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The coming generation in mobile networks is the fifth generation (5G), which appears to be the promoter of the upcoming digital world. 5G is defined by a single piece of cellular access technology or a combination of advanced access technologies. Rather, 5G is a true network assembler that provides consistent support for a slew of novel network topologies. Prior generations provide as a suitable starting point and give support for the security architecture for 5G security. Through authentication and cryptography techniques, many works have tackled the security issues in 3G and 4G networks in an effective manner. However, security of 5G networks while data transmission was not improved. The IoT aware Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) Node Authentication Method is proposed in order to achieve safe data communication in the 5G network. The suggested method performs feature selection using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis to identify relevant properties of mobile nodes such as trust value, residual energy level, and node cooperativeness. Simulation can be used to test the data packets, the number of mobile nodes in a security level, the computation overhead, and the authentication accuracy. The observed output clearly demonstrates that the Quadratic Discriminant Analysis Method significantly enhances the authentication accuracy of each node and the security level with less overhead than state-of-the-art-methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geospatial data accuracy and specification requirements for LTE and 5G radio propagation and optimization are much higher than those used in planning 2G and 3G networks. The recommended geospatial data resolution of 1-2 meters allows the display of the smallest parts of geospatial objects. In the article, we describe the technology and its practical implementation to produce an accurate clutter height (raster canopy height model) for the purposes of LTE and 5G radio network propagation and optimization. This technology, which is based on aerial images, may be adapted to use LiDAR data. The technology includes the data integration between the different software. The processing of digital terrain models, obstacles (buildings and vegetation) and DSM cloud points is performed in geographic information systems, such as ArcGIS. The technology was proven by the practical implementation and calculation in multi-technology wireless network design and optimization platform Atoll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of a capacity expansion becomes an inevitable factor concerning the increasing of mobile data applications and the unlimited expectation of the fifth generation of communication. Currently, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is the main part of the continuous researches and it has become the major key for the technologies of modern cellular communications not only because it offers very high system throughput but also it improves the energy efficiency in multi-user scenarios. One of the first Base Stations (BSs) was implemented in 2018 for the chain of sixty four digital transceivers. Other BS deployed in many countries, designed by many companies, theoretically verified by many researches and published in many papers, and designed smartphones for working on 3G, 4G, and 5G technologies. Within a few years, designing a massive MIMO antenna array with digital transmitters and receivers will have a master streaming characteristic at both centimeter wave (sub of 6GHz) and millimeter wave (mm wave) frequencies. Recently, diverse design challenges of these arrays have appeared and characterized by using huge number of antennas in the vicinity, integrating them with Radio Frequency (RF) frontends, surpassing the hardware restrictions, and resolving the beamforming techniques. To highlight on these developments, the present paper concentrates on the evolution and growth of the existing massive MIMO array antenna which are designed, implanted, and measured indoors or outdoors for wireless communication systems in both BSs and smartphones. The paper is also expanded to explain the antenna configuration and its integration with beamforming techniques which has a great impact on reducing the cost and the energy consumption matched with the energy-saving design vision of 5G. Some of the challenges that have faced the design and the proposed solutions are also discussed in this paper. In addition, massive MIMO antenna array implemented in some countries around the world are discussed and future ideas to support the improvements in the antenna array communication networks are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that Arcep has introduced data-based regulation which allows for more in-depth knowledge of the telecoms market thanks to the unit data of the operators. Topics inclide follow the deployment of fiber at the building calculate the mobile coverage by technology 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G operator; and cartographic information becomes a real democratic issue with elected officials, local authorities and even citizens linked to the computer processing of data.

