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Raponzolo is a paleo-phreatic cave explored in 2011 in the Brenta Dolomites (Trentino, Italy), at the remarkable altitude of 2,560 m a.s.l. Differently to all other caves of the area, it hosts well-cemented fine to medium sands of granitic-metamorphic composition. The composition suggests a sediment source from the Adamello and Tonale Unit, separated from the Brenta by one of the most important tectonic lineaments of the Alps (Giudicarie Line). The fine-sand sediment was sampled to determine burial time and thus a minimum age of the cave. Cosmogenic isotopes (26Al and 10Be) in quartz grains allowed to estimate a minimum burial age of 5.25 Ma based on the mean sediment transport time at the surface and infer original altitude of the catchment area. Detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) and U-Pb dating on zircons provide information on the source, both from a regional and altitude (exhumation) perspective. Two populations of detrital AFT ages center at 17 (−2.3 + 2.6) Ma and 23 (−3.3 + 3.9) Ma, whereas the main detrital zircon U-Pb age populations are younger than 40 Ma. These correspond to intrusive and metamorphic sources nowadays outcropping exclusively above 2,200–2,300 m a.s.l. in Northern Adamello and Tonale. The results point to a late Miocene erosion and infilling of the cave by allochtonous sediments, with important implications on the timing of cave speleogenesis, as well as the paleogeographical connection, tectonic evolution and uplift of different structural units of the Alps. The roundness and the well sorted size of the quartz grains suggest a fluvial or aeolian origin, possibly recycled by glacial activity related to cold events reported in high latitude areas of the world at 5.75 and 5.51 Ma. These glacial phases have never been documented before in the Alps. This information confirms that the valleys dividing these geological units were not yet deeply entrenched during the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.6–5.5 Ma), allowing an efficient transport of sediments across major tectonic lineaments of the Alps. This study shows the potential of cave sediments to provide information not only on the age of speleogenesis but also on the paleogeography of a wide area of the Alps during the late Miocene., Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, ISSN:2296-6463

Accurate and precise chronologies are essential in understanding the rapid and recurrent climate variations of the Last Glacial – known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events – found in the Greenland ice cores and other climate archives. The existing chronological uncertainties during the Last Glacial, however, are still large. Radiometric age data and stable isotopic signals from speleothems are promising to improve the absolute chronology. We present a record of several precisely dated stalagmites from caves located at the northern rim of the Alps (NALPS), a region that favours comparison with the climate in Greenland. The record covers most of the interval from 120 to 60 ka at an average temporal resolution of 2 to 22 yr and 2σ-age uncertainties of ca. 200 to 500 yr. The rapid and large oxygen isotope shifts of 1 to 4.5‰ occurred within decades to centuries and strongly mimic the Greenland D-O pattern. Compared to the updated Greenland ice-core timescale (GICC05modelext) the NALPS record confirms the timing of rapid warming and cooling transitions between 118 and 106 ka, but suggests younger ages for D-O events between 106 and 60 ka. As an exception, the timing of the rapid transitions into and out of the stadial following GI 22 is earlier in NALPS than in the Greenland ice-core timescale. In addition, there is a discrepancy in the duration of this stadial between the ice-core and the stalagmite chronology (ca. 2900 vs. 3650 yr). The short-lived D-O events 18 and 18.1 are not recorded in NALPS, provoking questions with regard to the nature and the regional expression of these events. NALPS resolves recurrent short-lived climate changes within the cold Greenland stadial and warm interstadial successions, i.e. abrupt warming events preceding GI 21 and 23 (precursor-type events) and at the end of GI 21 and 25 (rebound-type events), as well as intermittent cooling events during GI 22 and 24. Such superimposed events have not yet been documented outside Greenland.

