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1. Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Author

Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, David P Minks, Dipayan Mitra, Mark A Rodrigues, Priya Bhatnagar, Johann C du Plessis, Yogish Joshi, Martin S Dennis, Gordon D Murray, David E Newby, Peter A G Sandercock, Nikola Sprigg, Jacqueline Stephen, Cathie L M Sudlow, David J Werring, William N Whiteley, Joanna M Wardlaw, Philip M White, Colin Baigent, Daniel Lasserson, Frank Sullivan, Johanna Carrie, Javier Rojas, Shannon Amoils, John Bamford, Jane Armitage, Gabriel Rinkel, Gordon Lowe, Jonathan Emberson, Karen Innes, Lynn Dinsmore, Jonathan Drever, Carol Williams, David Perry, Connor McGill, David Buchanan, Allan Walker, Aidan Hutchison, Christopher Matthews, Ruth Fraser, Aileen McGrath, Ann Deary, Rosemary Anderson, Pauli Walker, Christian Hansen, Richard Parker, Aryelly Rodriguez, Malcolm Macleod, Thomas Gattringer, Jeb Palmer, Eleni Sakka, Jennifer Adil-Smith, David Minks, Johannes du Plessis, Christine Lerpiniere, Richard O'Brien, Seona Burgess, Gillian Mead, Ruth Paulton, Fergus Doubal, Katrina McCormick, Neil Hunter, Pat Taylor, Ruwan Parakramawansha, Jack Perry, Gordon Blair, Allan MacRaild, Adrian Parry-Jones, Mary Johnes, Stephanie Lee, Kelly Marie Shaw, Ilse Burger, Martin Punter, Andrea Ingham, Jane Perez, Zin Naing, Jordi Morell, Tracy Marsden, Andrea Hall, Sally Marshall, Louise Harrison, Rowilson Jarapa, Edith Wood, Victoria O'Loughlin, David Cohen, Silvie Davies, Kelechi Njoku, Mushiya Mpelembue, Laura Burgess, Radim Licenik, Mmua Ngwako, Nabeela Nisar, Rangah Niranchanan, Tatjana Roganova, Rajaram Bathula, Joseph Devine, Anette David, Anne Oshodi, Fenglin Guo, Emmanuelle Owoyele, Varthi Sukdeo, Robert Ballantine, Mudhar Abbdul-saheb, Angela Chamberlain, Aberami Chandrakumar, Philip Poku, Kirsty Harkness, Catrin Blank, Emma Richards, Ali Ali, Faith Kibutu, Olesia Balitska, Kathryn Birchall, Pauline Bayliss, Clare Doyle, Kathy Stocks, Arshad Majis, Jo Howe, Christine Kamara, Luke Barron, Ahmad Maatouk, Ralf Lindert, Katy Dakin, Jessica Redgrave, Biju Bhaskaran, Isam Salih, Debs Kelly, Susan Szabo, Dawn Tomlin, Helen Bearne, Jean Buxton, Pauline Fitzell, Georgina Ayres, Afaq Saulat, Kathleen Horan, Joanne Garfield-Smith, Harbens Bhakri, Paul Guyler, Devesh Sinha, Thayalini Loganathan, Amber Siddiqui, Anwer Siddiqui, Lucy Coward, Swapna Kunhunny, Sharon Tysoe, Rajalakshmi Orath Prabakaran, Shyam Kelavkar, Sindhu Rashmi, David Ngo, Kheng Xiong Ng, Nisha Menon, Sweni Shah, Mark Barber, Derek Esson, Fiona Brodie, Talat Anjum, Mushtaq Wani, Manju Krishnan, Leanne Quinn, Jayne Spencer, Terry Jones, Helen Thompson-Jones, Lynne Dacey, Srikanth Chenna, Sharon Storton, Sarah Thomas, Teresa Beaty, Shelley Treadwell, Caroline Davies, Susan Tucker, Lynda Connor, Peter Slade, Glyn Gainard, Girish Muddegowda, Ranjan Sanyal, Alda Remegoso, Nenette Abano, Chelsea Causley, Racquel Carpio, Stephanie Stevens, Adrian Butler, Resti Varquez, Hayley Denic, Francis Alipio, Andrew Moores, Adrian Barry, Holly Maguire, Jeanette Grocott, Kay Finney, Sue Lyjko, Christine Roffe, Joanne Hiden, Phillip Ferdinand, Vera Cvoro, Khalil Ullah, Nicola Chapman, Mandy Couser, Susan Pound, Sean Mcauley, Senthil Raghunathan, Faye Shelton, Amanda Hedstrom, Margi Godfrey, Diane Havard, Amanda Buck, Kailash Krishnan, Nicola Gilzeane, Jack Roffe, Judith Clarke, Katherine Whittamore, Saima Sheikh, Rekha Keshvara, Carla Jordan, Benjamin Jackson, Gwendoline Wilkes, Jason Appleton, Zhe Law, Oliver Matias, Evangelos Vasileiadis, Cathy Mason, Anthea Parry, Geraldine Landers, Melinda Holden, Basaam Aweid, Khalid Rashed, Linda Balian, Carinna Vickers, Elizabeth Keeling, Sarah Board, Joanna Allison, Clare Buckley, Barbara Williams-Yesson, Joanne Board, Tressy Pitt-Kerby, Alfonso Tanate, Diane Wood, Manohar Kini, Dinesh Chadha, Deborah Walstow, Rosanna Fong, Robert Luder, Tolu Adesina, Jill Gallagher, Hayley Bridger, Elodie Murali, Maneesh Bhargava, Chloe van Someren, Frances Harrington, Abhijit Mate, Ali James, Gillian Courtauld, Christine Schofield, Katja Adie, Linda Lucas, Kirsty Bond, Bev Maund, Sam Ellis, Paul Mudd, Martin James, Samantha Keenan, Angela Bowring, Julie Cageao, Hayley Kingwell, Caroline Roughan, Anthony Hemsley, Jane Sword, David Strain, Keniesha Miller, Anita Goff, Karin Gupwell, Kevin Thorpe, Hedley Emsley, Shuja Punekar, Alison McLoughlin, Sulaiman Sultan, Bindu Gregory, Sonia Raj, Donna Doyle, Keith Muir, Wilma Smith, Angela Welch, Fiona Moreton, Bharath Kumar Cheripelli, Salwa El Tawil, Dheeraj Kalladka, Xuya Huang, Nicola Day, Sankaranarayanan Ramachandran, Caroline Crosbie, Jennifer Elliot, Tony Rudd, Katherine Marks, Ajay Bhalla, Jonathan Birns, Sagal Kullane, Nic Weir, Christopher Allen, Vanessa Pressly, Pam Crawford, Emma Battersby-Wood, Alex Blades, Shuna Egerton, Ashleigh Walters, Sue Evans, James Richard Marigold, Fiona Smith, Gabriella Howard, Imogen Gartrell, Simon Smith, Robyn