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Pankiv M. V., Paltov Ye. V., Masna Z. Z., Chelpanova I. V., Kovalska M. Ye. Structural features of the intervertebral disc in rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(07): 68-78. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.07.006 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.07.006 https://zenodo.org/record/5093282 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 14.06.2021. Revised: 25.06.2021. Accepted: 12.07.2021. UDK: 611.721.1.018.3.019 Structural features of the intervertebral disc in rats M. V. Pankiv, Ye. V. Paltov, Z. Z. Masna, I. V. Chelpanova, M. Ye. Kovalska Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine M.V. Pankiv, Ph. D-student at the Department of Normal Anatomy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-2577 Ye.V. Paltov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-4753 Z.Z. Masna, MD, Professor, Head of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographical Anatomy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2057-7061 I.V. Chelpanova, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5215-814X M. Ye. Kovalska Ph.D., Assistant of the department of pathological physiology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-3951 Abstract The aim of our work was to study the structural organization of the components of vertebral disc of rats on the microscopic level in the normal state. This goal was achieved by means of microscopic method of visualization of cellular components of the intervertebral disc of rats. Histological preparations were made in accordance with the conventional method of using the dye hematoxylin, eosin and azan according to the method of Heidenhain, PAS reaction according to MacManus and Alcian blue according to Steedman. As a result of the microstructural study, it was ascertained that the rat’s intervertebral disc normally consists of a gelatinous (pulpal) nucleus and a fibrous ring. It is separated from the vertebral bodies by a thin layer of cartilaginous tissue of the locking plates and hyaline cartilage, which covers the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. The data that rats do not have locking plates can be rarely found in the literature. The vessels verging the intervertebral disc radially -in front, back and from the sides, branch out from the vessels of vertebral periosteum. In the cartilaginous tissue of intervertebral disc, vessels are not visualized. Key words: intervertebral disc; structural components; norm; rat.

We report the peculiar case of a parosteal osteosarcoma arising beneath the periosteum in a 12-year-old boy. He complained of difficulty in left knee flexion. Plain radiography showed a uniformly dense mineralized mass in the bone cortex and parosteal ossified nodules at the metaphysis and diaphysis of the left distal femur. Periosteal reaction was not evident. Uniquely, plain radiography had a smooth outline and revealed gradually thickening mass toward the center. Histologically, the tumor showed a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells with parallel-oriented dense bone trabeculae and hyaline cartilaginous tissue disclosing mild atypia. The periosteum was inverted along the polypoid mass, but there was no periosteum at the top. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells, including those at the top of the polypoid mass, and cartilaginous cells were positive for MDM2 and CDK4. MDM2 gene amplification was detected in these cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Despite the peculiar feature of plain radiography, the lesion was diagnosed as parosteal osteosarcoma. This case report presents a case of parosteal osteosarcoma arising beneath the periosteum, although it is postulated to arise in the outer layer of the periosteum. The unique radiographic findings in this case suggest an association of parosteal osteosarcoma with vigorous bone growth before closure of the growth plate.

The results of experimental work on modeling deforming osteoarthrosis of the knee joint in small rodents are presented. The pathogenetic basis of this process is a violation of the blood supply and the distribution of physiological load in the joint. Variants of rigid and non-rigid limb immobilization systems are proposed. The results of morphofunctional assessment are given, indicating a violation of the anatomical and histological structure of the metaphysis, pineal gland and metaepiphysis of the femur and tibia. The leading role in the development of deforming osteoarthritis of the knee belongs to the violation of the physiological distribution of the dynamic load on the joint, and the most vulnerable to the progression of this process are subchondral structures. Violation of regional blood circulation of the lower limb of the animal was achieved by crossing the femoral artery. Limb immobilization was carried out for 4 weeks. The results were evaluated by the severity of changes in the morphological structure of the operated joints and radiographic examination. The high mitotic activity of cellular elements, revealed as a result of histological examination in all groups of animals, indicates the rapid formation of vascular collaterals in rats. It was noted that with non-rigid immobilization of the joint with a plaster cast, the cartilaginous tissue of the articular surface becomes thinner, while the subchondral structures change slightly. With severe immobilization of the joint in the external fixation apparatus, significant changes are revealed precisely in the structure of subchondral structures. In animals subjected to a two-week rehabilitation period after dismantling the external fixation apparatus, a further progression of the pathological process was noted. Thus, with severe immobilization of the limb in the experiment, it was possible to obtain a stable joint deformation corresponding to the 3rd clinical and radiological stage of osteoarthritis.

In Ukraine due to an increasing harmful effect of environmental factors on the human organism, especially in the period of the intrauterine development, the problem has become an important issue. Investigation of the dynamics of changes in the topography of structures of organs and complexes of organs during the prenatal period of human ontogenesis with the aim to determine the interrelations and interaction of the shape-generating processes on the spatial-temporal orientation of the anatomical structures as well as finding the time and morphological preconditions of possible occurrence of variants in their structure and congenital defects is one of the important scientific directions in anatomical field. 10 specimens of the nasal area of 7-8week pre-fetuses, regularities of their development, formation and morphological transformations of the human nasal septum were examined by means of micro- and morphometry. During the pre-fetal period the rudiment of the nasal septum was found to be presented by the mesenchyme covered externally with the high columnar epithelium with the nuclei of a spherical or oval shape. The mesenchyme cells are located more densely in the central part of the nasal septum rudiment forming an aggregation. The anterior and median thirds of the nasal septum are merged with the primary palate, and its posterior part hangs down into the primary oral cavity. In pre-fetuses at the end of the 7th week of development (19,5-20,0 mm long) the subepithelial blood network is presented by the vascular columns of a capillary type 8,0±0,5 mcm in diameter. During the 8th week of the intrauterine life a layer of the subcartilaginous tissue appears in the central part of the nasal septum due to differentiation of the mesenchyme cells. The mesenchyme cells are concentrated directly near the lower part of the posterior third of the nasal septum looking like a pair formation in the form of laminae – vomer rudiment. At the end of the 8th week of the intrauterine development the subcartilaginous tissue of the nasal septum is transformed into the immature cartilaginous tissue. The rudiment of the cuneopalatine artery (24,0±0,5 mcm in diameter) is also determined in the posterior portion of the lateral wall of the primary nasal cavity.

Introduction This study was performed with the aim of detecting the interaction between cartilaginous and bone tissues in the process of mandible morphogenesis in human embryos. Material and Methods Whole-mount skeletal preparations, stained with Alcian blue and Alizarin red, as well as serial histological sections impregnated with silver and stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied. A total of 48 human embryos/fetuses from 5 to 29 weeks of age were used. Results In the mandible anlage, in addition to the woven bone, cartilaginous and chondroid tissues are present. Cartilaginous tissue islets are localized at the tip of the condylar and coronoid processes and also in the region of the mandibular symphysis. The chondroid tissue is incorporated into the bone in the region of the mandibular symphysis, along the edge of the coronoid process, and also in the alveolar part of the mandible. Conclusion Meckel’s cartilage participates in the formation of the mandibular body, and its remains persist in the area of the mandibular symphysis until the second half of the prenatal development.

