28 results on '"Anna Ermund"'
Search Results
2. Mucus threads from surface goblet cells clear particles from the airways
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Gunnar C. Hansson, Andrea Bähr, Lauren N. Meiss, Lars Ewaldsson, Nikolai Klymiuk, Brendan Dolan, Anna Ermund, and Florian Jaudas
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Mucociliary clearance ,Swine ,Respiratory tract ,Video microscopy ,Bronchi ,Mucus bundle ,Diseases of the respiratory system ,fluids and secretions ,Bronchoscopy ,medicine ,Animals ,Goblet cells ,Submucosal glands ,Lung ,Microscopy, Video ,biology ,RC705-779 ,Chemistry ,Research ,Mucin ,Mucins ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ,Cell biology ,Trachea ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mucociliary Clearance ,Models, Animal ,biology.protein - Abstract
Background The mucociliary clearance system driven by beating cilia protects the airways from inhaled microbes and particles. Large particles are cleared by mucus bundles made in submucosal glands by parallel linear polymers of the MUC5B mucins. However, the structural organization and function of the mucus generated in surface goblet cells are poorly understood. Methods The origin and characteristics of different mucus structures were studied on live tissue explants from newborn wild-type (WT), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) deficient (CF) piglets and weaned pig airways using video microscopy, Airyscan imaging and electron microscopy. Bronchoscopy was performed in juvenile pigs in vivo. Results We have identified a distinct mucus formation secreted from the surface goblet cells with a diameter less than two micrometer. This type of mucus was named mucus threads. With time mucus threads gathered into larger mucus assemblies, efficiently collecting particles. The previously observed Alcian blue stained mucus bundles were around 10 times thicker than the threads. Together the mucus bundles, mucus assemblies and mucus threads cleared the pig trachea from particles. Conclusions These results demonstrate that normal airway mucus is more complex and has a more variable structural organization and function than was previously understood. These observations emphasize the importance of studying young objects to understand the function of a non-compromised lung.
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- 2021
3. Normal murine respiratory tract has its mucus concentrated in clouds based on the Muc5b mucin
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Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, Christopher M. Evans, Dalia Fakih, Anna Ermund, Sergio Trillo-Muyo, and Gunnar C. Hansson
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0301 basic medicine ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Larynx ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Mucociliary clearance ,Respiratory System ,Mucin 5AC ,Fluorescence ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,fluids and secretions ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Animals ,Submucosal glands ,Mucous Membrane ,Chemistry ,Mucin ,Biological Transport ,Cell Biology ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Mucin-5B ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Trachea ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030228 respiratory system ,sense organs ,Goblet Cells ,Airway ,Ex vivo ,Respiratory tract ,Research Article - Abstract
The organization of the normal airway mucus system differs in small experimental animals from that in humans and large mammals. To address normal murine airway mucociliary clearance, Alcian blue-stained mucus transport was measured ex vivo on tracheal tissues of naïve C57BL/6, Muc5b−/−, Muc5ac−/−, and EGFP-tagged Muc5b reporter mice. Close to the larynx with a few submucosal glands, the mucus appeared as thick bundles. More distally in the trachea and in large bronchi, Alcian blue-stained mucus was organized in cloud-like formations based on the Muc5b mucin. On tilted tissue, the mucus clouds moved upward toward the larynx with an average velocity of 12 µm/s compared with 20 µm/s for beads not associated with clouds. In Muc5ac−/− mice, Muc5b formed mucus strands attached to the tissue surface, while in Muc5b−/− mice, Muc5ac had a more variable appearance. The normal mouse lung mucus thus appears as discontinuous clouds, clearly different from the stagnant mucus layer in diseased lungs.
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- 2020
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4. New generation ENaC inhibitors detach cystic fibrosis airway mucus bundles via sodium/hydrogen exchanger inhibition
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Robert Tarran, Anna Ermund, Melania Giorgetti, Gunnar C. Hansson, Annika Åstrand, Nikolai Klymiuk, Martin Hemmerling, Lisa Jinton, Anna Malmgren, and Andrea Bähr
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Epithelial sodium channel ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Swine ,Sodium ,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Inflammation ,Ileum ,Cystic fibrosis ,Article ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,fluids and secretions ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers ,medicine ,Animals ,Epithelial Sodium Channels ,Lung ,Pharmacology ,biology ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,Epithelial sodium channel blocker ,Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ,Cell biology ,Bicarbonates ,Sodium–hydrogen antiporter ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Animals, Newborn ,biology.protein ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background and Purpose: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive inherited disease caused by mutations affecting anion transport by the epithelial ion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The disease is characterized by mucus accumulation in the airways and intestine, but the major cause of mortality in CF is airway mucus accumulation, leading to bacterial colonization, inflammation and respiratory failure. One of the drug targets under evaluation to alleviate airway mucus obstruction in CF is the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Experimental Approach: To explore effects of ENaC inhibitors on mucus properties, we used two model systems to investigate mucus characteristics, mucus attachment in mouse ileum and mucus bundle transport in piglet airways. We quantified mucus attachment in explants from CFTR null (CF) mice and tracheobronchial explants from newborn CFTR null (CF) piglets to evaluate effects of ENaC or sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) inhibitors on mucus attachment. Key Results: ENaC inhibitors detached mucus in the CF mouse ileum, although the ileum lacks ENaC expression. This effect was mimicked by two sodium/proton exchange (NHE) inhibitors. Airway mucus bundles were immobile in untreated newborn CFTR null (CF) piglets but were detached by the therapeutic drug candidate AZD5634. Conclusion and Implications: These results suggest that the ENaC inhibitor AZD5634 causes detachment of CF mucus in the ileum and airway via NHE inhibition and that drug design should focus on NHE instead of ENaC inhibition.