Creeden, Chloe Cox, Cherish Boxall, Jonathan Hewitt, Claire Nott, Procter Sarah, Jessica Whiteman, Steve Buckle, Rebecca Wallace, Rina Mardania, Jane Gray, Claire Triscott, Anand Nair, Jill Greig, Pratap Rana, Matthew Robinson, Mohammad Irfan Alam, David Werring, Duncan Wilson, Caroline Watchurst, Maria Brezitski, Luci Crook, Ifan Jones, Azra Banaras, Krishna Patel, Renuka Erande, Caroline Hogan, Isabel Hostettler, Amy Ashton, Shez Feerick, Nina Francia, Nnebuife Oji, Emma Elliott, Talal Al-Mayhani, Martin Dennis, Cathie Sudlow, William Whiteley, Dipankar Dutta, Pauline Brown, Deborah Ward, Fiona Davis, Jennifer Turfrey, Chloe Hughes, Kayleigh Collins, Rehana Bakawala, Susan O'Connell, Jon Glass, David Broughton, Dinesh Tryambake, Lynn Dixon, Kath Chapman, Andrew Young, Adrian Bergin, Andrew Sigsworth, Aravind Manoj, Glyn Fletcher, Paula Lopez, Penelope Cox, Mark Wilkinson, Paul Fitzsimmons, Nikhil Sharma, James Choulerton, Denise Button, Lindsey Dow, Lukuman Gbadamoshi, Joanne Avis, Barbara Madigan, Stephanie McCann, Louise Shaw, Deborah Howcroft, Suzanne Lucas, Andrew Stone, Gillian Cluckie, Caroline Lovelock, Brian Clarke, Neha Chopra, Natasha Clarke, Bhavini Patel, Kate Kennedy, Rebecca Williams, Adrian Blight, Joanna O'Reilly, Chukwuka Orefo, Nilofer Dayal, Rita Ghatala, Temi Adedoyin, Fran Watson, Sarah Trippier, Lillian Choy, Barry Moynihan, Usman Khan, Val Jones, Naomi Jeyaraj, Lourda Kerin, Kamy Thavanesan, Divya Tiwari, Chantel Cox, Anja Ljubez, Laura Tucker, Arshi Iqbal, Caroline Bagnall, Marketa Keltos, Josh Roberts, Becky Jupp, Catherine Ovington, Emily Rogers, Owen David, Jo Bell, Barbara Longland, Gail Hann, Martin Cooper, Mohammad Nasar, Anoja Rajapakse, Inez Wynter, Ijaz Anwar, Helen Skinner, Tarn Nozedar, Damian McArdle, Balakrishna Kumar, Susan Crawford, Arunkumar Annamalai, Alex Ramshaw, Clare Holmes, Sarah Caine, Mairead Osborn, Emily Dodd, Peter Murphy, Nicola Devitt, Pauline Baker, Amy Steele, Lucy Belle Guthrie, Samantha Clarke, Ahamad Hassan, Dean Waugh, Emelda Veraque, Linetty Makawa, Mary Kambafwile, Marc Randall, Vasileios Papavasileiou, Claire Cullen, Jenny Peters, Hlaing Thant, Tanya Ingram, Mellor Zoe, Ramesh Durairaj, Melanie Harrison, Sarah Stevenson, Daniela Shackcloth, Jordan Ewing, Victoria Sutton, Mark McCarron, Jacqueline McKee, Mandy Doherty, Ferghal McVerry, Caroline Blair, Mary MacLeod, Janice Irvine, Heather Gow, Jacqueline Furnace, Anu Joyson, Baljit Jagpal, Sarah Ross, Katrina Klaasen, Sandra Nelson, Rebecca Clarke, Nichola Crouch, Beverly MacLennan, Vicky Taylor, Daniel Epstein, Avani Shukla, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Paul Nicholas, Sammie Qureshi, Adam Webber, Justin Penge, Hawraman Ramadan, Stuart Maguire, Chris Patterson, Ruth Bellfield, Brigid Hairsine, Kelvin Stewart, Michaela Hooley, Outi Quinn, Bella Richard, Sally Moseley, Mandy Edwards, Heidi Lawson, Michelle Tayler, Yogish Pai, Mahesh Dhakal, Bernard Esisi, Sofia Dima, Gemma Marie Smith, Mark Garside, Muhammad Naeem, Vidya Baliga, Gill Rogers, Ellen Brown, David Bruce, Rachel Hayman, Susan Clayton, Ed Gamble, Rebecca Grue, Bethan Charles, Adam Hague, Sujata Blane, Caroline Lambert, Afnan Chaudhry, Thomas Harrison, Kari Saastamoinen, Dionne Hove, Laura Howaniec, Gemma Grimwood, Ozlem Redjep, Fiona Humphries, Lucia Argandona, Larissa Cuenoud, Esther Erumere, Sageet Amlani, Grace Auld, Afraim Salek-Haddadi, Ursula Schulz, James Kennedy, Gary Ford, Philip Mathieson, Ian Reckless, Rachel Teal, Giulia Lenti, George Harston, Eoin O'Brien, Joanne Mcgee, Jennifer Mitchell, Elaine Amis, Dominic Handley, Siobhan Kelly, George Zachariah, Jobbin Francis, Sarah Crisp, Juliana Sesay, Sarah Finlay, Helen Hayhoe, Niamh Hannon, Tom Hughes, Bethan Morse, Henry De Berker, Emma Tallantyre, Ahmed Osman, Susan White, Stefan Schwarz, Benjamin Jelley, Rajendra Yadava, Khalid Azhar, Julie Reddan, Mirriam Sangombe, Samantha Stafford, Ken Fotherby, Debbie Morgan, Farrukh Baig, Karla Jennings-Preece, Donna Butler, Nasar Ahmad, Angela Willberry, Angela Stevens, Baljinder Rai, Prasad Siddegowda, Peter Howard, Lisa Hyatt, Tracey Dobson, David Jarrett, Suheil Ponnambath, Jane Tandy, Yasmin Harrington-Davies, Rebecca Butler, Claire James, Stacey Valentine, Anne Suttling, Peter Langhorne, Gillian Kerr, Fiona Wright, Ruth Graham, Christine McAlpine, Mohammad Shahzad Iqbal, Louise Humphreys, Kath Pasco, Olga Balazikova, Ashraf Nasim, Cassilda Peixoto, Louise Gallagher, Shahrzad Shahmehri, Sandip Ghosh, Elizabeth Barrie, Danielle Gilmour, Margo Henry, Tom Webb, Linda Cowie, Hannah Rudenko, Shanni McDonald, Natasha Schumacher, Susannah Walker, Tracey Cosier, Anna Verrion, Eva Beranova, Audrey Thomson, Marius Venter, Arindam Kar, Sheila Mashate, Kirsten Harvey, Léjeune Gardener, Vinh Nguyen, Omid Halse, Olivia Geraghty, Beth Hazel, Peter Wilding, Victoria Tilley, Tim Cassidy, Beverley McClelland, Maria Bokhari, Timothy England, Mohana Maddula, Richard Donnelly, Paul Findlay, Ashish Macaden, Ian Shread, Charlotte