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15 results on '"Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA)"'

1. Characterization of internal ribosome entry sites according to secondary structure analysis to classify Border Disease virus strains

Author

Pasquale Turno, Rebecca Strong, Falko Steinbach, Nicola Decaro, Massimo Giangaspero, Lorenzo Domenis, Claudio Apicella, Canio Buonavoglia, Xavier Bailly, Pietro Gargano, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universita degli studi di Teramo - University of Teramo [Italie] (UNITE), Mammalian Virology Group, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA)-Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali, Selvatici ( (CeRMAS)), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta-Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Directorate General of Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, and Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) ED1000 1100

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Untranslated region, Internal ribosome entry site, 030106 microbiology, Genome, Viral, Internal Ribosome Entry Sites, Biology, Border disease virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Secondary structure, Virology, Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Protein secondary structure, Phylogeny, Sequence (medicine), Genetics, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Palindrome, Diagnostic test, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Nucleic Acid Conformation, RNA, Viral, 5' Untranslated Regions
Abstract

Applying palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) method, variable loci of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) secondary structure in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of Border disease virus sequences were analysed allowing their allocation into ten IRES classes within the species. Sequence characteristics of Turkish and Chinese strains were highly divergent from other genogroups, indicating geographic segregation and micro-evolutive steps within the species. Observed heterogeneity in the BDV species has to be considered for potential implications on diagnostic tests, control and preventive measures.

Published
2019
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2. Comparison of Phenotypical Antimicrobial Resistance between Clinical and Non-Clinical E. coli Isolates from Broilers, Turkeys and Calves in Four European Countries

Author

Agnès Perrin-Guyomard, Octavio Mesa-Varona, Martina Velasova, Bernd-Alois Tenhagen, Mirjam Grobbel, Muna F. Anjum, Heike Kaspar, Sophie A. Granier, Madelaine Norström, Eric Jouy, R. Mader, Jean-Yves Madec, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Laboratoire de Fougères - ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Norwegian Veterinary Institute [Oslo], Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], This work was carried out within the framework of the ARDIG project, the European Joint Programme (EJP) on AMU and AMR in humans, food and animals. ARDIG project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No 773830., European Project: 773830, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes (AVB), Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and European Project: 773830, H2020-SFS-2017-1 ,One Health EJP(2018)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, dinde, antibiotic resistance, Nalidixic acid, résistance aux antibiotiques, veterinary drug, E. coli, Ampicillin, AMR, animal, bacteria, lcsh:QH301-705.5, agriculture, bactérie, veau, Antimicrobial, 3. Good health, Europe, phénotype, Gentamicin, Livestock, medicine.drug, Microbiology (medical), médicament vétérinaire, Tetracycline, clinical isolates, 030106 microbiology, poulet, Biology, broiler, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, résistance aux antimicrobiens, Virology, phentoype, medicine, Escherichia coli, turkey, antimicrobial resistance, microbiologie, calf, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, business.industry, microbiology, Broiler, élevage, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, livestock, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), non-clinical isolates, business
Abstract

International audience; Livestock data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are commonly collected from bacterial populations of clinical and non-clinical isolates. In contrast to data on non-clinical isolates from livestock, data on clinical isolates are not harmonized in Europe. The Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) method was applied to overcome the lack of harmonization of laboratory methods and interpretation rules between monitoring systems. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between the isolate type (clinical vs. non-clinical) and resistance to four antimicrobials (ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid) per animal category in Germany and France. Additional statistical analyses comparing clinical and non-clinical isolates were performed with the available data on the same antimicrobial panel and animal categories from the UK and Norway. Higher resistance prevalence was found in clinical isolates compared to non-clinical isolates from calves to all antimicrobials included in Germany and France. It was also found for gentamicin in broilers from France. In contrast, in broilers and turkeys from Germany and France and in broilers from the UK, a higher resistance level to ampicillin and tetracycline in non-clinical isolates was encountered. This was also found in resistance to gentamicin in isolates from turkeys in Germany. Resistance differed within countries and across years, which was partially in line with differences in antimicrobial use patterns. Differences in AMR between clinical and non-clinical isolates of Escherichia coli are associated with animal category (broiler, calf, and turkey) and specific antimicrobials. The NRI method allowed comparing results of non-harmonized AMR systems and might be useful until international harmonization is achieved.