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- 2021
5. Gram-positive bacteria are held at a distance in the colon mucus by the lectin-like protein ZG16
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Bjoern O. Schroeder, Joakim H. Bergström, Gunnar C. Hansson, Anna Ermund, George M. H. Birchenough, André Schütte, Gergely Katona, and Malin E. V. Johansson
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Proteomics ,0301 basic medicine ,Glycosylation ,Colon ,Gram-positive bacteria ,Motility ,Biology ,Gram-Positive Bacteria ,Bacterial cell structure ,Microbiology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Lectins ,medicine ,Animals ,Symbiosis ,Inner mucus layer ,Mice, Knockout ,Multidisciplinary ,Membrane Proteins ,Epithelial Cells ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Mucus ,Epithelium ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Peptidoglycan ,Digestive System ,Bacteria - Abstract
The distal colon functions as a bioreactor and harbors an enormous amount of bacteria in a mutualistic relationship with the host. The microbiota have to be kept at a safe distance to prevent inflammation, something that is achieved by a dense inner mucus layer that lines the epithelial cells. The large polymeric nets made up by the heavily O-glycosylated MUC2 mucin forms this physical barrier. Proteomic analyses of mucus have identified the lectin-like protein ZG16 (zymogen granulae protein 16) as an abundant mucus component. To elucidate the function of ZG16, we generated recombinant ZG16 and studied Zg16−/− mice. ZG16 bound to and aggregated Gram-positive bacteria via binding to the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Zg16−/− mice have a distal colon mucus layer with normal thickness, but with bacteria closer to the epithelium. Using distal colon explants mounted in a horizontal perfusion chamber we demonstrated that treatment of bacteria with recombinant ZG16 hindered bacterial penetration into the mucus. The inner colon mucus of Zg16−/− animals had a higher load of Gram-positive bacteria and showed bacteria with higher motility in the mucus close to the host epithelium compared with cohoused littermate Zg16+/+. The more penetrable Zg16−/− mucus allowed Gram-positive bacteria to translocate to systemic tissues. Viable bacteria were found in spleen and were associated with increased abdominal fat pad mass in Zg16−/− animals. The function of ZG16 reveals a mechanism for keeping bacteria further away from the host colon epithelium.
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- 2016
6. Assembly, Release, and Transport of Airway Mucins in Pigs and Humans
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Sergio Trillo-Muyo, Gunnar C. Hansson, and Anna Ermund
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0301 basic medicine ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Lung Diseases ,Mucociliary clearance ,Swine ,Respiratory Mucosa ,Cystic fibrosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Secretion ,Respiratory system ,Submucosal glands ,AnnalsATS Supplements: Thirty-Third Transatlantic Airway Conference. Secreted Mucins in Lung Diseases ,business.industry ,Cilium ,Secretory Vesicles ,Mucin ,Mucins ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,Cell biology ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Mucociliary Clearance ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The respiratory system is protected from inhaled particles and microbes by the mucociliary system. This system differs between animal species, where pigs and humans have numerous submucosal glands. The polymer-forming mucin, MUC5B, is packed in a highly organized way in granules of the mucus-secreting cells in the glands. Upon secretion, the packed MUC5B is flushed out by a chloride- and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-expressing serosal cells located at the most distal part of the gland. The bicarbonate raises the pH and removes calcium from the N terminus of MUC5B, allowing the mucin to be pulled out into a linear polymer. Thousands of such polymers gather in bundles in the submucosal gland duct, and these bundles appear at the opening of the glands. They are moved by the beating cilia, and sweep over the airway surface and are patchily coated with the MUC5AC mucin from the surface goblet cells. The movement of these bundles is controlled by the MUC5AC mucin attachment/detachment to the goblet cells. Thus, higher animals with submucosal glands and large diameters of the proximal airways are efficiently cleaned by the thick mucus bundles sweeping the airway surface and moving particles and bacteria toward the larynx.
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- 2018
7. Attached stratified mucus separates bacteria from the epithelial cells in COPD lungs
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Sonya Jackson, Christopher M. Evans, Joan Antoni Fernández-Blanco, Dalia Fakih, Dave Singh, Annika Åstrand, Gunnar C. Hansson, Liisa Arike, Christopher McCrae, Anna Ermund, Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, Elin Skansebo, Beatriz Martínez-Abad, and James Root
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0301 basic medicine ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Respiratory Mucosa ,Cystic fibrosis ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ,0302 clinical medicine ,fluids and secretions ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Lung ,Mice, Knockout ,COPD ,biology ,Bacteria ,Pancreatic Elastase ,Chemistry ,Elastase ,Epithelial Cells ,General Medicine ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Mucus ,Mucin-5B ,Hypertonic saline ,respiratory tract diseases ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030228 respiratory system ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Respiratory epithelium ,Female ,Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ,Respiratory tract ,Research Article - Abstract
The respiratory tract is normally kept essentially free of bacteria by cilia-mediated mucus transport, but in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF), bacteria and mucus accumulates instead. To address the mechanisms behind the mucus accumulation, the proteome of bronchoalveolar lavages from COPD patients and mucus collected in an elastase-induced mouse model of COPD was analyzed, revealing similarities with each other and with the protein content in colonic mucus. Moreover, stratified laminated sheets of mucus were observed in airways from patients with CF and COPD and in elastase-exposed mice. On the other hand, the mucus accumulation in the elastase model was reduced in Muc5b-KO mice. While mucus plugs were removed from airways by washing with hypertonic saline in the elastase model, mucus remained adherent to epithelial cells. Bacteria were trapped on this mucus, whereas, in non-elastase-treated mice, bacteria were found on the epithelial cells. We propose that the adherence of mucus to epithelial cells observed in CF, COPD, and the elastase-induced mouse model of COPD separates bacteria from the surface cells and, thus, protects the respiratory epithelium.
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- 2018
8. Granule-stored MUC5B mucins are packed by the non-covalent formation of N-terminal head-to-head tetramers
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Sergio, Trillo-Muyo, Harriet E, Nilsson, Christian V, Recktenwald, Anna, Ermund, Caroline, Ridley, Lauren N, Meiss, Andrea, Bähr, Nikolai, Klymiuk, Jeffrey J, Wine, Philip J B, Koeck, David J, Thornton, Hans, Hebert, and Gunnar C, Hansson
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Swine ,regulated secretory pathway ,Glycobiology and Extracellular Matrices ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Mucin-5B ,Recombinant Proteins ,lung ,secretion ,mucin bundle ,Protein Domains ,mucin ,mucus ,EM ,Animals ,Humans ,Calcium ,Protein Multimerization ,Protein Structure, Quaternary ,submucosal gland - Abstract
Most MUC5B mucin polymers in the upper airways of humans and pigs are produced by submucosal glands. MUC5B forms N-terminal covalent dimers that are further packed into larger assemblies because of low pH and high Ca2+ in the secretory granule of the mucin-producing cell. We purified the recombinant MUC5B N-terminal covalent dimer and used single-particle electron microscopy to study its structure under intracellular conditions. We found that, at intragranular pH, the dimeric MUC5B organized into head-to-head noncovalent tetramers where the von Willebrand D1–D2 domains hooked into each other. These N-terminal tetramers further formed long linear complexes from which, we suggest, the mucin domains and their C termini project radially outwards. Using conventional and video microscopy, we observed that, upon secretion into the submucosal gland ducts, a flow of bicarbonate-rich fluid passes the mucin-secreting cells. We suggest that this unfolds and pulls out the MUC5B assemblies into long linear threads. These further assemble into thicker mucin bundles in the glandular ducts before emerging at the gland duct opening. We conclude that the combination of intracellular packing of the MUC5B mucin and the submucosal gland morphology creates an efficient machine for producing linear mucin bundles.