Hnatiuk Mykhailo, Rubas Lesia. Morphometric evaluation of features of remodeling of chondrocites of joint surfaces of temporomandibular joint of experimental animals in hyperglycemia. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(06): 137-142. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.06.014 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.06.014 https://zenodo.org/record/5035110 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.05.2021. Revised: 03.06.2021. Accepted: 25.06.2021. MORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF FEATURES OF REMODELING OF CHONDROCITES OF JOINT SURFACES OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA Mykhailo Stepanovych Hnatiuk, Lesia Vasylivna Rubas I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University 46001, 1 Maidan Voli, Ternopil, Ukraine Corespondent e-mail: rebukhal@gmail.com Hnatiuk Mykhailo Stepanovych1, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-5568 Rubas Lesia Vasylivna2, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-0313 Abstract Aim: to study morphometrically the peculiarities of remodeling of chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint in hyperglycemia. Materials and methods: Quantitative morphological methods were used to study diameters of chondrocytes and their nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic relationship in these cells, relative volume of damaged chondrocytes, intercellular-chondrocytic relationship in mature chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint of 45 laboratory mature white male rats with simulated diabetes. Results: A comprehensive analysis of the morphometric parameters presented in the article showed that they did not differ in the articular surfaces of the temporal fossa and mandibular head of the intact temporomandibular joint. The expressed structural changes of chondrocytes were revealed at a monthly and a two-month diabetic arthropathy of this joint. Conclusions: Proceeded studies and obtained results suggest that prolonged hyperglycemia leads to diabetic arthropathy of the TMJ, which is characterized by atrophy of chondrocytes, violation of nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships, an increase in the relative volume of damaged chondrocytes and volume of intercellular substance. The detected changes in quantitative morphological parameters depended on the duration of hyperglycemia and dominated in the cartilaginous tissue of the articular surface of the mandibular head. Key words: chondrocytes; temporomandibular joint; hyperglycemia; cartilaginous tissue.

Osteochondroma usually arises from the metaphyseal region of growing bones. The occurrence of extraskeletal osteochondroma is rare with very few case reports. Para-articular osteochondroma is a type of extraskeletal osteochondroma. It frequently occurs around the knee, usually at infrapatellar Hoffa’s fat pad. It is usually intracapsular but extrasynovial and arises from the capsule and connective tissues due to osteocartilaginous metaplasia. We present a case of 19-years male with anterior knee pain for 3 years, swelling, and deformity of the knee with flexion limitation for one year. Radiography revealed ovoid, corticated lesion free from adjoining bones. Mass interpreted as benign, so planned for excision. Well circumscribed nodule excised from the medial parapatellar approach. Histology revealed cartilaginous tissues surrounded by fibrous tissues with scattered enchondral ossification.Postoperatively and subsequent follow-up resulted in pain-free joint, complete recovery of range of motion with no clinicoradiological evidence of recurrence.

SummaryAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spine disorder affecting children worldwide, yet little is known about the pathogenesis of this disorder. Here, we demonstrate that genetic regulation of structural components of the axial skeleton, the intervertebral discs and dense connective tissues (e.g., ligaments and tendons), are essential for maintenance of spinal alignment. We show that the G-coupled protein receptorAdgrg6, previously implicated in human AIS association studies, is required in these tissues to maintain typical spine morphology. We show thatAdgrg6regulates biomechanical properties of tendon and stimulates CREB signaling governing gene expression in cartilaginous tissues of the spine. Treatment with an cAMP agonist was able to mirror aspects of receptor function in culture defining core pathways for regulation of these axial connective tissues. AsADGRG6is a key gene involved in human AIS, these findings open up novel therapeutic opportunities for human scoliosis.HighlightsKnockout mice lackingAdgrg6function in the tendons and ligaments of the spine develop perinatal-onset thoracic scoliosis.Loss ofAdgrg6function in cartilaginous tissues of the discs contribute to the incidence and severity of scoliosis.The loss ofAdgrg6function in spine tissues provide a model of construct validity for human adolescent idiopathic scoliosisFine tuning of the biomechanical properties of dense connective tissues is essential for maintaining spine alignment.

Van Neck-Odelberg disease (VND) is a rare benign pediatric skeletal abnormality characterized by hyperostosis of the ischiopubic synchondrosis (IPS) and clinical symptoms.1,2,3 IPS is a strip of cartilaginous tissue between the superomedial pubic and posterolateral ischial ossification centers, which develops into the inferior pubic rami and ischial tuberosity, respectively.

The term choristoma describes the growth of normal tissue in an abnormal location (Barnes et al., 2005) [1] Cartilaginous Choristoma is the proliferation of cartilaginous tissue in Choristoma. Here we report a two-year-old girl child who presented with hard swelling on the tongue. The child was investigated, and complete excision was done. The excised specimen was sent for histopathology, which reported as cartilaginous Choristoma of the tongue.

Background Osteochondroma is a benign tumor that occurs mainly at the metaphysis of long bones and seldom arises from carpal bones. We describe an extremely rare case of osteochondroma of the hamate without a typical cartilaginous cap and with a spiky bony protrusion in an elderly patient. Case presentation A 78-year-old right-handed female housekeeper had a multilobed osteochondroma of the hamate, which caused carpal tunnel syndrome and irritation of the flexor tendons. Radiological examinations showed a morphological abnormality of the hamate comprising a spiky bony protrusion into the carpal tunnel and a free body proximal to the pisiform. Open carpal tunnel release and resection of the spiky bony protrusion on the hook of the hamate were performed. The flexor digitorum profundus tendons of the ring and little fingers displayed synovitis and partial laceration in the carpal tunnel. Histological examination also showed atypical findings: only a few regions of cartilaginous tissue were seen in the spiky bony protrusion, whereas the free body proximal to the pisiform contained thick cartilaginous tissue such as a cartilaginous cap typical of osteochondroma. We speculated that the bony protrusion to the carpal tunnel had been eroded by mechanical irritation caused by gliding of the flexor tendon and had resulted in the protruding spiky shape with less cartilaginous tissue. The fractured cartilaginous cap had moved into the cavity within the carpal tunnel proximal to the pisiform and had become a large free body. Conclusions Osteochondroma of the carpal bone may take various shapes because the carpal bone is surrounded by neighboring bones and tight ligaments, which can restrict tumor growth. This type of tumor is likely to present with various symptoms because of the close proximity of important structures including nerves, tendons, and joints. The diagnosis of osteochondroma of the carpal bone may be difficult because of its rarity and atypical radiological and histological findings, such as the lack of a round cartilaginous cap. We suggest that surgeons should have a detailed understanding of this condition and should make a definitive diagnosis based on the overall findings.