Published
2021
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3. Characterization of goat prions demonstrates geographical variation of scrapie strains in Europe and reveals the composite nature of prion strains

Author

Lucien van Keulen, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo, John Spiropoulos, Claudia D'Agostino, Christine Fast, Pier Luigi Acutis, Penelope Papasavva-Stylianou, Alex Bossers, Romolo Nonno, Frédéric Lantier, Olivier Andreoletti, Gabriele Vaccari, Isabelle Lantier, Jorge G Jacobs, Juan María Torres, Jan P. M. Langeveld, Martin H. Groschup, Umberto Agrimi, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Cristina Acín, Barbara Chiappini, Theodoros Sklaviadis, Michele Angelo Di Bari, Laura Pirisinu, Alba Marín-Moreno, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, This work was funded by the European Union (FOOD-CT-2006-36353 to AB, JPML, OA, JMT, CA, MHG, PLA, UA, TS, and ERA-NET EMIDA GOAT-TSE-FREE to JPML, LVK, PLA, OA, JCE, CA, CF), the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture (project WOT-01-002-001.01 to JPML), the Spanish Ministerio de ciencia innovacion y universidades (AGL201678054-R [AEI/FEDER, UE] and AGL2012-37988-C04-04 to JMT), the Italian Ministry of Health (RF-20091474624 to RN). AMM was supported by a fellowship from the INIA (FPI-SGIT-2015-02). PAC was supported by a fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (BES-2010-040922)., European Project: 36353,GOATBSE, Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Université de Tours-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Prion diseases, Prions, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], animal diseases, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, lcsh:Medicine, Prion strain, Scrapie, Biology, Prion Proteins, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal model, Biological property, medicine, Animals, Life Science, Neurodegeneration, lcsh:Science, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Genetics, Goat Diseases, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Multidisciplinary, Goats, Strain (biology), lcsh:R, Bacteriologie, Bacteriology, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Limiting, medicine.disease, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, nervous system diseases, Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform, Europe, Experimental models of disease, 030104 developmental biology, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Infectious diseases, Cattle, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion which has been recognized as a zoonotic agent so far. The identification of BSE in two goats raised the need to reliably identify BSE in small ruminants. However, our understanding of scrapie strain diversity in small ruminants remains ill-defined, thus limiting the accuracy of BSE surveillance and spreading fear that BSE might lurk unrecognized in goats. We investigated prion strain diversity in a large panel of European goats by a novel experimental approach that, instead of assessing the neuropathological profile after serial transmissions in a single animal model, was based on the direct interaction of prion isolates with several recipient rodent models expressing small ruminants or heterologous prion proteins. The findings show that the biological properties of scrapie isolates display different patterns of geographical distribution in Europe and suggest that goat BSE could be reliably discriminated from a wide range of biologically and geographically diverse goat prion isolates. Finally, most field prion isolates showed composite strain features, with discrete strain components or sub-strains being present in different proportions in individual goats or tissues. This has important implications for understanding the nature and evolution of scrapie strains and their transmissibility to other species, including humans.

Published
2020
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4. Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent Mycobacterium bovis When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery

Author

Gareth A. Williams, Joanna Bacon, Claire McKenna, Colin P.D. Birch, Sarah E. Beatham, Dipesh Davé, Roland Ashford, Jason Sawyer, Stephen Powell, Jordan Pascoe, Sandrine Lesellier, Deanna Dalley, Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn, S. Palmer, John Spiropoulos, Ute Weyer, A. Núñez, Sonya Gowtage, Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón, Mark A. Chambers, Julia Coats, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Animal and Plant Health Agency [York], Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), and University of Surrey (UNIS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Tuberculosis, Badger, animal diseases, Pharmaceutical Science, lcsh:RS1-441, Context (language use), Meles, Article, lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, biology.animal, Oral vaccine, Medicine, BCG, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mycobacterium bovis, Bait, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, biology, business.industry, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 3. Good health, Vaccination, 030104 developmental biology, Fermentation, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, business, BCG vaccine, Badgers
Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers (Meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB. The delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. There are practical limitations over the volume and concentration of Bacillus of Calmette and Gu&eacute, rin (BCG) that can be prepared for inclusion in bait. The production of BCG in a bioreactor may overcome these issues. We evaluated the efficacy of oral, bioreactor-grown BCG against experimental TB in badgers. We demonstrated repeatable protection through the direct administration of at least 2.0 &times, 108 colony forming units of BCG to the oral cavity, whereas vaccination via voluntary consumption of bait containing the same preparation of BCG did not result in demonstrable protection at the group-level, although a minority of badgers consuming bait showed immunological responses and protection after challenge equivalent to badgers receiving oral vaccine by direct administration. The need to deliver oral BCG in the context of a palatable and environmentally robust bait appears to introduce such variation in BCG delivery to sites of immune induction in the badger as to render experimental studies variable and inconsistent.