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- 2017
9. Hypertonic saline releases the attached small intestinal cystic fibrosis mucus
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Lauren N. Meiss, Gunnar C. Hansson, Anna Ermund, Bob J. Scholte, and Cell biology
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Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Physiology ,Ileum ,Mice, Transgenic ,Biology ,Cystic fibrosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Organ Culture Techniques ,fluids and secretions ,mucin ,Physiology (medical) ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Animals ,hypertonic saline solution ,ΔF508 ,030304 developmental biology ,Pharmacology ,Saline Solution, Hypertonic ,0303 health sciences ,Mucin ,Original Articles ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ,Epithelium ,Hypertonic saline ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,Female ,ileum ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Hypertonic saline inhalation has become a cornerstone in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), but its effect on CF mucus is still not understood. In CF, mucus stagnates in the airways, causing mucus plugging, and forming a substrate for bacterial invasion. Using horizontal Ussing-type chambers to allow easy access to the tissue, we have recently shown that the small intestinal mucus of CF mice is attached to the epithelium and not freely movable as opposed to normal mucus, thus pointing to a similarity between the CF mucus in the ileum and airways. In the same type of system, we investigated how hypertonic saline affects mucus thickness, attachment and penetrability to fluorescent beads the size of bacteria in ileal explants from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutant (ΔF508) mouse, in order to characterize how this common therapy affects mucus properties. Hypertonic saline (1.75–5%) detached the mucus from the epithelium, but the mucus remained impenetrable to beads the size of bacteria. This approach might be used to test other mucolytic interventions in CF.
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- 2015
10. The normal trachea is cleaned by MUC5B mucin bundles from the submucosal glands coated with the MUC5AC mucin
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Anna, Ermund, Lauren N, Meiss, Ana M, Rodriguez-Pineiro, Andrea, Bähr, Harriet E, Nilsson, Sergio, Trillo-Muyo, Caroline, Ridley, David J, Thornton, Jeffrey J, Wine, Hans, Hebert, Nikolai, Klymiuk, and Gunnar C, Hansson
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Swine ,Respiratory tract ,Respiratory Mucosa ,respiratory system ,Mucin 5AC ,MUC5AC ,Mucin-5B ,Article ,Trachea ,Mucus ,fluids and secretions ,Exocrine Glands ,Mucociliary Clearance ,Animals ,Airway surface liquid ,Lung - Abstract
To understand the mucociliary clearance system, mucins were visualized by light, confocal and electron microscopy, and mucus was stained by Alcian blue and tracked by video microscopy on tracheal explants of newborn piglets. We observed long linear mucus bundles that appeared at the submucosal gland openings and were transported cephalically. The mucus bundles were shown by mass spectrometry and immunostaining to have a core made of MUC5B mucin and were coated with MUC5AC mucin produced by surface goblet cells. The transport speed of the bundles was slower than the airway surface liquid flow. We suggest that the goblet cell MUC5AC mucin anchors the mucus bundles and thus controls their transport. Normal clearance of the respiratory tree of pigs and humans, both rich in submucosal glands, is performed by thick and long mucus bundles., Highlights • Submucosal glands in the piglet trachea form bundles of MUC5B mucin. • The mucus bundles are coated with MUC5AC mucin produced by surface goblet cells. • The mucus bundles are transported 10-times slower than the airway surface liquid. • The surface goblet cells are suggested to control the mucus bundle movement.
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- 2017
11. Extracellular ATP activates store-operated Ca
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Mickaël F, El Hachmane, Anna, Ermund, Cecilia, Brännmark, and Charlotta S, Olofsson
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Orai1 ,ORAI1 Protein ,white adipocyte ,Adipocytes, White ,Membrane Proteins ,store-operated calcium channels ,Mice ,calcium imaging ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,purinergic signalling ,3T3-L1 Cells ,Multiprotein Complexes ,Stim1 ,Animals ,Humans ,Calcium ,Calcium Signaling ,Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Research Articles ,TRPC Cation Channels ,Research Article - Abstract
In the present study, we have applied ratiometric measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) to show that extracellularly applied ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (100 µM) stimulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ATP produced a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i consisting of an initial transient elevation followed by a sustained elevated phase that could be observed only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Gene expression data and [Ca2+]i recordings with uridine-5′-triphosphate or with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 demonstrated the involvement of purinergic P2Y2 receptors and the PLC/inositol trisphosphate pathway. The [Ca2+]i elevation produced by reintroduction of a Ca2+-containing intracellular solution to adipocytes exposed to ATP in the absence of Ca2+ was diminished by known SOCE antagonists. The chief molecular components of SOCE, the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (ORAI1), were detected at the mRNA and protein level. Moreover, SOCE was largely diminished in cells where STIM1 and/or ORAI1 had been silenced by small interfering (si)RNA. We conclude that extracellular ATP activates SOCE in white adipocytes, an effect predominantly mediated by STIM1 and ORAI1.
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- 2017
12. '''Mucus Detachment by Host Metalloprotease Meprin β Requires Shedding of Its Inactive Pro-form, which Is Abrogated by the Pathogenic Protease RgpB'''
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Jan Potempa, Frederike Wilkens, Christoph Becker-Pauly, Jörg W. Bartsch, Philipp Arnold, Miroslaw Ksiazek, Susanna Nikolaus, Stefan Rose-John, Barbara Potempa, Marit Stirnberg, Anna Ermund, Peter J. Dempsey, Rielana Wichert, Matthias Schweinlin, Marco Metzger, Philip Rosenstiel, Björn Rabe, Gunnar C. Hansson, Ralph Lucius, Maren Falk-Paulsen, Katharina Knittler, Stefanie Schmidt, and Publica
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,metalloprotease ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cell ,Mice, Transgenic ,Mucin 2 ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,mucus ,Organoid ,medicine ,intestinal mucus barrier ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Adhesins, Bacterial ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Metalloproteinase ,Mucin-2 ,host-microbiome interaction ,Protease ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Protein ,Cell Membrane ,Metalloendopeptidases ,Epithelial Cells ,Mucus ,Cysteine protease ,Cell biology ,Cysteine Endopeptidases ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,HEK293 Cells ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Cell culture ,Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases ,Metalloproteases ,Female ,ectodomain shedding ,Schleim - Abstract
Summary The host metalloprotease meprin β is required for mucin 2 (MUC2) cleavage, which drives intestinal mucus detachment and prevents bacterial overgrowth. To gain access to the cleavage site in MUC2, meprin β must be proteolytically shed from epithelial cells. Hence, regulation of meprin β shedding and activation is important for physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that meprin β activation and shedding are mutually exclusive events. Employing ex vivo small intestinal organoid and cell culture experiments, we found that ADAM-mediated shedding is restricted to the inactive pro-form of meprin β and is completely inhibited upon its conversion to the active form at the cell surface. This strict regulation of meprin β activity can be overridden by pathogens, as demonstrated for the bacterial protease Arg-gingipain (RgpB). This secreted cysteine protease potently converts membrane-bound meprin β into its active form, impairing meprin β shedding and its function as a mucus-detaching protease.