Aim. To reveal the influence of patient’s connective tissue state and body mass on the development of damage of the cartilaginous tissue of femoral bone medial condyle in case of medial meniscus rupture. Materials and methods. The study included 85 patients, undergoing arthroscopic treatment of the knee joint in connection with damaged medial meniscus. The damage degree of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue was estimated using Outerbridge classification (1961). The body mass was calculated by the body mass index kg/m2. To assess the connective tissue elasticity, “the method of express diagnosis of dysplastic state of connective-tissue structures in conditions of ambulatory traumatologo-orthopedic service” was used. Results. The present paper is devoted to a widespread problem – the damage of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue in case of medial meniscus rupture. The aim of the study was to find out the influence of connective tissue state and body mass on the damage of the femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue. Seventy patients were examined. As a result of analysis, it was established that an excess body mass as well as low connective tissue elasticity provoke destruction of the cartilaginous tissue of femoral bone medial condyle. Patients with connective tissue dysplasia are more tolerant to cartilaginous tissue degradation. The risk group for cartilaginous tissue damage includes persons with low connective tissue elasticity and obesity. Conclusions. When medial meniscus is ruptured, most patients during the first 6 months after trauma experience damage of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue. The most favorable for the outcome is the state when patients have a normal body mass. Dysplastic state of connective tissue somehow eliminates the damaging factor at the expense of elevated elasticity of cartilaginous tissue. The most unfavorable is the situation, when patients have excess body mass and low connective tissue elasticity. For this group of patients the most optimal variant is hospitalization and arthroscopic treatment taking into account urgent indications.

The results of morphological studies of auxiliary elements (patella, meniscus, cruciate ligament, synovial bags) of 60 knee joints of adult corpses, 30 of which were intact (without signs of deforming arthrosis) and 30 with signs of deforming arthrosis of stages III-IV are presented. It is established that the auxiliary apparatus undergoes significant changes in the progression of deforming arthrosis. In a greater degree degenerative changes prone articular cartilage of the patella and medial condyles of the knee joint. The affected areas were characterized by thinning of the articular cartilage or its complete absence, as well as the presence of osteophytes along the edges of the articular surfaces. The measurements of the relative length, width, and thickness of the meniscus also confirmed the fact of their substantial deformation and degeneration, mainly of the medial meniscus. The posterior part of the body and the horn of the medial meniscus were most susceptible to the destruction of the cartilaginous tissue and were accompanied by the erasure and disintegration of the inner margin. Synovial membranes with deforming arthrosis were thickened, compacted and locally hyperemic, had papillary growths, which indicates the presence of synovitis and fluid accumulation not only in the joint cavity but also in synovial bags, the sizes of which were significantly increased. Intra-articular ligaments are hyperemic, and fragments are noted. Pterygoid folds are enlarged, locally hyperemic, with a vascular pattern, elongated processes are visualized along the edges. Identified morphological changes in the progression of deforming arthrosis lead to trophic and metabolic disturbances of all structures of the knee joint. The results of the study of the auxiliary elements of the knee joint can be used as a control in the diagnosis of deforming arthrosis.

Augmented expression of substance P (SP) in the cartilaginous tissue has been shown to promote degenerative changes in the cartilaginous matrix of distal contralateral articular joints via neurogenic inflammation post monoarthritis-induction contributing to the symmetrical spread of osteoarthritis (OA). However, no studies have explored whether similar changes are also present within neurosegmentally linked ipsilateral heterologous cartilage. Objective The present study aimed to investigate whether experimentally induced lumbar facet-joint OA lead to degenerative changes and enhanced SP expression within the ipsilateral neurosegmentally linked tibiofemoral cartilage. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to left side L5-L6 facet mechanical compression injury (surgery) ( n = 6), L5-L6 facet exposure with no compression (sham) ( n = 5), or naïve (no surgery) ( n = 4) groups. The morphology of the tibiofemoral articular cartilage was assessed using a modified Mankin scoring system. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the density of chondrocytes stained positive for SP (cells/cm2) in the ipsilateral tibiofemoral cartilage at 28 days postintervention. Results Tibiofemoral cartilage in the surgery group showed consistent loss of superficial zone chondrocytes, mild roughening of the articular surface and occasional chondrocyte clusters as well as a greater density of SP mainly in the superficial cartilage zone compared with sham and naïve groups, although they also had a basic SP-expression. Conclusion Our results support the hypothesis that neurogenic mechanisms may mediate the spread of SP to neurosegmentally linked heterologous joints affecting the distal cartilage homeostasis. These findings contribute additional insight into the potential role of neurogenic inflammation with implications in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory joint disease and OA.

Skeletal anomalies affect animal welfare and cause important economic problems in aquaculture. Despite the high frequency of skeletal problems in reared Solea senegalensis, there is lack of information regarding the histological features of normal and deformed vertebrae in this flatfish. The aim of this study was to describe the histopathological and radiographical appearance of vertebral body anomalies. Sixty-seven juvenile fish were radiographically examined 104 or 105 days after hatching. Through radiographic images, vertebral segments were selected and processed for histopathological examination from 7 normal and 7 affected fish. Alterations in bone shape and vertebral fusion were the most significant anomalies in the vertebral bodies. These alterations occurred most frequently between the last 3 abdominal vertebrae and the first 10 caudal centra. Radiographically, deformed vertebrae showed flattening of the endplates and narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. The radiographic findings concurred with the histological lesions where affected vertebrae exhibited irregular endplates and changes in trabecular bone. Radiolucent cartilaginous tissue was evident in the endplates of the deformed vertebra and, in some cases, the cartilaginous material extended from the growth zone into the intervertebral space. These changes were likely the primary alterations that led to vertebral fusion. Fused vertebrae were often reshaped and showed a reorganization of the trabeculae. The formation of metaplastic cartilage is frequent in a variety of anomalies affecting teleost species.

The purpose of this study was to histologically observe a specimen of a calcium phosphate (CaP)-hybridized tendon graft-bone interface at the posterior side of tibial bone tunnel obtained during the revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We present the case of a 15-year-old female who was returning to sports 7 months and 12 days after primary anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction with no instability. Re-rupture was diagnosed 9 months and 12 days after the surgery. At the joint aperture site, a firm biological fixation via direct bonding area, cartilaginous tissue, and dense collagen fiber were observed without the presence of a nonbonding gap area.

It is known that even small damage to the cartilage, regard­less of genesis, is not spontaneously repaired. This provokes in the future the spread of degenerative joint damage and the oc­currence of irreversible secondary arthrosis changes. Objective : to analyze the effect of autologous platelet rich plasma on the re­generation process in simulated cartilage defects in the intercon­dylar region of the femur in rabbits, to evaluate the microscopic pattern at different time intervals, to identify possible disadvan­tages and complications of the technique. Methods : the experi­ment was conducted on 24 adult rabbits. Defects were created in the intercondylar area of the distal femur of both extremities: with involvement of the subchondral plate before the appearance of blood dew — 12 defects in the main group and 10 in the con­trol group, without its involvement — 12 and 10, respectively. On the 7th d ay a fter t he o peration, p latelet r ich p lasma w as injected into the joints of the control group rabbits. In 2 ani­mals (intact), the knee joints were not injured. After 2, 4 and 8 weeks, a macroscopic and histological analysis of the formed regenerate was carried out. Results : 8 weeks after the operation, the average thickness of the regenerate in animals with damage to the subchondral plate was (0.34 ± 0.06) mm in the main group and (0.58 ± 0.009) mm in the control group. Without damage to the subchondral plate, the regeneration of the cartilaginous tissue is limited and after 8 weeks is practically not observed even when using platelet rich plasma. Regenerate in the main group was a fibrous-cartilaginous structure with signs of dif­ferentiation of chondroblasts, in control — fibrous, with a large number of vessels. Conclusion : the structure of the regenerate in the defects of the articular cartilage with the involve­ment of the subchondral plate proved to be qualitatively better in the subgroup of animals that received platelet rich plasma in the postoperative period.