Published
2020
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5. Four types of scrapie in goats differentiated from each other and bovine spongiform encephalopathy by biochemical methods

Author

Cristina Acín, John Spiropoulos, Laura Pirisinu, J. G. Jacobs, Christine Fast, Jan P. M. Langeveld, Romolo Nonno, Frédéric Lantier, Olivier Andreoletti, Loukia V. Ekateriniadou, Umberto Agrimi, Elena Esposito, Stéphanie Simon, Maria Mazza, Alex Bossers, Martin H. Groschup, Isabelle Lantier, Theodoros Sklaviadis, Wilfred Goldmann, Pier Luigi Acutis, Penelope Papasavva-Stylianou, Lucien van Keulen, Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, IZSPLVA, Italian Reference Centre for Animal TSE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), University of Edinburgh, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Roslin BioCtr, Roslin EH25 9PS, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture Rural Development and Environment, Partenaires INRAE, This work was supported by the European Commission: NeuroPrion [EC FOOD‑CT‑2004‑506579], GoatBSE [EC FOOD‑CT‑2006‑36353], GOAT‑TSE‑FREE [ERA‑NET EMIDA] and by National fundings: Netherlands—Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality [WOT 01‑002‑001.01], Italy—Italian Ministry of Health [RF‑2009‑1474624], Spain—Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [AGL2012‑40071], United Kingdom—Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [SE2018] [SE1961], Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/J004332/1], Greece—Greek Ministry of Education, and France—Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique TRANSPRION [EFA282/13], REDPRION [EFA148/16], European Project, European Project: 26570,NEUROPRION, European Project: 39519,GOATBSE, European Project: 36353,GOATBSE, European Project: 219235,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2007-RTD,EMIDA(2008), Langeveld, Jan P M, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 040301 veterinary sciences, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], animal diseases, Blotting, Western, Scrapie, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, polymorphisme, Biology, 0403 veterinary science, prion, 03 medical and health sciences, Protease resistant, medicine, Life Science, biochimie des protéines, Animals, Typing, Prion protein, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, Goat Diseases, General Veterinary, tremblante, Goats, Bacteriologie, Bacteriology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Classical scrapie, medicine.disease, Virology, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine, nervous system diseases, Europe, 030104 developmental biology, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, lcsh:SF600-1100, Infectious agent, Research Article
Abstract

Scrapie in goats has been known since 1942, the archetype of prion diseases in which only prion protein (PrP) in misfolded state (PrPSc) acts as infectious agent with fatal consequence. Emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) with its zoonotic behaviour and detection in goats enhanced fears that its source was located in small ruminants. However, in goats knowledge on prion strain typing is limited. A European-wide study is presented concerning the biochemical phenotypes of the protease resistant fraction of PrPSc (PrPres) in over thirty brain isolates from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affected goats collected in seven countries. Three different scrapie forms were found: classical scrapie (CS), Nor98/atypical scrapie and one case of CH1641 scrapie. In addition, CS was found in two variants—CS-1 and CS-2 (mainly Italy)—which differed in proteolytic resistance of the PrPresN-terminus. Suitable PrPres markers for discriminating CH1641 from BSE (C-type) appeared to be glycoprofile pattern, presence of two triplets instead of one, and structural (in)stability of its core amino acid region. None of the samples exhibited BSE like features. BSE and these four scrapie types, of which CS-2 is new, can be recognized in goats with combinations of a set of nine biochemical parameters.

Published
2019
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6. Wild Rats, Laboratory Rats, Pet Rats: Global Seoul Hantavirus Disease Revisited

Author

Jan Clement, Ho-Wang Lee, Marc Van Ranst, Graham Lloyd, Lorraine M. McElhinney, Jean-Marc Reynes, James W. LeDuc, Centre national de Référence (CNR) des Hantavirus [UZ Leuven, Belgium], University Hospitals Leuven [Leuven], University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Centre National de Référence Hantavirus / National Reference Center Hantavirus (CNR ), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), WHO Collaborating Centre for Hemorrhagic Fever with renal Syndrome [Seoul, South Korea], National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea [Seoul] (NAS), Megan Golding and Lorraine McElhinney are supported by funding from Defra, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government, through grant SV3045 and the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 653316 (EVAg). James Le Duc is supported by NIH/NIAID award 5UC7AI094660-09., We are indebted to Dirk De Weerdt, UZA, Belgium, for the illustrations, and to Megan Golding, APHA, UK, for her skillful technical assistance in the preparation of this manuscript., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Brown rat, Rodent, lcsh:QR1-502, Physiology, Review, Disease, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, lcsh:Microbiology, hantavirus, Seoul virus (SEOV), 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Medicine, acute kidney injury (AKI), Geography, Medical, Microhematuria, Seoul virus, biology, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Pets, 3. Good health, Laboratory rat, Infectious Diseases, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, brown rat, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Animals, Wild, hantavirus disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Laboratory, Virology, biology.animal, Animals, Hantavirus, pet rat, business.industry, Public health, hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome (HCPS), biology.organism_classification, medicine.icd_9_cm_classification, Rats, wild rat, 030104 developmental biology, laboratory rat, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Human Pathology
Abstract