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- 2017
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13. The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system
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Malin E. V. Johansson, André Schütte, Sjoerd van der Post, Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, Catharina Wising, Joakim H. Bergström, Jenny K. Gustafsson, Anna Ermund, Thaher Pelaseyed, Frida Svensson, Gunnar C. Hansson, George M. H. Birchenough, and Elisabeth E. L. Nyström
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Enterocyte ,Immunology ,Biology ,digestive system ,Article ,Peyer's Patches ,fluids and secretions ,Immune system ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Inner mucus layer ,Mucous Membrane ,Mucin ,Mucins ,Mucous membrane ,Intracellular vesicle ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Small intestine ,Cell biology ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,Enterocytes ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immune System ,Goblet Cells - Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is covered by mucus that has different properties in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. The large highly glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC2 and MUC5AC are the major components of the mucus in the intestine and stomach, respectively. In the small intestine, mucus limits the number of bacteria that can reach the epithelium and the Peyer's patches. In the large intestine, the inner mucus layer separates the commensal bacteria from the host epithelium. The outer colonic mucus layer is the natural habitat for the commensal bacteria. The intestinal goblet cells secrete not only the MUC2 mucin but also a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3. The goblet cells have recently been shown to have a novel gate-keeping role for the presentation of oral antigens to the immune system. Goblet cells deliver small intestinal luminal material to the lamina propria dendritic cells of the tolerogenic CD103(+) type. In addition to the gel-forming mucins, the transmembrane mucins MUC3, MUC12, and MUC17 form the enterocyte glycocalyx that can reach about a micrometer out from the brush border. The MUC17 mucin can shuttle from a surface to an intracellular vesicle localization, suggesting that enterocytes might control and report epithelial microbial challenge. There is communication not only from the epithelial cells to the immune system but also in the opposite direction. One example of this is IL10 that can affect and improve the properties of the inner colonic mucus layer. The mucus and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are the primary gate keepers and controllers of bacterial interactions with the host immune system, but our understanding of this relationship is still in its infancy.
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- 2014
14. Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. II. Gastrointestinal mucus proteome reveals Muc2 and Muc5ac accompanied by a set of core proteins
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Gunnar C. Hansson, André Schütte, Jenny K. Gustafsson, Anna Ermund, Joakim H. Bergström, Malin E. V. Johansson, and Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro
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Male ,Proteomics ,Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Colon ,Physiology ,Mucin 2 ,Mucin 5AC ,Biology ,Mice ,Intestinal mucosa ,Mucosal Biology ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Physiology (medical) ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Biotinylation ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ,Mucin-2 ,Gastrointestinal tract ,Hepatology ,Mucin ,Gastroenterology ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Small intestine ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,Gastric Mucosa ,Proteome ,Duodenum ,Female - Abstract
The mucus that protects the surface of the gastrointestinal tract is rich in specialized O-glycoproteins called mucins, but little is known about other mucus proteins or their variability along the gastrointestinal tract. To ensure that only mucus was analyzed, we combined collection from explant tissues mounted in perfusion chambers, liquid sample preparation, single-shot mass spectrometry, and specific bioinformatics tools, to characterize the proteome of the murine mucus from stomach to distal colon. With our approach, we identified ∼1,300 proteins in the mucus. We found no differences in the protein composition or abundance between sexes, but there were clear differences in mucus along the tract. Noticeably, mucus from duodenum showed similarities to the stomach, probably reflecting the normal distal transport. Qualitatively, there were, however, fewer differences than might had been anticipated, suggesting a relatively stable core proteome (∼80% of the total proteins identified). Quantitatively, we found significant differences (∼40% of the proteins) that could reflect mucus specialization throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Hierarchical clustering pinpointed a number of such proteins that correlated with Muc2 (e.g., Clca1, Zg16, Klk1). This study provides a deeper knowledge of the gastrointestinal mucus proteome that will be important in further understanding this poorly studied mucosal protection system.
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- 2013
15. An ex vivo method for studying mucus formation, properties, and thickness in human colonic biopsies and mouse small and large intestinal explants
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Malin E. V. Johansson, Jenny K. Gustafsson, André Schütte, Henrik Sjövall, Anna Ermund, and Gunnar C. Hansson
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Colon ,Physiology ,Ileum ,Biology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,fluids and secretions ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intestinal mucosa ,Mucosal Biology ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Large intestine ,Intestinal Mucosa ,030304 developmental biology ,Transepithelial potential difference ,Inner mucus layer ,0303 health sciences ,Hepatology ,Mucin ,Gastroenterology ,Epithelial Cells ,Anatomy ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Molecular biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Ex vivo - Abstract
The colon mucus layers minimize the contact between the luminal flora and the epithelial cells, and defects in this barrier may lead to colonic inflammation. We now describe an ex vivo method for analysis of mucus properties in human colon and mouse small and large intestine. Intestinal explants were mounted in horizontal perfusion chambers. The mucus surface was visualized by adding charcoal particles on the apical side, and mucus thickness was measured using a micropipette. Mucus thickness, adhesion, and growth rate were recorded for 1 h. In mouse and human colon, the ability of the mucus to act as a barrier to beads the size of bacteria was also evaluated. Tissue viability was monitored by transepithelial potential difference. In mouse ileum, the mucus could be removed by gentle aspiration, whereas in colon ∼40 μm of the mucus remained attached to the epithelial surface. Both mouse and human colon had an inner mucus layer that was not penetrated by the fluorescent beads. Spontaneous mucus growth was observed in human (240 μm/h) and mouse (100 μm/h) colon but not in mouse ileum. In contrast, stimulation with carbachol induced a higher mucus secretion in ileum than colon (mouse ileum: Δ200 μm, mouse colon: Δ130 μm, human colon: Δ140 μm). In conclusion, while retaining key properties from the mucus system in vivo, this setup also allows for studies of the highly dynamic mucus system under well-controlled conditions.
