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Background Understanding the needs and values of older people is vital to build responsive policies, services and research agendas in this time of demographic transition. Older peoples’ expectations and priorities for ageing, as well as their beliefs regarding challenges facing ageing societies, are multi-faceted and require regular updates as populations’ age. Objective To develop an understanding of self-perceptions of ageing and societal ageing among Canadian retirees of the education sector to define a meaningful health research agenda. Methods We conducted four qualitative focus groups among 27 members of a Canadian retired educators’ organisation. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Results We identified four overarching themes: (1) vulnerability to health challenges despite a healthier generation, (2) maintaining health and social connection for optimal ageing, (3) strengthening person-centred healthcare for ageing societies and (4) mobilising a critical mass to enact change. Participants’ preconceptions of ageing differed from their personal experiences. They prioritised maintaining health and social connections and felt that current healthcare practices disempowered them to manage and optimise their health. Although the sheer size of their demographic instilled optimism of their potential to garner positive change, participants felt they lacked mechanisms to contribute to developing solutions to address this transition. Conclusion Our findings suggest a need for health research that improves perceptions of ageing and supports health system transformations to deliver person-centred care. Opportunities exist to harness their activism to engage older people as partners in shaping solution-oriented research that can support planning for an ageing society.

Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are one of only two drug therapies available to manage cognitive decline in dementia. Given sex-specific differences in medication access and effects, it is important to understand how ChEIs are used by women and men. The objective of this study was to provide contemporary sex-stratified evidence on patterns of ChEI use by community-dwelling older adults with dementia to inform opportunities to optimize drug prescribing. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study examining ChEI use in older adults with dementia in Ontario, Canada. We identified all community-dwelling individuals aged 66 years and older with a pre-existing diagnosis of dementia as of 1 April, 2016. We examined the prevalence of ChEI use among women and men separately, and explored the association between ChEI use and age, sex, income status, geographic location of residence, use of palliative care services, comorbidity, and polypharmacy. Concurrent use of drugs known to impair cognition (including antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and medications with strong anticholinergic properties) was separately assessed among women and men using multivariable analyses and prevalence risk ratios. Of 74,799 women and 52,231 men living with dementia in the community, nearly 30% currently were using a ChEI (29.3% women, 28.6% men). Close to 70% of users were receiving the target therapeutic dose. Compared to men, women were less often taking the target therapeutic dose (67.8% women vs. 71.6% men, p < 0.001). Over 20% of users also were using drugs known to impair cognition, while being treated for cognitive decline using ChEIs. Compared to men, women were more often concurrently using drugs known to impair cognition (23.9% women vs. 21.8% men, p < 0.001). This is one of the first studies of ChEI use to account for important sex differences. The results remind clinicians and researchers that patterns of ChEI therapy use differ by sex, as women were less likely to receive target therapeutic doses and more vulnerable to potentially problematic polypharmacy than men.

Background Real-life community mobility (CM) measures for older adults, especially those with Parkinson’s disease (PD), are important tools when helping individuals maintain optimal function and quality of life. This is one of the first studies to compare an objective global positioning system (GPS) sensor and subjective self-report CM measures in an older clinical population. Methods Over 14 days, 54 people in Ontario, Canada with early to mid-stage PD (mean age = 67.5 ± 6.3 years; 47 men; 46 retired) wore a wireless inertial measurement unit with GPS (WIMU-GPS), and completed the Life Space Assessment and mobility diaries. We assessed the convergent validity, reliability and agreement on mobility outcomes using Spearman’s correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analyses, respectively. Results Convergent validity was attained by the WIMU-GPS for trip frequency (rs = .69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52–0.81) and duration outside (rs = .43, 95% CI = 0.18–0.62), but not for life space size (rs = .39, 95% CI = 0.14–0.60). The Life Space Assessment exhibited floor and ceiling effects. Moderate agreements were observed between WIMU-GPS and diary for trip frequency and duration (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51–0.82; 0.67, 95% CI = 0.42–0.82, respectively). Disagreement was more common among nonretired individuals. Conclusions WIMU-GPS could replace diaries for trip frequency and duration assessments in older adults with PD. Both assessments are best used for retired persons. However, the Life Space Assessment may not reflect actual mobility.

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are commonly prescribed agents for hypertension that can cause peripheral edema. A prescribing cascade occurs when the edema is misinterpreted as a new medical condition and a diuretic is subsequently prescribed to treat the edema. The extent to which this prescribing cascade occurs at a population level is not well understood.To measure the association between being newly dispensed a CCB and subsequent dispensing of a loop diuretic in older adults with hypertension.A population-based cohort study was performed using linked health administrative databases of community-dwelling adults 66 years or older with hypertension and new prescription drug claims from September 30, 2011, to September 30, 2016, in Ontario, Canada. The dates of analysis were September 1, 2018, to May 30, 2019.Individuals who were newly dispensed a CCB were compared with the following 2 groups: (1) individuals who were newly dispensed an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker and (2) individuals who were newly dispensed an unrelated medication.Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated for individuals who were dispensed a loop diuretic within 90 days of follow-up using Cox proportional hazards regression models.The cohort included 41 086 older adults (≥66 years) with hypertension who were newly dispensed a CCB, 66 494 individuals who were newly dispensed another antihypertensive medication, and 231 439 individuals who were newly dispensed an unrelated medication. At index (ie, the dispensing date), the mean (SD) age was 74.5 (6.9) years, and 191 685 (56.5%) were women. Individuals who were newly dispensed a CCB had a higher cumulative incidence at 90 days of being dispensed a loop diuretic than individuals in both control groups (1.4% vs 0.7% and 0.5%, P .001). After adjustment, individuals who were newly dispensed a CCB had increased relative rates of being dispensed a loop diuretic compared with individuals who were newly dispensed an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.38-2.05 in the first 30 days after index [days 1-30]; 2.26; 95% CI, 1.76-2.92 in the subsequent 30 days [days 31-60]; and 2.40; 95% CI, 1.84-3.13 in the third month of follow-up [days 61-90]) and individuals who were newly dispensed unrelated medications (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.13-2.96 for 1-30 days after index; 2.99; 95% CI, 2.43-3.69 for 31-60 days after index; and 3.89; 95% CI, 3.11-4.87 for 61-90 days after index). This association persisted, although slightly attenuated, from 90 days to up to 1 year of follow-up and when restricted to a subgroup of individuals who were newly dispensed amlodipine.Many older adults with hypertension who are newly dispensed a CCB subsequently receive a loop diuretic. Given how widely CCBs are prescribed, interventions are needed to raise clinicians' awareness of this common prescribing cascade to reduce the prescribing of potentially unnecessary medications that may cause harm.

