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Pleotrichophorus blackmani Barjadze, Halbert & Kanturski , sp. n. (Figs 1–13; Table 2) Material examined: HOLOTYPE. Apterous viviparous female, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 06.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia (= E. caroliniana as it is written on the original label), Kenneth L. Hibbard leg., (FSCA# E2003-166), BM-2003-16a, BMNH. PARATYPES. The following specimens have the same data as the HOLOTYPE (FSCA# E2003-166): Alate viviparous female, BM-2003-16b, BMNH; oviparous female, BM-2003-16c, BMNH; apterous viviparous female, 03/01/01/1- US, DZUS; alate viviparous female 03/01/01/2- US, DZUS; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003- 166(10), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166 (18), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(19), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(22), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(22), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(23), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(24), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(25), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00046, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(27), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00047, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(29), FSCA; alate viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(4), FSCA. Paratypes with other collection data include: apterous viviparous female, USA, Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 16.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia, Kenneth L. Hibbard, leg., FSCA N E2003-257, N TA–T–00048, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, 16.I.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(2), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, 16.i.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(3), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(4), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(5), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, 16.i.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(6), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(7), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(8), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00049, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(11), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(12), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(13), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(14), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(15), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003- 257(16), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(17), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(19), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00050, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA: Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 16.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia, Kenneth L. Hibbard leg., FSCA N E2003- 258(1), FSCA; alate viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-258(2), FSCA; alate viviparous female, N TA–T–00051, IZISU, other data as in the holotype; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Collier Co., Immokalee, SW FL R&E Center, 21-28.vi.2012, suction trap, Scott Croxton leg., FSCA N 2012 5221, TA–T–00052, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Polk Co., Winter Haven, DPI Citrus Arboretum, 05-12.XII.2013, tall suction trap, Peggy Sieburth leg., FSCA N E2013-9129, N TA–T–00053, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Collier Co., Immokalee, SW Florida R&E Center, 06-13.xii.2013, short suction trap, Scott Croxton, leg., FSCA N E2013- 15 FSCA; 5 apterous viviparous females, USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, Morningside Nature Center, 15.x.2020, on Euthamia graminifolia, Catherine White & Susan Halbert, leg., FSCA N E2020-4081, FSCA. 1 alate viviparous female on SEM stub, FSCA N E2020-4081 as DZUS-SEM-USA-1; Molecular vouchers (slide mounted in balsam): 3 apterous viviparous females (extractions 1, 2, 4), 1 nymph (extraction 3), and 1 partial specimen (extraction 5), all FSCA N E2020-4081, data as above. Description. Apterous viviparous female (n=31) (Figs 1–3; Table 2) Colour in life: body in general light green with yellowish-green head, light green thorax and green abdomen. Antennal flagellum brown with pale basal part of ANT III. Legs with pale femora and brown tibiae with paler central sections. Tarsi brown. SIPH and cauda light green (Fig. 1a, b). Pigmentation on slide: head yellow, slightly sclerotized; ANT brown with ANT I, ANT II and basal part of ANT III yellow. Femora yellow; tibiae dark with paler middle sections, tarsi dark; abdomen pale. SIPH and cauda yellow (Fig. 2a). Morphological characters: HW 0.15–0.19 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate tips, 0.009 –0.026 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 0–1 seta on internal angles (Fig. 3a). ANT 1.45–1.83 × BL. ANT III with 1–5 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with poorly-developed sclerotized rims (Fig. 3b), ANT IV shorter than ANT V. PT 5.99–7.63 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 1.86–3.30, V:III 0.73– 0.87, IV:III 0.69–0.82, PT:III 1.60–2.01, PT:IV 2.07–2.66, PT:V 2.10–2.56. ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices (Fig. 3c). ANT III setae 0.009 –0.013 mm long, LS ANT III 0.29–0.37 × BD III. ANT I with 6–9, ANT II with 2–5, ANT III with 20–30, ANT IV with 8–18, ANT V with 7–12 setae. ANT VI with 2–4 basal, 4 apical and 3–7 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching middle coxae. URS 0.15–0.19 × ANT III, 0.07– 0.10 × ANT VI, 0.08–0.11 × PT, 0.55–0.71 × BASE and 0.73–0.88 × HT II with 3–5 fine and pointed accessory setae. Mesosternal furca fused, wide, without stem. III FEMORA have very short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.007 – 0.016 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.010 –0.026 mm long. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19–0.23 × ANT III, 0.09–0.11 × ANT VI, 0.10–0.13 × PT and 0.70–0.84 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization and sometimes with 0–4 marginal tubercles. Setae on ABD dorsum are very few, very short, rigid and blunt or slightly capitate, 0.004 –0.008 mm long.ABD VIII with 5–7 moderately capitate setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, tapering without subapical reticulation and without flange (Fig. 3d, e). SIPH 1.54–2.25 × cauda, 0.18–0.26 × BL and 0.61–0.80 × ANT III. Genital plate with 2–3 anterior, 0–4 median and 4–8 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.33–1.88 × its width at base and 0.11–0.16 × BL with 4–5 long and pointed setae (Fig. 3f). Alate viviparous female (n=10) (Figs 1–3; Table 2) Colour in life: body green with yellowish-green thorax, dark brown antennae and tibiae of legs. Wings hyaline with brown venation. SIPH and cauda green (Fig. 1c, d). Pigmentation on slide: head pale to yellow, slightly sclerotized; ANT yellow with darker ANT III and sometimes basal part of ANT IV. Femora pale to yellow; tibiae brown with paler middle sections, tarsi brown;. Abdomen pale; SIPH and cauda pale to yellow (Fig. 2b). Morphological characters: HW 0.13–0.17 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate setae, 0.008 –0.017 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 2–3 setae on internal angles. ANT 1.65–2.10 × BL. ANT III with 13–19 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with well-developed sclerotized rims (Fig. 3g), ANT IV with 5–10 secondary rhinaria, ANT V with 0–3 secondary rhinaria. PT 6.82–8.01 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 2.04–2.50, V:III 0.80–0.91, IV:III 0.90–1.03, PT:III 1.79–2.21, PT:IV 2.20–2.56, PT:V 2.18–2.62.ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices. ANT III setae 0.008 –0.014 mm long, LS ANT III 0.27–0.38 × BD III. ANT I with 5–9, ANT II with 4–5, ANT III with 17–26, ANT IV with 9–16, ANT V with 9–13 setae. ANT VI with 2–4 basal, 4 apical and 4–10 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching mesosternum. URS (Fig 3h) 0.14–0.18 × ANT III, 0.06–0.08 × ANT VI, 0.07–0.09 × PT, 0.49–0.68 × BASE and 0.74–0.91 × HT II with 4 fine and pointed accessory setae. Forewing with typical venation, media twice-branched (Fig. 3i). III FEMORA have short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.011 –0.015 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.021 –0.028 mm long. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19–0.22 × ANT III, 0.08–0.09 × ANT VI, 0.10–0.11 × PT and 0.66–0.84 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization and sometimes with 3–4 marginal tubercles. Setae on ABD very few, very short, rigid and blunt, 0.006 –0.011 mm long. ABD VIII with 5–8 setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, slightly tapering, without subapical reticulation and without flange. SIPH 1.51–1.75 × cauda, 0.15–0.23 × BL and 0.52–0.63 × ANT III. Genital plate with 2–3 anterior, 1–4 median and 5–8 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.38–1.94 × its width at base and 0.10–0.14 × BL with 4–5 long and pointed setae. Oviparous female (n=1) (Fig. 4; Table 2) Colour in life: unknown. Pigmentation on slide: head slightly sclerotized, yellow; ANT brown with ANT I, ANT II and basal part of ANT III yellow. Femora yellow; tibiae brown with paler middle sections, tarsi brown; abdomen pale; SIPH and cauda pale-yellow (Fig. 4a). Morphological characters: HW 0.17 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate setae, 0.007 –0.017 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 0–1 seta on internal angles. ANT 1.32–1.33 × BL. ANT III with 4–7 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with poorlydeveloped sclerotized rims, ANT IV shorter than ANT V. PT 6.40–6.60 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 1.81– 1.90, V:III 0.80–0.81, IV:III 0.73–0.75, PT:III 1.57–1.65, PT:IV 2.13–2.20, PT:V 1.95–2.20. ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices. ANT III setae 0.009 –0.010 mm long, LS ANT III 0.23–0.25 × BD III. ANT I with 3, ANT II with 4, ANT III with 20–21, ANT IV with 10–13, ANT V with 8–9 setae. ANT VI with 3–4 basal, 4 apical and 5–7 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching middle coxae. URS 0.14–0.15 × ANT III, 0.07– 0.08 × ANT VI, 0.09 × PT, 0.60 × BASE and 0.75–0.78 × HT II with 4 fine and pointed accessory setae. Mesosternal furca fused, wide, without stem. III FEMORA have very short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.007 –0.010 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.008 –0.040 mm long. III TIBIAE very slightly swollen in the proximal part with 25–31 rounded or ∞-shaped pseudosensoria, which are sometimes fused into larger and irregular ones (Fig. 4 b, c). Pseudosensoria distributed only in the distal part of tibiae. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19 × ANT III, 0.10 × ANT VI, 0.11–0.12 × PT and 0.76–0.80 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization. Setae on ABD very few, very short, rigid and blunt, 0.005 –0.007 mm long. ABD VIII with 4 setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, tapering without subapical reticulation and without flange. SIPH 1.95–2.00 × cauda, 0.19–0.20 × BL and 0.70–0.73 × ANT III. Genital plate with 3 anterior, 5 median and 15 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.83 × its width at base and 0.10 × BL with 4 long and pointed setae. Biology: Colonies of the new species live in the inflorescence of Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Asteraceae). Probably this species is monoecious holocyclic on Euthamia. Despite the fact that males of this taxon have not been detected yet, we do not exclude that it lives anholocyclically in warm areas such as in Florida, USA. A parasitoid wasp, Aphelinus asychis Walker, was reared from one of the original collections (FSCA N E2003-257). Distribution: The new species is known in four localities (Port St. Lucie, Immokalee SW FL R&E Center, Winter Haven DPI Citrus Arboretum, and Gainesville Morningside Nature Center) from Florida, USA. A COI sequence (BOLD GMOAG 1830-15) of a single unidentified Pleotrichophorus from Ontario, Canada revealed a 99.3% match with COI sequences of P. blackmani sp. n. These COI data suggest that P. blackmani sp. n. may occur in eastern Canada, but the veracity of this barcode match needs to be evaluated with additional sequences and examination of specimens. Taxonomic comments The generic placement of our new species was not obvious. It does not have widely capitate setae or the acute URS present in many species. We compared P. blackmani sp. n. to other species already accepted in Pleotrichophorus, with the conclusion that the new species falls within the morphological range of variation for the genus. Our final decision about generic placement was made based on morphology, supplemented by molecular data. These latter data will be discussed in a later section. Six species of Pleotrichophorus have short accessory setae on URS, shorter than the primary setae on the segment: P. blackmani sp. n., P. lagacei, P. magnautensus (Knowlton & Smith, 1936), P. pycnorhysus (Knowlton & Smith, 1936), P. stroudi (Knowlton, 1948) and P. utensis (Pack & Knowlton, 1929) (Hille Ris Lambers 1969; Corpuz-Raros & Cook 1974; our observation). Of these species— P. lagacei and P. stroudi have styleto-shaped or acute URS, while P. blackmani sp. n., P. magnautensus, P. pycnorhysus and P. utensis have parallel-sided and bluntly pointed URS (Hille Ris Lambers 1969; Corpuz-Raros & Cook 1974). The SIPH is distinctly clavate in P. lagacei, while other above-mentioned species have cylindrical or sometimes slightly thickened SIPH. Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. is related morphologically to P. pycnorhysus by the shape of the URS, SIPH, SIPH L/CAUDA L ratio and presence of short accessory setae on the URS but can be differentiated easily by the shape of dorsal setae on the body, which are slightly capitate in the new species and cone- or funnel-shaped in P. pycnorhysus (CorpuzRaros & Cook 1974; our observation). It should be mentioned that the last new Pleotrichophorus species from the Nearctic realm was described 48 years ago (Favret 2022). Six species of aphids— Aphis gossypii Glover, Illinoia goldamaryae (Knowlton), Pemphigus bursarius (Linnaeus), Prociphilus erigeronensis (Thomas), Uroleucon lanceolatum (Patch) and U. olivei Moran —are reported from Euthamia spp. (Asteraceae) in North America (Blackman & Eastop 2022; Jensen personal communication). Aphis gossypii is a polyphagous and widely distributed species. Similarly, Pemphigus bursarius and Prociphilus erigeronensis are distributed widely on the roots of many North American Asteraceae. Uroleucon lanceolatum is found on Euthamia graminifolia and Solidago spp. in Canada and USA, while U. olivei is on Aster spp., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Euthamia graminifolia in Canada and USA (Blackman & Eastop 2022). Illinoia goldamaryae is known from various Asteraceae throughout North America. There is a recent Florida record (E2014-2360) from Erigeron. Key to apterous viviparous females of Euthamia- feeding aphids (partially based on keys given in Robinson 1985; Blackman & Eastop 2022) 1 ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Eyes with 3 facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax glands present............................. 2 - ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present, tubular. No discrete wax glands....................... 3 2 URS shorter than last antennal segment, and without any accessory setae. Setae at apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments short and thick. Abdomen without posterior projection........................................... Pemphigus bursarius - URS longer than last antennal segment and bearing 4–8 accessory hairs. Setae at apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments long and fine. Anus borne on posterior projection of the abdomen............................. Prociphilus erigeronensis 3 SIPH without polygonal reticulation...................................................................... 4 - SIPH with polygonal polygonal reticulation................................................................ 5 4 ANT PT/BASE 6.0–7.6. SIPH pale, thin, cylindrical, and flangeless................. Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. - ANT PT/BASE 2.0–3.5. SIPH dark, robust with distinct flange..................................... Aphis gossypii 5 SIPH pale or only with dusky/dark apices, slightly swollen near the tip and with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.04–0.08 of its total length...................................................................... Illinoia goldamaryae - SIPH dark at least on distal part, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.25–0.40 of length............................ 6 6 Length of SIPH less than 0.65mm. Cauda with 12–18 setae................................ Uroleucon lanceolatum - Length of SIPH more than 0.65mm. Cauda with 21–36 setae..................................... Uroleucon olivei Notes on SEM morphology and sensilla of Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. and type species of the genus— P. glandulosus General morphology and body surface. Scanning electron microscopy of viviparous females of P. blackmani sp. n. and the type species P. glandulosus revealed differences in body chaetotaxy and flangeless siphunculi (Figs 5, 14). The body surface of apterous viviparous females of P. blackmani sp. n. is covered by a thin but visible wax layer and is characterized by short and very short trichoid sensilla with capitate apices. In lateral view, the sockets of the sensilla are well-developed, mostly trapezoid or sometimes slightly rounded (Fig. 6). The dorsal surface of the abdomen is covered by very few very short and inconspicuous trichoid sensilla. The cuticle is visibly wrinkled, especially on the abdomen, and the rather irregular sculpture of the cuticle is visible even when covered by wax, which has a granulose structure (Fig. 7). In alate viviparous females of the new species the trichoid sensilla are also very short and inconspicuous. The head is characterized by rounded, Published as part of Barjadze, Shalva, Halbert, Susan E., Moore, Matthew R. & Kanturski, Mariusz, 2022, Morphology, molecular phylogenetics, and DNA barcoding revealed a new unusual species of the aphid genus Pleotrichophorus from the USA (Insecta, Hemiptera Aphididae), pp. 390-422 in Zootaxa 5183 (1) on pages 397-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.29, http://zenodo.org/record/7070333, {"references":["Knowlton, G. F. & Smith C. F. (1936) Capitophorus aphids infesting Artemisia. The Canadian Entomologist, 68 (10), 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 68229 - 10","Knowlton, G. F. (1948) A new Capitophorus aphid. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 21 (4), 121 - 123.","Pack, H. J. & Knowlton, G. F. (1929) A few match brush aphids from Utah. The Canadian Entomologist, 61 (9), 199 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 61199 - 9","Hille Ris Lambers, D. 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(2017) DNA barcoding and species delimitation of Chaitophorinae (Hemiptera, Aphididae). Zookeys, 656, 25 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 656.11440","Thery, T., Kanturski, M. & Favret, C. (2018) Molecular phylogenetic analysis and species delimitation in the pine needle-feeing aphid genus Essigella (Hemiptera, Sternorrhynca, Aphididae). Insect Systematics and Diversity, 2 (4), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / isd / ixy 006","Choi, H., Shin, S., Jung, S., Clarke, D. J. & Lee, S. (2018) Molecular phylogeny of Macrosiphini (Hemiptera: Aphididae): An evolutionary hypothesis for the Pterocomma - group habitat adaptation. Molecular phylogenetic and Evolution, 121, 12 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.12.021","van der Goot, P. (1913) Zur Systematik der Aphiden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 56, 69 - 155.","Heie, O. E. (1994) Family Aphididae: Part 2 of tribe Macrosiphini of subfamily Aphidinae. Vol. V. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 28, 1 - 239."]}