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- 2012
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16. Normalization of Host Intestinal Mucus Layers Requires Long-Term Microbial Colonization
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Hedvig E. Jakobsson, Gunnar C. Hansson, Catharina Wising, Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, André Schütte, Jessica Holmén-Larsson, Frida Svensson, Liisa Arike, Malin E. V. Johansson, Fredrik Bäckhed, and Anna Ermund
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Cancer Research ,Segmented filamentous bacteria ,Firmicutes ,Mucin 2 ,Gut flora ,digestive system ,Microbiology ,Article ,Mice ,fluids and secretions ,Intestinal mucosa ,Immunology and Microbiology(all) ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Bacteroides ,Germ-Free Life ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Molecular Biology ,Inner mucus layer ,Mucin-2 ,biology ,Mucin ,Bacterial Infections ,respiratory system ,biology.organism_classification ,Mucus ,digestive system diseases ,Small intestine ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Parasitology - Abstract
SummaryThe intestinal mucus layer provides a barrier limiting bacterial contact with the underlying epithelium. Mucus structure is shaped by intestinal location and the microbiota. To understand how commensals modulate gut mucus, we examined mucus properties under germ-free (GF) conditions and during microbial colonization. Although the colon mucus organization of GF mice was similar to that of conventionally raised (Convr) mice, the GF inner mucus layer was penetrable to bacteria-sized beads. During colonization, in which GF mice were gavaged with Convr microbiota, the small intestine mucus required 5 weeks to be normally detached and colonic inner mucus 6 weeks to become impenetrable. The composition of the small intestinal microbiota during colonization was similar to Convr donors until 3 weeks, when Bacteroides increased, Firmicutes decreased, and segmented filamentous bacteria became undetectable. These findings highlight the dynamics of mucus layer development and indicate that studies of mature microbe-mucus interactions should be conducted weeks after colonization.
- Published
- 2015
17. Endogenous Unsaturated C18 N-Acylethanolamines Are Vanilloid Receptor (TRPV1) Agonists
- Author
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Bo A. G. Jönsson, Anna Ermund, Edward D. Högestätt, Johan Wingstrand, Peter M. Zygmunt, Bryndis Birnir, Tino Dyhring Jørgensen, Pouya Movahed, and Olov Sterner
- Subjects
Male ,Models, Molecular ,Time Factors ,Cannabinoid receptor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Molecular Conformation ,Ligands ,Biochemistry ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transient receptor potential channel ,N-Acylethanolamine ,Fluorometry ,Receptor ,Neurons ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,Arteries ,Anandamide ,Lipids ,Endocannabinoid system ,Ethanolamines ,Area Under Curve ,Female ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Protein Binding ,Polyunsaturated Alkamides ,TRPV1 ,TRPV Cation Channels ,Arachidonic Acids ,Cell Line ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Rats, Wistar ,Molecular Biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Cannabinoids ,Cell Biology ,Rats ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Models, Chemical ,nervous system ,chemistry ,Calcium ,Ganglia ,Cannabinoid ,Capsaicin ,Software ,Endocannabinoids - Abstract
The endogenous C18 N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) N-linolenoylethanolamine (18:3 NAE), N-linoleoylethanolamine (18:2 NAE), N-oleoylethanolamine (18:1 NAE), and N-stearoylethanolamine (18:0 NAE) are structurally related to the endocannabinoid anandamide (20:4 NAE), but these lipids are poor ligands at cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. Anandamide is also an activator of the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid 1 (TRPV(1)) on primary sensory neurons. Here we show that C18 NAEs are present in rat sensory ganglia and vascular tissue. With the exception of 18:3 NAE in rat sensory ganglia, the levels of C18 NAEs are equal to or substantially exceed those of anandamide. At submicromolar concentrations, 18:3 NAE, 18:2 NAE, and 18:1 NAE, but not 18:0 NAE and oleic acid, activate native rTRPV(1) on perivascular sensory nerves. 18:1 NAE does not activate these nerves in TRPV(1) gene knock-out mice. Only the unsaturated C18 NAEs elicit whole cell currents and fluorometric calcium responses in HEK293 cells expressing hTRPV(1). Molecular modeling revealed a low energy cluster of U-shaped unsaturated NAE conformers, sharing several pharmacophoric elements with capsaicin. Furthermore, one of the two major low energy conformational families of anandamide also overlaps with the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor ligand HU210, which is in line with anandamide being a dual activator of TRPV(1) and the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor. This study shows that several endogenous non-cannabinoid NAEs, many of which are more abundant than anandamide in rat tissues, activate TRPV(1) and thus may play a role as endogenous TRPV(1) modulators.
- Published
- 2005
18. Conversion of Acetaminophen to the Bioactive N-Acylphenolamine AM404 via Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase-dependent Arachidonic Acid Conjugation in the Nervous System
- Author
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Edward D. Högestätt, David Andersson, Jessica P. Alexander, Henrik Bjork, Anna Ermund, Peter M. Zygmunt, Bo Jönsson, Benjamin F. Cravatt, and Allan I. Basbaum
- Subjects
Central Nervous System ,Metabolite ,TRPV1 ,Arachidonic Acids ,Pharmacology ,Aminophenols ,Biochemistry ,Dinoprostone ,Amidohydrolases ,Cell Line ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fatty acid amide hydrolase ,Ganglia, Spinal ,medicine ,Animals ,Antipyretic ,Rats, Wistar ,Molecular Biology ,Acetaminophen ,Mice, Knockout ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Arachidonic Acid ,Macrophages ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Brain ,Membrane Proteins ,Fatty acid ,Cell Biology ,Rats ,chemistry ,Cyclooxygenase 2 ,Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ,AM404 ,Cyclooxygenase 1 ,Female ,Arachidonic acid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a popular domestic analgesic and antipyretic agent with a weak anti-inflammatory action and a low incidence of adverse effects as compared with aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Here we show that acetaminophen, following deacetylation to its primary amine, is conjugated with arachidonic acid in the brain and the spinal cord to form the potent TRPV1 agonist N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404). This conjugation is absent in mice lacking the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. AM404 also inhibits purified cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 and prostaglandin synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This novel metabolite of acetaminophen also acts on the endogenous cannabinoid system, which, together with TRPV1 and COX, is present in the pain and thermoregulatory pathways. These findings identify fatty acid conjugation as a novel pathway for drug metabolism and provide a molecular mechanism for the occurrence of the analgesic N-acylphenolamine AM404 in the nervous system following treatment with acetaminophen.