Recent reports from Europe and the USA described Seoul orthohantavirus infection in pet rats and their breeders/owners, suggesting the potential emergence of a "new" public health problem. Wild and laboratory rat-induced Seoul infections have, however, been described since the early eighties, due to the omnipresence of the rodent reservoir, the brown rat Rattus norvegicus. Recent studies showed no fundamental differences between the pathogenicity and phylogeny of pet rat-induced Seoul orthohantaviruses and their formerly described wild or laboratory rat counterparts. The paucity of diagnosed Seoul virus-induced disease in the West is in striking contrast to the thousands of cases recorded since the 1980s in the Far East, particularly in China. This review of four continents (Asia, Europe, America, and Africa) puts this "emerging infection" into a historical perspective, concluding there is an urgent need for greater medical awareness of Seoul virus-induced human pathology in many parts of the world Given the mostly milder and atypical clinical presentation, sometimes even with preserved normal kidney function, the importance of simple but repeated urine examination is stressed, since initial but transient proteinuria and microhematuria are rarely lacking. ispartof: VIRUSES-BASEL vol:11 issue:7 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Published
2019
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7. Updated unified phylogenetic classification system and revised nomenclature for Newcastle disease virus

Author

Peter A. Durr, Bénédicte Lambrecht, Mikael Berg, Muhammad Munir, Claude P. Muller, Siba K. Samal, Claudio L. Afonso, Emmanuel Albina, Dilmara Reischak, Mia Kim Torchetti, Hualei Liu, David L. Suarez, Chantal J. Snoeck, Nicola S Lewis, Mahmoud Sabra, Gabriela V. Goujgoulova, Diego G. Diel, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Kang-Seuk Choi, Joseph T. Hicks, Zhiliang Wang, Renata Servan de Almeida, Steven Van Borm, Isabella Monne, Frank Y. K. Wong, Patricia Gil, Celia Abolnik, Patti J. Miller, Sam McCullough, Christian Grund, Ilya Chvala, Alice Fusaro, Tony M. Joannis, Helena Lage Ferreira, Ian H. Brown, Haijin Liu, Justin Bahl, S. N. Kolosov, Ismaila Shittu, François-Xavier Briand, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Georgia [USA], Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Partenaires INRAE, Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Centre for Animal Health, South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity [Australia], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), National Diagnostic Science and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), National Veterinary Research Institute, United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Sciensano [Bruxelles], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of London, Northwest A&F University, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Lancaster University, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento [Brasil] (MAPA), Governo do Brasil, South Valley University, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS CRIS Project [6612-32000-072-00D], and BBSRCBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/R012695/1, BB/M008681/1]

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Future studies, International Cooperation, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Inference, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Avian parasnyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), Databases, Genetic, Nomenclature, Data Curation, Phylogeny, Likelihood Functions, Systèmes de classification, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogenetic tree, Microbiology and Parasitology, Classification, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, 3. Good health, Paramyxovirus aviaire, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, C30 - Documentation et information, RNA, Viral, Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Génotype, Genotype, Microbiology (medical), Consensus, 030106 microbiology, Bayesian probability, Newcastle disease virus, Guidelines as Topic, Computational biology, Biology, Microbiology, Newcastle disease, Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genetic diversity, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Virus maladie de newcastle, Bayes Theorem, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, PARAMYXOVIRUS, Phylogenetic nomenclature
Abstract

Several Avian paramyxoviruses 1 (synonymous with Newcastle disease virus or NDV, used hereafter) classification systems have been proposed for strain identification and differentiation. These systems pioneered classification efforts; however, they were based on different approaches and lacked objective criteria for the differentiation of isolates. These differences have created discrepancies among systems, rendering discussions and comparisons across studies difficult. Although a system that used objective classification criteria was proposed by Diel and co-workers in 2012, the ample worldwide circulation and constant evolution of NDV, and utilization of only some of the criteria, led to identical naming and/or incorrect assigning of new sub/genotypes. To address these issues, an international consortium of experts was convened to undertake in-depth analyses of NDV genetic diversity. This consortium generated curated, up-to-date, complete fusion gene class I and class II datasets of all known NDV for public use, performed comprehensive phylogenetic neighbor-Joining, maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and nucleotide distance analyses, and compared these inference methods. An updated NDV classification and nomenclature system that incorporates phylogenetic topology, genetic distances, branch support, and epidemiological independence was developed. This new consensus system maintains two NDV classes and existing genotypes, identifies three new class II genotypes, and reduces the number of sub-genotypes. In order to track the ancestry of viruses, a dichotomous naming system for designating sub-genotypes was introduced. In addition, a pilot dataset and sub-trees rooting guidelines for rapid preliminary genotype identification of new isolates are provided. Guidelines for sequence dataset curation and phylogenetic inference, and a detailed comparison between the updated and previous systems are included. To increase the speed of phylogenetic inference and ensure consistency between laboratories, detailed guidelines for the use of a supercomputer are also provided. The proposed unified classification system will facilitate future studies of NDV evolution and epidemiology, and comparison of results obtained across the world., Highlights • An international consortium phylogenetically studied the diversity of NDV. • Consensus objective NDV classification and nomenclature system was developed. • Optimal phylogenetic inference method with guidelines is recommended. • Curated, up-to-date, complete fusion gene datasets for public use were created. • Three new NDV genotypes were identified.