Pleotrichophorus blackmani Barjadze, Halbert & Kanturski , sp. n. (Figs 1–13; Table 2) Material examined: HOLOTYPE. Apterous viviparous female, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 06.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia (= E. caroliniana as it is written on the original label), Kenneth L. Hibbard leg., (FSCA# E2003-166), BM-2003-16a, BMNH. PARATYPES. The following specimens have the same data as the HOLOTYPE (FSCA# E2003-166): Alate viviparous female, BM-2003-16b, BMNH; oviparous female, BM-2003-16c, BMNH; apterous viviparous female, 03/01/01/1- US, DZUS; alate viviparous female 03/01/01/2- US, DZUS; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003- 166(10), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166 (18), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(19), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(22), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(22), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(23), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(24), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(25), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00046, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(27), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00047, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(29), FSCA; alate viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-166(4), FSCA. Paratypes with other collection data include: apterous viviparous female, USA, Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 16.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia, Kenneth L. Hibbard, leg., FSCA N E2003-257, N TA–T–00048, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, 16.I.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(2), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, 16.i.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(3), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(4), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(5), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, 16.i.2003, FSCA N E2003-257(6), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(7), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(8), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00049, IZISU; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(11), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(12), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(13), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(14), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(15), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003- 257(16), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(17), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-257(19), FSCA; apterous viviparous female, N TA–T–00050, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA: Florida, St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, 16.i.2003, on Euthamia graminifolia, Kenneth L. Hibbard leg., FSCA N E2003- 258(1), FSCA; alate viviparous female, FSCA N E2003-258(2), FSCA; alate viviparous female, N TA–T–00051, IZISU, other data as in the holotype; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Collier Co., Immokalee, SW FL R&E Center, 21-28.vi.2012, suction trap, Scott Croxton leg., FSCA N 2012 5221, TA–T–00052, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Polk Co., Winter Haven, DPI Citrus Arboretum, 05-12.XII.2013, tall suction trap, Peggy Sieburth leg., FSCA N E2013-9129, N TA–T–00053, IZISU; alate viviparous female, USA, Florida, Collier Co., Immokalee, SW Florida R&E Center, 06-13.xii.2013, short suction trap, Scott Croxton, leg., FSCA N E2013- 15 FSCA; 5 apterous viviparous females, USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, Morningside Nature Center, 15.x.2020, on Euthamia graminifolia, Catherine White & Susan Halbert, leg., FSCA N E2020-4081, FSCA. 1 alate viviparous female on SEM stub, FSCA N E2020-4081 as DZUS-SEM-USA-1; Molecular vouchers (slide mounted in balsam): 3 apterous viviparous females (extractions 1, 2, 4), 1 nymph (extraction 3), and 1 partial specimen (extraction 5), all FSCA N E2020-4081, data as above. Description. Apterous viviparous female (n=31) (Figs 1–3; Table 2) Colour in life: body in general light green with yellowish-green head, light green thorax and green abdomen. Antennal flagellum brown with pale basal part of ANT III. Legs with pale femora and brown tibiae with paler central sections. Tarsi brown. SIPH and cauda light green (Fig. 1a, b). Pigmentation on slide: head yellow, slightly sclerotized; ANT brown with ANT I, ANT II and basal part of ANT III yellow. Femora yellow; tibiae dark with paler middle sections, tarsi dark; abdomen pale. SIPH and cauda yellow (Fig. 2a). Morphological characters: HW 0.15–0.19 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate tips, 0.009 –0.026 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 0–1 seta on internal angles (Fig. 3a). ANT 1.45–1.83 × BL. ANT III with 1–5 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with poorly-developed sclerotized rims (Fig. 3b), ANT IV shorter than ANT V. PT 5.99–7.63 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 1.86–3.30, V:III 0.73– 0.87, IV:III 0.69–0.82, PT:III 1.60–2.01, PT:IV 2.07–2.66, PT:V 2.10–2.56. ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices (Fig. 3c). ANT III setae 0.009 –0.013 mm long, LS ANT III 0.29–0.37 × BD III. ANT I with 6–9, ANT II with 2–5, ANT III with 20–30, ANT IV with 8–18, ANT V with 7–12 setae. ANT VI with 2–4 basal, 4 apical and 3–7 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching middle coxae. URS 0.15–0.19 × ANT III, 0.07– 0.10 × ANT VI, 0.08–0.11 × PT, 0.55–0.71 × BASE and 0.73–0.88 × HT II with 3–5 fine and pointed accessory setae. Mesosternal furca fused, wide, without stem. III FEMORA have very short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.007 – 0.016 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.010 –0.026 mm long. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19–0.23 × ANT III, 0.09–0.11 × ANT VI, 0.10–0.13 × PT and 0.70–0.84 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization and sometimes with 0–4 marginal tubercles. Setae on ABD dorsum are very few, very short, rigid and blunt or slightly capitate, 0.004 –0.008 mm long.ABD VIII with 5–7 moderately capitate setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, tapering without subapical reticulation and without flange (Fig. 3d, e). SIPH 1.54–2.25 × cauda, 0.18–0.26 × BL and 0.61–0.80 × ANT III. Genital plate with 2–3 anterior, 0–4 median and 4–8 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.33–1.88 × its width at base and 0.11–0.16 × BL with 4–5 long and pointed setae (Fig. 3f). Alate viviparous female (n=10) (Figs 1–3; Table 2) Colour in life: body green with yellowish-green thorax, dark brown antennae and tibiae of legs. Wings hyaline with brown venation. SIPH and cauda green (Fig. 1c, d). Pigmentation on slide: head pale to yellow, slightly sclerotized; ANT yellow with darker ANT III and sometimes basal part of ANT IV. Femora pale to yellow; tibiae brown with paler middle sections, tarsi brown;. Abdomen pale; SIPH and cauda pale to yellow (Fig. 2b). Morphological characters: HW 0.13–0.17 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate setae, 0.008 –0.017 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 2–3 setae on internal angles. ANT 1.65–2.10 × BL. ANT III with 13–19 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with well-developed sclerotized rims (Fig. 3g), ANT IV with 5–10 secondary rhinaria, ANT V with 0–3 secondary rhinaria. PT 6.82–8.01 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 2.04–2.50, V:III 0.80–0.91, IV:III 0.90–1.03, PT:III 1.79–2.21, PT:IV 2.20–2.56, PT:V 2.18–2.62.ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices. ANT III setae 0.008 –0.014 mm long, LS ANT III 0.27–0.38 × BD III. ANT I with 5–9, ANT II with 4–5, ANT III with 17–26, ANT IV with 9–16, ANT V with 9–13 setae. ANT VI with 2–4 basal, 4 apical and 4–10 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching mesosternum. URS (Fig 3h) 0.14–0.18 × ANT III, 0.06–0.08 × ANT VI, 0.07–0.09 × PT, 0.49–0.68 × BASE and 0.74–0.91 × HT II with 4 fine and pointed accessory setae. Forewing with typical venation, media twice-branched (Fig. 3i). III FEMORA have short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.011 –0.015 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.021 –0.028 mm long. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19–0.22 × ANT III, 0.08–0.09 × ANT VI, 0.10–0.11 × PT and 0.66–0.84 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization and sometimes with 3–4 marginal tubercles. Setae on ABD very few, very short, rigid and blunt, 0.006 –0.011 mm long. ABD VIII with 5–8 setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, slightly tapering, without subapical reticulation and without flange. SIPH 1.51–1.75 × cauda, 0.15–0.23 × BL and 0.52–0.63 × ANT III. Genital plate with 2–3 anterior, 1–4 median and 5–8 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.38–1.94 × its width at base and 0.10–0.14 × BL with 4–5 long and pointed setae. Oviparous female (n=1) (Fig. 4; Table 2) Colour in life: unknown. Pigmentation on slide: head slightly sclerotized, yellow; ANT brown with ANT I, ANT II and basal part of ANT III yellow. Femora yellow; tibiae brown with paler middle sections, tarsi brown; abdomen pale; SIPH and cauda pale-yellow (Fig. 4a). Morphological characters: HW 0.17 × ANT. Head with short and very short, rigid setae with blunt or slightly capitate setae, 0.007 –0.017 mm long. ANT tubercles each with 0–1 seta on internal angles. ANT 1.32–1.33 × BL. ANT III with 4–7 small and rounded secondary rhinaria with poorlydeveloped sclerotized rims, ANT IV shorter than ANT V. PT 6.40–6.60 × BASE. Other antennal ratios: VI:III 1.81– 1.90, V:III 0.80–0.81, IV:III 0.73–0.75, PT:III 1.57–1.65, PT:IV 2.13–2.20, PT:V 1.95–2.20. ANT chaetotaxy: ANT have very short, thick, rigid setae with blunt apices. ANT III setae 0.009 –0.010 mm long, LS ANT III 0.23–0.25 × BD III. ANT I with 3, ANT II with 4, ANT III with 20–21, ANT IV with 10–13, ANT V with 8–9 setae. ANT VI with 3–4 basal, 4 apical and 5–7 setae along the PT. Rostrum reaching middle coxae. URS 0.14–0.15 × ANT III, 0.07– 0.08 × ANT VI, 0.09 × PT, 0.60 × BASE and 0.75–0.78 × HT II with 4 fine and pointed accessory setae. Mesosternal furca fused, wide, without stem. III FEMORA have very short, stiff, rigid and blunt setae, 0.007 –0.010 mm long. Setae on III TIBIAE short to medium-long, blunt in the proximal part and pointed in the distal part, 0.008 –0.040 mm long. III TIBIAE very slightly swollen in the proximal part with 25–31 rounded or ∞-shaped pseudosensoria, which are sometimes fused into larger and irregular ones (Fig. 4 b, c). Pseudosensoria distributed only in the distal part of tibiae. HT I with 3:3:3 setae, HT II 0.19 × ANT III, 0.10 × ANT VI, 0.11–0.12 × PT and 0.76–0.80 × BASE. Abdomen membranous, without sclerotization. Setae on ABD very few, very short, rigid and blunt, 0.005 –0.007 mm long. ABD VIII with 4 setae, without sclerotised bar. SIPH tubular, tapering without subapical reticulation and without flange. SIPH 1.95–2.00 × cauda, 0.19–0.20 × BL and 0.70–0.73 × ANT III. Genital plate with 3 anterior, 5 median and 15 posterior setae. Cauda triangular, 1.83 × its width at base and 0.10 × BL with 4 long and pointed setae. Biology: Colonies of the new species live in the inflorescence of Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Asteraceae). Probably this species is monoecious holocyclic on Euthamia. Despite the fact that males of this taxon have not been detected yet, we do not exclude that it lives anholocyclically in warm areas such as in Florida, USA. A parasitoid wasp, Aphelinus asychis Walker, was reared from one of the original collections (FSCA N E2003-257). Distribution: The new species is known in four localities (Port St. Lucie, Immokalee SW FL R&E Center, Winter Haven DPI Citrus Arboretum, and Gainesville Morningside Nature Center) from Florida, USA. A COI sequence (BOLD GMOAG 1830-15) of a single unidentified Pleotrichophorus from Ontario, Canada revealed a 99.3% match with COI sequences of P. blackmani sp. n. These COI data suggest that P. blackmani sp. n. may occur in eastern Canada, but the veracity of this barcode match needs to be evaluated with additional sequences and examination of specimens. Taxonomic comments The generic placement of our new species was not obvious. It does not have widely capitate setae or the acute URS present in many species. We compared P. blackmani sp. n. to other species already accepted in Pleotrichophorus, with the conclusion that the new species falls within the morphological range of variation for the genus. Our final decision about generic placement was made based on morphology, supplemented by molecular data. These latter data will be discussed in a later section. Six species of Pleotrichophorus have short accessory setae on URS, shorter than the primary setae on the segment: P. blackmani sp. n., P. lagacei, P. magnautensus (Knowlton & Smith, 1936), P. pycnorhysus (Knowlton & Smith, 1936), P. stroudi (Knowlton, 1948) and P. utensis (Pack & Knowlton, 1929) (Hille Ris Lambers 1969; Corpuz-Raros & Cook 1974; our observation). Of these species— P. lagacei and P. stroudi have styleto-shaped or acute URS, while P. blackmani sp. n., P. magnautensus, P. pycnorhysus and P. utensis have parallel-sided and bluntly pointed URS (Hille Ris Lambers 1969; Corpuz-Raros & Cook 1974). The SIPH is distinctly clavate in P. lagacei, while other above-mentioned species have cylindrical or sometimes slightly thickened SIPH. Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. is related morphologically to P. pycnorhysus by the shape of the URS, SIPH, SIPH L/CAUDA L ratio and presence of short accessory setae on the URS but can be differentiated easily by the shape of dorsal setae on the body, which are slightly capitate in the new species and cone- or funnel-shaped in P. pycnorhysus (CorpuzRaros & Cook 1974; our observation). It should be mentioned that the last new Pleotrichophorus species from the Nearctic realm was described 48 years ago (Favret 2022). Six species of aphids— Aphis gossypii Glover, Illinoia goldamaryae (Knowlton), Pemphigus bursarius (Linnaeus), Prociphilus erigeronensis (Thomas), Uroleucon lanceolatum (Patch) and U. olivei Moran —are reported from Euthamia spp. (Asteraceae) in North America (Blackman & Eastop 2022; Jensen personal communication). Aphis gossypii is a polyphagous and widely distributed species. Similarly, Pemphigus bursarius and Prociphilus erigeronensis are distributed widely on the roots of many North American Asteraceae. Uroleucon lanceolatum is found on Euthamia graminifolia and Solidago spp. in Canada and USA, while U. olivei is on Aster spp., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Euthamia graminifolia in Canada and USA (Blackman & Eastop 2022). Illinoia goldamaryae is known from various Asteraceae throughout North America. There is a recent Florida record (E2014-2360) from Erigeron. Key to apterous viviparous females of Euthamia- feeding aphids (partially based on keys given in Robinson 1985; Blackman & Eastop 2022) 1 ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Eyes with 3 facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax glands present............................. 2 - ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present, tubular. No discrete wax glands....................... 3 2 URS shorter than last antennal segment, and without any accessory setae. Setae at apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments short and thick. Abdomen without posterior projection........................................... Pemphigus bursarius - URS longer than last antennal segment and bearing 4–8 accessory hairs. Setae at apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments long and fine. Anus borne on posterior projection of the abdomen............................. Prociphilus erigeronensis 3 SIPH without polygonal reticulation...................................................................... 4 - SIPH with polygonal polygonal reticulation................................................................ 5 4 ANT PT/BASE 6.0–7.6. SIPH pale, thin, cylindrical, and flangeless................. Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. - ANT PT/BASE 2.0–3.5. SIPH dark, robust with distinct flange..................................... Aphis gossypii 5 SIPH pale or only with dusky/dark apices, slightly swollen near the tip and with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.04–0.08 of its total length...................................................................... Illinoia goldamaryae - SIPH dark at least on distal part, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.25–0.40 of length............................ 6 6 Length of SIPH less than 0.65mm. Cauda with 12–18 setae................................ Uroleucon lanceolatum - Length of SIPH more than 0.65mm. Cauda with 21–36 setae..................................... Uroleucon olivei Notes on SEM morphology and sensilla of Pleotrichophorus blackmani sp. n. and type species of the genus— P. glandulosus General morphology and body surface. Scanning electron microscopy of viviparous females of P. blackmani sp. n. and the type species P. glandulosus revealed differences in body chaetotaxy and flangeless siphunculi (Figs 5, 14). The body surface of apterous viviparous females of P. blackmani sp. n. is covered by a thin but visible wax layer and is characterized by short and very short trichoid sensilla with capitate apices. In lateral view, the sockets of the sensilla are well-developed, mostly trapezoid or sometimes slightly rounded (Fig. 6). The dorsal surface of the abdomen is covered by very few very short and inconspicuous trichoid sensilla. The cuticle is visibly wrinkled, especially on the abdomen, and the rather irregular sculpture of the cuticle is visible even when covered by wax, which has a granulose structure (Fig. 7). In alate viviparous females of the new species the trichoid sensilla are also very short and inconspicuous. The head is characterized by rounded