- Published
- 2005
19. Microbial-induced meprin β cleavage in MUC2 mucin and a functional CFTR channel are required to release anchored small intestinal mucus
- Author
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Daniel Lottaz, Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, Gunnar C. Hansson, Judith S. Bond, André Schütte, Anna Ermund, Malin Johansson, Christoph Becker-Pauly, Fredrik Bäckhed, and Stefan Müller
- Subjects
Protein Folding ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ,Mucin 2 ,Biology ,Cystic fibrosis ,Mice ,fluids and secretions ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Animals ,Germ-Free Life ,Mice, Inbred CFTR ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Mice, Knockout ,Metalloproteinase ,Mucin-2 ,Multidisciplinary ,Binding Sites ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Mucin ,Metalloendopeptidases ,respiratory system ,Biological Sciences ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,Epithelium ,Small intestine ,Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ,Recombinant Proteins ,Cell biology ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,biology.protein - Abstract
The mucus that covers and protects the epithelium of the intestine is built around its major structural component, the gel-forming MUC2 mucin. The gel-forming mucins have traditionally been assumed to be secreted as nonattached. The colon has a two-layered mucus system where the inner mucus is attached to the epithelium, whereas the small intestine normally has a nonattached mucus. However, the mucus of the small intestine of meprin β-deficient mice was now found to be attached. Meprin β is an endogenous zinc-dependent metalloprotease now shown to cleave the N-terminal region of the MUC2 mucin at two specific sites. When recombinant meprin β was added to the attached mucus of meprin β-deficient mice, the mucus was detached from the epithelium. Similar to meprin β-deficient mice, germ-free mice have attached mucus as they did not shed the membrane-anchored meprin β into the luminal mucus. The ileal mucus of cystic fibrosis (CF) mice with a nonfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel was recently shown to be attached to the epithelium. Addition of recombinant meprin β to CF mucus did not release the mucus, but further addition of bicarbonate rendered the CF mucus normal, suggesting that MUC2 unfolding exposed the meprin β cleavage sites. Mucus is thus secreted attached to the goblet cells and requires an enzyme, meprin β in the small intestine, to be detached and released into the intestinal lumen. This process regulates mucus properties, can be triggered by bacterial contact, and is nonfunctional in CF due to poor mucin unfolding.
- Published
- 2014
20. Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. I. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location as well as over the Peyer's patches
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André Schütte, Malin E. V. Johansson, Jenny K. Gustafsson, Anna Ermund, and Gunnar C. Hansson
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Male ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,Colon ,Biology ,Intestinal absorption ,Dinoprostone ,Permeability ,Mice ,Peyer's Patches ,fluids and secretions ,Intestinal mucosa ,Mucosal Biology ,Physiology (medical) ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Gastric mucosa ,Animals ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Inner mucus layer ,Fluorescent Dyes ,Microscopy, Confocal ,Microscopy, Video ,Hepatology ,Stomach ,Mucin ,Gastroenterology ,Adhesiveness ,Anatomy ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Small intestine ,Cell biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Intestinal Absorption ,Gastric Mucosa ,Carbachol ,Female - Abstract
Colon has been shown to have a two-layered mucus system where the inner layer is devoid of bacteria. However, a complete overview of the mouse gastrointestinal mucus system is lacking. We now characterize mucus release, thickness, growth over time, adhesive properties, and penetrability to fluorescent beads from stomach to distal colon. Colon displayed spontaneous mucus release and all regions released mucus in response to carbachol and PGE2, except the distal colon and domes of Peyer's patches. Stomach and colon had an inner mucus layer that was adherent to the epithelium. In contrast, the small intestine and Peyer's patches had a single mucus layer that was easily aspirated. The inner mucus layer of the distal colon was not penetrable to beads the size of bacteria and the inner layer of the proximal colon was only partly penetrable. In contrast, the inner mucus layer of stomach was fully penetrable, as was the small intestinal mucus. This suggests a functional organization of the intestinal mucus system, where the small intestine has loose and penetrable mucus that may allow easy penetration of nutrients, in contrast to the stomach, where the mucus provides physical protection, and the colon, where the mucus separates bacteria from the epithelium. This knowledge of the mucus system and its organization improves our understanding of the gastrointestinal tract physiology.
- Published
- 2013
21. Carbachol-induced MUC17 endocytosis is concomitant with NHE3 internalization and CFTR membrane recruitment in enterocytes
- Author
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Jenny K. Gustafsson, Gunnar C. Hansson, Thaher Pelaseyed, Ida J. Gustafsson, and Anna Ermund
- Subjects
Male ,endocrine system ,Carbachol ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,PDZ domain ,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ,Endosomes ,Biology ,Cholinergic Agonists ,Endocytosis ,Mice ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Biotinylation ,Internalization ,media_common ,Microscopy, Confocal ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 ,Mucin ,Cell Membrane ,Mucins ,Membrane Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Articles ,Transmembrane protein ,Cell biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Protein Transport ,Membrane ,Enterocytes ,Biochemistry ,Caco-2 Cells ,Carrier Proteins ,medicine.drug - Abstract
We have reported that transmembrane mucin MUC17 binds PDZ protein PDZK1, which retains MUC17 apically in enterocytes. MUC17 and transmembrane mucins MUC3 and MUC12 are suggested to build the enterocyte apical glycocalyx. Carbachol (CCh) stimulation of the small intestine results in gel-forming mucin secretion from goblet cells, something that requires adjacent enterocytes to secrete chloride and bicarbonate for proper mucin formation. Surface labeling and confocal imaging demonstrated that apically expressed MUC17 in Caco-2 cells and Muc3(17) in murine enterocytes were endocytosed upon stimulation with CCh. Relocation of MUC17 in response to CCh was specific as MUC3 and MUC12 did not relocate following CCh stimulation. MUC17 colocalized with PDZK1 under basal conditions, while MUC17 relocated to the terminal web and into early endosomes after CCh stimulation. CCh stimulation concomitantly internalized the Na+/H+exchanger 3 (NHE3) and recruited cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to the apical membranes, a process that was important for CFTR-mediated bicarbonate secretion necessary for proper gel-forming mucin unfolding. The reason for the specific internalization of MUC17 is not understood, but it could limit the diffusion barrier for ion secretion caused by the apical enterocyte glycocalyx or alternatively act to sample luminal bacteria. Our results reveal well-orchestrated mucus secretion and trafficking of ion channels and the MUC17 mucin.
