the Fermi levels of these planes were slightly different, causing a homophylic p-n junction at crystal ledges. Utilizing MAPbI3 SCs, the photoexcited carrier diffusion and recombination within the crystal planes and around the crystal ledges were investigated through time-resolved fluorescence microscope. It is revealed that both the (110) and (001) planes were facilitated to be exposed with more MAI in the growth solutions, and the photoluminescence (PL) of these planes manifesting a red-shift, longer carrier lifetime, and diffusion length compared with the (100) and (112) planes. A longer carrier diffusion length promoted photorecycling. However, excessive MAI-assisted grown MAPbI3 SCs could increase the radiative recombination. In addition, it revealed that the carrier excited within the (001) and (112) planes was inclined to diffuse toward each other and was favorable to be extracted out of the grain boundaries or crystal ledges.

A novel approach for the asymmetric construction of polycyclic indazole skeletons via enamine-imine activation and PCET activation was developed by merging organocatalysis with photocatalysis through an asymmetric triple-reaction sequence. In this process, five C-X bonds and five consecutive chiral centers were efficiently constructed. Differently substituted polycyclic indazole deriatives were successfully constructed with satisfactory results under mild conditions.

Direct oxidation of methane to methanol (DMTM) constitutes a big challenge in C 1 chemistry. Herein, we present a continuous N 2 O-DMTM investigation by simultaneously introducing 10 vol% H 2 O into the reaction system over Cu-BEA zeolites. Combining a D 2 O isotopic tracer technique and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation, we for the first time demonstrate that the H 2 O molecules can participate in the reaction through a proton transfer route, wherein the H 2 O molecules can build a high-speed proton transfer bridge between the generated moieties of CH 3 - and OH - over the evolved mono(μ-oxo) dicopper ([Cu-O-Cu] 2+ ) active site, thereby pronouncedly boosting the CH 3 OH selectivity (3.1 → 71.6%), productivity (16.8 → 242.9 μmol g cat -1 h -1 ) and long-term reaction stability (10 → 70 h) relative to the scenario of absence of H 2 O. Unravelling the proton transfer of H 2 O over the dicopper [Cu-O-Cu] 2+ site would substantially contribute to highly efficient catalyst designs for the continuous DMTM.

The development of Cu-based catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR) is of major interest for generating commercially important C2 liquid products such as ethanol. Cu is exclusive among the eCO2 RR metallic catalysts in that it facilitates the formation of a range of highly reduced C2 products, with a reasonable total faradaic efficiency but poor product selectivity. Here, a series of new sulfide-derived copper-cadmium catalysts (SD-Cux Cdy ) was developed. An excellent faradaic efficiency of around 32 % but with a relatively low current density of 0.6 mA cm-2 for ethanol was obtained using the SD-CuCd2 catalyst at the relatively low overpotential of 0.89 V in a CO2 -saturated aqueous 0.10 m KHCO3 solution with an H-cell. The current density increased by an order of magnitude under similar conditions using a flow cell where the mass transport rate for CO2 was greatly enhanced. Ex situ spectroscopic and microscopic, and voltammetric investigations pointed to the role of abundant phase boundaries between CdS and Cu+ /Cu sites in the SD-CuCd2 catalyst in enhancing the selectivity and efficiency of ethanol formation at low potentials.

Due to the complex background and spatial distribution, it brings great challenge to object detection in high-resolution remote sensing images. In view of the characteristics of various scales, arb...

Genome-based discovery of two previously unreported fungal bifunctional terpene synthases (BFTSs) from phytopathogenic fungi are reported: FoFS catalyzing the formation of fusoxypenes A-C (1-3) and (-)-astellatene (4) and AtAS capable of synthesizing preaspterpenacid I (6). Interestingly, FoFS and AtAS catalyzed the formation of enantiomeric sesterterpenes with a 5-6-7-3-5 ring system. C22-oxidative modification of preaspterpenacid I by AtP450 was characterized as well. Plausible cyclization pathways of the fusoxypenes were illustrated by DFT calculations.