A novel magneto-electric dipole antenna with wide H-plane beamwidth, triple-linear polarisation and frequency reconfiguration is proposed for 5G communications. In this study, the radiated dipoles are designed with the arc-shaped planes to exhibit wide H-plane performance. A bent cross-dipole feed with PIN diodes and varactor diodes inserted into its four arms at different altitudes is utilised to excite and control the antenna. Consequently, a measured wide beamwidth ranging from -67° to 67° can be achieved in H-plane. In addition, the height of the proposed antenna decreased about 30% due to the bent designs. Finally, by controlling the PIN diodes and varactor diodes, the three kinds of linear polarisations and frequency reconfiguration functionalities for 2G/3G/LTE/5G applications can also be easily obtained. With the above-mentioned features, the proposed antenna well suits for intelligent base-station communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G system design is a complex process due to a great variety of applications and their diverse requirements. This article describes our experiences in developing a centimeter waves mobile broadband concept satisfying future capacity requirements. The first step in the process was the radio channel measurement campaign and statistical modeling. Then the link level design was performed tightly together with the radio frequency (RF) implementation requirements to allow as large scalability of the air interface as possible. We started the concept development at 10 GHz frequency band and during the project World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 selected somewhat higher frequencies as new candidates for 5G. Thus, the main learning was to gain insight of interdependencies of different phenomena and find feasible combinations of techniques and parameter combinations that might actually work in practice, not only in theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Type Communication (MTC), as one of the most important wireless communication technologies in the future wireless communication, has become the new business growth point of mobile communication network. It is a key point to achieve seamless handovers within Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) for massive MTC (mMTC) devices in order to support mobility in the Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) networks. When mMTC devices simultaneously roam from a base station to a new base station, the current handover mechanisms suggested by the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) require several handover signaling interactions, which could cause the signaling load over the access network and the core network. Besides, several distinct handover procedures are proposed for different mobility scenarios, which will increase the system complexity. In this paper, we propose a simple and secure uniform group-based handover authentication scheme for mMTC devices based on the multisignature and aggregate message authentication code (AMAC) techniques, which is to fit in with all of the mobility scenarios in the LTE-A networks. Compared with the current 3GPP standards, our scheme can achieve a simple authentication process with robust security protection including privacy preservation and thus avoid signaling congestion. The correctness of the proposed group handover authentication protocol is formally proved in the Canetti-Krawczyk (CK) model and verified based on the AVISPA and SPAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next generation of cellular networks is expected to provide huge capacity, and site densification is one of the possible solution to increase the network capacity. The target of this paper is to show the impact of macro/micro site densification and higher order sectorization on signal strength, signal quality and throughput in LTE network. It also highlights the impact of site and sector densification on the cell overlapping and cell border areas. A detailed techno-economical analysis along with area power consumption and area spectral efficiency is also provided in this paper. In site densification, the intersite distance (ISD) between the base station sites is decreased, which results in strong inter cell interference. The results presented in this paper show that the spectral efficiency of the cell decreases with the site densification. However, the average area spectral efficiency increases due to a larger number of cells in the densified network. At the same time the number of cell border users overlapped by multiple servers also increases with the site and sector densification. It is shown that in one square kilometer, increasing the number of cells from 14 (3-sector site with 500 m ISD) to 693 (6-sector site with 100 m ISD) relatively improves the area spectral efficiency by 24.5 times at the cost of 49.5 times more number of cells. Almost identical power efficiency is provided with 3-, and 6-sector site. However, a higher order sectored site was found to be more cost efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abbreviation of 5G technology is fifth generation technology. Today globalization in telecommunication has seen lots of improvements like 0G, 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G. 5G is a major phase of mobile telecommunication beyond 4G standard. 5G technology is not currently commercially used for any country of the world. 5G supported voice over IP (VOIP) enabled devices. The advantages of 5G technology are that users can simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless devices. The aim of 5G planning is to provide the higher density of mobile broadband users and supporting device-to-device ultra-reliable and massive machine communications and lower latency than 4G and lower battery consumption for better implementation of the internet of things. 5G wireless technology is depend on IEEE 802.11 wireless technology. Wireless local area network (WLAN) wireless metropolitan area (WLAN) and AD-hoc wireless technology are included in 5G wireless technology. This paper covers the security of 5G wireless technology. The main aim is to provide protection of 5G wireless technology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays users are searching for proper bundle including the whole highlights because all of them are getting to be distinctly mindful of the mobile phone technology change. This causes the fundamental expectation of cellular phone companies to scan for the new technology to outshine their competition. The clients can utilize these applications on their whim through portable correspondence. The aim of this paper is to address the evolution of versatile interchanges from its origin, 1G to 2G, 2G to 3G, 3G to 4G and the newest 4G to 5G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Communications Authority of Somalia (NCA) has issued Hormuud Telecom the country's first telecom spectrum licence. B Botswana: b The country's biggest mobile operator said on November 17th its telecoms towers were being plundered for lithium batteries, whose value has surged as the world switches to alternative energy. I (© AFP 17/11 2022) i B Ethiopia: b The government on November 16th relaunched the partial privatisation of state-owned operator Ethio Telecom and began putting out feelers to grant a third telecoms licence. [Extracted from the article]