- Published
- 2013
22. Monoacylglycerols Activate TRPV1-A Link between Phospholipase C and TRPV1
- Author
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Alain Eschalier, Bo A. G. Jönsson, Charlotte Simonsen, Anna Ermund, Christophe Mallet, David Andersson, Pouya Movahed, Edward D. Högestätt, Anders Blomgren, Peter M. Zygmunt, Ana Gomis, Stuart Bevan, Bryndis Birnir, Swedish Research Council, Medical Research Council (UK), Lund University, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
- Subjects
Male ,Nociception ,Medicin och hälsovetenskap ,Diacylglycerol lipase ,Sensory Receptor Cells ,TRPV Cation Channels ,lcsh:Medicine ,Arachidonic Acids ,Pharmacology and Toxicology ,Histamine H1 receptor ,Phospholipase ,Pharmacology ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Glycerides ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Piperidines ,Ganglia, Spinal ,Animals ,Humans ,Benzodioxoles ,lcsh:Science ,JZL184 ,Diacylglycerol kinase ,Multidisciplinary ,Phospholipase C ,biology ,lcsh:R ,Rats ,Monoacylglycerol lipase ,HEK293 Cells ,chemistry ,Type C Phospholipases ,biology.protein ,Monoglycerides ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Medicinal Chemistry ,Histamine ,Endocannabinoids ,Research Article - Abstract
Phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate generates diacylglycerol, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and protons, all of which can regulate TRPV1 activity via different mechanisms. Here we explored the possibility that the diacylglycerol metabolites 2-arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol, and not metabolites of these monoacylglycerols, activate TRPV1 and contribute to this signaling cascade. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol activated native TRPV1 on vascular sensory nerve fibers and heterologously expressed TRPV1 in whole cells and inside-out membrane patches. The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors methylarachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate and JZL184 prevented the metabolism of deuterium-labeled 2-arachidonoylglycerol and deuterium-labeled 1-arachidonoylglycerol in arterial homogenates, and enhanced TRPV1-mediated vasodilator responses to both monoacylglycerols. In mesenteric arteries from TRPV1 knock-out mice, vasodilator responses to 2-arachidonoylglycerol were minor. Bradykinin and adenosine triphosphate, ligands of phospholipase C-coupled membrane receptors, increased the content of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in dorsal root ganglia. In HEK293 cells expressing the phospholipase C-coupled histamine H1 receptor, exposure to histamine stimulated the formation of 2-AG, and this effect was augmented in the presence of JZL184. These effects were prevented by the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin. Histamine induced large whole cell currents in HEK293 cells co-expressing TRPV1 and the histamine H1 receptor, and the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine abolished these currents. JZL184 increased the histamine-induced currents and tetrahydrolipstatin prevented this effect. The calcineurin inhibitor ciclosporin and the endogenous “entourage” compound palmitoylethanolamide potentiated the vasodilator response to 2-arachidonoylglycerol, disclosing TRPV1 activation of this monoacylglycerol at nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of JZL184 produced TRPV1-dependent antinociception in the mouse formalin test. Our results show that intact 2-arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol are endogenous TRPV1 activators, contributing to phospholipase C-dependent TRPV1 channel activation and TRPV1-mediated antinociceptive signaling in the brain., This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FLÄK), Lund University, the UK Medical Research Council and by grants from the Spanish government (BFU2009-07835 and CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-0023).
- Published
- 2013
23. Mucus Properties and Goblet Cell Quantification in Mouse, Rat and Human Ileal Peyers Patches
- Author
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Åsa V. Keita, Jenny K. Gustafsson, Gunnar C. Hansson, and Anna Ermund
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicin och hälsovetenskap ,lcsh:Medicine ,Mucin 2 ,Biology ,Medical and Health Sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Peyer's Patches ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ileum ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Intestinal Mucosa ,lcsh:Science ,030304 developmental biology ,Microfold cell ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,0303 health sciences ,Goblet cell ,Mucin-2 ,Multidisciplinary ,Mucin ,lcsh:R ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Epithelium ,Small intestine ,3. Good health ,Cell biology ,Rats ,Peyer Patch ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,lcsh:Q ,Female ,Goblet Cells ,Research Article - Abstract
Peyer's patches (PPs) are collections of lymphoid follicles in the small intestine, responsible for scanning the intestinal content for foreign antigens such as soluble molecules, particulate matter as well as intact bacteria and viruses. The immune cells of the patch are separated from the intestinal lumen by a single layer of epithelial cells, the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). This epithelium covers the dome of the follicle and contains enterocyte-like cells and M cells, which are particularly specialized in taking up antigens from the gut. However, the presence and number of goblet cells as well as the presence of mucus on top of the FAE is controversial. When mouse ileal PPs were mounted in a horizontal Ussing-type chamber, we could observe a continuous mucus layer at mounting and new, easily removable mucus was released from the villi on the patch upon stimulation. Confocal imaging using fluorescent beads revealed a penetrable mucus layer covering the domes. Furthermore, immunostaining of FAE from mice, rats and humans with a specific antibody against the main component of intestinal mucus, the MUC2 mucin, clearly identify mucin-containing goblet cells. Transmission electron micrographs further support the identification of mucus releasing goblet cells on the domes of PPs in these species.
- Published
- 2013
24. Bicarbonate and functional CFTR channel are required for proper mucin secretion and link cystic fibrosis with its mucus phenotype
- Author
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Malin E. V. Johansson, Kaisa Thorell, Anna Ermund, Hans Hebert, Henrik Sjövall, Daniel Ambort, Gunnar C. Hansson, Harriet Nilsson, and Jenny K. Gustafsson
- Subjects
Male ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Cell- och molekylärbiologi ,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ,Cystic fibrosis ,Epithelium ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,fluids and secretions ,Intestinal mucosa ,Intestine, Small ,Immunology and Allergy ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Inner mucus layer ,Mice, Knockout ,0303 health sciences ,Microscopy, Confocal ,biology ,respiratory system ,Immunohistochemistry ,Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ,3. Good health ,Phenotype ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Female ,Bicarbonate ,Immunology ,In Vitro Techniques ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Ileum ,medicine ,Animals ,030304 developmental biology ,Sodium bicarbonate ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Mucin ,Mucins ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,Molecular biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Bicarbonates ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Cell and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Ileal mucus in CftrΔ508 mice is more adherent, denser, and less penetrable than that of WT mice, but addition of bicarbonate normalizes the properties of CftrΔ508 mucus., Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a nonfunctional chloride and bicarbonate ion channel (CF transmembrane regulator [CFTR]), but the link to the phenomenon of stagnant mucus is not well understood. Mice lacking functional CFTR (CftrΔ508) have no lung phenotype but show similar ileal problems to humans. We show that the ileal mucosa in CF have a mucus that adhered to the epithelium, was denser, and was less penetrable than that of wild-type mice. The properties of the ileal mucus of CF mice were normalized by secretion into a high concentration sodium bicarbonate buffer (∼100 mM). In addition, bicarbonate added to already formed CF mucus almost completely restored the mucus properties. This knowledge may provide novel therapeutic options for CF.
- Published
- 2012
25. Composition and functional role of the mucus layers in the intestine
- Author
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André Schütte, Jenny K. Gustafsson, Malin E. V. Johansson, Joakim H. Bergström, Durai B. Subramani, Anna Ermund, Thaher Pelaseyed, Daniel Ambort, Gunnar C. Hansson, Malin Bäckström, Jessica Holmén-Larsson, Ana M. Rodríguez-Piñeiro, Kristina A. Thomsson, Henrik Sjövall, and Sjoerd van der Post
- Subjects
Functional role ,Models, Molecular ,Protective capacity ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,fluids and secretions ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Large intestine ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Molecular Biology ,Immunity, Mucosal ,030304 developmental biology ,Pharmacology ,0303 health sciences ,Chemistry ,Mucin ,Mucins ,Cell Biology ,respiratory system ,Mucus ,Small intestine ,Transmembrane protein ,Cell biology ,Intestines ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Enterocytes ,Mucosal immunology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Molecular Medicine - Abstract
In discussions on intestinal protection, the protective capacity of mucus has not been very much considered. The progress in the last years in understanding the molecular nature of mucins, the main building blocks of mucus, has, however, changed this. The intestinal enterocytes have their apical surfaces covered by transmembrane mucins and the whole intestinal surface is further covered by mucus, built around the gel-forming mucin MUC2. The mucus of the small intestine has only one layer, whereas the large intestine has a two-layered mucus where the inner, attached layer has a protective function for the intestine, as it is impermeable to the luminal bacteria.