One of the chronic disease of upper airways in dogs is a «tracheal collapse» or a «dorsoventral flattening of trachea». This disease does not have a finally defined cause and pathogenesis. There are some facts about the possibility of the disease development as a congenital pathology for a great number of dog breeds. Furthermore, the secondary development of this disease can also happen because of the environmental conditions. Nowadays, it is considered that the most important components of pathogenesis of tracheal collapse are congential or acquired defects of tracheal connective and cartilaginous tissue. Relying upon proven existence of airways wall pathologies because of dysplasia of connective tissue in people, authors suppose that the «tracheal collapse», or the «dorsoventral flattening of trachea» is not independent disease of dogs but it is just one of the symptoms of systemic connective tissue dysplasia. The purpose of the study was the identification of systemic or specific organ pathologies in dogs which accompany the tracheal collapse. The research was performed by the pathologoanatomical analysis of the results of corpse dissection of different dogs breeds which had taken place at the pathological anatomy and dissection department of Kharkov State Veterinary Academy for the last 8 years. Finally, 11 results of the dog bodies dissections were analyzed. According to the results of performed analysis, tracheal collapse or dorsoventral flattening of trachea are registered in different dog breeds, including metises. Most dogs have asymptomatic disease course. It was also established that dog dorsoventral flattening of trachea comes together with other pathologies which include systemic pathologies of connective tissue in different organs. From 11 examined cases, 45% of dogs had tracheal collapse combined with spondiloarthral pathologies. These pathologies are represented by deformations of big joints of limbs, spinal column and intervertebral cartilages pathologies which manifest in lordosis. In 18% of corpses, tracheal collapse was combined with pathologies of colon wall (megacolon) and periodontal pathologies. In 27% of cases, pathomorphological characteristics of tracheobronchial collapse were accompanied with mitral insufficiency and pathologies of endocardial fibrous base. According to the results of the dissections the studied pathology of tracheal and bronchial walls in dogs is one of the symptom of the systemic disturbance of connective tissue development. Authors suppose to term this pathology as tracheobronchial dysplasia instead of dorsoventral flattening of trachea or tracheal collapse. The primary tracheobronchial dysplasia in dogs can't be considered as an independent disease so sick animals should be studied in order to find out other systemic or specific organ pathologies. Prognosis and possibility of treatment should to be determined according to these pathologies. Further research can be aimed to investigate special characteristics of connective tissue organization.

Purpose: It is well known that bony and cartilaginous tissues can be present in lumbosacral lipomas; however, the relationship between their presence and clinical features has not been demonstrated. Methods: Five (10.4%) out of 48 patients had osteochondral tissues in lipomas. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, neuroradiological, and histological findings of these patients. Results: Five (45.5%) of 11 patients with dorsal and transitional type lipomas had osteochondral tissues, while none with caudal and filar type lipomas had these tissues. Presurgical imaging demonstrated that the osteochondral tissue was located in a large subcutaneous lipoma dorsal to the bifid vertebral column. Histologically, mature bone with hematopoietic marrow and hyaline cartilage were observed in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. Conclusions: The high incidence of association of osteochondral tissues with dorsal and transitional type lipomas is thought to be the result of primary neurulation failure with invasion of mesenchymal tissues. Caudal and filar type lipomas, resulting from secondary neurulation failure, thus did not have osteochondral tissue.

O condrossarcoma é uma neoplasia óssea com características malignas, que se desenvolve a partir dos tecidos cartilaginosos, classificado na categoria dos sarcomas, está entre os três tumores que mais acometem a região pélvica dos cães. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o caso de um condrossarcoma localizado na articulação sacro – ilíaca direita em um paciente canino, fêmea, de 8 anos de idade, da raça Pastor Alemão. Salientando a importância do exame radiográfico na conclusão diagnóstica, ressaltando que o exame histopatológico é o exame de predileção para o diagnóstico definitivo desta afecção.

Summary A 13-year-old female Yorkshire terrier was presented with difficulty swallowing because of a lingual mass, which had grown to a size of 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 cm in 1 month. Grossly, the mass was located in the lingual frenulum and the cut surface was grey-white in colour. Microscopically, the mass was unencapsulated and composed of lobules of mature adipose tissue and cartilaginous tissue with abundant basophilic myxoid matrix separated by fibrous connective tissue. Immunohistochemically, almost all of these cells were positive for vimentin and S100. Chondroid cells and their adjacent spindle cells were also positive for SOX9. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of chondrolipoma was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a chondrolipoma originating as a primary tumour in the lingual frenulum of a dog.

Although many strategies have been utilized to accelerate bone regeneration, an appropriate treatment strategy to regenerate a new bone with optimum morphology and mechanical properties has not been invented as yet. This study investigated the healing potential of a composite scaffold consisting of chitosan (CS), gelatin (Gel) and platelet gel (PG), named CS-Gel-PG, on a bilateral critical sized radial bone defect in rat. Eighty radial bone defects were bilaterally created in 40 Sprague-Dawley rats and were randomly divided into eight groups including untreated, autograft, CS, Gel, CS-PG, Gel-PG, CS-Gel, and CS-Gel-PG treated defects. The bone defects were evaluated clinically and radiologically during the study and their bone samples were assessed by gross and histopathology, histomorphometry, CT-scan, scanning electron microscopy, and biomechanical testing after 8weeks of bone injury. The autograft and CS-Gel-PG groups showed significantly higher new bone formation, density of osseous and cartilaginous tissues, bone volume, and mechanical performance than the defect, CS and Gel-PG groups (P˂0.05). In addition, bone volume, density of osseous and cartilaginous tissues, and numbers of osteons in the CS-Gel-PG group were significantly superior to the CS-PG, CS-Gel and Gel groups (P˂0.05). Increased mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, collagen type 1 and CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor as osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation markers were found with the CS-Gel-PG scaffold by quantitative real-time PCR in vitro after 30days of culturing on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, the healing potential of CS-Gel scaffold embedded with PG was comparable to autografting and therefore, it can be offered as an appropriate scaffold in bone tissue engineering and regenerative applications.

The nose is lined with a thin, vascular mucosal epithelium, which is strongly adherent to the underlying osseous and cartilaginous tissues of the nose. The strength of this attachment to the underlying structures imposes limits on how much the mucosa can move, thus rendering 5 mm the maximum diameter of deficits which can close by primary intention. Burget outlined beautifully the principles supporting the practice of nasal reconstruction in his 1985 work. This work extends the framework of plastic surgery essentials on which surgical outcomes of the highest order depend.