Barr, Azlisham Mohd Nor, Claire Brown, Nicola Persad, Charlotte Eglinton, Marie Weinling, Benjamin Hyams, Alex Shah, John Baker, Anthony Byrne, Caroline McGhee, Amanda Smart, Claire Copeland, Michael Carpenter, Marion Walker, Richard Davey, Ann Needle, Razik Fathima, Gavin Bateman, Prabal Datta, Andrew Stanners, Linda Jackson, Julie Ball, Michelle Davis, Natalie Atkinson, Michelle Fawcett, Teresa Thompson, Helen Guy, Valerie Hogg, Carole Hays, Stephen Woodward, Mohammad Haque, Eluzai Hakim, Stuart Symonds, Mehran Maanoosi, Jane Herman, Toby Black, Skelton Miriam, Caroline Clarke, Alpha Anthony, Michele Tribbeck, Julie Cronin, Denise Mead, Ruth Fennelly, James McIlmoyle, Christina Dickinson, Carol Jeffs, Sajjad Anwar, Joanne Howard, Kirsty Jones, Saikat Dhar, Caroline Clay, Muhammad Siddiq, Simone Ivatts, Yolanda Baird, Moore Sally, Isobel Amey, Sophie Newton, Lisa Clayton-Evans, Indra Chadbourn, Rayessa Rayessa, Charde Naylor, Alicia Rodgers, Lisa Wilson, Sarah Wilson, Emma Clarkson, Ruth Davies, Paula Owings, Graeme Sangster, Valerie Gott, Victoria Little, Pauline Weir, Suja Cherian, Deepa Jose, Helen Moroney, Susan Downham, Angela Dodd, Venetia Vettimootal Johnson, Laura Codd, Naomi Robinson, Ashraf Ahmed, Mo Albazzaz, Sharon Johnson, Carol Denniss, Mishell Cunningham, Tajammal Zahoor, Timothy Webster, Sandra Leason, Syed Haider, Kausic Chatterjee, Arumugam Nallasivan, Charlotte Perkins, Samantha Seagrave, Colin Jenkins, Fiona Price, Claire Hughes, Lily Mercer, Malik Hussain, Sarah Brown, Miriam Harvey, Jane Homan, Mohammad Khan, Robert Whiting, Leanne Foote, Nicholas Hunt, Helen Durman, Lucy Brotherton, Jayne Foot, Corinne Pawley, Eliza Foster, Alison Whitcher, Kneale Metcalf, Jenny Jagger, Susan McDonald, Kelly Waterfield, Patrick Sutton, Naval Shinh, Ajmal Anversha, Garth Ravenhill, Richard Greenwood, Janak Saada, Alison Wiltshire, Rebekah Perfitt, Sreeman Andole, Naveen Gadapa, Karen Dunne, Magdalini Krommyda, Evelyne Burssens, Sam King, Catherine Plewa, Nigel Smyth, Jenny Wilson, Elio Giallombardo, Lucy Sykes, Pradeep Kumar, James Barker, Isabel Huggett, Linda Dunn, Charlotte Culmsee, Philip Thomas, Min Myint, Helen Brew, Nikhil Majmudar, Janice OConnell, George Bunea, Charlotte Fox, Diane Gulliver, Andrew Smith, Betty Mokoena, Naweed Sattar, Ramesh Krishnamurthy, Emily Osborne, David Wilson, Belinda Wroath, Kevin Dynan, Michael Power, Susan Thompson, Victoria Adell, Enoch Orugun, Una Poultney, Rachel Glover, Hannah Crowther, Sarah Thornthwaite, Ivan Wiggam, Aine Wallace, Enda Kerr, Ailsa Fulton, Annemarie Hunter, Suzanne Tauro, Sarah Cuddy, David Mangion, Anne Hardwick, Skarlet Markova, Tara Lawrence, Carmen Constantin, Jo Fletcher, Isobel Thomas, Kerry Pettitt, Lakshmanan Sekaran, Margaret Tate, Kiranjit Bharaj, Rohan Simon, Frances Justin, Sakthivel Sethuraman, Duke Phiri, Niaz Mohammed, Meena Chauhan, Khaled Elfandi, Uzma Khan, David Eveson, Amit Mistri, Lisa Manning, Shagufta Khan, Champa Patel, Mohammed Moqsith, Saira Sattar, Man Yee Lam, Kashif Musarrat, Claire Stephens, Latheef Kalathil, Richard Miller, Maqsud Salehin, Nikki Gautam, Duncan Bailey, Kelly Amor, Julie Meir, Anne Nicolson, Javed Imam, Lisa Wood, Julie White, Mahmud Sajid, George Ghaly, Margaret Ball, Rachel Gascoyne, Harald Proeschel, Simon Sharpe, Sarah Horton, Emily Beaves, Stephanie Jones, Brigitte Yip, Murdina Bell, Linda MacLiver, Brian MacInnes, Don Sims, Jennifer Hurley, Mark Willmot, Claire Sutton, Edward Littleton, Susan Maiden, Rachael Jones, James Cunningham, Carole Green, Michelle Bates, Raj Shekhar, Ellie Gilham, Iman Ahmed, Rachel Crown, Tracy Fuller, Neetish Goorah, Angela Bell, Christine Kelly, Arun Singh, Jamie Walford, Benjamin Tomlinson, Farzana Patel, Stephen Duberley, Ingrid Kane, Chakravarthi Rajkumar, Jane Gaylard, Joanna Breeds, Nicola Gainsborough, Alexandra Pitt-Ford, Emma Barbon, Laura Latter, Philip Thompson, Simon Hervey, Shrivakumar Krishnamoorthy, Joseph Vassallo, Deborah Walter, Helen Cochrane, Meena Srinivasan, Robert Campbell, Denise Donaldson, Nichola Motherwell, Frances Hurford, Indranil Mukherjee, Antony Kenton, Sheila Nyabadza, Irene Martin, Benjamin Hunt, Hardi Hassan, Sarah O'Toole, Bander Dallol, Janet Putterill, Ratneshwari Jha, Rachel Gallifent, Puneet Kakar, Aparna Pusalkar, kelly Chan, Puneet Dangri, Hannah Beadle, Angela Cook, Karen Crabtree, Santhosh Subramonian, Peter Owusu-Agyei, Natalie Temple, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Suzanne Ragab, Kerstin Knops, Emma Jinks, Christine Dickson, Laura Gleave, Judith Dube, Jacqui Leggett, Tatiana Garcia, Sissy Ispoglou, Rachel Evans, Sandeep Ankolekar, Anne Hayes, Hlaing Ni, Bithi Rahman, Josette Milligan, Carol Graham, Josin Jose, Breffni Keegan, Jim Kelly, Richard Dewar, James White, Kelly Thomas, Rajkumar, C, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, University of St Andrews. Pure Mathematics, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, and University of St Andrews. School of Biology

