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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of international reserves in Algeria using economic growth and real effective exchange rate variables. The paper used quarterly data from 1985Q1 to 2014Q4.Design/methodology/approach The study employs autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach known as the bounds testing method. The ARDL technique works well for small sample studies also. The current study assesses the influence of economic growth and real effective exchange rates on international reserves in Algeria by evaluating both short-run and long-run dynamics.Findings The study establishes a long-run relationship between international reserves, economic growth and real effective exchange rate. It also reveals that economic growth has a positive impact on international reserves while real effective exchange rate shows a negative effect.Originality/value This paper tries to provide a complete picture of the determinants of international reserves in Algeria. Foreign trade policy makers of Algeria can use the model estimated here to draw pertinent policies regarding international reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to report on an examination of the digestive organs in the deep-water fish Phycis blennoides (Brünnich) from Algerian coastal waters. A total of 1,019 specimens (5.7-62.7 cm in total length) obtained from commercial fisheries were examined between December 2013 and May 2017. The anatomical study was conducted using morphometric measurements of different sections of the digestive tract of P. blennoides. The histological features of the digestive tract were examined in the esophagus, stomach, intestine, and pyloric cecum. They were compatible with carnivorous feeding behavior and confirmed by a low intestinal quotient (IQ = 0.72 ± 0.13). The histopathological assessment highlighted the hepatic steatosis and parasitic infestation in its intestine from Anisakis simplex, which also occurs in Algerian coastal waters. According to our knowledge, this paper reports for the first time the morphohistological analysis of the digestive tract of a Phycidae species in Africa and provides the first histopathological assessment of the digestive organs of the greater forkbeard in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood testimonies have become a familiar component of war reporting and peace advocacy through the publication of children’s drawings, oral descriptions of wartime trauma and wartime writing. While such practices have the merit of publicising children’s experiences, it is also the case that the selection and distribution of these materials is often done with political intent. The present paper examines the production conditions behind three cases of childhood testimony from the Algerian War of Independence. Based on interviews with actors from the war period and on-site archival research conducted in 2011–2012, this paper investigates several documents produced by children and published by networks affiliated or sympathetic to the National Liberation Front (FLN) during the war. As well as analysing the content of these documents, we look at how and where they were produced, through what conduits they were published, and the stated aims of political actors involved in their publication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The various civilizations which followed one another on the Algerian territory marked it by their presence. The architectural and urban production of each period displays its concepts and its styles, each rich with specific characteristics. The most representative buildings date to the Ottoman period and especially to French colonization. During the latter, and with the multiplication of the administrative offices, numerous public buildings represent different styles: Neoclassical, eclectic, neo-Moorish and art deco, each lying next to one another. Nevertheless, each building was intended to indicate its function. Numerous studies of the buildings erected during the first half of the twentieth century and particularly on the attributes of the neo-Moorish style were examined unlike the architectural output resulting from the Second Empire and relating to public civil architecture, due to the lack of monographic work. Our knowledge in this field thus remains to be improved and constituted. This paper is devoted to the town hall of Annaba, through which we will illustrate the attributes and architectonic specificities as well as the codes inherent in French public civil architecture in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1960-62 French officials considered partitioning Algeria between Europeanand Muslim-majority areas, much later and more seriously than the existing historiography shows. Even supporters of partition, however, remained ambivalent, regarding it as a "foreign" approach to decolonization opposed to French principles of territorial unity and racial equality. Thus they discussed partition by comparing Algeria to foreign models, in particular the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine that led to the creation of the state of Israel. Drawing on the private papers of Prime Minister Michel Debré, the writings of Alain Peyrefitte, and archives from the Ministries of Algerian and Foreign Affairs, this article argues that partition plans were failed attempts to deflect colonialism by looking sideways. To do so, the supporters of partition made use of comparison, a long-standing tool of the colonial administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains and illustrates how the US Administration of President George W. Bush used the pretext of its global war on terror to justify the launch of a new African, Saharan-Sahelian front in the global war on terror, which in turn justified the creation of a new regional combatant command for Africa (AFRICOM) and the subsequent militarisation of much of Africa to meet and satisfy America's new imperial designs. It also explains why the terrorism that justified the launch of this new front was fabricated by Algeria's military intelligence services working complicitly with their US counterparts. The paper illustrates why the Bush Administration's policy towards Africa, so far continued by the Barack Obama presidency, has brought mostly increased repression, unrest and political instability. It concludes that as long as US policy towards Africa remains fundamentally imperialist and conducted through AFRICOM, it