Published
2019
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8. Microevolution of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during Epidemic, United Kingdom, 2005–2010

Author

Alison E. Mather, Thomas R. Connor, Antonia A. Lettini, Liljana Petrovska, Mary C. Bagnall, Manal AbuOun, Julian Parkhill, John Wain, Priscilla Branchu, Robert A. Kingsley, Simon R. Harris, Gordon Dougan, Andrew J. Page, Robert Davies, Katie L. Hopkins, Anthony Underwood, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Institute for Food Research, Public Health England [London], and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Salmonella, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Prophages, séquençage du génome complet, lcsh:Medicine, heavy metal resistance, medicine.disease_cause, molecular epidemiology, analyse phylogénomique, Disease Outbreaks, Genomic island, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Genotype, MDR, bacteria, Phylogeny, Genetics, Microevolution, Microevolution of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during Epidemic, United Kingdom, 3. Good health, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Infectious Diseases, Italy, Epidemiological Monitoring, Salmonella Infections, Salmonella Typhimurium, monophasic, microévolution, Microbiology (medical), United Kingdom, antimicrobial resistance, microevolution, Genomic Islands, 030106 microbiology, Biology, Microbiology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Clonal Evolution, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, Bacterial Proteins, medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Prophage, Molecular epidemiology, Research, lcsh:R, Genetic Variation, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Clone Cells, 030104 developmental biology, Composite transposon, DNA Transposable Elements, Flagellin
Abstract

Microevolution resulted in considerable genotypic variation., Microevolution associated with emergence and expansion of new epidemic clones of bacterial pathogens holds the key to epidemiologic success. To determine microevolution associated with monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during an epidemic, we performed comparative whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis of isolates from the United Kingdom and Italy during 2005–2012. These isolates formed a single clade distinct from recent monophasic epidemic clones previously described from North America and Spain. The UK monophasic epidemic clones showed a novel genomic island encoding resistance to heavy metals and a composite transposon encoding antimicrobial drug resistance genes not present in other Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, which may have contributed to epidemiologic success. A remarkable amount of genotypic variation accumulated during clonal expansion that occurred during the epidemic, including multiple independent acquisitions of a novel prophage carrying the sopE gene and multiple deletion events affecting the phase II flagellin locus. This high level of microevolution may affect antigenicity, pathogenicity, and transmission.

Published
2016
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9. Shared Common Ancestry of Rodent Alphacoronaviruses Sampled Globally

Author

Theocharis Tsoleridis, Joseph G. Chappell, Okechukwu Onianwa, Denise A. Marston, Anthony R. Fooks, Elodie Monchatre-Leroy, Gérald Umhang, Marcel A. Müller, Jan F. Drexler, Christian Drosten, Rachael E. Tarlinton, Charles P. McClure, Edward C. Holmes, Jonathan K. Ball, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Schools of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, and The University of Sydney

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, coronavirus, alphacoronavirus, COVID-19, rodents, evolution, recombination, ancestry, Coronavirus, Genome, Alphacoronavirus, lcsh:Microbiology, Monophyly, Phylogeny, Recombination, Genetic, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Arvicolinae, virus diseases, respiratory system, Europe, Bank vole, Infectious Diseases, Phylogenetic Pattern, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Rabbits, Coronavirus Infections, Asia, Field vole, 030106 microbiology, Rodentia, Genome, Viral, Article, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Animals, Whole genome sequencing, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Rats, respiratory tract diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Murinae
Abstract

International audience; The recent discovery of novel alphacoronaviruses (alpha-CoVs) in European and Asian rodents revealed that rodent coronaviruses (CoVs) sampled worldwide formed a discrete phylogenetic group within this genus. To determine the evolutionary history of rodent CoVs in more detail, particularly the relative frequencies of virus-host co-divergence and cross-species transmission, we recovered longer fragments of CoV genomes from previously discovered European rodent alpha-CoVs using a combination of PCR and high-throughput sequencing. Accordingly, the full genome sequence was retrieved from the UK rat coronavirus, along with partial genome sequences from the UK field vole and Poland-resident bank vole CoVs, and a short conserved ORF1b fragment from the French rabbit CoV. Genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that despite their diverse geographic origins, all rodent alpha-CoVs formed a single monophyletic group and shared similar features, such as the same gene constellations, a recombinant beta-CoV spike gene, and similar core transcriptional regulatory sequences (TRS). These data suggest that all rodent alpha CoVs sampled so far originate from a single common ancestor, and that there has likely been a long-term association between alpha CoVs and rodents. Despite this likely antiquity, the phylogenetic pattern of the alpha-CoVs was also suggestive of relatively frequent host-jumping among the different rodent species.