Kozmični žarki povzročajo nastanek kozmogenih nuklidov na površini zemlje in tik pod njo. Za datiranje jamskih sedimentov sta posebej pomembna 10Be in 26Al, ki nastajata v kremenu. Ko je kamen na površini in izpostavljen kozmičnemu sevanju, nastajata v stalnem razmerju. Ko ga zanese v podzemlje, se tvorba kozmogenih nuklidov ustavi, nadaljuje pa se njihov radioaktivni razpad. Ker 26 Al razpada hitreje, lahko iz razmerja med njima izračunamo čas, ki je potekel odkar je kremen pod zemljo. Metodo lahko uporabimo na sedimentih, ki so pokopani oziroma v jami med 0.1 in 5 milijoni let. Na ta način lahko v idealnih primerih izračunamo hitrost vrezovanja dolin. Z opisano metodo smo določili starost najstarejših delov sistema Siebenhengste v Švici. Najstarejši sediment je star 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma in nakazuje, da je na tem območju potekalo zakrasevanje že v pliocenu. Cosmic rays produce nuclides at and near the Earthʼs surface. 10Be and 26Al in quartz are of particular interest for dating cave sediments. These two nuclides are produced at the surface at a fixed ratio. If the quartz is carried from the surface into a cave, the sediment is shielded from additional cosmogenic nuclide production, and the inherited 10Be and 26Al decay radioactively. Because 26Al decays more rapidly than 10Be, the ratio of these two nuclides indicates the time since the sediment was washed underground. The burial dating method can be applied to sediments in the age range of approximately 0.1 to 5 Ma. In ideal cases, we get information about valley lowering rates. If the provenance of the sediment is known, averaged erosion rates of the source area can be estimated. The oldest cave phases of the Siebenhengste system, Switzerland, were dated using cosmogenic nuclides. The oldest sediment is 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma and thus indicates Pliocene karstification of the Siebenhengste.

Jama Kaltbach je razvita v Hochgantskem eocenskem peščenjaku na območju Siebenghengste v Švici. Rezultat ponovne izmere jame je precej večja dolžina, nov načrt jame in številna opažanja, ki kažejo na to, da jama ni nastala z »normalno speleogenezo«, ampak je t.i. fantomska jama. Fantomske jame nastajajo pri delnem preperevanju nečistega apnenca v toplih klimah, v pogojih nizkega hidravličnega gradienta. Ob povečanju gradienta, voda izpere netopni preostanek, pri čemer nastane jama. Članek obravnava geomorfološke značilnosti jam, ki nam omogočajo prepoznavati fantomske jame. Kaltbach cave is developed within the Eocene Hohgant sandstone in the Siebenhengste area in Switzerland. A remapping project of the cave resulted in a huge increase in length. It also produced a complete, updated map and longitudinal section. The cave’s morphology does not fitwiththe“normal”speleogenesis:itisaso-calledphantom cave. Phantoms are created by differential weathering of impure limestone under a preferably warm climate and a very low hydrologic gradient. Once the gradient steepens, the undissolved residual sediments are piped out; the “cave” manifests itself. The paper discusses the geomorphological features that permit to recognize the phantom caves.

Le mont Granier, situé à l'extrémité nord des hauts plateaux de Chartreuse orientale, est un massif karstique montagnard perché contenant un méga-réseau souterrain dont les niveaux de galeries les plus haut-perchés, soupçonnés d'être antéquaternaires, ont fait l'objet de datation par défaut par détermination de l'âge d'enfouissement de leurs remplissages détritiques à l'aide des isotopes cosmogéniques 10Be et 26Al. Les résultats obtenus sur deux échantillons d'un même étage mais spatialement distants donnent des âges d'enfouissement pliocènes (4,3 Ma et 3,4 Ma) conformes aux hypothèses génétiques préalables. L'âge de ces niveaux de galeries établis post-plissement est donc assurément néogène. Les taux de dénudation estimés sont étonnamment faibles dans ce contexte alpin mais montrent une accélération sensible au cours de la période considérée, passant de 7 m/Ma à 14 m/Ma. Par ces résultats, le mont Granier conforte son statut de site de référence et de comparaison pour les reconstitutions spéléokarstogéniques et paléogéographiques alpines, au même titre que le massif des Siebenhengste en Suisse.; International audience; Mount Granier lies in the northeast corner of the Chartreuse Mountains. It contains a vast cave system, whose uppermost levels were thought to be of pre-Quaternary age. 10Be/26Al burial dating of two cave deposits in the oldest passages, widely spaced but belonging to a same gallery level which formed after the last folding phase, gave ages of 4.3 Ma and 3.4 Ma, indicating that these levels are of at least Pliocene age. In addition, the rates of denudation estimated according to the analytical data are unusually low in this alpine context but show an acceleration during the pre-Quaternary period of interest, ranging from 7 m/Ma to 14 m/Ma. Data from karst deposits serve as reference and comparison site for Alpine chronology as well as for cave genesis and palaeogeographical reconstructions, similar to that of the Siebenhengste massif in Switzerland.