Anastrepha mitaraka Norrbom, new species Figs. 11, 54, 109, 134 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E1986F6E-DE16-4F86-9D18-7E392CFAB135 Diagnosis. Anastrepha mitaraka can be distinguished from other species of Anastrepha by the following combination of characters: V-band complete, connected to S-band; subapical hyaline area in radial cells distal to crossvein r-m extending anteriorly into cell r 1; oviscape 0.79 times as long as mesonotum; aculeus 2.34 mm long, ventrally curved; tip 0.25 mm long, nonserrate. In the key of Zucchi et al. (2011) it runs to A. flavipennis Greene, from which it differs in having cell bm hyaline and the aculeus more than 2.0 mm long, or A. belenensis Zucchi, from which it differs in having the V-band complete and connected to the S-band, the subapical hyaline area in the radial cells extending into cell r 1, and lacking a constriction near midlength on the aculeus tip. One sequence of A. mitaraka (MT 763869), from the holotype from French Guiana, was included in the COI barcode analysis of Moore et al. (in prep.). The smallest interspecific K2P distance was 5.6% with A. flavipennis Greene. Description. Mostly yellow to orange. Setae orange brown to red brown. Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. 3 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, approximately as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, straight on dorsal twothirds. Antenna not extended to ventral facial margin. Palpus in lateral view dorsally curved, evenly setulose. Thorax: Mostly yellow to orange, most of scutum orange; with following areas white to pale yellow (poorly differentiated in holotype): postpronotal lobe and lateral margin of scutum bordering it; medial scutal vitta, broadly quadrate posteriorly, extending laterally to dorsocentral seta; sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including base of intra-alar seta; scutellum; dorsal margins of anepisternum and katepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Scuto-scutellar suture without brown spot medially. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 3.32 mm long. Postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, scutum and scutellum entirely microtrichose; scutal setulae orange, evenly distributed sublaterally. Chaetotaxy typical for genus. Katepisternal seta absent. Legs: Entirely yellow to orange. Wing (Fig. 54): Length 7.09 mm, width 3.08 mm, ratio 2.30. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.55 wing length, proximal to level of anterior end of crossvein r-m. Cell c 1.19 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.41 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 slightly sinuous. Crossvein r-m at 0.64 distance from bm-m to dm-m on vein M 1. Vein M 1 strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 at apex 0.90 times as wide as at level of dm-m, 0.69 times as wide as maximum subapical width. Cell cu a with distal lobe moderately long, length of cu a 1.66 times as long as anterior margin, lobe 0.87 times as long as vein CuA+CuP. Wing pattern mostly orange and moderate brown. C-band mostly orange, cells bc and c orange, pterostigma mostly brown, distal margin in cells r 1 and r 2+3 narrowly brown, with small ovoid dark brown spot on fork of vein Rs, and with elongate faint brown marking in cell br opposite cell bm and with posterior margin of band in cell br narrowly brown. C-band and S-band broadly connected along vein R 4+5; hyaline marginal spot in cell r 1 subtriangular, with apex aligned proximal to anterior end of crossvein r-m. Basal hyaline area in cell dm relatively small. Basal half of S-band relatively broad, mostly orange, anterobasal margin mostly narrowly brown in cells r 1, r 2+3 and br, posterodistal margin mostly narrowly brown, but broadly posteriorly in cell m 4 extending to apex of lobe of cell cu a, with weak incision in cell m 4 (this area with teneral streak in holotype, perhaps normally without incision); distal section mostly orange, with margins in cells r 1 and r 2+3 and all of part in cell r 4+5 moderate brown; medium width, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.56 times width of cell r 2+3, slightly broader along vein R 4+5, barely extended to apex of vein M 1, without marginal hyaline areas; hyaline area proximal to apex of band extended into cell r 1. V-band with proximal arm moderately broad, mostly brown except for most of part in cell r 4+5, except proximal margin, and bordering most of crossvein dm-m; broadly connected to S-band along vein R 4+5; on posterior margin extended approximately three-fourths distance to vein CuA+CuP; distal arm slender, brown except anteriorly, connected to proximal arm; hyaline area between arms of V-band and vein M 1 approximately one-third width of cell cell r 4+5. Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings. Female terminalia: Oviscape 2.61 mm long, 0.79 times as long as mesonotum; entirely orange; spiracle at basal 0.33. Eversible membrane not everted, partially visible through oviscape, with approximately 20 dorsobasal denticles in subtriangular pattern. Aculeus (Fig. 109) slightly ventrally curved in lateral view, 2.34 mm long, 0.90 times oviscape length; in ventral view base distinctly expanded, triangular, 0.23 mm wide, shaft 0.12 mm wide at midlength; tip (Fig. 134) 0.25 mm long, 0.11 times aculeus length, 0.08 mm wide at base and preapically, 3.13 times as long as wide; in ventral view gradually tapered, nonserrate; 0.07 mm wide in lateral view, 0.88 times ventral width. Spermathecae not examined. Distribution. Anastrepha mitaraka is known only from French Guiana. Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species are unknown. Type data. Holotype ♀ (MNHNP USNMENT00875225), FRENCH GUIANA: [Saint-Laurent du Maroni: Maripasoula,] Mitaraka, site MIT-DZ, 2°14’1.8”N 54°27’1”W, 306 m, 1 Mar 2015, SLAM, J. Touroult & E. Poirier / MITARAKA/218 La Planète Revisitée —MNHN/PNI Guyane 2015. Etymology. The name of this species is a noun in apposition, the name of the region where the holotype was collected. Comments. This species has not been placed in a species group. In the COI analysis of Moore et al. (in prep.) it was placed as the sister group of A. flavipennis Greene., Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L., Muller, Alies, Gangadin, Anielkoemar, Sutton, Bruce D., Rodriguez, Erick J., Savaris, Marcoandre, Lampert, Silvana, Rodriguez, Pedro A., Steck, Gary J., Moore, Matthew R., Nolazco, Norma, Troya, Henry, Keil, Clifford B., Padilla, Anabel, Wiegmann, Brian M., Cassel, Brian, Branham, Marc & Ruiz-Arce, Raul, 2021, New species and host plants of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) primarily from Suriname and Pará, Brazil, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5044 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5044.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5532026, {"references":["Zucchi, R. A., Uramoto, K. & Souza-Filho, M. F. de (2011) Chave ilustrada para as especies de Anastrepha da regiao Amazonia brasileira. In: Adaime da Silva, R., Lemos, W. P. & Zucchi, R. A. (Eds.), Moscas-das-frutas na Amazonia brasileira: Diversidade, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. Embrapa Amapa, Macapa, pp. 71 - 90."]}