Compressed hydrogen tanks are now widely used for onboard hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, because of the high storage pressure and the low thermal conductivity of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), the emptying of such tanks during driving or emergency release can cause a significant temperature decrease and result in an in-tank gas temperature below the low safety temperature limit of −40 °C even in warm weather. Once the gas temperature within the tank is lower than −40 °C, the sealing elements at the boss of the tank may fail, and glass transition of the polymer liner of the type IV tank may occur; both can cause hydrogen leakage and severe safety problems. In this paper, the heat transfer correlations, thermodynamic analyses, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, experimental studies, and thermal management methods associated with the emptying process of compressed hydrogen tanks are comprehensively reviewed. Future research directions on this topic are suggested.

A suitable ionic liquid for methyl chloride drying experiment was screened out from 210 ionic liquids by COSMO-RS model. Moreover, the experimental mechanism of ionic liquids drying is further explained by the COSMO-RS model, and it is further confirmed by analyzing the binding energy. The solubility of methyl chloride in [EMIM][BF4] and TEG and [EMIM][BF4]+H2O was completed, and the experimental results well proved the reliability of the UNIFAC-Lei model. The unknown interaction parameters were obtained through the solubility data of this work and the experimental data in the literatures. The methyl chloride drying experiment was completed in the laboratory, and the water content of the methyl chloride can be reduced to below 200 ppm. The simulation of the methyl chloride drying process using [EMIM][BF4] or TEG as absorbents was carried out by ASPEN software on an industrial scale. The final simulation results show that the [EMIM][BF4] drying process has lower energy consumption and better drying effect.

Density functional theory (DFT) computational studies were conducted to explore the hydrogen storage performance of a monolayer material that is built on the base of carbon nitride (g-C3N4, heptazine structure) with decoration by magnesium (Mg). We found that a 2 × 2 supercell can bind with four Mg atoms. The electronic charges of Mg atoms were transferred to the g-C3N4 monolayer, and thus a partial electropositivity on each adsorbed Mg atom was formed, indicating a potential improvement in conductivity. This subsequently causes the hydrogen molecules’ polarization, so that these hydrogen molecules can be efficiently adsorbed via both van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. To note, the configurations of the adsorbed hydrogen molecules were also elucidated, and we found that most adsorbed hydrogen molecules tend to be vertical to the sheet plane. Such a phenomenon is due to the electronic potential distribution. In average, each adsorbed Mg atom can adsorb 1–9 hydrogen molecules with adsorption energies that are ranged from −0.25 eV to −0.1 eV. Moreover, we realised that the nitrogen atom can also serve as an active site for hydrogen adsorption. The hydrogen storage capacity of this Mg-decorated g-C3N4 is close to 7.96 wt %, which is much higher than the target value of 5.5 wt % proposed by the U.S. department of energy (DOE) in 2020 [1]. The finding in this study indicates a promising carbon-based material for energy storage, and in the future, we hope to develop more advanced materials along this direction.

Summary Plasmon-induced charge transfer has drawn considerable interests and spurred rapid developments of photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Various plasmonic metal/transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures have been developed to promote charge separation. For plasmon-induced catalysis, the transformation of TMDs is rare, and the erosion of TMDs has not yet been reported. Here, we report the etching of two-dimensional TMDs by planar surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). We found that SPPs can etch various TMDs into desired layers and lateral size through controlling the light power and incident direction. In aqueous media, the strong plasmonic coupling at Au/MoS2 interface generates holes in the valence band of MoS2 that can weaken its interlayer interaction. As a synergistic effect, the plasmonic hot electrons produce oxidizing H2O2 to dissolve MoS2 from the top layers. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the plasmonic coupling at metal-TMD interfaces and a reliable route toward fabricating well-defined TMDs.

Mixed crystal strategy is an effective approach of improving the luminescence properties of optical materials and has been adopted widely in many systems. In this paper, the La-mixed Gd2Si2O7:Ce polycrystalline samples were successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method. The crystal structure and luminescence properties were confirmed and discussed by XRD, UV-Vis luminescence spectra, and XEL, respectively. The vacuum ultraviolet excitation spectra and thermoluminescence glow curves were also systematically investigated and discussed at varied temperature. A combination of the first-principles calculations and optical characterization experiments was employed to study the electronic band structure of host material, revealing that the band gap is narrowed and the 5d1 level of Ce3+ shifts to higher energy as the La content increases. The luminescence thermo-stability and activation energy were also measured and calculated. It indicates that thermo-stability is strongly dependent on the La concentration. An effective approach is developed to tune the electronic band structure, luminescence properties and thermostability of (Gd1–xLax)2Si2O7:Ce scintillator by adjusting La/Gd ratio.