Published
2019
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10. Prevalence of tick-borne viruses in Ixodes ricinus assessed by high-throughput real-time pcr

Author

Rene Bødker, Karin Ullman, Jan Chirico, Mathilde Gondard, Conny van Solt-Smits, Kirstine Klitgaard, Lorraine Michelet, Seta Jahfari, Fimme J. van der Wal, Patrick Fach, Sara Moutailler, Anthony R. Fooks, Sabine Delannoy, Anna Aspán, Athinna Nisavanh, Elodie Devillers, Aline de Koeijer, Bernd Hoffmann, Hein Sprong, Karen L. Mansfield, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Natl Vet Inst SVA, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health - Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), CoVetLab grant (ANSES), Animal Health Department grant from INRA, CoVetLab grant (SVA), CoVetLab grant (WBVR), CoVetLab grant (DTU), CoVetLab grant (APHA), ANIHWA Grant Arbonet, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Microfluidics, molecular epidemiology, law.invention, tick borne viruses, Tick borne, law, Prevalence, Screening method, Immunology and Allergy, Polymerase chain reaction, biology, Bacteriologie, General Medicine, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, 3. Good health, Europe, Infectious Diseases, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Viruses, surveillance, europe, Microbiology (medical), Ixodes ricinus, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Bio-informatics & Animal models, parasitic diseases, Animals, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Epidemiologie, Ixodes, General Immunology and Microbiology, Molecular epidemiology, Bacteriology, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, High-Throughput Screening Assays, 030104 developmental biology, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, WIAS, microfluidic analysis, Arthropod Vector
Abstract

International audience; Ticks are one of the principal arthropod vectors of human and animal infectious diseases. Whereas the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in Europe is well studied, there is less information available on the prevalence of the other tick-borne viruses (TBVs) existing worldwide. The aim of this study was to improve the epidemiological survey tools of TBVs by the development of an efficient high-throughput test to screen a wide range of viruses in ticks. In this study, we developed a new high-throughput virus-detection assay based on parallel real-time PCRs on a microfluidic system, and used it to perform a large scale epidemiological survey screening for the presence of 21 TBVs in 18 135 nymphs of Ixodes ricinus collected from five European countries. This extensive investigation has (i) evaluated the prevalence of four viruses present in the collected ticks, (ii) allowed the identification of viruses in regions where they were previously undetected. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the capabilities of this new screening method that allows the detection of numerous TBVs in a large number of ticks. This tool represents a powerful and rapid system for TBVs surveillance in Europe and could be easily customized to assess viral emergence.

Published
2018
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11. Experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates shows the attenuation of the human tubercle bacillus for cattle

Author

Kevin Rue-Albrecht, Pierre Sarradin, Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos, Martin Vordermeier, Ronan Shaughnessy, Florence Carreras, Francisco J. Salguero, Kerri M. Malone, Adam O. Whelan, Stephen V. Gordon, Abraham Aseffa, Stefan Berg, Gobena Ameni, Bhagwati Khatri, Sébastien Holbert, Nathalie Winter, Alicia Smyth, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT), University of Surrey (UNIS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University College Dublin (UCD), School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, EC H2020 program grant number 643381 (TBVAC2020), Trust grant number 075833/A/04/Z under their 'Animal health in the developing world' initiative, Science Foundation Ireland Investigator Award 08/IN.1/B2038, European Project: 228394,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2008-1,NADIR(2009), Gordon, Stephen V, University of California (UC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, bovin, infection expérimentale, lcsh:Medicine, Bacillus, souche pathogène atténuée, lcsh:Science, Human tubercle bacillus, 0303 health sciences, Mycobacterium bovis, Multidisciplinary, biology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Biomarker (medicine), Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Female, biomarqueur, Tuberculosis, 030106 microbiology, Article, Microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, Genetic variants, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, lcsh:Q, Cattle, RNA-seq, pathologie humaine, Tuberculosis, Bovine, Bacteria, Biomarkers
Abstract

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is the collective term given to the group of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) in mammals. It has been reported that M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a standard reference MTBC strain, is attenuated in cattle compared to Mycobacterium bovis. However, as M. tuberculosis H37Rv was isolated in the early 1930s, and genetic variants are known to exist, we sought to revisit this question of attenuation of M. tuberculosis for cattle by performing a bovine experimental infection with a recent M. tuberculosis isolate. Here we report infection of cattle using M. bovis AF2122/97, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and M. tuberculosis BTB1558, the latter isolated in 2008 during a TB surveillance project in Ethiopian cattle. We show that both M. tuberculosis strains caused reduced gross pathology and histopathology in cattle compared to M. bovis. Using M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis AF2122/97 as the extremes in terms of infection outcome, we used RNA-Seq analysis to explore differences in the peripheral response to infection as a route to identify biomarkers of progressive disease in contrast to a more quiescent, latent infection. Our work shows the attenuation of M. tuberculosis strains for cattle, and emphasizes the potential of the bovine model as a ‘One Health’ approach to inform human TB biomarker development and post-exposure vaccine development.