Anastrepha curvivenis Norrbom, new species Figs. 5, 6, 35–39, 79–81, 101–102, 125–126, 151–152 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E08C8D0-5E5A-44B5-AE48-80D898AE6F89 Diagnosis. Anastrepha curvivenis can be distinguished from other species of Anastrepha by the following combination of characters: Setae dark redbrown to black; C-band and S-band separated; V-band complete, separated from S-band; vein M 1 very strongly curved apically (cell r 4+5 at apex 0.67–0.76 times as wide as at level of dm-m), reaching or almost reaching apex of S-band; oviscape 4.83–5.48 mm long, 1.32–1.41 times as long as mesonotum; aculeus tip nonserrate, relatively long (0.54–0.61 mm), and tapered most strongly subbasally; lateral surstylus short, with basolateral lobe; phallus> 5 mm long. It resembles A. costalimai Autuori, A. leptozona Hendel and A. barnesi Aldrich in wing pattern and venation and surstylus shape but differs from them in terminalia length and the shape of the aculeus tip. It also differs from the latter two species in lacking serrations on the aculeus tip. It resembles A. galbina Stone in the shape and length of the aculeus tip, but differs in having the V-band complete, vein M 1 more strongly curved apically, and the terminalia slightly longer. It also resembles A. scobinae Stone in wing pattern and the length of the aculeus tip, but differs in having vein M 1 more strongly curved apically, the oviscape brown apically, fewer dorsobasal denticles on the eversible membrane, and the aculeus tip more strongly tapered subbasally. In the key of Zucchi et al. (2011) A. curvivenis runs to A. furcata Lima or A. hendeliana Lima, from which it differs in having the C-band and S-band separated, A. leptozona, from which it differs as indicated above, or A. dissimilis, from which it differs in having vein M 1 more strongly curved apically, longer terminalia, and a longer aculeus tip. Five sequences of A. curvivenis, from four adult specimens from Suriname (MT672181 – MT672184) and one from Ecuador (BCE1117688), were included in the COI barcode analysis of Moore et al. (in prep.). There were four unique sequences. The five sequences of A. curvivenis formed a separate cluster (i.e., with a COI barcode gap), with a range in intraspecific K2P distance of 0.0–0.6%. The smallest interspecific K2P distance was 5.9% with A. leptozona. Description. Mostly yellow to orange. Setae dark red brown to black. Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. 3–5 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, 1–2 times as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, straight or concave on dorsal two-thirds. Antenna not extended to ventral facial margin. Palpus in lateral view dorsally curved, evenly setulose. Thorax: Mostly yellow to orange, most of scutum orange to dark orange; with following areas white to pale yellow: postpronotal lobe and lateral margin of scutum bordering it; medial scutal vitta, narrow anteriorly, quadrate posteriorly, extending laterally to dorsocentral seta; sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including base of intra-alar seta; scutellum; dorsal margins of anepisternum and katepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Scutum usually with narrow orange brown to brown band on posterior margin, often darkest laterally, not extended laterally to intra-alar seta; in Brazilian and Peruvian females absent or present only as diffusely brownish area between dorsocentral and intra-alar lines. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 3.50–4.23 mm long. Postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, scutum and scutellum entirely microtrichose; scutal setulae orange, sometimes brownish on lateral margin, evenly distributed sublaterally. Chaetotaxy typical for genus. Katepisternal seta weak, orange, less than one-third length of anepisternal seta. Legs: Entirely yellow to orange. Wing (Figs. 35–39): Length 7.09–8.84 mm, width 2.91–3.65 mm, ratio 2.42–2.56. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.53–0.55 wing length, proximal to level of anterior end of crossvein r-m. Cell c 1.06–1.20 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.76–4.44 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 not sinuous. Crossvein r-m at 0.66–0.70 distance from bm-m to dm-m on vein M 1. Vein M 1 very strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 at apex 0.67–0.76 times as wide as at level of dm-m, 0.55–0.59 times as wide as maximum subapical width. Cell cu a with distal lobe relatively long, length of cu a 1.65–1.82 times as long as anterior margin, lobe 0.71–0.83 times as long as vein CuA+CuP. Wing pattern mostly orange and moderate brown. C-band mostly orange, cells bc and c paler, bc and posterior part of cell c often subhyaline, pterostigma mostly moderate brown, distal margin of band in cells r 1 and r 2+3 narrowly brown, with small dark brown mark on fork of vein Rs, and in cell br usually with small to elongate irregular brown area in part anterior to cell bm and with elongate brown mark on distal margin of band. C-band and S-band broadly separated by hyaline band from cell bm to costa, usually slightly narrowed along vein R 4+5. Basal hyaline area in cell dm relatively large. Basal half of S-band relatively narrow, mostly orange, anterobasal margin mostly narrowly brown in cells br, r 1, and r 2+3, posterodistal margin narrowly brown anteriorly, more broadly posteriorly in cell m 4, extending to or usually into lobe of cell cu a, with weak or no incision in cell m 4; distal section orange, with most of margins and part in cell r 4+5 moderate brown; relatively broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.72–0.87 times width of cell r 2+3, extended to or almost to apex of vein M 1, without marginal hyaline areas; hyaline area proximal to apex of band extended to vein R 2+3. V-band with proximal arm relatively broad, mostly brown, orange medially in cell r 4+5 and bordering anterior part of crossvein dm-m; separated from S-band along vein R 4+5; on posterior margin extended two-thirds to three-fourths distance to vein CuA+CuP; distal arm mostly to entirely brown, connected to proximal arm; hyaline area between arms of V-band and vein M 1 one-third to two-thirds width of cell cell r. 4+5 Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings. Female terminalia: Oviscape 4.83–5.56 mm long, 1.30–1.41 times as long as mesonotum; orange basally, distal two-thirds darker orange brown to brown; spiracle at basal 0.25–0.29. Eversible membrane (Figs. 79–81) withdorsobasal denticles in short but very broad pattern, with 70–80 relatively stout hooklike denticles in more than 10 V-shaped rows. Aculeus (Figs. 101–102) ventrally curved in lateral view, 4.57–5.24 mm long, 0.93–0.99 times oviscape length; in ventral view base distinctly expanded, triangular, 0.24–0.26 mm wide, shaft 0.100 – 0.135 mm wide at midlength; tip (Figs. 125–126) 0.54–0.62 mm long, 0.11–0.12 times aculeus length, 0.11–0.14 mm wide at base, 0.114 –0.135 preapically, 4.43–5.09 times as long as wide; in ventral view tapered subbasally, then gradually, nonserrate; 0.06–0.09 mm wide in lateral view, 0.50–0.67 times ventral width. Spermathecae not examined. Male terminalia (Figs. 151–152): Epandrium slightly shorter than high in lateral view, in posterior view with posterodorsal margin without medial V-shaped indentation. Lateral surstylus without basolateral lobe, relatively short, extended beyond prensisetae by 0.50 times length of prensiseta; in lateral view short, truncate, with small posterodistal lobe; in posterior view short, apex somewhat truncate, with subapical lateral lobe, medial margin convex. Proctiger with ventral and lateral sclerotized areas connected. Phallus 5.5 mm long, 1.54 times as long as mesonotum; glans 0.4 mm long. Distribution. Anastrepha curvivenis is known from Brazil (Amazonas), Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Peru (San Martín), and Suriname. In Suriname it was collected at Berg en Dal, Brownsberg and Nassau, although in relatively small numbers. Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species are unknown. Type data. Holotype ♀ (USNM USNMENT01527082), SURINAME: Brokopondo: Berg en Dal, Bergendal Resort, [exit road, hilltop, 5.14908°N 55.07515°W, 29 m,] trap BD-ML-12, [24 May –] 6 Jun 2019, A. Muller. Paratypes: BRAZIL: Amazonas: Coari, Rio Urucu, RUC-27, 4°49’34”S 65°15’37”W, at mercury vapor light, 5–18 Mar 1994, P. F. Bührnheim et alia, 2♀ (INPA USNMENT01526557–58). ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Soapaca, 3.91114°S 78.8299°W, 854 m, 21 Mar 2017, D. Elizalde, 1♀ (CNREE-AGROCALIDAD E11-17688). PERU: San Martín: Tarapoto, trampa 2,2,6,2, 9 Feb 2006, 1♀ (SENASA USNMENT00744647). SURINAME: Brokopondo: Brownsberg Nature Park, Leo Val trail, 4.95234°N 55.18755°W, 472 m, trap BNP-ML-29, 21 Jul–20 Aug 2016, A. Gangadin, 1♀ (NZCS USNMENT00875205). Sipaliwini: Nassau, 4.81445°N 54.61536°W, mercury vapor light, black light blue (HPL /BLB), 22–31 Jul 2016, A. J. Hielkema, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00875206 USNMENT00875208); same, 23–30 Jul 2016, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00875207). Etymology. The name of this species is a Latin adjective, from curvus, meaning curved, and vena, meaning vein, in reference to the strongly curved vein M 1. Comments. This species belongs to the leptozona species group as indicated by its wing pattern (C-band and S-band separated), venation (vein M 1 very strongly curved apically), and male surstylus shape (short, with lateroapical lobe). In the COI analysis of Moore et al. (in prep.), the five sequences of A. curvivenis form a separate cluster which is grouped with A. barnesi Aldrich and A. leptozona Hendel, other members of the leptozona group., Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L., Muller, Alies, Gangadin, Anielkoemar, Sutton, Bruce D., Rodriguez, Erick J., Savaris, Marcoandre, Lampert, Silvana, Rodriguez, Pedro A., Steck, Gary J., Moore, Matthew R., Nolazco, Norma, Troya, Henry, Keil, Clifford B., Padilla, Anabel, Wiegmann, Brian M., Cassel, Brian, Branham, Marc & Ruiz-Arce, Raul, 2021, New species and host plants of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) primarily from Suriname and Pará, Brazil, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5044 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5044.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5532026, {"references":["Zucchi, R. A., Uramoto, K. & Souza-Filho, M. F. de (2011) Chave ilustrada para as especies de Anastrepha da regiao Amazonia brasileira. In: Adaime da Silva, R., Lemos, W. P. & Zucchi, R. A. (Eds.), Moscas-das-frutas na Amazonia brasileira: Diversidade, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. Embrapa Amapa, Macapa, pp. 71 - 90."]}

Matsucoccus gallicolus Morrison, 1939 (Fig. 9–10) Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana); Herbert 1921: 15. misidentification (Morrison 1939: 9–13) (in part; also see M. alabamae). Matsucoccus sp.; Parr 1939: 624–630. Matsucoccus gallicolus Morrison 1939: 9. Accepted valid name. Adult Female (Fig. 9) Diagnosis. Cicatrices numbering less than 310, present on segment I to segment VI; cicatrices absent from near body margin; with fewer than 30 multilocular pores; body setae of two distinct sizes; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, parallel sided, 2.2–4.5 mm long, 1.0–2.7 mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, 5–8 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, uncommon on head and within rows of cicatrices; tubes usually slightly divergent. Cicatrices on segment I–VI; cicatrices present in medial and mediolateral areas, absent near body margin; some anterior segments with separate rows on anterior and posterior sections, anterior rows usually with fewer cicatrices; with 170–378 cicatrices; largest 6–12 µm in diameter. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of two sizes, smaller setae 5–12 µm long, over most of surface; longest seta anterior of hind coxae 40–55 µm long, longer setae also present in medial areas of abdominal segments. Bilocular tubular ducts arranged segmentally, uncommon on head, most abundant on margin; similar in size and shape as on dorsum or slightly smaller. Multilocular pores in cluster around vulva, most specimens with ventral vulva located at or near abdominal apex; with 20–32 multilocular pores; diameter of largest pore 9–15 µm. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm or with narrow band of sclerotization; posterior spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 22–30 µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, more weakly sclerotized posteriorly, sometimes decreasing in size posteriorly, diameter of dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 12–18 µm, of seventh spiracle 8–20 µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind leg with trochanter with one long seta, 7–10 sensoria; femur 190–260 µm long, with 8–18 setae; tibia 172–310 µm long, with 22–40 setae; tarsus (both segments) 115–170 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.4–0.9 mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 100–155 µm long, 90–160 µm wide, with 5–8 setae on ventral surface, 18–31 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 62–100 µm long, 75–100 µm wide, with 5–8 setae on ventral surface, 5–8 setae on dorsal surface. Material examined. Alabama, near Birmingham, April 13, 1929, on Pinus virginiana, E.J. Palmer (35332) 1 adult ♀ (paratype). Connecticut: New Haven, received October 26, 1937, on Pinus rigida, R.C. Brown, 3 adult ♀. Georgia: St. Mary’s River, May 1, 1921, on Pinus glabra, unknown collector (39 1510), 3 cysts, 1 adult ♀ (paratype). Maryland: Beltsville, received September 23, 1946, on Pinus rigida, St. George (Hopkins 34109), 3 adult ♀; Berlin, September 20, 1970, on Pinus taeda, D.R. Miller, 5 adult ♀; Cambridge, March 14, 1971, on Pinus taeda, D.R. Miller, 3 adult ♀. Massachusetts: Amherst, June 9, 1946, on Pinus rigida, W.B. Becker, (46 795) 4 adult ♀; Cape Cod, November 5, 1935, on Pinus rigida, W. Becker, 1 adult ♀ (paratype); Sandwich, June 9, 1916, on Pinus rigida, Fernald and Hun, 4 adult ♀ (paratype). Missouri: near Tecumseh, N. fork of White River, Ozark Co., October 7, 1927, on Pinus echinata, E.J. Palmer (30893) 1 adult ♀, 1 cyst (paratype). New Hampshire: Nashua, May 27, 1937, on Pinus rigida, T. Parr, 3 adult ♀, 3 cysts, 1 first-instar nymph (paratype). New Jersey: between Tom’s River and Tuckerton, February 18, 1937, on Pinus rigida ?, Mr. May, 2 adult ♀; Barnegat, July 22, 1936, on Pinus rigida, R.R. Whitten, 2 adult ♀. New York: Centerport, December 1, 1919, on Pinus rigida, J.T. Morton, (Hopkins 16404A) 1 adult ♀ (paratype); Centerport, August 25, 1919, on Pinus rigida, L.C. Griffith, 1 adult ♀, 2 cysts (paratype); Great River, September 25, 1953, on Pinus rigida, G.V. Johnson (T.C. # 116) 2 adult ♀, 6 cysts. North Carolina: Ashville, May 8, 1937, on Pinus rigida or P. echinata, B.H. Wilford, (39 1506) 2 adult ♀ (paratype). Ohio: Delaware, received for identification December 2, 1970, on Pinus rigida, J.B. Hanson (70-23862), 4 adult ♀; Pennsylvania: State Forest Park, Mont Alto, September 1935, on Pinus rigida, J. C. Kase, 1 ad ♀, 3 first-instar exuviae, 3 cysts (paratype); Mont Alto, September 18, 1935, on Pinus rigida, J. C. Kase, 1 adult ♀ (paratype); Mont Alto, Januaruy 30, 1937, on Pinus echinata, collector unknown, 5 adult ♀, 1 3 rd ♂ (paratype); Mont Alto, Guilford Turnpike, March 1937, on Pinus rigida, J. C. Kase, 1 adult ♀ (paratype); South Carolina: Cooper River, Charleston, April 4, 1909, on Pinus taeda, J.G. Sanders, 1 3 rd ♂. Virginia: Falls Church, Franklin Park, April 20, 1936, on Pinus virginiana, I. Weckerly, 2 adult ♀, 2 cysts (paratype); Glouchester, unknown location, January 5, 1968, on Pinus virginiana (witches broom) C.L. Morris, 1 adult female; Gouchland County, locality unknown, on pine, collector unknown 1 3 rd ♂; Princess Anne County, May 1898, on Pinus taeda, T.H. Kearney, Jr., (USNM 355800), 1 adult ♀, 1 cyst (paratype); Rockbridge County, October 31, 1941, on Pinus rigida, M.C. Howard (41 2603), 5 adult ♀, 3 cysts. Washington, D.C., Good Hope Hill, March 19, 1905, on Pinus virginiana, J.G. Sanders, 1 adult ♀; Good Hope Hill, May 11, 1936 & March 19, 1905, on Pinus virginiana, L.M. Russell (39 1498), 7 adult ♀. Remarks. Adult females of M. gallicolus can be separated from adult females of M. krystalae (characters in parentheses are of M. krystalae) as follows: With 170–378 cicatrices (437–900); cicatrices absent from marginal areas (marginal cicatrices present on one or more of segments IV–VI); with 20–32 multilocular pores (36–72); vulva and multilocular pores usually at or near posterior apex of abdomen (many specimens with vulva and multilocular pores located under dorsum of segment IV or V). The above description is based on 52 specimens from 23 localities. Third-instar Male (Fig. 10) Diagnosis. Two sizes of setae on venter, setae anterior of metacoxae about 20 µm long, marginal setae about 5 µm long; with less than eight bilocular tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segment III; abdominal spiracles usually decreasing in size posteriorly; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, 1.1–1.9 mm long, 0.7–1.1 mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, about 5 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, in segmental rows, associated with setal rows, not arranged in longitudinal lines; with less than eight ducts on abdominal segment III, tubes fused. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of two sizes, larger 18–20 µm long, smaller about five µm long; longest seta anterior of hind coxae about 20 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts uncommon on head and medial areas of thorax, most abundant on margin, arranged in longitudinal lines, present submedially and laterally; similar in size and shape as on dorsum, of two variable sizes. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm; posterior thoracic spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 15–25 µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, all equally sclerotized, normally decreasing in size posteriorly, diameter of sclerotized rim of dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 12–17 µm, of seventh spiracle 6–10 µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind leg with trochanter with one long seta, sensoria hidden by bend; femur 125–195 µm long, with 4–7 setae; tibia 92–177 µm long, with 20–32 setae; tarsus (both segments) 77–102 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.4 mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 100 µm long, 88 µm wide, with two setae on ventral surface, 12 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 50 µm long, 67 µm wide, with three setae on ventral surface, three setae on dorsal surface, four sensilla on dorsal surface. Ventral developing genitalia located near posterior apex of abdomen. Type material. Type data: USA: Pennsylvania, Stroudsburg, farm of Mrs. E. Bethel, on Pinus rigida, April 1936, collected E.C. Pyle. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA (USNM). Accepted valid name. We have examined the holotype and several of the paratypes. There is a long series of paratypes from many eastern states. Remarks. Third-instar males of M. gallicolus can be separated from M. krystalae (characters in parentheses are of M. gallicolus) as follows: 10 or more bilocular tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segment III (fewer than 8). Third-instar males of M. gallicolus can be separated from M. alabamae (characters in parentheses are of M. gallicolus) as follows: setae anterior of hind coxa and in medial area of abdomen about same size as other body setae (setae in these areas conspicuously longer than other body setae). The above description is based on three third-instar males from three localities. The specimens used for this description are in poor condition; some still have their antennae and legs compacted in dermal pockets causing many of the characters to be difficult to discern. Life history. The following information is from Parr (1939). The species overwinters as eggs in the ovisac which are usually located under the bark on branches of the pine host. Hatching occurs in late April in Connecticut and Pennsylvania when the new growth on the pine terminals is one to three inches long. Immediately after hatching the dark yellow crawlers move to the new growth, insert their mouthparts, and begin feeding. After continued feeding, the body of the crawler gradually turns dark brownish black and the integument around the mouthparts begins to swell. There is concomitant degradation of plant tissue around the base of the stylets and the ventral surface of the crawler sinks into the cavity in the plant. There also is slight swelling of the plant tissue around the outside of the crawler that continues until the body of the crawler is almost completely enclosed. After six to nine weeks from hatching, the crawler molts to the second-instar cyst. The shed skin of the crawler is usually trapped in the hole in the epidermis of the plant and the cyst is totally encapsulated in plant tissue except for the hole where the shed skin of the crawler is placed. The brownish black cyst is nearly round, legless, with large spiracular openings, and mouthparts. The second molt occurs about a month later. Emergent adult females have legs, but mouthparts are lacking or nonfunctional. Immediately after emerging from the cyst, the adult female integument is very flexible, and the legs and antennae are telescoped inside the body (Fig. 9). The adult female pushes the shed skin of the crawler aside and squeezes through the small opening of the gall. Adult females settle under bark flakes on the main branches or trunk of the host, produce an oval flattened pad of wax that is covered by white wax threads, and lay 150–500 lemon yellow eggs. There is no discussion of males in any stage in Parr (1939) but Morrison (1939) discussed the existence of second and third-instar males when he described the species. It is not entirely clear that this species has the same life history as that suggested by Parr (1939) in other parts of its distribution. We have examined the dates of collection of all adult females deposited in the U. S. National Museum scale-insect collection in Beltsville, Maryland, and find specimens from every month of the year except August (Table 4). We excluded any specimens that appeared to have been mummies when they were collected. As indicated above, Parr (1939) suggested that the legs and antennae are telescoped inside the body while pushing through the hole in the host. It appears to us that they are external but are in pockets in the derm. In either case, they are folded in specific ways. Each antenna is oriented posteriorly and is folded at segment three with the distal segments resting under or within the much longer two basal segments. The third segment is bent when the antenna is folded (Figure 9). Each leg is oriented with the claw and tarsus anterior of the tibia and femur. The trochanter is bent in the middle and is attached to the coxa which lies under the rest of the leg (claw, tarsus, tibia, femur and part of the trochanter) (Figure 9). There is a definite division in the middle of the trochanter in fully extended legs, which suggests it is folded during emergence. Florida distribution. We have examined the specimens reported by Morrison (1939) from Florida that are deposited in the USNM. They are either cysts or first instars and we are unable to verify their identity without examination of associated adult females or third-instar males. The cysts of M. gallicolus are different from all other species treated by Morrison in 1939 based on the protrusion on the dorsum used by the adult female and third-instar male to escape the gall, but we suspect that M. krystalae has the same characteristics. Because identifiable specimens of M. gallicolus have not been collected in Florida, we suspect that the Florida records are actually of M. krystalae. Distribution outside of Florida. Matsucoccus gallicolus Morrison has been reported from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia. We examined a specimen from Alabama and Ray (1982) reported it from South Carolina. Damage. Parr (1939) did a careful analysis of the effect of the feeding of M. gallicolus on host tissue in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. About two weeks after a crawler begins feeding, a slight yellowing of the twig surface develops around the insect body where it is in contact with the host. Normal epidermal and collenchyma cells outside of the feeding area have heavy walls but those in the area of feeding become thin walled, empty and stop growing. This causes the formation of a depression under the insect and this combined with abnormal growth of the epidermal and collenchyma cells surrounding the body of the crawler causes gall formation. By the end of June, the cells under the insect have lignified and this degradation continues until late August when twig death may occur. On pitch pine an infestation of 1.2 insects per square millimeter will cause twig death by the middle or end of July but an infestation of 0.5 insects per square millimeter will cause death of the twig by late August or September. Parr was able to demonstrate that the saliva from the feeding insect was the source of gall induction by the plant. According to Aughanbaugh (1949) a quarter acre plot was set up in a pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) plantation in Pond Bank, Pennsylvania in 1931. At the time the trees seemed healthy containing about 40 cubic feet of wood per acre. The following table is a synopsis of the tables presented by Aughanbaugh (1949) of the damage sustained by trees in the plot for the next several years (Table 5). Aughanbaugh (1949) suggested that the annual increment accumulated in 1942 of trees at the early age of 23 years demonstrated the serious damage sustained by the trees. Only 652 trees were alive in 1949 (48%) and it seemed doubtful that they would ever attain timber size. Damage can be recognized by trees with dead leaders or branches as the season progresses., Published as part of Ahmed, Muhammad Z., Ray, Charles H., Moore, Matthew R. & Miller, Douglass R., 2020, The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): Potential pests of Florida pines, pp. 1-31 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (810) on pages 15-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565418, {"references":["Morrison H. 1939. Descriptions of new species of Matsucoccus (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 41: 1 - 20.","Herbert FB. 1921. The genus Matsucoccus with a new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 23: 15 - 22.","Parr T. 1939. Matsucoccus sp. a scale insect injurious to certain pines in the northeast (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Journal of Economic Entomology 32: 624 - 630.","Ray CH. 1982. Revision of the Genus Matsucoccus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) in North America. Auburn University, Ph. D. thesis [unpublished]. Auburn, Alabama. 295 p.","Aughanbaugh J. 1949. The Matsucoccus scale (Matsucoccus gallicolus) in pitch pine plantations. Pennsylvania Forests and Waters 1 (8): 182 - 186."]}