Subjects
Male, MICROBLEEDS, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY, Brain Ischemia, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Secondary Prevention, ACUTE ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Aged, 80 and over, Aspirin, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, medicine.diagnostic_test, Hazard ratio, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Superficial siderosis, Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases, Stroke, Treatment Outcome, Female, medicine.drug, CT, medicine.medical_specialty, ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY, Clinical Neurology, Neuroimaging, Subgroup analysis, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Journal Article, Humans, Aged, Cerebral Hemorrhage, business.industry, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, DAS, Magnetic resonance imaging, medicine.disease, SIGNS, ASPIRIN, Neurology (clinical), Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, SUPERFICIAL SIDEROSIS, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background: Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy.Methods: RESTART was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK that assessed whether starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, consultant neuroradiologists masked to treatment allocation reviewed brain CT or MRI scans performed before randomisation to confirm participant eligibility and rate features of the intracerebral haemorrhage and surrounding brain. We followed participants for primary (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) and secondary (ischaemic stroke) outcomes for up to 5 years (reported elsewhere). For this report, we analysed eligible participants with intracerebral haemorrhage according to their treatment allocation in primary subgroup analyses of cerebral microbleeds on MRI and in exploratory subgroup analyses of other features on CT or MRI. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN71907627.Findings: Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were enrolled, of whom 525 (98%) had intracerebral haemorrhage: 507 (97%) were diagnosed on CT (252 assigned to start antiplatelet therapy and 255 assigned to avoid antiplatelet therapy, of whom one withdrew and was not analysed) and 254 (48%) underwent the required brain MRI protocol (122 in the start antiplatelet therapy group and 132 in the avoid antiplatelet therapy group). There were no clinically or statistically significant hazards of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage in primary subgroup analyses of cerebral microbleed presence (2 or more) versus absence (0 or 1) (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·30 [95% CI 0·08–1·13] vs 0·77 [0·13–4·61]; pinteraction=0·41), cerebral microbleed number 0–1 versus 2–4 versus 5 or more (HR 0·77 [0·13–4·62] vs 0·32 [0·03–3·66] vs 0·33 [0·07–1·60]; pinteraction=0·75), or cerebral microbleed strictly lobar versus other location (HR 0·52 [0·004–6·79] vs 0·37 [0·09–1·28]; pinteraction=0·85). There was no evidence of heterogeneity in the effects of antiplatelet therapy in any exploratory subgroup analyses (all pinteraction>0·05).Interpretation: Our findings exclude all but a very modest harmful effect of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage in the presence of cerebral microbleeds. Further randomised trials are needed to replicate these findings and investigate them with greater precision.Funding: British Heart Foundation.