is unlikely to deliver peace, security or development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many problems posed by colonial citizenship laws regulating Algerians was the special case of people born within the confines of Algeria and their descendants who had emigrated outside of the country. Algerians in Algeria already inhabited an imprecise place of incomplete French citizenship. And those living abroad, the ‘Originaires d'Algérie’, had to contend with the decisions of French consular authorities, who laboured to interpret and implement the rules established by the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Justice to define the legal status of Algerians living abroad. The French state claimed this category of people as « French » according to the legal theory of State succession. Then, the Indigenat served as an Algerian nationality. This paper argues that this Algerian nationality was an imperial nationality for internal use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By the mid-twentieth century, French geographers had produced substantial works of research aiming to classify genres de vie. They had broken with the idea that nomadic and sedentary genres de vie were the successive stages of a universal history of human societies, and argued instead that they were the result of human adaptations to specific natural environments. Within this new conceptual framework, nomadism was thus understood as a form of highly evolved genre de vie responding to the particular characteristics of the steppe. But if pastoral nomadism was the best possible adaptation to the dry steppe zone, on what natural basis could the extension of European sedentary agriculture be justified? Scientific answers to this question were of strategic importance in Algeria which was the most important colony of settlement in the French empire and in fact often considered as a part of France. Through the analysis of a corpus of works published by institutionally recognized geographers concerning Algeria and Algeria's indigenous genres de vie (including doctoral theses, articles in the Annales de Giographie and literary reviews), the paper attempts to show how the concept of the 'adaptation of mankind' to the natural environment, when applied to Algeria, generated a series of intractable divides and deep contradictions. This in turn requires us to reconsider the idea that in French geography, the neo-Lamarckian concept of natural determinism systematically supported a distinction between so-called 'European' and 'Native' populations. By examining precisely the scientific usages of the concept of genre de vie in the colonial and imperial situation, the paper will attempt to reveal how the academic debates of the time were shaped by competing views of the civilizing mission of French colonialism in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1990 carbon dioxide emissions in Africa have increased by about 50%. The total carbon dioxide emissions of the entire African continent are not, however, anywhere near those of countries such as India or China. Yet certain African countries have per capita emissions comparable to some European countries. What is the outlook for Africa? How should African countries respond as it becomes increasingly likely that climate change is occurring? Increased industrial growth and more foreign investment in Africa, especially in countries that are politically and economically stable, have led to huge commercial developments such as the In Salah gas project in Algeria, which releases more than a million tons of carbon dioxide annually; and synthetic fuel plants and power stations in South Africa that generate more than 350 million tons per year. In this perspective should some African countries be required to limit greenhouse gas emissions or should they be immune to 'environmental taxation'? This paper critically reviews the carbon dioxide problem in some parts of Africa and its role in climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 20th century West Indian intellectual and anti-imperialist leader Frantz Fanon and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with a particular focus on the CIA's role in extending leukemia treatment to him just before he died in 1961. It references the former CIA official Oliver Iselin, who oversaw Fanon during his medical treatment, including Iselin's relations with third world nationalists and national liberation movements in Algeria fighting the French colonists.

In the Mid to Late Ordovician the area of the Ougarta Range in north-west Africa occupied a position in relative proximity to the South Pole. Eight successive low diversity brachiopod faunas, including the lingulide association dominated by unnamed species of Lingulobolus, the Darriwilian ?Sivorthis fraterna and Tissintia convergens, the Sandbian to early Katian Drabovinella regia and Tafilaltia destombesi-Rostricellula ambigena associations, the mid Katian Drabovinella maxima and Svobodaina cf. havliceki associations and the late Hirnantian Plectothyrella crassicostis chauveli Association are recognised. The brachiopod based correlation with the Middle to Upper Ordovician succession of the Anti-Atlas in Morocco, suggests the presence of some gaps in the Ougarta section. The occurrence of Svobodaina cf. havliceki in the Bou M'Haoud Formation Upper Member suggests its correlation with the upper part of the Lower Ktoua Formation of the Anti-Atlas. Among the other brachiopod taxa Drabovinella regia, Orbiculothyris cf. costellata, Tafilaltia destombesi, Rostricellula ambigena, together with the genera Fehamya, Mezotreta and Leptaena were previously unknown from Algerian Sahara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian-Tunisian frontier zone was much contested in the late nineteenth century, defying the logic of modernity that sought to establish territoriality. This modernity appeared only through an imbrication of raids, warfare, environmental shifts, and competing territorial claims. The violence of the territorial process, the changing geography of sovereignty, and uncertain frontier delimitation: these and other elements challenge the image of modernity arising in a fixed territory according to a linear chronology. This article argues that modernity in the Maghrib, seen through the lens of territory, is a temporally and spatially variable process: "modern" sovereign power existed only at certain levels of abstraction and within certain environmental relations. To consider modernity