Published
2017
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12. Tick-pathogen interactions and vector competence: Identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases

Author

Anna Papa, Nataliia Rudenko, Ryan O. M. Rego, Santo Caracappa, Nicholas Johnson, Marie Vancová, Ana Domingos, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Christian Gortázar, Libor Grubhoffer, Maryna Golovchenko, Sarah Bonnet, Ard M. Nijhof, José de la Fuente, Katherine M. Kocan, Nieves Ayllón, Pilar Alberdi, Anthony R. Fooks, Sandra Antunes, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Karen L. Mansfield, Margarita Villar, Alessandra Torina, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Faculty of ScienceˇCeské Budeˇ jovice, Czechia, University of South Bohemia, Facultad de ciencias veterinarias [Sante Fe] (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Litoral [Santa Fe] (UNL), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey (UNIS), Institute of Infection and Global Health Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), National Center of Reference for Anaplasma, Babesia, Rickettsia and Theileria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) [BFU2016-79892-P], FCT [UID/Multi/04413/2013], University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain, European Project: 278976, Rego, Ryan O. M., Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), and Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Anaplasma, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Babesia, Review, Tick, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ticks, parasitic diseases, medicine, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Humans, Microbiome, Pathogen, Genetics, Tick-borne disease, biology, Transmission (medicine), Borrelia, Flavivirus, tick, flavivirus, immunology, vaccine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, Virology, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Tick-Borne Diseases, Vector (epidemiology), Host-Pathogen Interactions, Identification (biology), Arachnid Vectors, Vaccine
Abstract

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases., Part of the research included in this review was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) grant BFU2016-79892-P and the European Union (EU) Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) ANTIGONE project number 278976. SA and AD would like to acknowledge FCT for funds to GHTM - UID/Multi/04413/2013. MV was supported by the Research Plan of the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain.

Published
2017
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13. Classical scrapie transmission in ARR/ARR genotype sheep

Author

Hervé Cassard, Fabien Corbière, Alvina Huor, Séverine Lugan, Cécile Tillier, François Schelcher, Jean-Yves Douet, Naima Aron, Pierette Costes, Caroline Lacroux, Olivier Andreoletti, Hugh Simmons, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genotype, 040301 veterinary sciences, Prions, Sheep Diseases, Scrapie, Biology, law.invention, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, law, Virology, medicine, Limited capacity, Animals, Incubation, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Sheep, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Classical scrapie, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Transmission (mechanics), [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology
Abstract

International audience; The ARR allele is considered to provide a very strong resistance against classical scrapie infection in sheep. In this study, we report the occurrence of clinical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in ARR/ARR sheep, following their inoculation by the intracerebral route with a classical scrapie isolate. On first passage, the disease displayed an incomplete attack rate transmission, with incubation periods exceeding 6 years. On second passage, the obtained prion did not display better abilities to propagate than the original isolate. These transmission results contrasted with the 100 % attack rate and the short incubation periods observed in ARQ/ARQ sheep challenged with the same isolate. These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie. However, they also support the contention that classical scrapie has a very limited capacity to transmit and adapt to ARR/ARR sheep.

Published
2017
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14. Mixing of porpoise ecotypes in South Western UK waters revealed by genetic profiling

Author

Michael C. Fontaine, Rob Deaville, Paul Jepson, Nicolas Ray, Sylvain Piry, Nicholas J. Davison, Simon J. Goodman, Olivier Thatcher, Andrew Brownlow, Fontaine lab, Sch Biol, Fac Biol Sci, University of Leeds, Groningen Inst Evolutionary Life Sci GELIFES, University of Groningen, Inst. Zool., Zoological Society of London, Dept. Zool., University of Cambridge, EnviroSPACE Laboratory, Institute for Environmental Sciences [Geneva] (ISE), University of Geneva [Switzerland]-University of Geneva [Switzerland], Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SRUC Veterinary Service, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), EnviroSPACE Laboratory, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, SRUC, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Fontaine, Michael C., Goodman, Simon J., and Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE)-Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Climate change, Phocoena, Admixture, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Molecular ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, ecotype specialization, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, molecular ecology, dispersal, 030304 developmental biology, Isolation by distance, ddc:333.7-333.9, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecotype, Ecology, Biology (Whole Organism), continuous population, Pelagic zone, Dispersal, Continuous population, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, climate change, Ecotype specialization, Genetic structure, Microsatellite, Biological dispersal, admixture, lcsh:Q, Bay, Porpoise, Research Article
Abstract