Ahmed, Muhammad Z., Ray, Charles H., Moore, Matthew R., Miller, Douglass R. (2020): The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): Potential pests of Florida pines. Insecta Mundi 2020 (810): 1-31, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565418, {"references":["Ahmed MZ, Miller DR. 2020. Matsucoccus alabamae Morrison, Alabama pine scale (Matsucoccidae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera): a potential pest of Florida pines. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, FDACS-P-02144, Entomology Circular 444: 1-5.","Amouroux P, Crochard D, Germain JF, Correa M, Ampuero J, Groussier G, Kreiter P, Malausa T, Zaviezo T. 2017. Genetic diversity of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Chile. Scientific Reports 7: 2014.","Aughanbaugh J. 1949. The Matsucoccus scale (Matsucoccus gallicolus) in pitch pine plantations. Pennsylvania Forests and Waters 1(8): 182-186.","Booth JM, Gullan PJ. 2006. 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Key to Matsucoccus species from the eastern U.S. based on adult females 1. Venter with two sizes of setae; setae anterior of hind coxae and in medial areas of abdomen noticeably longer than other ventral setae......................................................... 2 — Venter with one size of ventral setae; setae anterior of hind coxae approximately same length as other ventral setae.............................................. M. alabamae Morrison (Fig. 6) 2(1). Cicatrices present on metathorax or abdominal segment I..................................... 4 — Cicatrices absent from metathorax and abdominal segment I.................................. 3 3(2). Cicatrices present in four rows on abdominal segments III–VI; cicatrices greater than 15 µm in diameter; with less than 100 cicatrices................................... M. macrocicatrices Richards — Cicatrices present in five rows on abdominal segments II–VI; cicatrices less than 15 µm in diameter; with more than 100 cicatrices....................................... M. matsumurae (Kuwana) 4(2). With 20–32 multilocular pores; with 170–378 cicatrices; cicatrices in medial and mediolateral areas, but not in lateral areas......................................... M. gallicolus Morrison (Fig. 10) — With 36–72 multilocular pores; with 437–900 cicatrices; cicatrices in medial, mediolateral, and lateral areas on some segments................ M. krystalae Ahmed and Miller, new species (Fig. 12), Published as part of Ahmed, Muhammad Z., Ray, Charles H., Moore, Matthew R. & Miller, Douglass R., 2020, The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): Potential pests of Florida pines, pp. 1-31 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (810) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565418

Matsucoccus alabamae Morrison, 1939 (Fig. 6–7) Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana); Herbert 1921: 15; Morrison 1928: 3. misidentification (Morrison 1939: 13). (in part; also see M. gallicolus). Matsucoccus alabamae Morrison 1939: 2. Accepted valid name. Adult Female (Fig. 6) Diagnosis. Cicatrices usually in four rows, anterior row narrower than remaining rows; body setae all about same size; vulva present near posterior end of abdomen; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, parallel sided, 4.0–6.9 (4.4–6.7) mm long, 1.8–2.2 (1.8–2.2) mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, 8–10 (7–11) µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, uncommon on head and within rows of cicatrices; tubes sometimes slightly divergent. Cicatrices in four rows on segments III to VI, rarely with cicatrices in small numbers on segments II and/or VII; anterior row on segment III usually about half as wide as other rows; with 223–370 (95–511) cicatrices; largest 8–11 (9–14) µm in diameter. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of one size 8–10 (7–11) µm long, over most of surface; longest seta anterior of hind coxae 10–16 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts arranged segmentally, uncommon on head, most abundant on margin; similar in size and shape as on dorsum. Multilocular pores in cluster surrounding vulva at, or near, abdominal apex; with 42–64 (44–88) pores; diameter of largest pore 8–11(11–15) µm. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm; posterior spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 32–49 (33–48) µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, all equally sclerotized and about same size, diameter of sclerotized dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 13–20 (15–22) µm, of seventh spiracle 17–20 (14–17) µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind trochanter with one (rarely two) long seta, 7–11 (10–12) sensoria; femur 228–290 (274–309) µm long, with 12–18 (8–22) setae; tibia 220–255 (242–321) µm long, with 31–38 (25–41) setae; tarsus (both segments) 150–172 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.7–0.8 (0.7–0.8) mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 135–165 (131–168) µm long, 165–210 (148–226) µm wide, with 2–4 setae on ventral surface, 16–24 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 115–125 (111–136) µm long, 100–130 µm wide, with 4–9 setae on ventral surface, 6–10 setae on dorsal surface. Anterior apex of vulva lying under anterior apex of abdominal segment VIII on dorsum. Remarks. For a comparison of this species with M. gallicolus see the notes section of the latter. This species is very similar to M. banksianae Ray and Williams, but the latter differs (characters in parentheses are of M. alabamae) by having 3, 4, or 5 rows of cicatrices (four rows), and occurs on Pinus banksiana Lamb. in Minnesota (occurs on Pinus elliottii Engelm., P. taeda L., and P. rigida Mill. in the southeastern U.S.). The above description is based on 14 specimens from seven localities. Third-instar Male (Fig. 7) Diagnosis. One size of seta on venter, setae anterior of metacoxae 8–11 µm long; with eight or fewer bilocular tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segment III; developing genitalia at posterior end of abdomen; abdominal spiracles usually similar in size; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, parallel sided, 2.5–2.9 mm long, 0.9–1.2 mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, 8–12 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, in segmental rows, associated with setal rows, arranged in longitudinal lines with lines present submedially, mediolaterally, and laterally, with six or seven ducts on abdominal segment III, tubes sometimes slightly divergent. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of one size 8–10 µm long, over most of surface; longest seta anterior of hind coxae 10–16 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts uncommon on head and medial areas of thorax, most abundant on margin, arranged in longitudinal lines, present submedially and laterally; similar in size and shape as on dorsum. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm; posterior thoracic spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 24–29 µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, all equally sclerotized and about same size, diameter of sclerotized rim of dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 10–15 µm, of seventh spiracle 10–11 µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind leg with trochanter with one long seta, 8–13 sensoria; femur 170–195 µm long, with 16–21 setae; tibia 170–205 µm long, with 27–41 setae; tarsus (both segments) 100–120 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.5–0.8 mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 110–120 µm long, 110–160 µm wide, with 0–4 setae on ventral surface, 12–23 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 75–90 µm long, 95–125 µm wide, with 4–6 setae on ventral surface, 3–6 setae on dorsal surface, three or four sensilla on dorsal surface. Developing genitalia near posterior end of body. Type material. Type data: USA: Alabama, Calhoun, on Pinus sp., March 16 and 31, April 21, 1902; collected by A.M. Troyer. Syntypes, female and first instar. Because Morrison (1939) did not specifically mention a holotype in the original description, the lectotype, designated here, is the single mounted adult female from the syntype series mounted on a slide and labeled as follows: left label: “9582 Matsucoccus / alabamae/ Holotype / On pine/ Calhoun, Ala./ March 16, 1902 ” right label “ Matsucoccus / alabamae / Morrison/ lectotype / desig. by Ahmed et al. 2020 ” (deposited at USNM). In addition, there are 14 paralectotypes. Type depositories: AUMNH, UCDC, USNM. We have examined the lectotype and several of the paralectotypes deposited in AUMNH and USNM. Remarks. For a comparison of M. alabamae with M. krystalae see the notes section of the latter. The above description is based on seven third-instar males from the following locality: Lee County, Auburn, Alabama, March 1, 1979, on Pinus sp., C.H. Ray and I. Daniels, deposited in AUMNH. Life history. The following information is from Ray (1982) based on observations made in Auburn, Alabama from November 1978 to April 1981. This species overwinters in the second-instar cyst beneath bark scales on the trunk of the host. In March, the third-instar males emerge from cysts, settle beneath bark scales and produce a waxy sac in which they molt to the fourth-instar pupa. Adult males emerge and begin to actively seek out females. Adult females emerge from the cyst, move to the outer surfaces of the tree trunk or between the edges of bark scales and extend the posterior end of their abdomen as far from the trunk as possible. Adult males run rapidly up and down the trunk and orient to the posterior apex of the female and copulate. After copulation is complete, adult females crawl beneath loose bark flakes, near a scar, or at the base of a branch and produce a waxy ovisac in which 501– 860 eggs are laid. Copulation is necessary for oviposition: confined females do not produce eggs. As females deposit eggs, their bodies contract and fold so that when all eggs are deposited, the females are reduced to less than 1/3 of their original size. Material examined. Alachua Co., Gainesville, behind Division of Plant Industry, (Long. 29.634987, Lat. −82.371138) September 6, 2018, on Pinus elliottii, M. Ahmed (dead mummy) (2018-4724) 3 ad. ♀; Broward Co., Ft. Lauderdale (Lat. 26.20512, Long. −80.1698), April 26, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2018-2743) 2 ad. ♀; Duval Co., Jacksonville, Port of Jacksonville, Florida 9A, (Lat. 30.39461, Long. −81.58198), December 7, 2017, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), M. Lara, (2018-1002) 1 ad. ♀; Jacksonville, Port of Jacksonville, November 1, 2017, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), M. Lara, (2018-609) 1 ad. ♀ [we are unable to authenticate the location of these records; the official GPS coordinates of the closest trap are Lat. 30.394678, Long. −81.562037]; Franklin Co., Lanark Village, January 31, 2018, on Pinus sp., S. Halbert, M. Ahmed, D. Miller (dead mummy) (2018-343) 5 ad. ♀; Highlands Co., Archbald Research Station, April 28, 1975, on Pinus elliottii, R. Denno, J. Davidson, D. Miller 5 ad. ♀ (USNM); Liberty Co., US 27 N, January 31, 2018, on Pinus sp., S. Halbert, M. Ahmed, D. Miller (dead mummy) (2018-346) 1 ad. ♀; Miami-Dade Co., Miami, December 25, 1978, on Pinus elliottii, C. Ray 6ad. ♀ (AUMNH); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, July 20, 1980, on Pinus elliottii, C. Ray 2 ad. ♀ (AUMNH); Okaloosa Co., Niceville, February 17, 1979, on Pinus elliottii, C. Ray 8 ad. ♀ (AUMNH); Palm Beach Co., Magnolia Park (Lat. 26.76042, Long. −80.07526), November 19, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2019-181) 1 ad. ♀; Wakulla Co., Apalachicola National Forest, January 16, 1997, on Pinus palustris, W. Tschinkel (97-0195) 8 second instar cysts (Fig. 8). Distribution outside of Florida. Matsucoccus alabamae was known only from Alabama but Ray (1982) reported it from Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee in his unpublished dissertation. Recently Ahmed and Miller (2020) reported it from Florida and confirm the Florida occurrence data herein. A new record for Virginia is provided by DRM follows: Bayville Farms Park, Virginia Beach, Virginia December 24, 2019, under bark of Pinus taeda, D. R. Miller (2020-25). Damage. This species has not been implicated in causing economic damage., Published as part of Ahmed, Muhammad Z., Ray, Charles H., Moore, Matthew R. & Miller, Douglass R., 2020, The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): Potential pests of Florida pines, pp. 1-31 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (810) on pages 8-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565418, {"references":["Morrison H. 1939. Descriptions of new species of Matsucoccus (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 41: 1 - 20.","Herbert FB. 1921. The genus Matsucoccus with a new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 23: 15 - 22.","Morrison H. 1928. A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family Margarodidae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 52: 1 - 239.","Ahmed MZ, Miller DR. 2020. Matsucoccus alabamae Morrison, Alabama pine scale (Matsucoccidae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera): a potential pest of Florida pines. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, FDACS-P- 02144, Entomology Circular 444: 1 - 5.","Ray CH. 1982. Revision of the Genus Matsucoccus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) in North America. Auburn University, Ph. D. thesis [unpublished]. Auburn, Alabama. 295 p."]}