Cf/SiC composites and Si3N4 ceramics are candidate materials for applications in thermal protection system. This paper investigated the joining of Cf/SiC and Si3N4 using Y2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 glass. The reliability of joints was evaluated by thermal shock tests. In this present work, the typical joint structure was Cf/SiC-glass-Si3N4. The results demonstrate that Direct bonding has been identified as the interfacial bonding mechanism at the SiC/glass and glass/Si3N4 interfaces. The maximum shear strength of the Cf/SiC–Si3N4 joint was ~34 MPa, which delivered an effective method to achieve strong, reliable bonding between the dissimilar materials. In addition, after thermal shock for 10 cycles, the residual strength remained ~13 MPa. Bubbles instead of microcracks formed in the glass filler, which was the main factor causing the degradation of the joint performance. It is suggested that improving the high temperature resistance of joining materials is the key to realize the application of this joint structure.

The tunneling characteristics at the cosmological and event horizons of Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter black hole with a global monopole are studied by using the modified Lorentz violation scalar field equation in curved space–time. Firstly, we get the modified Hamilton–Jacobi equation using the semi-classical approximation, then the Hawking radiation and thermodynamical properties of Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter black hole with a global monopole are computed based on the modified Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Our results show that Lorentz violation can lead to lower Hawking temperature and higher entropy of the black hole at the same time. This work improves the understanding of the physical nature of Lorentz violation in curved space–time.

Stainless steel 316SS and Hastelloy C276, as the representatives of iron-based and nickel-based alloy, respectively, were employed to explore the corrosion properties under reducing subcritical and supercritical water containing sulfide. Experiments were executed at a pressure of 25 MPa, temperatures of 350 °C–520 °C, and sulfur concentrations of 1000 and 5000 ppm for 80 h. An isothermal equilibrium phase diagram involving the oxidation/sulfidation products of Fe, Cr, and Ni, was established by theoretical calculation in supercritical water system at 520 °C, in order to predict the corresponding products under various conditions and assist the discussion on corrosion mechanism. The results show that whether in subcritical water or in supercritical water, 316SS always exhibited better corrosion resistance relative to C276. In subcritical water at 350 °C, a portion of corrosion film peeled off from 316SS specimen, while numerous pores or cracks appeared on the surface of scale for C276. Under supercritical water at 520 °C, a compact scale grown on 316SS sample surface was composed of Fe3O4, FeCr2O4, and FeS. For C276, a duplex-layer scale formed on alloy surface. However, due to the higher content of Ni in C276, Ni-sulfide channels through the inner layer were developed, accelerating the sulfidation corrosion of alloys. Overall, the high-temperature alloys with high Cr content and low Ni/Cr ratio can be considered as the candidate material of equipment in supercritical water gasification of sulfur-containing coal.

Solder paste is mainly used for welding of resistance, capacitance, integrated circuit (IC) and other electronic components in surface mounted technology (SMT) industry, and the performance of solder paste has a significant impact on the reliability of electronic components. In this paper, processing defects, failure cases and mechanism of electronic components caused by solder paste are analyzed systematically. Improper application of solder paste during welding can lead to numerous processing defects including poor wetting, tombstoning, bridging, solder joint crack, solder ball spattering, corrosion and so on. Finally, an evaluation method of material compatibility is described in this paper, which provides a reference for ensuring the quality of electronic process material and improving the reliability of SMT products.

A pair of enantiomerically pure planar chiral phenylacetylenes, R- and S-2′-ethynyl-1,10-dioxa[10]-paracyclophane, were prepared and polymerized under the catalysis of Rh(nbd)BPh4 and MoCl5, respectively. The resultant polymers had high cis-structure contents and took dominant cis–transoid helical conformations with an excess screw sense as revealed by 1H NMR, Raman, polarimetry, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and computational simulation, manifesting the effective guidance of the planar chirality of monomers to the growth of the polymer main chains. The rigid ansa-structure of monomer unit made the helical structure of polymer backbone stable toward grinding and thermal treatments. The stereoselective interactions between these chiral polymers and the enantiomers of racemic ethynyl-1,10-dioxa[10]-paracyclophane and cobalt(III) acetylacetonate were observed. This work demonstrated the first planar-to-axial chirality transfer in the polymerization of acetylenes and offered a new strategy to prepare chira...