Published
2019
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2. Promoting breast cancer awareness in older women during the seasonal flu vaccination campaign

Author

Amanda J. Ramirez, Aradhna Kaushal, Fiona Warburton, Lindsay J L Forbes, Cathy Burton, and Katrina McCormick

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Primary health care, Breast Neoplasms, Health Promotion, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, London, Medicine, Humans, skin and connective tissue diseases, General Nursing, Early Detection of Cancer, Aged, 030504 nursing, Primary Health Care, business.industry, Immunization Programs, Breast cancer awareness, Late stage, medicine.disease, Vaccination, Health promotion, Influenza Vaccines, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Family medicine, Feasibility Studies, Female, Seasons, 0305 other medical science, business, Program Evaluation
Abstract

Background: older women are at high risk of presenting with breast cancer when it has reached a late stage, which may be partly because of poor breast cancer awareness. Aim: the aim of this project was to implement and evaluate a new way of delivering the Promoting Early Presentation (PEP) Intervention during flu vaccination appointments in primary care. The PEP Intervention is a 1–minute intervention, accompanied by a booklet and delivered by primary care health professionals to provide older women with the knowledge, confidence and skills to present promptly on discovering symptoms of breast cancer. Method: health professionals delivered the PEP Intervention to older women at six general practices in south London. The authors measured changes in breast cancer awareness after the intervention and interviewed practice staff about their experiences of using it. Findings: knowledge of breast symptoms and breast checking was greater in women aged 70 years and above after the implementation than before. Health professionals' found it acceptable and feasible to implement. Conclusion: this intervention is a novel way of increasing breast cancer awareness in older women, which could contribute to earlier presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer in the UK.