Matsucoccus krystalae Ahmed and Miller, new species (Fig. 11–12) Matsucoccus gallicolus Morrison 1939: 12 (in part). Possible misidentification of paratype specimens taken from herbarium specimens from Pinus glabra Walter, Chattahoochee, Florida, November, unknown date, A. H. Curtiss. Adult Female (Fig. 11) Diagnosis. Cicatrices numbering more than 400, normally present on metathorax to segment VI, occasionally absent from metathorax; cicatrices present near body margin on one or more posterior abdominal segments; with more than 35 multilocular pores; body setae of two distinct sizes; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, parallel sided, 3.1–5.9 mm long, 1.4–2.2 mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, 8–11 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, uncommon on head and within rows of cicatrices; tubes usually slightly divergent. Cicatrices on metathorax (some specimens without or with only one or two) or segment I to segment VI; some segments with cicatrices present near body margin; some anterior segments with separate rows on anterior and posterior sections, anterior rows usually with fewer cicatrices; totaling 437–900; largest 6–12 µm in diameter. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of two sizes, smaller setae 8–11 µm long, over most of surface; longest seta anterior of hind coxae 30–55 µm long, longer setae also present in medial areas of abdominal segments. Bilocular tubular ducts arranged segmentally, uncommon on head, most abundant on margin; similar in size and shape as on dorsum or slightly smaller. Multilocular pores in cluster around vulva, many specimens with ventral vulva located beneath segments IV, V or VI; with 36–72 multilocular pores; diameter of largest pore 10–12 µm. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm or with narrow band of sclerotization; posterior spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 28–50 µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, more weakly sclerotized posteriorly, sometimes decreasing in size posteriorly, diameter of dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 17–25 µm, of seventh spiracle 8–12 µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind leg with trochanter with one long seta, 9–14 sensoria; femur 228–365 µm long, with 16–29 setae; tibia 228–285 µm long, with 21–47 setae; tarsus (both segments) 155–180 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.6–0.8 mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 145–205 µm long, 160–200 µm wide, with 7–10 setae on ventral surface, 19–26 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 85–130 µm long, 110–130 µm wide, with 5–8 setae on ventral surface, 6–7 setae on dorsal surface. Remarks. Adult females of M. krystalae can be separated from M. gallicolus (characters in parentheses are of M. gallicolus) as follows: 437–900 cicatrices (170–378 cicatrices); cicatrices often present on metathorax (not on metathorax); cicatrices present near body margin on one or more posterior abdominal segments (not present near body margin); with 36–72 multilocular pores (20–32 multilocular pores). Adult females of M. krystalae can be separated from M. alabamae (characters in parentheses are of M. krystalae) as follows: Cicatrices present from abdominal segment III to VI (metathorax or segment I to segment VI); setae anterior of hind coxae 10–16 µm long (18–55 µm long); abdominal spiracles approximately same size (7 th abdominal spiracle normally smaller than 1 st abdominal spiracle); 2–4 setae on venter of first antennal segment (5–9); 7–18 setae on hind femur (16–29). Adult females of M. krystalae also are similar to M. apachecae Ray and Williams from Arizona but differ from the latter (characters in parentheses are of M. krystalae) by having from 21–45 cicatrices (437–900 cicatrices) present in the medial area of the dorsum (medial, mediolateral, and lateral areas). The above description is based on 28 adult females from seven localities. Third-instar Male (Fig. 12) Diagnosis. Two sizes of setae on venter, setae anterior of metacoxae about 30 µm long, marginal setae about 12 µm long; with 10 or more bilocular tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segment III; abdominal spiracles usually decreasing in size posteriorly; fleshy setae present on distal four antennal segments. Description. Body elongate, parallel sided, 2.1–2.8 mm long, 1.0–1.2 mm wide. Dorsum: Setae uncommon, inconspicuous, arranged in rows, of one size, 9–11 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts scattered over surface, in segmental rows, associated with setal rows, not arranged in longitudinal lines; with 10 or more ducts on abdominal segment III, tubes sometimes slightly divergent. Venter. Setae uncommon, arranged in rows, of two sizes, larger 20–30 µm long, smaller 6–12 µm long; longest seta anterior of hind coxae 20–36 µm long. Bilocular tubular ducts uncommon on head and medial areas of thorax, most abundant on margin, arranged in longitudinal lines, present submedially and laterally; similar in size and shape as on dorsum. Thoracic spiracles without definite sclerotized rim on derm; posterior thoracic spiracle with largest diameter of atrium 25–30 µm; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, normally with dermal orifice sclerotized, all equally sclerotized, normally decreasing in size posteriorly, diameter of sclerotized rim of dermal orifice of first abdominal spiracle 14–18 µm, of seventh spiracle 8–11 µm. Legs large and conspicuous, with scale-like pattern on all segments except first tarsal segment; hind leg with trochanter with one long seta, 8–12 sensoria; femur 185–260 µm long, with 18–24 setae; tibia 185–240 µm long, with 37–58 setae; tarsus (both segments) 125–135 µm long, tarsal digitule undifferentiated; claw without denticle, with two conspicuous digitules, equal in size. Antennae nine segmented, 0.6–0.8 mm long; apical four segments each with two enlarged setae; first segment 120–195 µm long, 125–175 µm wide, with 1–8 setae on ventral surface, 12–18 setae on dorsal surface; second segment 85–95 µm long, 100–120 µm wide, with 4–7 setae on ventral surface, 4–6 setae on dorsal surface, 2–7 sensilla on dorsal surface. Ventral developing genitalia located under dorsal segment IV, V, VI, or VII. Remarks. Third-instar males of M. krystalae can be separated from M. alabamae (characters in parentheses are of M. krystalae) as follows: setae anterior of hind coxae 10–16 µm long (20–36 µm long); abdominal spiracles approximately same size (7 th abdominal spiracle normally smaller than 1 st abdominal spiracle); eight or fewer bilocular tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segment III (10 or more). The above description is based on 118 third-instar males from 14 localities. Type material. Holotype adult female mounted singly on a slide; left label “ Holotype / Hemiptera / Matsucoccidae / Matsucoccus krystalae / Ahmed and Miller/Det. MZAhmed, 2018/ E-2018-1367” right label “ USA, Florida: St Lucie Co. /Fort Pierce/ 2001 Rock Rd/ 28 FEB 2018 / E-2018-1367-1” Deposited in FSCA. In addition, there are 145 paratypes deposited in the following collections: AUMNH, CSCA, NHMUK, UCDC, USNM. Etymology. The species epithet krystalae is named in honor of Krystal Ashman who first noticed Matsucoccus specimens in Lindgren funnel trap samples and who has continued to collect specimens, providing clues to the life history of the species. We are most grateful for her efforts. Material examined. All specimens are considered paratypes. Except the two slides from Chattahoochee. Alachua Co., Leveda Brown Environmental Park, Gainesville, October 16, 2018 (Lat. 29.70818, Long. −82.26424), on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap, baited with ethanol and Alpha-Pinene lures), R. Leahy and B. Alford (2018-6381) 1 ad. ♀; Brevard Co., Melbourne, October 17, 2017, on Pinus ellottii, (Lindgren trap), B. Saunders (2018-231) 1 ad. ♀; Titusville, February 26 and March 30, 2018, April 30, 2018 (Lat. 28.49972, Long. −80.78294), on Quercus sp., (Lindgren trap baited with ethanol, Alpha-Pinene, and Monochamol lures), B. Saunders (2018−877, 2018- 2279, 2018-3118) 8 3 rd ♂ [the exact location and host are questionable since there is a discrepancy in the correct GPS coordinates; the official location was Lat. 28.500785, Long. −80.781750]; Broward Co.: Ft. Lauderdale (Lat. 26.20512, Long. −80.1698), March 23, 2018 and April 26, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2018- 1688, 2018-2743) 6 3 rd ♂; Ft. Lauderdale, Port Everglades Airport, (Lat. 26.07176, Long. −80.13222) May 29, 2019, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2019-4471) 1 3 rd ♂; Pompano Beach, (Lat. 26.26933, Long. −80.15826) March 23, 2018, April 26, 2018, November 19, 2018, December 18, 2018, April 30, 2019, March 28, 2019, May 29, 2019, April 24, 2020, on Pinus elliottii (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2018-1659, 2018-2744, 2019-139, 2019- 401, 2019-3259, 2019-3878 and 2020-1594) 55 3 rd ♂, 14 ad. ♀; Duval Co., Baldwin, Highway 217, Yellow Water Rd. (Lat. 30.27885, Long. −81.97732), December 4, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap, baited with ethanol and Alpha-Pinene lures), M. Byron and R. Leahy, (2019-249), 1 3 rd ♂; Jacksonville (Lat. 30.31203, Long. −81.86378), October 16, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap, baited with ethanol, Alpha-Pinene, and Monochamol lures), M. Echols, (2018-6376), 1 3 rd ♂; Gadsen Co., Chattahoochee, November, day and year unknown sometime before 1939, on Pinus glabra, A.H. Curtis (USNH # 941030 & HNYGB # 2656) 8 cysts, collected from pressed herbarium specimens by Louise Russell (USNM); Hillsborough Co., MacDill Air Force Base, Tampa, (Lat. 27.8383, Long. −82.5026), October 4, 2017, October 2, 2018, October 16, 2018, October 27, 2018, on Pinus sp. P. Barker, (Lindgren trap) (2018-324, 2018-6211, 2018-1961, 2018-6378) 8 3 rd ♂, 2 ad. ♀; Miami-Dade Co., Medley, (Lat. 25.85173, Long. −80.32365) February 23, 2018, March 19, 2018, April 27, 2018, April 30, 2018, November 20, 2018, December 18, 2018, on Pinus elliotti (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2018-1311, 2018-1587, 2018-2720, 2019- 182, 2019-402) 15 3 rd ♂, 1 ad. ♀; Nassau Co., Fort Clinch State Park (Lat. 30.6942, Long. −81.4389), March 28, 2018, September 28, 2018, March 12, 2019, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap, baited with ethanol and Alapha-Pinene lures), R. Leahy (2018-1689, 2018-6018, 2019-2553) 4 3 rd ♂; Orange Co., Moss Park, Orlando (Lat. 28.37468, Long. −81.18946), October 3, 2011, on Pinus elliotti, M. Weiss (Lindgren trap) (2011-9369) 3 3 rd ♂; Palm Beach Co., Jupiter (Lat. 26.92833, Long. −80.18029), February 25, 2019, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), J. Farnum (2019- 1993) 1 3 rd ♂; Palm Beach Co., Jupiter, Jupiter Country Club (Lat. 26.645895, Long. −80.430269), April 5, 2018, on Pinus elliottii, J. Johnson, submitted by Lyle Buss, (2018-1988) 2 cysts; St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce (Lat. 27.42909, Long. −80.40859), February 28, 2018, March 20 and 30, 2018, July 30, 2018, on Pinus elliottii., B. Saunders (Lindgren trap) (2018-1367, 2018-2275, 2018-3173, and 2018-4864), 14 3 rd ♂, 7 ad. ♀; Volusia Co., Daytona Beach (Lat. 29.20743, Long. −81.01269), January 8, 2018 and May 10, 2018, on Pinus sp., P. Coffey (2018-471 and 2018- 3047) 2 3 rd ♂; Daytona Beach (Lat. 29.207554, Long. −81.012311), June 27, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), P. Coffey (2018-4028) 2 ad. ♀; Daytona Beach (Lat. 29.22651, Long. −81.0242), October 10, 2018, on Pinus sp., (Lindgren trap), P. Coffey (2018-6210) 1 3 rd ♂. Life history. Little is known about the life cycle of this species. Most of the biological data were gathered from Lindgren funnel traps. Adult females were collected in traps from Brevard Co., Melbourne, October; Broward Co., Pompano Beach, April, November and December; Hillsborough Co., Tampa, October; in St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, February, March, April and July; St. Lucie Co., in Daytona Beach, June; Alachua Co., Gainesville, October; Miami-Dade Co., Medley, March. Similar results were discovered with third-instar males: Brevard Co., Titusville, February, March and April; Broward Co., Ft. Lauderdale, March and April; Broward Co., Pompano Beach, March, April, November and December; Duval Co., Baldwin, December; Duval Co., Jacksonville, October; Hillsborough Co., MacDill Air Force Base, Tampa, October; Miami-Dade Co., Medley, February, April, November, December; Nassau Co., Fort Clinch State Park, March, September; Orange Co., Moss Park, Orlando October; Palm Beach Co., Jupiter, February: St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, February and March; Volusia Co., Daytona Beach January, May, June and October. Since specimens were active during the month when they were collected, and since active third-instar males and adult females were taken in every month but August, it appears that the species has more than a single generation each year. One collection of cysts was recorded in Palm Beach County, Jupiter, on the small branches of Pinus elliottii, April 5, 2018 (Figure 13). The cysts were deeply imbedded in the current year’s growth but there was no indication of swelling or galling; the only indication that a cyst was present under the bark was a small hole with the shiny black integument of the cyst showing through (Figure 13). These pines were showing serious die back, but it appears that this was caused by a fungal disease and not the Matusucoccus infestation. However, because of the cryptic nature of this insect it is possible that they may have been a contributing factor. Other Species It is worth mentioning that M. macrocicatrices has been collected in eastern North America from Canada to Georgia and is often associated with Septobasidium pinicola Snell on Pinus strobus L. (Mech et al. 2013). It can be distinguished from the other species in Florida by having (characters of M. alabamae, M. gallicolus, and M. krystalae are given in parentheses) enlarged setae on the last five antennal segments (four antennal segments) and by cicatrices that are greater than 15 microns in diameter (less than 15 microns). Because M. macrocicatrices has only been reported on P. strobus and because Florida is outside the natural range of this host it is unlikely that this Matsucoccus species will be found in Florida unless the tree is planted in an ornamental setting., Published as part of Ahmed, Muhammad Z., Ray, Charles H., Moore, Matthew R. & Miller, Douglass R., 2020, The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): Potential pests of Florida pines, pp. 1-31 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (810) on pages 22-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565418, {"references":["Morrison H. 1939. Descriptions of new species of Matsucoccus (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 41: 1 - 20.","Aughanbaugh J. 1949. The Matsucoccus scale (Matsucoccus gallicolus) in pitch pine plantations. Pennsylvania Forests and Waters 1 (8): 182 - 186.","Mech AM, Asaro C, Cram MM, Coyle DR, Gullan PJ, Cook LG, Gandhi KJK. 2013. Matsucoccus macrocicatrices (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae): First report, distribution, and association with symptomatic eastern white pine in the southeastern United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 106 (6): 2391 - 2398."]}