As a continuation to our research, a series of novel Bcr-Abl inhibitors incorporated with 6-phenyl-1H-indazol-3-amine as hinge binding moiety (HBM) were developed based on confirmation analysis. Biological results indicated that these compounds exhibited an enhanced inhibition against Bcr-AblWT and Bcr-AblT315I in kinases assays, along with improved anti-proliferative activities in K562 cell assays. In particular, compound Y9 displayed comparable potency with that of imatinib. It potently inhibited Bcr-AblWT and Bcr-AblT315I kinases with IC50 of 0.043 μM and 0.17 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound Y9 inhibited the proliferation of K562 and K562R cells with IC50 of 1.65 μM and 5.42 μM, respectively. Therefore, 6-phenyl-1H-indazol-3amine as HBM, combined with flexible linker, is a successful strategy contribute to research on T315I mutant resistance, and compound Y9 could be served as a starting point for further optimization.

The use of remote sensing data, whether for change detection, spatial and temporal analysis, or numerical simulation of water bodies, requires a complete data set. Here, high temporal and spatial r...

BCC-CSM2-HR is a high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System Model (T266 in the atmosphere and 1/4∘ latitude × 1/4∘ longitude in the ocean). Its development is on the basis of the medium-resolution version BCC-CSM2-MR (T106 in the atmosphere and 1∘ latitude × 1∘ longitude in the ocean) which is the baseline for BCC participation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This study documents the high-resolution model, highlights major improvements in the representation of atmospheric dynamical core and physical processes. BCC-CSM2-HR is evaluated for historical climate simulations from 1950 to 2014, performed under CMIP6-prescribed historical forcing, in comparison with its previous medium-resolution version BCC-CSM2-MR. Observed global warming trends of surface air temperature from 1950 to 2014 are well captured by both BCC-CSM2-MR and BCC-CSM2-HR. Present-day basic atmospheric mean states during the period from 1995 to 2014 are then evaluated at global scale, followed by an assessment on climate variabilities in the tropics including the tropical cyclones (TCs), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the stratosphere. It is shown that BCC-CSM2-HR represents the global energy balance well and can realistically reproduce the main patterns of atmospheric temperature and wind, precipitation, land surface air temperature, and sea surface temperature (SST). It also improves the spatial patterns of sea ice and associated seasonal variations in both hemispheres. The bias of the double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), obvious in BCC-CSM2-MR, almost disappears in BCC-CSM2-HR. TC activity in the tropics is increased with resolution enhanced. The cycle of ENSO, the eastward propagative feature and convection intensity of MJO, and the downward propagation of QBO in BCC-CSM2-HR are all in a better agreement with observations than their counterparts in BCC-CSM2-MR. Some imperfections are, however, noted in BCC-CSM2-HR, such as the excessive cloudiness in the eastern basin of the tropical Pacific with cold SST biases and the insufficient number of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic.

Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at room temperature (RT) and 250 °C, respectively, to investigate the effect of short-range ordering (SRO) on the mechanical properties and deformation micromechanism of fine-grained (FG) Cu–Mn alloys with high stacking fault energy. The results show that at RT, with the increase in SRO degree, the strength of FG Cu–Mn alloys is improved without a loss of ductility, and corresponding deformation micromechanism is mainly manifested by a decrease in the size of dislocation cells. In contrast, at a high temperature of 250 °C, the SRO degree becomes violently enhanced with increasing Mn content, and the deformation microstructures thus transform from dislocation cells to planar slip bands and even to deformation twins, significantly enhancing the work hardening capacity of the alloys and thus achieving a better strength-ductility synergy of FG Cu–Mn alloys.