Published
2019

3. Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole versus clopidogrel alone or aspirin and dipyridamole in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia (TARDIS): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 superiority trial

Author

Ruth Graham, Charlotte Eglinton, Swapna Kunhunny, J Banns, Alison K Wright, Sunil Munshi, C Khuoge, Beverley McClelland, A Benford, Jean Buxton, Maia Beridze, K Deighton, Neha Chopra, Nichola Motherwell, Emily C. O'Brien, Sonia S. Anand, Anand Dixit, Una Poultney, N Beridze, Jessica Beavan, K Dizayee, Thompson G. Robinson, Deborah Howcroft, Alison Sarah rachel Mcloughlin, A Kenton, Derek Esson, A Tittle, L Matter, Kerstin Knops, C Hubbuck, Kath Chapman, R Rangasamay, Ranjan Sanyal, Sarah Lewis, Alpha Anthony, Sarah Board, Janice Irvine, Anna Verrion, Katherine Whittamore, N Khizanishvili, L O'Shea, Lisa Shaw, K Ayes, Tracey Dobson, N Akiashvili, Gill Rogers, Jenny Peters, Alda Remegoso, S S Hansen, James A. White, T Attygalle, Rosalind Brown, Irene Martin, Manesh R. Patel, D O'Kane, Stuart J. Pocock, Khalid Rashed, G Spurling, Sharon Tysoe, Frances Harrington, Margo Henry, Rowilson Jarapa, Julia Hindle, K A Kay, Carinna Vickers, S Duty, Angela Bowring, David Eveson, Saul Sundayi, Mary Kambafwile, Rashmi Kumar, Jack Roffe, Marilyn James, Natalie Temple, R Oliver, Christine Kelly, M Niemierko, J Chembala, S Jones, M Dent, K Chatterjee, S Atkinson, J Tomlinson, S Norman, E Cattermole, P Daboo, Nicola Gilzeane, Anne Hardwick, Pietro Cariga, C Rankin, David A. Wood, Lelia Duley, John Bamford, L Holford, J Good, C Ambulo, S Gomm, Girish Muddegowda, Fiona Wright, M Alao, L Sztriha, Maite D. Rodriguez, Christine Dickson, S Merotra, Helen Bearne, Ann Needle, Emma Mckenzie, Olga Balazikova, Emily Osborne, A Lankester, Rod S Taylor, Pauline Fitzell, Bernard Esisi, E Young, Richard Donnelly, Anu Joyson, Debbie Morgan, Fran Watson, Caroline Mcinnes, C Padilla-Harris, Stephanie McCann, T Ajao, Suzanne Lucas, Inez Wynter, Barbara Longland, Don Sims, Gavin Bateman, Anthony Hemsley, Vera Cvoro, Fiona Kennedy, Peter Langhorne, Adrian Butler, P Jacob, Barry Moynihan, Amit K. Mistri, W Sunman, Hannah Beadle, Polly Scutt, M Garside, Glyn Fletcher, Deborah Walstow, L Ryan, Michelle Fawcett, D Wilkinson, E Gibson, O Orugun, Malcolm R. Macleod, Philip M.W. Bath, Elio Giallombardo, T Kherkheulidze, Lourda Kerin, Clare Doyle, Brigid Hairsine, N Kakabadze, B Wadams, Enas Lawrence, Dinesh Chadha, I Memon, Cheryl L. Perkins, Victoria Sutton, C.B. Patel, A Ravindrane, K Javaid, Mahmud Sajid, T Tsanava, Y Duodu, Timothy J. England, Geoffrey A. Rose, Sheila Nyabadza, Louisa M. Christensen, M Bajoriene, F Faola, J Kok, C Vernon, Aravindakshan Manoj, E Horsley, T Gordon, Linda Cowie, S Hurdowar, D Sandler, Temi Adedoyin, Mandy Couser, C Jenkins, C Pringle, Paula Lopez, Vicky Taylor, James Cunningham, Gillian Courtauld, S Maheswaran, H Rehman, Christine Roffe, M Sein, Carla Richardson, John B. Davis, Nenette Abano, Racquel Carpio, Sheila Mashate, P Christian, Lynn Dixon, Dulka Manawadu, Jeanette Grocott, Peter Owusu-Agyei, P Farren, F K Chan, Komal Ali, Annemarei Ranta, Judith Clarke, Dean Waugh, Stan Heptinstall, M Reader, Nikola Sprigg, John F. Corrigan, Caroline Roughan, F Brodie, Paula Harman, P Webster, Kenneth Smith, Julie Reddan, Angela Willberry, Peter Howard, Kay Finney, S Buddha, C Hewitt, M Zaidi, Tracy Marsden, Heather Gow, Robert A. Dineen, Kimberley Netherton, Kashif Musarrat, Emma Barbon, V Riddell, G Storey, Ahamad Hassan, O Adegbaju, S Wong, Bethan Charles, Bindu Gregary, Rhys Williams, M G Metiu, Nilofer Dayal, C Lawlor, Kirsten E Anderson, R Icart Palau, N Khanom, C Stevenson, Prabel Datta, Betty Mokoena, Kelly Chan, Amanda Hedstrom, Sonia Raj, Y Gruenbeck, D Dellafera, Georgina Butt, A Peacocke, James Okwera, L Mokoena, Holly Maguire, Mohana Maddula, C Bailey, Ian Shread, LáShauntá M. Glover, Elizabeth Keeling, Mari Smith, Jane Powell, A Tevdoradze, Christopher Price, Hannah Rudenko, K Gill, Laura Howaniec, P Lingwood, Katherine Marks, Ivan Iniesta, F Barrett, Barbara Madigan, Emery N. Brown, Katie Flaherty, Gail Hann, Mark