Phileurus truncatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1806) Pupa (Figs 11–13) Material examined. Two pupae with the following data: “ FLORIDA: Alachua Co/Gainesville; turkey oak;/larva 7-II-1976 /pupa 15-IV-1976 / Scarabaeidae Phileurus / truncatus /P.M. Choate collr.”; “ FLORIDA: Alachua Co./ Gainesville; NATL, I- 2016./coll. Gabe Somarriba”. Description. Length 42–44 mm; greatest width 18–20 mm (Figs 11–13). Body elongate, oval, stout, exarate. Color dark reddish brown. Entire body with very fine, small, golden setae. Head: Surface glabrous, bent sharply beneath thorax, mouthparts directed ventrally; antennae, labrum, mandibles, maxillary, and labial palps discernible; antennal thecae expanded, stout, with apices rounded. Compound eyes sunken, visible, with 2 tubercles between eyes. Thorax: Pronotal surface glabrous. Form transverse, with wide, anteromedial, rounded apex. Mesonotum and metanotum well differentiated. Elytral and posterior wing thecae closely appressed, curved ventrally around body; elytral thecae extending to end of abdominal segment I; posterior wing thecae extending to middle of abdominal segment III. Protibia with 3 distinct teeth on external edge. Mesotibia and metatibia with 3 swellings at apices; characters indicative to spines and spurs seen in adults, with the external swelling most likely the spine and the 2 inner swellings most likely the 2 apical spurs (1 spine on each tibia in adults). Abdomen: Segments III–X (ventral view) well defined. Segment VII slightly long than preceding segment and segment VIII 0.25 times longer than segment VII; segments VIII and IX fused. Segments I–X (dorsal view) with well-defined, dioneiform (gin trap) organs between segments I–II, II–III, III–IV, IV–V, V–VI, and VI–VII. Pleural lobes rounded. Spiracle I ovate, covered by wing thecae, more broadly opened than spiracles II–IV; spiracles II–IV ovate, prominent, each with strongly sclerotized peritreme; spiracles V–VI less sclerotized compared to I–IV; spiracles V–VIII closed. Abdominal apex rounded, with fine, short setae. Diagnosis. Third-instar P. truncatus will key out to the terminal 4th couplet in the phileurine larval key to species of Ibarra-Polesel et al. (2017). This is based on the lack of anterior frontal setae and the presence of an angulate margin on the left side of the labrum in P. truncatus. In the modified key below, the 4th couplet now separates Phileurus and Hemiphileurus species based on the number of dorsal sensory spots on the terminal antennomere. Phileurus truncatus keys to the 5th couplet where it is separated from H. elbitae Neita & Ratcliffe, 2010 by the size of the abdominal spiracles and the number of maxillary stridulatory teeth. The third-instar Phileurus truncatus examined for this study lack long, thin anterior frontal setae. The presence of anterior frontal setae, along with similar sized tarsal claws on all the legs, are characters shared between the other known third instars of Phileurus species (Ibarra-Polesel et al. 2017). The lack of long, thin anterior frontal setae in P. truncatus thus broadens the diagnosis for the genus. Examined specimens of third-instar P. trunctatus do have setose punctures across the anterior margin of frons. However, these punctures are sporadically arranged and the short, stout setae in them does not reach past the margin of the punctures. We do not think that these punctures are associated with the anterior frontal setae found in other phileurine larvae., Published as part of Arguez, Katherine M., Moore, Matthew R. & Branham, Marc A., 2017, Description of the larva and pupa of Phileurus truncatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1806) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) with a key to described third instars of New World Phileurini in Zootaxa 4363 (2), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1098838, {"references":["Ibarra-Polesel, M. G., Valle N. G., Neita-Moreno J. C. & Damborsky, M. P. (2017) Description of the pupa and redescription of the third instar of Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini). Zootaxa, 4290, 571 - 580. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4290.3.10"]}

Key to the third instars of New World Phileurini Modified from Neita & Ratcliffe (2011), Ratcliffe & Skelley (2011), Ibarra-Polesel et al. 2017. 1. Anterior frontal setae absent............................................................................. 2 - Anterior frontal setae present............................................................................ 7 2. Lateral margins of labrum broadly rounded, not angulate (Argentina, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay)................................................................................... Trioplus cylindricus (Mannerheim, 1829) - At least one lateral margin of labrum angulate............................................................... 3 3. Left and right lateral margins of labrum angulate. Maxilla with a row of six conical, stridulatory teeth (Uruguay, Brazil).................................................................... Archophileurus fimbriatus (Burmeister, 1847) - Left lateral margin of labrum angulate. Maxilla with 6–10 stridulatory teeth....................................... 4 4. Terminal antennomere with 5 dorsal sensory spots........................................................... 5 - Terminal antennomere with less than 5 dorsal sensory spots....................................................6 5. Abdominal spiracle I smaller than spiracles II–VII. Maxilla with row of 6–7 truncate, stridulatory teeth (Colombia)......................................................................... Hemiphileurus elbitae Neita & Ratcliffe, 2010 - Abdominal spiracles similar in size. Maxilla with row of 7–10 truncate, stridulatory teeth (United States of America to Pan- ama).......................................................... Phileurus truncatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1806) 6. Terminal segment of antenna with 2 dorsal sensory spots. Inner margin of left mandible, distad of molar area, with short, rounded tooth (Hispaniola)................................................... Hemiphileurus dispar Kolbe, 1910 - Terminal segment of antenna with 3–4 dorsal sensory spots. Inner margin of left mandible, distad of molar area, with promi- nent, triangular tooth (United States of America, Mexico)....................... Hemiphileurus illatus (LeConte, 1854) 7. Protarsal claw longer than mesotarsal and metatarsal claws.....................................................8 - Protarsal claw similar in size to mesotarsal and metatarsal claws.............................................. 11 8. Surface of head coarsely pitted, with dense covering of setae. Stridulatory area of mandible formed by approximately 30 sepa- rated ridges (Brazil)...................................................... Actinobolus trilobus Lüderwaldt, 1910 - Surface of head moderately punctate and sparsely setae. Stridulatory area of mandible formed by 40 or more separated ridges....................................................................................................9 9. Left lateral margin of labrum angulate................................................................... 10 - Lateral margins of labrum broadly rounded, not angulate (northeastern South America)................................................................................................ Homophileurus luederwaldti (Ohaus, 1910) 10. Anterior clypeal setae absent (Brazil, Paraguay)........................... Homophileurus integer (Burmeister, 1847) - Anterior clypeal setae present (Mexico to Brazil)............................... Homophileurus tricuspis Prell, 1914 11. Ocelli absent....................................................................................... 12 - Ocelli present....................................................................................... 13 12. Right lateral margin of labrum rounded, raster and lower anal lobe with short setae alternates with numerous long setae (South America)............................................................ Archophileurus vervex Burmeister, 1847 - Right lateral margin of labrum angulate, raster and lower anal lobe with short and thin setae (United States of America to Argentina)................................................................. Phileurus valgus (Olivier, 1789) 13. Lateral margins of labrum broadly rounded, not angulate. Laephoba with 11 slender, short setae Maxilla with a row of 7 strid- ulatory teeth (Mexico to Paraguay)........................................... Phileurus didymus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Left and right lateral margins of labrum angulate. Laephoba with 17 slender, short setae. Maxilla with a row of 9 stridulatory teeth (French Guiana, Brazil, Uruguay)......................................... Phileurus affinis Burmeister, 1847, Published as part of Arguez, Katherine M., Moore, Matthew R. & Branham, Marc A., 2017, Description of the larva and pupa of Phileurus truncatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1806) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) with a key to described third instars of New World Phileurini in Zootaxa 4363 (2), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1098838, {"references":["Neita Moreno, J. C. & Ratcliffe B. C. (2011) Immature stages of Homophileurus tricuspis Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) with notes on natural history and distribution in Colombia. Zootaxa, 2915, 20 - 28.","Ratcliffe, B. C. & Skelley, P. E. (2011) Description of the larva of Homophileurus integer (Burmeister, 1847) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini), with notes on biology and a key to the known larvae of New World Phileurini. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 65, 297 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 072.065.0311","Ibarra-Polesel, M. G., Valle N. G., Neita-Moreno J. C. & Damborsky, M. P. (2017) Description of the pupa and redescription of the third instar of Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini). Zootaxa, 4290, 571 - 580. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4290.3.10"]}

Lagochile badia chlorotica Ohaus, 1898 Lagochile badia var. chlorotica Ohaus, 1898: 51 [original combination, available name]. Chasmodia badia var. chlorotica (Ohaus) [new combination by Ohaus 1918: 59]. Chasmodia badia chlorotica (Ohaus) [new status by Machatschke 1972: 77]. Lagochile bipunctata var. chlorotica (Ohaus) [new combination and revised status by Soula 2005: 308]. Chasmodia badia chlorotica (Ohaus) [Krajcik 2007: 63]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2005. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.3: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anticheirina 3. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 297 - 409 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria Ohaus, 1912 Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria Ohaus, 1912: 274 [original combination, unavailable name]. Pseudomacraspis cayennensis forma carbonaria Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 64]. Maripa Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2002a: 241]. Theuremaripa cayennensis var. carbonaria (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2006: 170]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ruteliden. X. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 73: 273 - 319.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Soula, M. 2006. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 1: Rutelini 1. Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p."]}

Macraspis cincta var. adjusta Ohaus, 1913 Macraspis cincta var. adjusta Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis cincta forma adjusta Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 74]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Anticheira virens bleuzeni (Soula, 2005) Dorysthetus virens bleuzeni Soula, 2005: 368 [original combination]. Anticheira virens bleuzeni (Soula) [new combination]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Soula, M. 2005. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.3: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anticheirina 3. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 297 - 409 p."]}

Minidorysthetus Soula, 1998: 15, 90 Type species. Anticheira iodiella Bates, 1888: 267, original designation by Soula 1998: 90. Remarks. Soula (1998: 267) misspelled the specific name “ iodiella ” Bates as “ jodiellus ”. In the same volume, however, Soula (1998: 90) designated the type species of Minidorysthetus under its correctly spelled name (ICZN Article 69.2.1)., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p."]}