Studies of active matter, from molecular assemblies to animal groups, have revealed two broad classes of behaviour: a tendency to align yields orientational order and collective motion, whereas particle repulsion leads to self-trapping and motility-induced phase separation. Here we report a third class of behaviour: orientational interactions that produce active phase separation. Combining theory and experiments on self-propelled Janus colloids, we show that stronger repulsion on the rear than on the front of these particles produces non-reciprocal torques that reorient particle motion towards high-density regions. Particles thus self-propel towards crowded areas, which leads to phase separation. Clusters remain fluid and exhibit fast particle turnover, in contrast to the jammed clusters that typically arise from self-trapping, and interfaces are sufficiently wide that they span entire clusters. Overall, our work identifies a torque-based mechanism for phase separation in active fluids, and our theory predicts that these orientational interactions yield coexisting phases that lack internal orientational order. Self-propelled particles are shown to orient themselves towards areas of high density, phase separating into fluid-like clusters. This behaviour is unique to active systems, forming a distinct class of motility-induced phase separation.

The selection of calibration materials and methods is of great significance, since accurate localization of intragastric lesions is crucial for diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up of gastric cancer. In this study, a novel suturing calibration method was adopted using polyimide (PI) fibers with outstanding comprehensive properties as the calibration material. The acid resistance in vitro of PI fibers and biocompatibility to MGC-803 human gastric cancer cells were investigated. In the simulated gastric acid erosion environment, the color of PI fibers remained to be bright yellow and the tensile strength maintained at 1.09 GPa without degradation of chemical structure. Moreover, PI fibers possessed high crystallinity, smooth surface as well as high-oriented fractured morphologies, and exhibited excellent structural and property resistance to simulated gastric acid, which was responsible for the biocompatibility. PI fibers showed no influence on the viability, morphology or lactate dehydrogenase level of gastric cells through direct and indirect extract contact. Therefore, PI fibers showed good stability in simulated gastric acid and were not cytotoxic to human gastric cells, suggesting their utility as markers of intragastric lesions.

The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons—cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3–6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators. Observations of γ-rays with energies up to 1.4 PeV find that 12 sources in the Galaxy are PeVatrons, one of which is the Crab Nebula.

The development of environmental benign catalysts is the focus on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. In this study, a series of SnO2-modified MoO3 nanobelts were fabricated by simple impregnation method and applied in the SCR reaction of NO with NH3. On these samples, the SnO2 component disperses evenly on the surface of MoO3 nanobelts, and some synergistic effect exists between the SnO2 component and the MoO3 support. When the content of the loaded SnO2 was 10 wt%, the obtained 10SnO2/MoO3 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance in the SCR reaction. Notably, the SnO2/MoO3 catalysts possess great resistance for SO2 and H2O in the reaction as well. The modification of SnO2 could significantly promote the redox property, increase the surface acid sites and the surface chemisorbed oxygen species of the catalysts, which were key factor for the good NH3-SCR catalytic performance of the SnO2/MoO3 catalysts. The SnO2-modifation could improve the acid sites and redox property of the MoO3, thus enhancing its catalytic performance in the NH3-SCR reaction of NO.

Two-dimensional (2D) organic materials hold great promise for use in a multitude of contemporary applications due to their outstanding chemical and physical properties. Herein, 2D sheets of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are prepared from a commercially available PEDOT:PSS suspension using ice as a template. The 2D PEDOT:PSS sheets grow in the boundaries of ice crystals as the polymers are "squeezed" out of the suspension when the water solidifies. The mechanical robustness of the sheets can be enhanced by incorporating WO3 nanowires, and the PSS component can be conveniently removed with a concentrated solution of H2SO4 to afford stable suspensions of PEDOT or WO3@PEDOT sheets, either of which can be converted into flexible films with tunable thicknesses via filtration. Swagelok- or pouch-type supercapacitor devices prepared from the WO3@PEDOT films exhibit outstanding energy-storage characteristics, including high rate capability, thickness-independent energy storage (e.g., 701 mF cm-2 is achieved with a 1-mm-thick film), high resistance toward mechanical deformation, and good cycling stability. Additionally, a high energy density of 0.083 mWh cm-2 is measured for a device prepared using a 1-mm-thick film at a high power density of 10 mW cm-2. The methodology described establishes an efficient and readily scalable approach for accessing 2D organic sheets.