This study described the morphological features of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) tongue using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The keratinized filiform papillae were distributed all over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue and contained small processes. They were changed into a cylindrical shape in the body and conical shape in the root. The fungiform papillae were found on the apex and margin of the tongue. Few taste pores were observed on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The foliate papillae on the margins of the tongue were composed of several laminae and epithelial fissures. Taste buds were not seen within the non-keratinized epithelium. The vallate papillae were six in total and arranged in a "V" shape just rostral to the root. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove and pad. Taste buds were seen within their lateral walls. Lyssa was visible on the ventral surface of the tongue tip and was found as cartilaginous tissue surrounded by thin connective tissue fibres. The core of the tongue was composed of lingual glands, skeletal muscle and connective tissue. These glands were confined to the posterior portion of the tongue and were composed of many serous cells and a few mucous cells. The results of this study contributed to the knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the tongue of wild mammals and provided data for the comparison with other mammals.

Aim of investigation . To prove the usefulness of the use of embryonic fibroblasts for the regeneration of cartilaginous tissue. Material and methods . New experimental model of symphysis pubis rupture followed by its recovery was employed in 24 male Shinshilla rabbits (2.3—3.5 kg body mass) in 3 series of experiments. In the first series, reconstruction was not employed. In the 2nd series, the reconstruction of symphisis was performed with the aid of tantal wired cerclage (d=1.2 mm). In the 3d series, the reconstitution was the same as in the previous series of experiments with addition of grown embrional allofibroblast tissue pieces. Duration of experiments was 7, 14, 21and 30 days. After each experiment, pieces of cartilaginous tissue were fixed with 10% neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin, eosin and VanGieson. Results. After the rupture of symphysis pubis of the pelvic bone, the cartilaginous tissue undergone alterations followed by formation of chondromatous nodules of different sizes and sclerosis of surrounding muscular and osseous tissues. In the second series of experiment after pelvis symphysis pubis rupture and symphysis recovery with the help of cerclage, the morphologic investigation revealed the formation of mixed initial callus consisting of connective and chondromatous tissue elements. In the third series of experiment it has been shown that within 4 weeks of experiment, the connective tissue with intensive basophil stain is formed in the area of symphysis pubisrupture. Connective tissue formation in surrounding soft tissue structures was associated with the formation of cartilaginous cells. Conclusion. Process of formation of cartilaginous tissue in the area of symphysis pubis rupture as evident by the experimental observation demonstrates the stimulating influence of allogeneic fibroblasts on process of cartilaginous tissue regeneration that ensures premises for clinical development of suggested method of regeneration.

Our skeletons evolved from cartilaginous tissue, but it remains a mystery how cartilage itself first arose in evolution. Characterization of cartilage in cuttlefish and horseshoe crabs reveals surprising commonalities with chordate chondrocytes, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be differentiated into chondrocytes under specific conditions, has been proposed for the treatment of cartilage defects. Blood-derived platelet-rich fibrin releasate (PRFr), which is rich in growth factors and cytokines, may improve cartilage regeneration. In this study, the therapeutic effects of PRFr in combination with bone marrow-derived MSCs for articular cartilage regeneration were evaluated in a rabbit model. Critical osteochondral defects were surgically created in the femoral condyle of the rabbits, and 3 × 106 of MSCs, 0.8 mL of PRFr, or a combination of MSCs and PRFr were injected intra-articularly and one week after first administration. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks postoperatively, and the regenerated cartilages were assessed by gross inspection and histological examination. No treatment-related adverse events were noted in any of the rabbits. The size of the defect decreased and the volume of regenerated cartilage increased in the medial femoral condyles of the MSCs + PRFr group. Relative to the MSCs or PRFr group, histological examination demonstrated that the MSCs + PRFr group had thicker hyaline-like cartilaginous tissue with normal glycosaminoglycan production. Grading scores revealed that MSCs + PRFr injection had better matrix, cell distribution, and surface indices than other groups. The results showed that intra-articular injections of MSCs + PRFr into the knee can reduce cartilage defects by regenerating hyaline-like cartilage without adverse events. This approach may provide an alternative method of autologous chondrocyte implantation to repair cartilage defects with an unlimited source of cells and releasate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1536-1543, 2017.

A complex morphological study of the auricle to determine the human age was performed by evaluating the metric sizes between fixed points in each auricle with axial guidelines. The auricular elastic cartilage in different age periods was characterized by thickening of the cartilaginous plate, different mature and immature cartilage zone ratio, variations in the volume density of the intercellular substance and elastic fibers, and change in the numerical density of individual chondrocytes and isogroups. Aggrecan content in the cartilage was shown to increase in different age periods. Age-related structural changes in the auricular cartilage expand the possibilities of forensic medical examination and hold much promise for the identification of personality.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a monostotic or polyostotic benign bone lesion with spindle-cell proliferation in woven bone and stroma. Rarely, cartilaginous differentiation can be seen in the lesions of FD. FD with massive cartilaginous differentiation is called fibrocartilaginous dysplasia (FCD) and is considered a rare variant of FD. Although pathological findings of FD show irregular immature bone formation without osteoblastic rimming in fibrous tissue, and rarely show very small amounts of cartilage, histological images of FCD are said to show that cartilage with a relatively high cell density is present in the majority and that FD-like findings are seen in parts of it. The most characteristic feature of FCD on images is calcification in the lesions reflecting cartilaginous tissue. On the other hand, typical radiographic findings of FD include shadows with a ground-glass appearance and thinning and bulging of the cortical bone, the observation if calcification is not usual. Therefore, in the diagnosis of FCD, differentiation from multiple enchondromatosis, Ollier disease, chondrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma secondary to FD is necessary, and it seems important to make a careful diagnosis based not only on the pathological findings but also on imaging and clinical findings. Herein, we report on a case of FD of the proximal femur associated with intralesional extensive cartilaginous differentiation in which a pathological fracture occurred during follow-up, with a review of the literature.

New cartilaginous tissues in lizards is formed during the regeneration of the tail or after vertebral damage. In order to understand the origin of new cartilaginous cells in the embryo and after injury of adult vertebrae we have studied the distribution of proliferating cartilaginous cells in the vertebral column of embryos and adults of the lizard Anolis lineatopus using autoradiography for H3-thymidine and light and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for 5BrdU. Proliferating sclerotomal cells initially surround the notochord in a segmental pattern and give rise to the chondrocytes of the vertebral centrum that replace the original chordal cells. Qualitative observations show that proliferating sclerotomal cells dilute the labeling up to 13 days post-injection but a few maintain the labeling as long labeling retention cells and remain in the inter-centra and perichondrium after birth. These cells supply new chondroblasts for post-natal growth of vertebrae but can also proliferate in case of vertebral damage or tail amputation in lizards, a process that sustains tail regeneration. The lack of somitic organization in the regenerating tail impedes the re-formation of a segmental vertebral column that is instead replaced by a continuous cartilaginous tube. It is hypothesized that long labeling retaining cells might represent stem/primordial cells, and that their permanence in the inter-vertebral cartilages and the nearby perichondrium in adult lizards pre-adapt these reptiles to elicit a broad cartilage regeneration in case of injury of the vertebrae.