in the Maghrib, we will have to see how claims of sovereignty and the process of territorialization were understood by actors operating on local, regional, and imperial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted during spring 2012 to detect the causal organism (s) responsible for a new grapevine dieback disease in Algeria. Samples of grapevine wood were collected from 10 grapevine fields located in two regions (Medea and Tipaza). Several fungi were isolated from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues. Botryosphaeria spp, were identified based on the morphological characteristics of the culture and confirmed by Beta tubulin (β-tubulin) region. The sequences submitted to the GenBank (NCBI) under accession numbers (KC960991)( HQ660477)( AY236931), revealed 99-100% homology. Other fungal species Entoleuca mammata and Rosellinia merrilli. were also isolated at low frequency. Inoculation In vitro of grapevine plantlets, with the two Botryosphaeriaceae species, produced smallest necrosis after five-week incubation; Botryosphaeria obtsusa (Diplodia seriata) were virulent compared with B. dothidea. The species tested were re-isolated from necrosis symptoms on infected plantlets . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral poetic tradition in Hassaniya Arabic emerged as a distinct trans-Saharan genre in present-day Mauritania in the pre-colonial era, fusing stylistic features of classical Arabic poetry with the musical heritage and griot1 traditions of neighbouring sub-Saharan cultures. As a popular musical art performed in a colloquial dialect, Hassani poetry is accessible to a range of social classes, and mastery of composition signifies linguistic prowess and social prestige. Drawing on ethnographic research with male and female Sahrawi poets in 2006–07, this article traces the roots of oral poetry in Hassaniya-speaking communities in northwest Africa and discusses recent shifts in modes of transmission, performance contexts, and poetic content. While the proliferation of new media has decreased the apprenticeship of younger poets, Hassani poetry has maintained an active following among mixed age groups. In the context of the protracted international conflict over the Western Sahara, the genre has gained new visibility as part of larger national projects to promote Sahrawi cultural heritage and advance opposing political agendas. Examples from Sahrawi poets in southern Morocco, Western Sahara,2 and refugee camps in Algeria demonstrate how the genre serves as a discursive strategy in critiquing modern urban culture, employing social capital, and supporting the political rhetoric of nationalist movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In counterinsurgency, the population is the center of gravity. This insight has become a key doctrinal tenet of modern armed conflict. But where does it come from? The razzia, a tactic introduced by the French in North Africa around 1840, first thrust tribal populations into the focus of modern operational thinking. Soon the pioneering bureaux arabes added an administrative, civil, and political element. Eventually, in the 1890s, French operations in Madagascar gave rise to a mature counterinsurgency doctrine. David Galula, a French writer who heavily influenced the American Counterinsurgency manual, is merely the joint that connects the nineteenth century to the twenty-first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romantic concept of “local color” refers to a site of painterly experimentation, the application of pigment in the chromatic construction of a picture. The term also identifies a detail authenticating an exotic subject considered typical of a particular region. This article zeroes in on the convergence of these two aspects of local color, interrogating the dialogue between subject and technique in the representation of North Africans. In their paintings from the late 1840s depicting “primitive” racial types from the Maghrib, Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) and Theodore Chasseriau (1819-1856) shifted to a color system that emphasized contrasts of distinct zones of color derived from an ethnological spectrum over smooth transitions and harmonies between hues. Unpacking the coordinates, including the trope of the mixed-blood, and the unstable classificatory schemas of physical anthropology suggests that these painters' unconventional colorism and formal daring indexed the pervasive anxiety that miscegenation would lead to racial chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2004, a young woman claimed that she had been attacked on the Paris urban railway system by four Maghrebins and two Africans and that the discovery that she might be Jewish had intensified the character of the attack. For a number of days, the French media were dominated by the case and leading politicians condemned it. The events drew attention to a number of issues concerning culture and identity in contemporary France and the role played in constituting this identity of history and memory. However it also displayed how the constitution of identity is a selective process in which different elements may be dealt with, either in different ways or omitted altogether. This article explores how in attempting to come to terms with the legacies of anti-Semitism, other areas of history and memory have been neglected, including the legacy of France's colonial empire, and, in particular her relationship with Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the practices of goat breeding and establish a classification of goat herds, a survey was conducted with 106 goat breeders in the semi-arid region of Laghouat. Two indigenous breeds were encountered in this survey: the Arabia and the Mekatia; the Arabia being found as the dominant. The results show that breeders choose the breeding goats with a goal of generating more income in cash from the sale of products. The goat milk marketing chain appears to be weak. The milk produced is primary used for home consumption. A multivariate analysis categorized the goat farming of Laghouat region into three groups corresponding to three different farming systems: cluster 1 (pastoral system), cluster 2 (mixed crop-livestock system) and cluster 3 (small herds in zero grazing system).The in-depth study of the goals and contexts of goat farming in Laghouat will allow policy makers to design strategies for sustainable development of goat breeding in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]