Barber, Kelley Storey, Aparna Pusalkar, Jason P. Appleton, Joanne Hiden, R Jolly, Hedley C. A. Emsley, J Chambers, Christina Kruuse, Mairead Osborn, P Lai, Tracy Fuller, David G. Bruce, Robert Namushi, Martin Cooper, Peter Murphy, Naomi Jeyaraj, Hayley Kingwell, A Nair, Robert S.M. Davies, Katrina McCormick, Rachel L. Lakey, Sharon Dealing, F Leslie, Peter Wilkinson, Amitava Banerjee, Penelope Cox, Janice E. O’Connell, N Sikondari, Sandra Leason, Lisa J Woodhouse, Judith Bell, Puneet Dangri, Donna Butler, Judith Dube, Rachel Gascoyne, Amberly Brigden, Debs Kelly, Renuka Erande, Kirsty Harkness, Sarah Trippier, Kirsten Harvey, Georgina Ayres, R Rowland-Axe, E Campbell, Sue Lyjko, Sylvia Szabo, David Mangion, Suzanne Ragab, C Hilaire, Alan A Montgomery, Dawn Tomlin, John Paterson, K Muhidden, Grace Auld, C Keaveney, Hannah Crowther, Lisa Hyatt, Louise E. Jackson, K Castro, Khaled Elfandi, H Russell, S Tennant, Ozlem Redjep, Tim Cassidy, Linda Y Johnson, Amulya Misra, E Khoromana, Catherine Ovington, Stuart Maguire, S Khan, Zoe Mellor, Michael Funnell, Hugh S. Markus, Emma Richards, I Toidze, Colin Smith, R Sivakumar, Janet Wilson, Amina Ahmed, A Mohd Nor, A Barkat, Line Bentsen, K Whysall, Carol L Clarke, N Sengupta, Meena Srinivasan, Balakrishna Kumar, Mgg Soliman, A Thomson, Adrian Barry, Abul Azim, Ed Gamble, H Eccleson, Kelly Marie Shaw, Christine Schofield, Linetty Makawa, Carole Hays, David Hargroves, Jordi Margalef, S Butler, H Webb, Carol Denniss, Samantha Stafford, Faye Shelton, D Forrest, Amanda Buck, Tarn Nozedar, Indira Natarajan, Jane Perez, Susanna R. Stevens, Denise Button, Mary Johnes, Samantha Keenan, Olivia C. Geraghty, Eva Beranova, Emma Jinks, S Hassan, Caroline McGhee, Nicola Persad, Gunaratnam Gunathilagan, Clare Buckley, Jennifer Mitchell, Mike Clarke, Mathew Burn, B Bhaskaran, D Hayward, Lucy Belle Guthrie, S Meenakshisundaram, Anushka Warusevitane, O Speirs, J O'Callaghan, Sudipto Ghosh, Peter Wilding, Helen Cochrane, Susan Clayton, Mandy Doherty, Fiona Price, L Montague, Valerie Hogg, S Arif, Beth Hazel, Margaret Ball, S Johnson-Holland, S Booth, N Rands, Dionne Hove, Teresa Thompson, C Krarup Hansen, Lisa Manning, Andrew Smith, Jo Howe, Jill Greig, Kailash Krishnan, Caroline Watchurst, L Finlay, Sandra Nelson, Toby Black, S Tilby, Zin Naing, D Morse, David Broughton, K Preece, M Platton, M Siddiqui, Angela Dodd, Catrin Blank, Maria Bokhari, Jacqueline Furnace, F Hammonds, Helen Guy, A Lehman, J Hunt, S Windebank, Becky Jupp, K Fotherby, Ruth Bellfield, P Wanklyn, D Hilton, Amy Steele, S Mahmood, N Lobjanidze, Sarah Finlay, L Hunt, M Krasinska-Chavez, Gemma Grimwood, H H Jensen, J. Duignan, Jane Gaylard, Asaipillai Asokanathan, Joanna O'Reilly, J Kessell, Diane Havard, T Fluskey, L Lee-Carbon, Graham Venables, Margi Godfrey, L Boxall, C Douglass, Emelda Veraque, Elaine Amis, M Chowdhury, Rekha Keshvara, Adrian Blight, G Thomas, Marc Randall, S Stoddart, Paul Guyler, Rita Ghatala, Janet T Scott, Kathy J. Jenkins, Sarah Ross, John Aeron-Thomas, C Allcock, J Goodsell, Ifan Jones, D Kakabadze, T T Thomsen, V Petrovic, I. Watson, C Athulathmudali, Hanne Christensen, Susan Crawford, Christine Kamara, James McIlmoyle, Stephen Woodward, Christine McAlpine, Emma Temlett, Gwendoline Wilkes, Benjamin Hyams, L Mills, S Brixey, Raj Shekhar, P Findlay, Markus, Hugh [0000-0002-9794-5996], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Georgia, Ticlopidine, Denmark, Hemorrhage, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Assessment, Brain Ischemia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ischemia, Recurrence, Modified Rankin Scale, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Thrombolytic Therapy, Prospective Studies, cardiovascular diseases, Stroke, Aged, Aspirin, business.industry, Dipyridamole, General Medicine, Guideline, Middle Aged, Clopidogrel, medicine.disease, United Kingdom, Treatment Outcome, Ischemic Attack, Transient, Research Design, Acute Disease, Platelet aggregation inhibitor, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, business, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, New Zealand, medicine.drug
Abstract