Highlights • A 62 year old man without any history of trauma presented with progressive dysphonia, dyspnoea, without any dysphagia. • A fibreoptic laryngoscopic examination revealed nodular mass arising at the junction of posterior 1/3rd and middle 1/3rd of left vocal cord it was extending up to arytenoids. • A computed tomography scan of the neck region showed a rounded and circumscribed mass without infiltration of the surrounding tissues. Histological investigation of the lesion revealed the presence of fibroelastic cartilaginous tissue, surrounded by a thin rim of fibrous tissue, with rare hypercellular areas, occasional binucleated cells, slight hyperchromasia, and an irregular nuclear profile. Mitotic activity was absent. • Sub acute and progressive onset of clinical symptoms and histological and radiological findings helps to distinguish the chondrometaplastic nature of this nodule from true laryngeal cartilaginous tumours, such as chondroma and low grade chondrosarcoma. • The recognition of chondrometaplasia is important because of its occasionally troublesome differential diagnosis from true cartilaginous neoplasms of the larynx, such as chondroma and low grade chondrosarcoma., Introduction (Chondrometaplasia of the larynx is a rare disease. We report a case that presented at the otolaryngology department in our institute in 2015.) Presentation of case A 62 year old man without any history of trauma presented with progressive dysphonia, dyspnoea, without any dysphagia. A fibreoptic laryngoscopic examination revealed nodular mass arising at the junction of anterior 1/3rd and posterior 2/3rd of left vocal cord. Discussion A computed tomography scan of the neck region showed a rounded and circumscribed mass without infiltration of the surrounding tissues. Histological investigation of the lesion revealed the presence of fibroelastic cartilaginous tissue, surrounded by a thin rim of fibrous tissue, with rare hypercellular areas, occasional binucleated cells, slight hyperchromasia, and an irregular nuclear profile. Mitotic activity was absent. Conclusion The patient didn’t have history of laryngeal trauma. Subacute and progressive onset of clinical symptoms and histological and radiological findings helps to distinguish the chondrometaplastic nature from true laryngeal cartilaginous tumours, such as chondroma and low grade chondrosarcoma.

Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants (CCBR) are rare benign masses of the neck that arise from anomalies in embryological branchial arch development. They present as a painless, flesh-toned exophytic nodule of the neck. They are most commonly seen on the lower third of the neck, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. CCBRs are harmless and asymptomatic, but the presence of these lesions in infants should prompt further evaluation for associated anomalies. Histopathologic examination of CCBRs show ectopic cartilaginous tissue with normal overlying epidermis. Treatment includes elective surgical excision. A case of an 18 year old male with a left-sided CCBR is reported.

Background Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is caused by impaired medial ligamentous structures and posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Although degeneration and trauma could separately cause AAFD, how these factors interact in the pathomechanism of AAFD is unclear. The joint capsule in the medial ankle is considered an important structure, providing passive stability by limiting joint movement. Previous reports on the joint capsule suggest its involvement in pathological changes of the ankle, but because of the high priority placed on the ligaments, few reports address the ankle joint from the joint capsule standpoint. The current study aimed to anatomically examine the medial ankle joint, focusing on the deltoid and spring ligaments in perspective of the joint capsule. Methods We conducted a descriptive anatomical study of 19 embalmed cadavers (mean 82.7 years, range 58 to 99). We included 22 embalmed cadaveric ankles. We detached the joint capsule in 16 ankles from the anterior to posteromedial joint, analyzed the capsular attachments of the ankle and adjacent joints, and measured the widths of the bony attachments. We histologically analyzed the joint capsule using Masson’s trichrome staining in 6 ankles. Results The capsule could be separated as a continuous sheet, including 3 different tissues. The anterior capsule was composed of fatty tissue. Between the medial malleolus and talus, the capsule was strongly connected and was composed of fibrous tissue, normally referred to as the deep deltoid ligament. The tibial attachment formed a steric groove, and the talar side of the attachment formed an elliptical depressed area. On the medial part of the subtalar and talonavicular joints, the capsule covered the joints as cartilaginous tissue, normally referred to as the superomedial ligament of the spring ligament. The outer side of the cartilaginous and fibrous tissue formed the sheath floor of the posterior tibialis tendon. Histological analysis revealed three different tissue types. Conclusions The capsules of the ankle, subtalar, and talonavicular joints could be detached as a continuous sheet. The deltoid and the superomedial ligament of the spring ligaments could be interpreted as a part of the continuous capsule, which had different histological features. Level of evidence Descriptive Laboratory Study.

The article presents the results of conducted researches on osteoarthrosis modeling in dogs using the Pond-Nuki surgical method. The method of surgical operation and pereparing of histopreparations is described. The presence of expressive microscopic changes in tissue is described; and macroscopic changes in the joint. Its noted that osteoarthritis of the knee joint of dogs in the articular cartilage of the femur reveals the destruction of the surface layers of the articular cartilage, the disordered location of chondrocytes, the destruction and lysis of the part of chondrocytes, as well as the reduction of the content of glycoproteins in the intercellular substance. The knee osteoarthrosis modeling in dogs using the Pond-Nuki method was performed and the obtained macroscopic and microscopic changes were described. Experimental animals were dogs. Control was provided by dogs who did not receive treatment. The results of comparative histological evaluation of articular cartilage changes in operated and non-operated knee joints in the control group of dogs showed that the histological changes appear only one month after the operation (changes in articular cartilage of operated knee joints were 1.6 ± 0.11, p

Animal models commonly serve as a bridge between in vitro experiments and clinical applications; however, few physiological processes in adult animals are sufficient to serve as proof-of-concept models for cartilage regeneration. Intriguingly, some rodents, such as young adult mice, undergo physiological connective tissue modifications to birth canal elements such as the pubic symphysis during pregnancy; therefore, we investigated whether the differential expression of cartilage differentiation markers is associated with cartilaginous tissue morphological modifications during these changes. Our results showed that osteochondral progenitor cells expressing Runx2, Sox9, Col2a1 and Dcx at the non-pregnant pubic symphysis proliferated and differentiated throughout pregnancy, giving rise to a complex osteoligamentous junction that attached the interpubic ligament to the pubic bones until labour occurred. After delivery, the recovery of pubic symphysis cartilaginous tissues was improved by the time-dependent expression of these chondrocytic lineage markers at the osteoligamentous junction. This process potentially recapitulates embryologic chondrocytic differentiation to successfully recover hyaline cartilaginous pads at 10 days postpartum. Therefore, we propose that this physiological phenomenon represents a proof-of-concept model for investigating the mechanisms involved in cartilage restoration in adult animals.

To newly describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of epibulbar complex cartilaginous choristoma incidentally observed in a series of pterygium excision patients. Noncomparative case series with chart review of 8 patients. During a 4-year period, we identified 8 cases of conventional unilateral nasal subpterygial cartilaginous choristoma in 1799 pterygium patients and analyzed their clinicopathological features. The incidence rate of this entity is 0.44% in pterygium patients. All of the cartilaginous choristomas were buried deep in the caruncle, covered by the pterygium, and embedded in tenon facia tissue. Its clinicopathological characteristics include hyaline cartilaginous tissue that is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle bundles. S-100 protein-staining specifically revealed chondrocytes embedded within chondroid matrix. Epibulbar complex cartilaginous choristoma covered by pterygia and predominantly observed in the older population is rare. The lesions were buried deep in the caruncle, covered by the pterygium and embedded in tenon fascia tissue. These findings are inconsistent with those in previous reports.