To systematically describe the resources available on preventing, detecting, and reversing prescribing cascades using a scoping review methodology.We searched Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Sociological Abstracts from inception until July 2017. Other searches (Google Scholar, hand searches) and expert consultations were performed for resources examining how to prevent, detect, or reverse prescribing cascades. We used these three categories along the prescribing continuum as an organizing framework to categorize and synthesize resources.Of 369 resources identified, 58 met inclusion criteria; 29 of these were categorized as preventing, 20 as detecting, and 9 as reversing prescribing cascades. Resources originated from 14 countries and mostly focused on older adults. The goal of preventing resources was to educate and increase general awareness of the concept of prescribing cascades as a way to prevent inappropriate prescribing and to illustrate application of the concept to specific drugs (e.g., anticholinergics) and conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). Detecting resources included original investigations or case reports that identified prescribing cascades using health administrative data, patient cohorts, and novel sources such as social media. Reversing prescribing cascade resources focused on the medication review process and deprescribing initiatives.Prescribing cascades are a recognized problem internationally. By learning from the range of resources to prevent, detect, and reverse prescribing cascades, this review contributes to improving drug prescribing, especially in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2079-2085, 2018.

Importance Subtle but important differences have been described in the way that male and female physicians care for their patients, with some evidence suggesting women are more likely to adhere to best practice recommendations. Objective To determine if male and female physicians differ in their prescribing practices as measured by the initiation of lower-than-recommended dose cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) drug therapy for dementia management. Design, setting, and participants All community-dwelling Ontario residents aged 66 years and older with dementia and newly dispensed an oral ChEI drug (donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine) between April 1, 2010 and June 30, 2016 were included. Main outcome and measures The association between physician sex and the initiation of a lower than recommended-dose ChEI was examined using generalized linear mixed regression models, adjusting for patient and physician characteristics. Data were stratified by specialty. Secondary analyses explored the association between physician sex and cardiac screening as well as shorter duration of the initial prescription. Results The analysis included 3,443 female and 5,811 male physicians and the majority (83%) were family physicians, Female physicians were more likely to initiate ChEI therapy at a lower-than-recommended dose (Adjusted odds ratio = 1.43,95% confidence interval = 1.17 to 1.74). Compared to their male counterparts, female physicians were also more likely to follow other conservative prescribing practices including cardiac screening (55.1% vs. 49.2%, P-value

Background: Given the negative influence of poststroke depression (PSD) on functional recovery, cognition, social participation, quality of life, and risk for mortality, the early initiation of antidepressant therapy to prevent its development has been investigated; however, individual studies have offered conflicting evidence. The present systematic review and meta-analysis examined available evidence from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of PSD to provide updated pooled analyses. Methods: Literature searches of 6 databases were performed for the years 1990 to 2011. RCTs meeting study inclusion criteria were evaluated for methodologic quality. Data extracted included the antidepressant therapy used, treatment timing and duration, method(s) of assessment, and study results pertaining to the onset of PSD. Pooled analyses were conducted.Results: Eight RCTs were identified for inclusion. Pooled analyses demonstrated reduced odds for the development of PSD associated with pharmacologic treatment (odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.53; P , .001), a treatment duration of 1 year (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.18-0.56; P ,.001), and the use of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.22-0.61; P ,.001). Conclusions: The early initiation of antidepressant therapy, in nondepressed stroke patients, may reduce the odds for development of PSD. Optimum timing and duration for treatment and the identification of the most appropriate recipients for a program of indicated prevention require

Integrating community-based health and social care has grabbed international attention as a way of addressing the needs of aging populations while contributing to health systems' sustainability. However, integrating initiatives in different jurisdictions work (or do not work) within very various institutional and structural dynamics. The question is, what transferable lessons can we learn to guide policy makers and policy innovators at the local level? In this paper, we consider "aging at home" as a policy option in Ontario, and beyond. In the first section, we focus on the problem, in effect, what not to do. Here, we briefly review findings from national and international research literature and from our own research in Ontario that identify the costs and consequences of non-systems of care for older persons. In the second part, we turn to solutions, in effect, what to do. Drawing on our recent scoping review of the international literature, we identify three guiding principles, as well as a number of recommendations, for integrating care for older persons, knowing that important details of how to put such initiatives "on the ground" will be provided by other contributors to this journal edition.