Summary Background Intensive antiplatelet therapy with three agents might be more effective than guideline treatment for preventing recurrent events in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of intensive antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole) with that of guideline-based antiplatelet therapy. Methods We did an international, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial in adult participants with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) within 48 h of onset. Participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio using computer randomisation to receive loading doses and then 30 days of intensive antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin 75 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg, and dipyridamole 200 mg twice daily) or guideline-based therapy (comprising either clopidogrel alone or combined aspirin and dipyridamole). Randomisation was stratified by country and index event, and minimised with prognostic baseline factors, medication use, time to randomisation, stroke-related factors, and thrombolysis. The ordinal primary outcome was the combined incidence and severity of any recurrent stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic; assessed using the modified Rankin Scale) or TIA within 90 days, as assessed by central telephone follow-up with masking to treatment assignment, and analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN47823388. Findings 3096 participants (1556 in the intensive antiplatelet therapy group, 1540 in the guideline antiplatelet therapy group) were recruited from 106 hospitals in four countries between April 7, 2009, and March 18, 2016. The trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the data monitoring committee. The incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA did not differ between intensive and guideline therapy (93 [6%] participants vs 105 [7%]; adjusted common odds ratio [cOR] 0·90, 95% CI 0·67–1·20, p=0·47). By contrast, intensive antiplatelet therapy was associated with more, and more severe, bleeding (adjusted cOR 2·54, 95% CI 2·05–3·16, p Interpretation Among patients with recent cerebral ischaemia, intensive antiplatelet therapy did not reduce the incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA, but did significantly increase the risk of major bleeding. Triple antiplatelet therapy should not be used in routine clinical practice. Funding National Institutes of Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme, British Heart Foundation.

Published
2017

4. Socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in diabetes retinal screening

Author

Hiten Dodhia, Sobha Sivaprasad, Martin Gulliford, Smriti Naithani, Mark Chamley, Moin Mohamed, and Katrina McCormick

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Psychosocial Deprivation, Ethnic origin, Young Adult, Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus, London, Odds Ratio, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, Mass screening, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diabetic Retinopathy, business.industry, Diabetic retinopathy, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, medicine.disease, Obesity, Confidence interval, Surgery, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Socioeconomic Factors, Female, business, Demography, Retinopathy
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in diabetes retinal screening. METHODS: Data were analysed for the retinal screening programme for three South London boroughs for the 18-month period to February 2009. Sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) was defined as the occurrence of diabetic maculopathy, severe non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Odds ratios were adjusted for sex, age group, duration and type of diabetes, self-reported ethnicity and deprivation quintile by participant postal code. RESULTS: There were 76 351 records obtained but, after excluding duplicate and ineligible records, data were analysed for 59 495 records from 31 484 subjects. There were 7026 (22%) subjects called for appointments who were not screened in the period, with 24 458 (78%) having one or more screening episodes. Non-attendance for screening was highest in young adults aged 18-34 years (32%) and in those aged 85 years or greater (28%). In the most deprived quintile, non-attendance was 23% compared with 21% in the least deprived quintile [odds ratio (OR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.61, P < 0.001]. There were 2819 (11.5%) participants with STDR, including 10.8% in the least deprived quintile and 12.2% in the most deprived quintile (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95-1.16, P = 0.196). Compared with white Europeans (9.4%), STDR was higher in Africans (15.2%) and African Caribbeans (14.7%), resulting from a higher frequency of diabetic maculopathy. CONCLUSION: Socio-economic inequality in diabetes retinal screening may be smaller than reported in earlier studies. This study suggested an increased frequency of diabetic maculopathy among participants of African origins.

Published
2010
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