Progress in the understanding of cave genesis processes, as well as the intensive research carried out in the Alps during the last decades, permit to summarize the latest knowledge about Alpine caves. The phreatic parts of cave systems develop close to the karst water table, which depends on the spring position, which in turn is generally related to the valley bottom. Thus, caves are directly linked with the geomorphic evolution of the surface and reflect valley deepening. The sediments deposited in the caves help to reconstruct the morphologic succession and the paleoclimatic evolution. Moreover, they are the only means to date the caves and thus the landscape evolution. Caves appear as soon as there is an emersion of limestone from the sea and a water table gradient. Mesozoic and early tertiary paleokarsts within the alpine range prove of these ancient emersions. Hydrothermal karst seems to be more widespread than previously presumed. This is mostly due to the fact that usually, hydrothermal caves are later reused (and reshaped) by meteoric waters. Rock-ghost weathering is described as a new cave genesis agent. On the contrary, glaciers hinder cave genesis processes and fill caves. They mainly influence cave genesis indirectly by valley deepening and abrasion of the caprock. All present datings suggest that many alpine caves (excluding paleokarst) are of Pliocene or even Miocene age. Progress in dating methods (mainly the recent evolution with cosmogenic nuclides) should permit, in the near future, to date not only Pleistocene, but also Pliocene cave sediments absolutely.

International audience; Nouvelles considerations sur la genèse des cavités dans les Alpes depuis le Miocène. Les progrès dans la compréhension des processus spéléogénétiques ainsi que les recherches intensives conduites dans les Alpes depuis quelques décennies donnent de nouvelles clefs à la compréhension des cavités alpines. Les parties noyées des réseaux karstiques se développent à proximité de la surface piézométrique, qui est déterminée par la position de l'émergence, elle-même généralement dépendante de la position du talweg. Par conséquent, les cavités sont directement en liaison avec l'évolution géomorphologique superficielle et enregistrent l'approfondissement des vallées. Les sédiments piégés dans les cavités permettent de reconstituer les phases morphogéniques et l'évolution paléoclimatique. De plus, ce sont les seules possibilités de dater les grottes et en conséquence l'évolution des paysages. Les grottes se forment dès lors que les calcaires émergent et qu'un gradient hydraulique est présent. Les paléokarsts du Mésozoïque et du Paléogène attestent de ces émersions précoces. Le karst hydrothermal semble beaucoup plus fréquent qu'envisagé auparavant, car les circulations postérieures ont souvent gommé les indices hydrothermaux originels. La fantômisation est décrite comme un nouvel agent spéléogénétique. En revanche, les glaciers ont plutôt ralenti les processus spéléogénétiques et colmaté les cavités. Leur influence n'est qu'indirecte, par l'approfondissement des vallées et le décapage des couvertures imperméables. L'ensemble des données chronologiques et morphologiques montrent que la plupart des cavités alpines ( à l'exception des paléokarsts) sont d'âge pliocène ou même miocène. Les progrès des méthodes de datation (particulièrement l'essor récent des nucléides cosmogéniques) devrait permettre de dater les sédiments karstiques, non seulement pléistocènes mais également pliocènes.

Predstavljen je seznam jamskih simbolov, ki jih Mednarodna speleoloska zveza priporoca pri risanju nacrtov podzemnih jam. Seznam simbolov so leta 1999 izvolili delegati iz dvanajstih držav. Kjer je potrebno, je poleg simbola se krajsa razlaga. V prispevku je na kratko predstavljena tudi podkomisija za topografijo pri Mednarodni speleoloski zvezi. A set of cave symbols used for underground mapping has been voted by national delegates of 12 countries in 1999. This symbol set is shown and, when necessary, explained. The UIS subcommission on topography is briefly presented and its aims outlined .