Contact zones between ecotypes are windows for understanding how species may react to climate changes. Here, we analysed the fine-scale genetic and morphological variation in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around the UK by genotyping 591 stranded animals at nine microsatellite loci. The data were integrated with a prior study to map at high resolution the contact zone between two previously identified ecotypes meeting in the northern Bay of Biscay. Clustering and spatial analyses revealed that UK porpoises are derived from two genetic pools with porpoises from the southwestern UK being genetically differentiated, and having larger body sizes compared to those of other UK areas. Southwestern UK porpoises showed admixed ancestry between southern and northern ecotypes with a contact zone extending from the northern Bay of Biscay to the Celtic Sea and Channel. Around the UK, ancestry blends from one genetic group to the other along a southwest--northeast axis, correlating with body size variation, consistent with previously reported morphological differences between the two ecotypes. We also detected isolation by distance among juveniles but not in adults, suggesting that stranded juveniles display reduced intergenerational dispersal. The fine-scale structure of this admixture zone raises the question of how it will respond to future climate change and provides a reference point for further study.

Published
2017
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15. Mononucleated Blood Cell Populations Display Different Abilities To Transmit Prion Disease by the Transfusion Route

Author

Fabien Corbière, Claire Litaise, Hervé Cassard, Caroline Lacroux, Naima Aron, Séverine Lugan, Jean-Yves Douet, Pierrette Costes, Mark Arnold, Cécile Tillier, Hugh Simmons, Olivier Andreoletti, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Addlestone, UK] (APHA), and EU FP7 provided funding to Olivier Andreoletti under grant number Priority CT2009-222887. EU FEDER/INTERREG provided funding to Olivier Andreoletti under grant number EFA282/13 TANSPRION.

Subjects
atypical scrapie, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, Prions, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.medical_treatment, T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, Scrapie, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biology, Microbiology, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, components, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, genotypes, Virology, medicine, Animals, creutzfeldt-jakob-disease, spongiform encephalopathy, risk, Whole blood, B-Lymphocytes, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Sheep, infectivity, Macrophages, Transfusion Reaction, Transfusion medicine, Mononucleated Blood Cell, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Leukoreduction, variant cjd, Insect Science, Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Abstract

Previous experiments carried out in a sheep scrapie model demonstrated that the transfusion of 200 μl of prion-infected whole blood has an apparent 100% efficacy for disease transmission. These experiments also indicated that, despite the apparent low infectious titer, the intravenous administration of white blood cells (WBC) resulted in efficient disease transmission. In the study presented here, using the same transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal model, our aim was to determine the minimal number of white blood cells and the specific abilities of mononucleated cell populations to transmit scrapie by the transfusion route. Our results confirmed that the transfusion of 100 μl, but not 10 μl, of fresh whole blood collected in asymptomatic scrapie-infected donor sheep can transmit the disease. The data also show that the intravenous administration of 10 5 WBCs is sufficient to cause scrapie in recipient sheep. Cell-sorted CD45R + (predominantly B lymphocytes), CD4 + /CD8 + (T lymphocytes), and CD14 + (monocytes/macrophages) blood cell subpopulations all were shown to contain prion infectivity by bioassays in ovine PrP transgenic mice. However, while the intravenous administration of 10 6 CD45 + or CD4 + /8 + living cells was able to transmit the disease, similar numbers of CD14 + cells failed to infect the recipients. These data support the contention that mononucleated blood cell populations display different abilities to transmit TSE by the transfusion route. They also represent an important input for the risk assessment of blood-borne prion disease transmission and for refining the target performance of leukoreduction processes that currently are applied to mitigate the transmission risk in transfusion medicine. IMPORTANCE Interindividual variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) transmission through blood and blood-derived products is considered a major public health issue in transfusion medicine. Over the last decade, TSE in sheep has emerged as a relevant model for assessing the blood-borne vCJD transmission risk. In this study, using a sheep TSE model, we characterized the ability of different peripheral blood mononucleated cell populations to infect TSE-free recipients by the transfusion route. Our results indicate that as little as 10 5 WBC and 100 μl of blood collected from asymptomatic scrapie infected animals can transmit the disease. They also demonstrate unambiguously that peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations display dramatically different abilities to transmit the disease. These data represent an important input for the risk assessment of blood-borne prion disease transmission and for refining the target performance of leukoreduction processes that currently are applied to mitigate the transmission risk in transfusion medicine.

Published
2016
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