Articular cartilage damage represents one of the most perplexing clinical problems of musculoskeletal therapeutics due to its limited self-repair and regenerative capabilities. In this study, 3D porous silk fibroin scaffolds derived from non-mulberry muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis were fabricated and examined for their ability to support cartilage tissue engineering. Additionally, Bombyx mori and Philosamia ricini silk fibroin scaffolds were utilized for comparative studies. Herein, the fabricated scaffolds were thoroughly characterized and compared for cartilaginous tissue formation within the silk fibroin scaffolds seeded with primary porcine chondrocytes and cultured in vitro for 2 weeks. Surface morphology and structural conformation studies revealed the highly interconnected porous structure (pore size 80–150 μm) with enhanced stability within their structure. The fabricated scaffolds demonstrated improved mechanical properties and were followed-up with sequential experiments to reveal improved thermal and degradation properties. Silk fibroin scaffolds of A. assamensis and P. ricini supported better chondrocyte attachment and proliferation as indicated by metabolic activities and fluorescence microscopic studies. Biochemical analysis demonstrated significantly higher production of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) and type II collagen in A. assamensis silk fibroin scaffolds followed by P. ricini and B. mori scaffolds (p < 0.001). Furthermore, histochemistry and immunohistochemical studies indicated enhanced accumulation of sGAGs and expression of collagen II. Moreover, the scaffolds in a subcutaneous model of rat demonstrated in vivo biocompatibility after 8 weeks of implantation. Taken together, these results demonstrate the positive attributes from the non-mulberry silk fibroin scaffold of A. assamensis and suggest its suitability as a promising scaffold for chondrocyte based cartilage repair.

There is a growing demand for the development of experimental strategies for efficient articular cartilage repair. Current tissue engineering-based regenerative strategies make use of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). However, when implanted in a cartilage defect, control of hMSCs differentiation towards the chondrogenic lineage remains a significant challenge. We have recently demonstrated that silencing the anti-chondrogenic regulator microRNA-221 (miR-221) was highly effective in promoting in vitro chondrogenesis of monolayered hMSCs in the absence of the chondrogenic induction factor TGF-β. Here we investigated the feasibility of this approach first in conventional 3D pellet culture and then in an in vivo model. In pellet cultures, we observed that miR-221 silencing was sufficient to drive hMSCs towards chondrogenic differentiation in the absence of TGF-β. In vivo, the potential of miR-221 silenced hMSCs was investigated by first encapsulating the cells in alginate and then by filling a cartilage defect in an osteochondral biopsy. After implanting the biopsy subcutaneously in nude mice, we found that silencing of miR-221 strongly enhanced in vivo cartilage repair compared to the control conditions (untreated hMSCs or alginate-only). Notably, miR-221 silenced hMSCs generated in vivo a cartilaginous tissue with no sign of collagen type X deposition, a marker of undesired hypertrophic maturation. Altogether our data indicate that silencing miR-221 has a pro-chondrogenic role in vivo, opening new possibilities for the use of hMSCs in cartilage tissue engineering. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate whether healing potential of the femoral cartilage differs according to the site of injury in a rabbit, and whether poor potential of the cartilage repair correlates with the injured site which is not in contact with acetabulum. Furthermore, the efficacy of intraarticular injection of hyaluronic acid into the hip for the cartilage with lower healing potential was evaluated. Methods Male Japanese white rabbits were used in this study. Via the posterolateral approach, the articular capsule was incised and a 4 × 4 mm chondral defect was made at the load-bearing area (group A) or at head-neck junction (group B), and intraarticular injection of hyaluronic acid was performed to the group B model (group C). Results In group A, histological evaluation at 8 weeks revealed that the chondral defect was filled with cartilaginous tissue. However, in group B, the chondral defect was not filled with any tissue and subchondral bone was exposed. In group C, the defect was filled with synovial-like tissue, and smooth surface was reacquired macroscopically. According to the ICRS score, significant differences were detected between group A and group B, group A and group C, and group B and group C. There were no differences in the radiographic findings among the 3 groups. Conclusions The cartilage at head-neck junction of the femoral head had poorer healing potential than that at load-bearing area. Administration of HA could be promising for preventing progression of cartilage degeneration even at head-neck junction.

The keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), formerly known as odontogenic keratocyst, is a benign developmental odontogenic tumor with many distinguishing clinical and histologic features. Hard tissue deposits, which usually take the form of dystrophic calcifications, cartilaginous tissue, or dentinoid, are uncommon findings in the connective tissue capsule of the KCOT. We report a case of a 33-year-old female with KCOT showing osseous tissue and calcified deposits close to its epithelial lining, which is an extremely rare occurrence. A brief review on the reported prevalence of hard tissue deposits in KCOTs and possible mechanisms that has been implicated in mineralization and bone formation has been discussed.

Novel strategies are urgently required to facilitate regeneration of entire bones lost due to trauma or disease. In this study, we present a novel framework for the regeneration of whole bones by tissue engineering anatomically shaped hypertrophic cartilaginous grafts in vitro that subsequently drive endochondral bone formation in vivo. To realize this, we first fabricated molds from digitized images to generate mesenchymal stem cell-laden alginate hydrogels in the shape of different bones (the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] condyle and the distal phalanx). These constructs could be stimulated in vitro to generate anatomically shaped hypertrophic cartilaginous tissues that had begun to calcify around their periphery. Constructs were then formed into the shape of the distal phalanx to create the hypertrophic precursor of the osseous component of an engineered long bone. A layer of cartilage engineered through self-assembly of chondrocytes served as the articular surface of these constructs. Following chondrogenic priming and subcutaneous implantation, the hypertrophic phase of the engineered phalanx underwent endochondral ossification, leading to the generation of a vascularized bone integrated with a covering layer of stable articular cartilage. Furthermore, spatial bone deposition within the construct could be modulated by altering the architecture of the osseous component before implantation. These findings open up new horizons to whole limb regeneration by recapitulating key aspects of normal bone development.

Regeneration of cartilaginous tissues is limited in mammals but it occurs with variable extension in lizards (reptiles), including in their vertebrae. The ability of lizard vertebrae to regenerate cartilaginous tissue that is later replaced with bone has been analyzed using tritiated thymidine autoradiography and 5BrdU immunocytochemistry after single pulse or prolonged-pulse and chase experiments. The massive cartilage regeneration that can restore broad vertebral regions and gives rise to a long cartilaginous tube in the regenerating tail, depends from the permanence of some chondrogenic cells within adult vertebrae. Few cells that retain tritiated thymidine or 5-bromodeoxy-uridine for over 35 days are mainly localized in the inter-vertebral cartilage and in sparse chondrogenic regions of the neural arch of the vertebrae, suggesting that they are putative resident stem/progenitor cells. The study supports previous hypothesis indicating that the massive regeneration of the cartilaginous tissue in damaged vertebrae and in the regenerating tail of lizards derive from resident stem cells mainly present in the cartilaginous areas of the vertebrae including in the perichondrium that are retained in adult lizards as growing centers for most of their lifetime.