- Published
- 2011
26. TRPV1 in brain is involved in acetaminophen-induced antinociception
- Author
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Peter M. Zygmunt, David André Barrière, Christophe Mallet, Edward D. Högestätt, Bo A. G. Jönsson, Alain Eschalier, and Anna Ermund
- Subjects
Male ,Anesthesiology and Pain Management/Basic Science of Pain Management ,Science ,Central nervous system ,TRPV1 ,TRPV Cation Channels ,Pharmacology ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Fatty acid amide hydrolase ,Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators ,medicine ,Neuroscience/Neuronal Signaling Mechanisms ,Animals ,Acetaminophen ,Multidisciplinary ,Chemistry ,Neuroscience/Sensory Systems ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Brain ,Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ,Endocannabinoid system ,Rats ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mechanism of action ,nervous system ,AM404 ,Medicine ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,medicine.symptom ,Capsazepine ,psychological phenomena and processes ,medicine.drug ,Research Article ,Pharmacology/Drug Development - Abstract
BackgroundAcetaminophen, the major active metabolite of acetanilide in man, has become one of the most popular over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic agents, consumed by millions of people daily. However, its mechanism of action is still a matter of debate. We have previously shown that acetaminophen is further metabolized to N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z -eicosatetraenamide (AM404) by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the rat and mouse brain and that this metabolite is a potent activator of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV(1)) in vitro. Pharmacological activation of TRPV(1) in the midbrain periaqueductal gray elicits antinociception in rats. It is therefore possible that activation of TRPV(1) in the brain contributes to the analgesic effect of acetaminophen.Methodology/principal findingsHere we show that the antinociceptive effect of acetaminophen at an oral dose lacking hypolocomotor activity is absent in FAAH and TRPV(1) knockout mice in the formalin, tail immersion and von Frey tests. This dose of acetaminophen did not affect the global brain contents of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and endocannabinoids. Intracerebroventricular injection of AM404 produced a TRPV(1)-mediated antinociceptive effect in the mouse formalin test. Pharmacological inhibition of TRPV(1) in the brain by intracerebroventricular capsazepine injection abolished the antinociceptive effect of oral acetaminophen in the same test.ConclusionsThis study shows that TRPV(1) in brain is involved in the antinociceptive action of acetaminophen and provides a strategy for developing central nervous system active oral analgesics based on the coexpression of FAAH and TRPV(1) in the brain.
- Published
- 2010
27. Protein Turnover in Epithelial Cells and Mucus along the Gastrointestinal Tract Is Coordinated by the Spatial Location and Microbiota
- Author
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Andrus Seiman, Sjoerd van der Post, Malin E. V. Johansson, Ana M. Rodriguez Piñeiro, Liisa Arike, Anna Ermund, Fredrik Bäckhed, André Schütte, and Gunnar C. Hansson
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Proteomics ,commensals ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Large intestine ,bacteria ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,mass spectrometry ,Gastrointestinal tract ,colon ,Microbiota ,protein turnover ,Protein turnover ,Epithelial Cells ,Commensalism ,colonization ,Mucus ,Small intestine ,Epithelium ,Cell biology ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,Protein Transport ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,germ-free ,small intestine ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Summary The gastrointestinal tract is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells that, together with the mucus layers, protect the underlying tissue from microbial invasion. The epithelium has one of the highest turnover rates in the body. Using stable isotope labeling, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and computational analysis, we report a comprehensive dataset of the turnover of more than 3,000 and the expression of more than 5,000 intestinal epithelial cell proteins, analyzed under conventional and germ-free conditions across five different segments in mouse intestine. The median protein half-life is shorter in the small intestine than in the colon. Differences in protein turnover rates along the intestinal tract can be explained by distinct physiological and immune-related functions between the small and large intestine. An absence of microbiota results in an approximately 1 day longer protein half-life in germ-free animals., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Dataset of protein turnover rate and expression along the mice intestinal tract • Protein turnover rate is slower in colon than in small intestine • Median protein half-life is 1 day longer in germ-free mice, Arike et al. report a turnover rate of >3,000 and expression of >5,000 proteins in epithelial cells and mucus along the mice gastrointestinal tract. Protein turnover rate is faster in the small intestine than in the colon and slower in germ-free animals.
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28. The mucus bundles responsible for airway cleaning are retained in cystic fibrosis and by cholinergic stimulation
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Anna Ermund, Lauren N. Meiss, Gunnar C. Hansson, Andrea Bähr, Nikolai Klymiuk, and Brendan Dolan
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carbachol ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Swine ,Mucociliary clearance ,Respiratory System ,Cholinergic Agents ,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ,Respiratory Mucosa ,Cystic fibrosis ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Submucosal glands ,business.industry ,Mucin ,Mucins ,Epithelial Cells ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Mucus ,respiratory tract diseases ,3. Good health ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,030228 respiratory system ,Mucociliary Clearance ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Cholinergic ,business ,Acetylcholine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The beneficial effect of anticholinergic therapy for chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is well documented, although cholinergic stimulation paradoxically inhibits liquid absorption, increases ciliary beat frequency and increases airway surface liquid transport. Using pig tracheobronchial explants, we quantified basal mucus transport before as well as after incubation with the clinically used antimuscarinic compound ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) and stimulation with acetylcholine. As expected, surface liquid transport was increased by acetylcholine and carbachol. In contrast, the mucus bundles secreted from the submucosal glands normally transported on the cilia were stopped from moving by acetylcholine, an effect inhibited by ipratropium bromide. Interestingly, in pigs lacking a functional cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel, the mucus bundles were almost immobile. As in wild-type pigs, CF surface liquid transport increased after carbachol stimulation. The stagnant CF mucus bundles were trapped on the tracheal surface attached to the surface goblet cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were moved by the mucus bundles in wild-type but not CF pigs. Acetylcholine thus uncouples airway surface liquid transport from transport of the surface mucus bundles as the bundles are dynamically inhibited by acetylcholine and the CFTR channel, explaining initiation of CF and COPD, and opening novel therapeutic windows.
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