Pseudomacraspis imitatrix basipennis Ohaus, 1934a Pseudomacraspis imitatrix var. basipennis Ohaus, 1934a: 14 [original combination, unavailable name]. Pseudomacraspis imitatrix basipennis [new status by Machatschke 1972: 64, name became available from original publication]. Maripa imitatrix var. basipennis (Ohaus) [new combination and new status by Soula 2002a: 242]. Theuremaripa imitatrix var. basipennis (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2006: 170]. Maripa imitatrix (Ohaus, 1903: 229) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 83]. Available Names Incorrectly Synonymized by Krajcik (2007). The following names were proposed for validly described species and subspecies. Later, these names were treated as infrasubpecific entities (i.e. varieties and forms) and were then synonymized by Krajcik (2007). Below, the first catalog entry is the available name; the last catalog entry reflects the current status (but not necessarily validity) of the name., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1934 a. XXVII. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden (Col. Scarabaeidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5: 9 - 15.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Soula, M. 2006. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 1: Rutelini 1. Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p.","Ohaus, F. 1903. Verzeichnis der von Herrn Richard Haensch in Ecuador gesammelten Ruteliden (Coleoptera lamellicornia). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 18: 215 - 242.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis lateralis cincticollis Ohaus, 1898 Macraspis lateralis var. cincticollis Ohaus, 1898: 52 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis lateralis forma cincticollis (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 71]. Macraspis lateralis var. cincticollis Ohaus [Soula 1998: 42]. Macraspis lateralis (Olivier, 1789: 80–81) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec Leurs Caracteres Generiques et Specifiques, leurs Description, leur Synonymie, et leur Figure Enluminee. Coleopteres, volume 1. Baudouin; Paris, France. 476 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis bicincta dimidiata Ohaus, 1913 Macraspis bicincta var. dimidiata Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis bicincta dimidiata (Ohaus) [new status by Machatschke 1972: 70, name became available from original publication]. Macraspis bicincta var. dimidiata Ohaus [new status by Soula 1998: 40]. Macraspis bicincta Burmeister, 1844: 351–352 [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 79]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis lateralis immaculata Ohaus, 1898 Macraspis lateralis var. immaculata Ohaus, 1898: 52 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis lateralis forma immaculata (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 71]. Macraspis lateralis var. immaculata Ohaus [Soula 1998: 42]. Macraspis lateralis (Olivier, 1789: 80–81) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec Leurs Caracteres Generiques et Specifiques, leurs Description, leur Synonymie, et leur Figure Enluminee. Coleopteres, volume 1. Baudouin; Paris, France. 476 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Dorysthetus castanipennis unicolor Ohaus, 1912 Dorysthetus castanipennis var. unicolor Ohaus, 1912: 275 [original combination, unavailable name]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis unicolor (Ohaus) [new combination and new status by Ohaus 1918: 45, name became available from original publication]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis var. unicolor (Ohaus) [new status by Soula 2002a: 168]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis (Ohaus, 1905: 299–300) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 123]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ruteliden. X. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 73: 273 - 319.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Ohaus, F. 1905. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der amerikanischen Ruteliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 66: 283 - 329.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis bivittata MacLeay, 1819 Macraspis bivittata MacLeay, 1819: 157 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis cincta var. bivittata (MacLeay) [new status by Burmeister 1844: 353–354]. Macraspis cincta forma bivittata (MacLeay) [Machatschke 1972: 74]. Macraspis cincta var. bivittata (MacLeay) [Soula 1998: 29]. Macraspis cincta cincta (Drury, 1782: 61) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["MacLeay, W. S. 1819. Horae Entomologicae: or essays on the annulose animals. volume 1, part 1. Containing: General observations on the geography, manners, and natural affinities of the insects which compose the genus Scarabaeus of Linnaeus; To which are added a few incidental remarks on the genera Lucanus and Hister of the same author. With an appendix and plates. S. Bagster; London, United Kingdom. 160 p.","Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Drury, D. 1782. Illustrations of natural history, vol. 3. D. Drury; London, United Kingdom. 78 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz, Paucar-Cabrera, Aura (2014): Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). Insecta Mundi 2014 (392): 1-20, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Agassiz, L. 1847. Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Universalis, Continens Nomina Systematica Classium, Ordinum, Familiarum et Generum Animalium Omnium, Tam Viventium quam Fossilium, Secundum Ordinem Alphabeticum Unicum Disposia, Adjectis Homonymiis Plantarum, nec non Variis Adnotationibus et Emendationibus. Nomenclator Zoologicus, volume 12. Jent et Gassmann; Solothurn, Switzerland. 1554 p.","Aguiar, W. M., and M. C. Gaglianone. 2008. Comportamento de abelhas visitantes florais de Lecythis lurida (Lecythidaceae) no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 52: 277-282.","Arrow, G. J. 1899. Notes on the classification of the coleopteran family Rutelidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 7) 4: 363-370.","Bates, H. W. 1886-1890. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. p. 1-432. In: O. Salvin and F. D. Godman (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera, volume 2, part 2. R. H. Porter; London, United Kingdom. 432 p.","Benderitter, E. 1923. Quelques Rutelides nouveaux (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1923: 216-219.","Benderitter, E. 1925. Rutelides nouveaux de Colombie (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1925: 246-249.","Blanchard, C. E. 1845. Histoire naturelle des insectes, leurs moeurs, leurs metamorphoses et leur classification ou traite elementaire d'entomologie, vol. 1. F. Savy; Paris, France. 398 p.","Blanchard, C. E. 1851. Ordre des Coleoptera. p. 129-240. In: H. Milne-Edwards, C. E. Blanchard and H. Lucus (eds.). Museum d'Histroire Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la Collection Entomologique. Classe des Insectes. volume 1. part 1. 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Ecological constraints on fruit initiation by Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana (Arecaceae): floral herbivory, pollen availability, and visitation by pollinating bats. American Journal of Botany 82: 1527-1536.","Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1833. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. le Comte Dejean, Fascicles 1-2. Mequignon-Marvis Pere et Fils; Paris, France. 176 p.","Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations of natural history, vol. 2. D. Drury; London, United Kingdom. 92 p.","Drury, D. 1782. Illustrations of natural history, vol. 3. D. Drury; London, United Kingdom. 78 p.","Eschscholtz, J. F. von 1818. Decades tres eleutheratorum novorum descripsit. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 6: 451-484.","Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum: Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Officina Libraria Kortii; Flensburg and Leipzig, Germany. 832 p.","Fabricius, J. C. 1787. 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Emanuel Beer; Leipzig, Germany. p. 1517-2224.","Gyllenhal, L. 1817. [new taxa]. In: Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr synonymiam insectorum, Tome 1, Part 3. Sistens descriptiones novarum specierum. F. Leverentz; Skara, Sweden. 266 p.","Herbst, J. F. W. 1790. Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insecten, als eine Fortsetzung der von Buffonschen Naturgeschichte, part 3. Joachim Pauli; Berlin, Germany. 325 p.","Hoffmannsegg, J. C. von 1817. Entomologische Bemerkungen bei Gelegenheit der Abhandlungen uber amerikanische Insecten […]. Zoologisches Magazin 1: 8-56.","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The Natural History Museum; London, United Kingdom. 306 p.","Jameson, M. L. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Rutelina and revision of the Rutela generic groups (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Rutelinae: Rutelini). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 14: 1-184.","Jameson, M. L., and M. A. Moron. 2001. Descriptions of the larvae of Chlorota cincticollis Blanchard and Chasmodia collaris (Blanchard) (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) with a key to the larvae of the American genera of Rutelini. The Coleopterists Bulletin 55: 385-396.","Kirsch, T. 1870. Beitrage zur Kaferfauna von Bogota. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 14: 337-378.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma.X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p.","Lacordaire, J. T. 1856. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Genera des Coleopteres: Pectinicornes-Lamellicornes. Vol. 3. Roret; Paris, France. 594 p.","Laporte, F. L. 1840. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Coleopteres. Avec une introduction Renferment l'Anatomie et la Physiologie des Animaux articules, par M. Brulle, volume 2. P. 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T.1: Tribus Rutelini. Genera Insectorum Fasc. 199A: 172 p.","Ohaus, F. 1938. XXX. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden (Col. Scarab.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 99: 258-272.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec Leurs Caracteres Generiques et Specifiques, leurs Description, leur Synonymie, et leur Figure Enluminee. Coleopteres, volume 1. Baudouin; Paris, France. 476 p.","Schonherr, C. J. 1817. Synonymia Insectorum, oder Versuch einer Synonymie aller bisher bekannten Insecten; nach Fabricii Systema Eleutheratorum etc. geordnet, volume 1, part 3. Em. Bruzelius; Uppsala, Sweden. 506 p.","Smith, A. B. T. 2006. A review of the family-group names for the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) with corrections to nomenclature and a current classification. Coleopterists Society Monograph 5: 144-204.","Solis, A. 1998. Metodos y tecnicas de recolecta para coleopteros Scarabaeoideos. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia. 12 p.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Soula, M. 2002a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Soula, M. 2002b. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26: Rutelini 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 102 p.","Soula, M. 2003. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 29: Rutelini 3. Pseudoptenomela - Paraptenomela - Exoptenomela - Ptenomela - Calomacraspis - Paramacraspis - Paradorysthetus - Macraspis - Pseudorysthetus - Dorysthetus - Anticheiroides - Anticheira - Pseudoanthicheiroides. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 79 p.","Soula, M. 2005. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.3: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anticheirina 3. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 297-409 p.","Soula, M. 2006. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 1: Rutelini 1. Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p.","Soula, M. 2011. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 5: Geniatini 1. Revision du genre Bolax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelini: Geniatini). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 85 p.","Vanin, S. A., and C. Costa. 1980. Larvae of Neotropical Coleoptera. III. Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 33: 275-282.","Waterhouse, C. O. 1881. XXXIV. On some South American Coleoptera of the Family Rutelidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881 (Part 4): 535-553.","Waterhouse, C. O. 1886. XLVI. Characters of undescribed Coleoptera in the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5(17): 497-501."]}

Platyrutela cribrata var. rufescens Ohaus, 1913 Platyrutela cribrata var. rufescens Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Platyrutela cribrata forma rufescens Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 61]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Macraspis cupripes var. scotina Ohaus, 1914a Macraspis cupripes var. scotina Ohaus, 1914a: 139–140 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis cupripes forma scotina Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 75]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1914 a. XIV. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 75: 138 - 158.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Chlorota Burmeister, 1844: 359 Type species. Rutela terminata Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau and Audinet-Serville, 1825: 317, valid subsequent designation by Ohaus 1934b: 125. Remarks. Soula (2002a: 132) subsequently designated Chlorota aulica Burmeister, 1844: 364–365 as the type species of the genus Chlorota, citing the change as more “logical” based on Dejean’s (1833: 154) concept of Chlorota. This is an invalid change based on ICZN Article 69.1. Ohaus (1934b: 125) subsequently designated Rutela terminata as the type of Chlorota. Rutela terminata was an originally included nominal species of Chlorota, and Ohaus’ (1934b) designation therefore satisfies ICZN Articles 67.2 and 69.1 (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. L. M., and J. G. de Audinet-Serville. 1825. Rtele [sic], Rutela p. 315 - 317. In: P. A. Latreille, A. L. M. Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, J. G. Audinet-Serville, and F. E. Guerin-Meville (eds.). Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes, volume 10, part 2. Agasse; Paris, France. 833 p.","Ohaus, F. 1934 b. Coleoptera lamellicornia, Fam. Scarabaeidae, Subfam. Rutelinae. T. 1: Tribus Rutelini. Genera Insectorum Fasc. 199 A: 172 p.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1833. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. le Comte Dejean, Fascicles 1 - 2. Mequignon-Marvis Pere et Fils; Paris, France. 176 p."]}

Anticheira hemichlora var. nigripennis Ohaus, 1905 Antichira hemichlora var. nigripennis Ohaus, 1905: 293 [original combination, unavailable name]. Paramacraspis hemichlora var. nigripennis (Ohaus) [Ohaus 1918: 49]. Paramacraspis hemichlora forma nigripennis (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 63]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1905. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der amerikanischen Ruteliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 66: 283 - 329.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Anticheira hirtipes (Burmeister, 1844) Chlorota hirtipes Burmeister, 1844: 366 [original combination]. Antichira hirtipes (Burmeister) [new combination by Ohaus 1918: 52]. Anticheira hirtipes (Burmeister) [Machatschke 1970: 157]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Machatschke, J. W. 1970. Rutelinae (Col., Scarabaeidae): Synonymische Bemerkungen. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 105: 157 - 158."]}

Pseudomacraspis imitatrix var. variicollis Ohaus, 1912 Pseudomacraspis imitatrix var. variicollis Ohaus, 1912: 274 [original combination, unavailable name]. Pseudomacraspis imitatrix forma variicollis Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 64]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ruteliden. X. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 73: 273 - 319.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Anticheira girardi Soula, 1998 Anticheira girardi Soula, 1998: 60–61 [original combination]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p."]}

Macraspis chalcea var. violacea Ohaus, 1918 Macraspis chalcea var. violacea Ohaus, 1918: 55 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis chalcea forma violacea Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 72]. Macraspis chalcea var. violacea Ohaus [Soula 1998: 52]. Remarks. Macraspis chalcea var. violacea Ohaus (1918) is the name applied to a dark violet “variety” of M. chalcea Burmeister that was collected in Espirito Santo, Brazil (Ohaus 1898). Ohaus (1898: 51) discussed the specimen on which the name is based, but he did not apply a name to it until 1918., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63."]}

Parathyridium sulcatum var. erubescens Ohaus, 1913 Parathyridium sulcatum var. erubescens Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Parathyridium sulcatum forma erubescens Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 60]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Macraspis xanthosticta nigripennis Benderitter, 1923 Macraspis xanthosticta var. nigripennis Benderitter, 1923: 216–217 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis xanthosticta forma nigripennis (Benderitter) [Machatschke 1972: 72]. Macraspis xanthosticta var. nigripennis Benderitter [Soula 1998: 43]. Macraspis xanthosticta Burmeister, 1844: 359 [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 81]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Benderitter, E. 1923. Quelques Rutelides nouveaux (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1923: 216 - 219.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis cincta var. pallida Ohaus, 1913 Macraspis cincta var. pallida Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis cincta forma pallida Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 75]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Aequatoria Arrow, 1899: 364 Type species. Chlorota associata Waterhouse, 1881: 553, original designation by Arrow 1899: 364. Remarks. Soula (1998: 99) subsequently designated Macraspis pretiosa Brême, 1844: 303–304 as the type species of the genus Aequatoria. This is invalid based on ICZN Article 68.2. Arrow (1899: 364) originally designated Chlorota associata as the type of Aequatoria. Chlorota associata was an originally included nominal species of Aequatoria and Arrow’s (1899) designation satisfies ICZN Article 68.2. Soula’s (1998) designation of Macraspis pretiosa also violated ICZN Article 67.2, which states that the type of a genus must be an originally included nominal species. Macraspis pretiosa was not an originally included nominal species of Aequatoria., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. 1899. Notes on the classification of the coleopteran family Rutelidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 7) 4: 363 - 370.","Waterhouse, C. O. 1881. XXXIV. On some South American Coleoptera of the Family Rutelidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881 (Part 4): 535 - 553.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Breme, M. de. 1844. Insectes Coleopteres, nouveaux ou peu connus, premiere et deuxieme decades. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 2: 287 - 313."]}

Pelidnota vladimalyi Moore and Jameson, new name Pelidnota malyi Soula 2010a: 36–37 (original combination, valid name). Pelidnota malyi Soula 2010a: 58 (junior primary homonym of P. malyi Soula 2010a: 36–37). Pelidnota vladislavmalyi Soula 2010a: 65 (unavailable name). Pelidnota vladislavmalyi Soula 2011: 84 (homonym (based on an unavailable name), replacement name for P. malyi Soula 2010a: 58). Pelidnota vladimalyi Moore and Jameson, replacement name for P. malyi Soula 2010a: 58. Soula (2010a) used the name Pelidnota malyi for two separate, distinct entities from Ecuador in the same publication. Pelidnota malyi is the valid name based on the Principle of Priority (ICZN Article 52.3). In the index, Soula (2010a) used the specific epithet “ vladislavmalyi ” for the species P. malyi named on page 58. We regard the name “ P. vladislavmalyi ” as an unavailable name because it was not associated with a species description and because its continued use may lead to further nomenclatural instability (see “Unavailable Names”). Soula (2011) noted his homonym, referring to P. malyi as a “ nomen nullum ” and replaced this name with Pelidnota vladislavmalyi Soula, 2011. Because Soula’ s (2011) replacement name (P. vladislavmalyi) may cause nomenclatural confusion with the previously published, unavailable name Pelidnota vladislavmalyi Soula, 2010, we regard the 2011 replacement name as an unavailable name, and we propose the name Pelidnota vladimalyi Moore and Jameson, new name, for P. malyi Soula, 2010., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert & Jameson, Mary Liz, 2013, Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Changes in the Pelidnotine Scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 377-387 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3) on page 380, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.377, {"references":["Soula, M. 2010 a. Les Coleopteres du Nouveau Monde. Volume 4: Rutelini 4. Revision des Pelidnotina 4. Une revision des genres Catoclastus, Homonyx. Retour sur quelques especes ou groupe d' especes de Pelidnota. Addenda 2010. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l' Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT, Saintry, France.","Soula, M. 2011. Les Coleopteres du Nouveau Monde. Volume 5: Geniatini 1. Revision du genre Bolax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelini: Geniatini). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l' Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT, Saintry, France."]}