During embryogenesis vertebral segmentation is initiated by sclerotomal cell migration and condensation around the notochord, forming anlagen of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. The factors that govern the segmentation are not clear. Previous research demonstrated that mutations in growth differentiation factor 6 resulted in congenital vertebral fusion, suggesting this factor plays a role in development of vertebral column. In this study, we detected expression and localization of growth differentiation factor 6 in human fetal spinal column, especially in the period of early ossification of vertebrae and the developing intervertebral discs. The extracellular matrix proteins were also examined. Results showed that high levels of growth differentiation factor 6 were expressed in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs and the hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the ossification centre in vertebral bodies, where strong expression of proteoglycan and collagens was also detected. As fetal age increased, the expression of growth differentiation factor 6 was decreased correspondingly with the progress of ossification in vertebral bodies and restricted to cartilaginous regions. This expression pattern and the genetic link to vertebral fusion suggest that growth differentiation factor 6 may play an important role in suppression of ossification to ensure proper vertebral segmentation during spinal development. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:279–289, 2016.

Angioedema, the rapid swelling of under-skin tissue, is typically triggered by complex biochemical processes that disrupt an original steady state filtration of liquid through the tissue. Swelling stabilizes once a new steady state is achieved in which the tissue has significantly increased liquid content. These processes are controlled by events at the molecular to the cellular length scale. For describing consequences at organ level length scales it is useful to invoke consolidated continuum mechanics treatments within a generalized hyperelastic framework. We describe the challenges associated with such modeling and demonstrate their use in the context of tracheal angioedema. The trachea is modeled as a two layered cylindrical tube. The inner layer and outer layer represent the soft mucosal tissue and the stiffer cartilaginous tissue respectively. Axially oriented fibers contribute anisotropy to the inner layer, and the swelling is largely confined to this layer. A boundary value problem is formulated; existence and uniqueness is verified. Numerical solutions track airway constriction as a function of mucosal swelling.

The micro-anatomical changes associated with lordotic and kyphotic vertebral curvatures (VC) in juvenile and adult Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis are described. In addition, it is demonstrated that the tissue and cellular structures of individual vertebrae can be severely affected. Two main conformations were found in deformed juvenile specimens: flattened vertebrae with dorso-ventral compression and trapezoidal vertebrae forming concave and convex sides under compressive and tensile stresses. Histological analyses revealed the occurrence of an ectopic cartilaginous tissue within the acellular bone, both in juveniles and adults, possibly to cope with altered mechanical stress in deformed vertebrae. The results suggest that the alteration in loading to which curved vertebral columns are subjected might trigger vertebral reshaping and differentiation of cells towards this ectopic tissue. In addition, mesenchymal cells appear to play an important role in its formation. It is here proposed that the acellular bone of S. senegalensis is capable of adaptively responding to altered loading regimes at the structural level by reshaping vertebrae and at the micro-anatomical level by recruiting chondrocyte-like cells to areas of altered mechanical stress.

The aim of this study is an analysis of the functional effectiveness of a biomedical cell product consisting of a biopolymer microheterogeneous collagen-containing hydrogel (BMCH), human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hADMSCs), and chondrogenic induction medium in the regeneration of articular cartilage. Materials and methods. The test model of the adjuvant arthritis was used (female Soviet Chinchilla rabbits) with the further development into osteoarthrosis (OA) combined with the clinical, biochemical, radiological, and histochemical trials. Results. On Day 92 of the OA model it has been found that the intra-articular introduction of a BMCH with hADMSCs into the left knee joint (n = 3) 30 days after the OA modeling, as opposed to the right joint (negative control, n = 3), stimulates the regenerative processes of the cartilaginous tissue structure characterized by the formation of chondrocyte «columns», the emergence of isogenic groups in the intracellular matrix and the regeneration of its structure. Upon the intra-articular introduction of a BMCH (n = 3) such effects are markedly less pronounced. Conclusions. A significant regenerative potential of a cell-engineered construct of human articular tissue (CEC ATh) has been proven. It is possible to presume that biostimulating properties of CEC ATh are due to the activating effect of a biomedical cell product on the stem cell migration processes from the surrounding tissue into the injured area with their subsequent differentiation.

Objectives The trachea is a composite cartilaginous structure particularly prone to various forms of convexities. Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is an emerging technique used to reshape cartilaginous tissues by applying electric current in tandem with imposed mechanical deformation to achieve shape change. In this study, EMR was used to reshape tracheal cartilage rings to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology as a potentially minimally invasive procedure to alter tracheal structure. Study Design Controlled laboratory study using ex vivo porcine tracheae. Methods The natural concavity of each porcine tracheal ring was reversed around a cork mandrel. Two pairs of electrodes were inserted along the long axis of the tracheal ring and placed 1.5 millimeters from the midline. Current was applied over a range of voltages (3 volts [V], 4V, and 5V) for either 2 or 3 minutes. The degree of EMR-induced reshaping was quantified from photographs using digital techniques. Confocal imaging with fluorescent live and dead assays was conducted to determine viability of the tissue after EMR. Results Specimens that underwent EMR for 2 or 3 minutes at 4V or 5V were observed to have undergone significant (P

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of the application of the cyanoacrylate-based glue for the strengthening of the reconstructed elements of the middle ear and its influence on the regeneration of the cartilaginous tissue. We used the cartilaginous tissue from the auricles of the male California rabbits as a model. The cartilage was destroyed in a standard press. Half of the cartilage thus fragmented was implanted into the left auricle. The remaining part was mixed up with the cyanoacrylate glue and implanted into the right auricle of the same animal. The implanted material was used for the morphological study on day 10, within 1 and 2 months after the beginning of the experiment. The results of the study confirm the absence of the toxic action of the biologically compatible cyanoacrylate-based glue on the regeneration of the cartilaginous and connective tissues which suggests the possibility of its application for the surgical treatment of the diseases of the middle ear.Цель исследования - определить возможности использования биосовместимого клея на основе цианакрилата для укрепления реконструированных элементов среднего уха и влияние на регенерацию хрящевой ткани. В качестве объекта исследования была использована хрящевая ткань ушных раковин кроликов-самцов калифорнийской породы. Ушной хрящ подвергали деструкции в стандартном прессе, половину раздробленного хряща имплантировали в левую ушную раковину, а остаток с добавлением биоклея - в правую ушную раковину. На 10-е сутки, через 1 мес и через 2 мес животных выводили из эксперимента, а материал подвергался морфологическому исследованию. В результате проведенного эксперимента удалось подтвердить отсутствие токсического действия биоклея на основе цианакрилата на регенерацию хрящевой и соединительной ткани, что позволяет нам применять его в хирургии среднего уха.

As a key molecule of extracellular matrix, laminin provides a delicate microenvironment for cell functions. Recent findings suggest that laminins expressed by cartilage-forming cells (chondrocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells) could promote chondrogenesis. However, few papers outline the effect of laminins on providing a favorable matrix microenvironment for cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineated the expression of laminins in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and cartilage-like tissue (nucleus pulposus) throughout a series of developmental stages. We also examined the effect of laminins on the biological activities of chondrocytes, including adhesion, migration, and survival. Furthermore, we scrutinized the potential influence of various laminin isoforms on cartilage-forming cells’ proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. With this information, we hope to facilitate an understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions between cartilage-forming cells and the laminin microenvironment to eventually advance cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration.