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Highlights: [•] Short-time exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to anti-inflammatory diclofenac (DCF). [•] Tissue-specific transient antioxidant enzymes activities and LPO level in exposed-tissues. [•] Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity induction in DCF-exposed mussels. [•] ALP levels upregulation in exposed sex-differentiated mussels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoxetine (FLX) the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in Prozac® is a widely prescribed psychoactive drug which ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment is associated to a poor removal rate in waste-water treatment plant (WWTP) systems. This API acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) frequently reported to cause disrupting effects in non-target species. The objective of this study includes a multibiomarker response evaluation on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during two weeks exposure to 75 ng L−1 FLX assessing antioxidant enzymes activities – superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST); lipid peroxidation (LPO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) neurotoxic response and endocrine disruption through alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) indirect measurement of vitellogenin-like proteins. Results show transient tissue-specific enzymatic responses and damage affecting mostly mussel gills. However, the clear ALP levels inhibition throughout time in both sex-differentiated gonads gives evidence to FLX reinforced action as an endocrine disruptor rather than an oxidative or neurotoxic inducer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most sold over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and widely detected in the aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, the information regarding IBU effects in biota is still sparse. The goal of this study was to assess IBU potential effect as oxidative stress and endocrine disruption inducer in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis applying a battery of biomarkers. Over two weeks of exposure to IBU (250ngL−1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in the digestive gland and alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) were carried out in sex-differentiated mussels’ gonads. The results confirm a transitory induction of antioxidant activities responses concomitant to lipid peroxide formation outline and an increase of ALP levels over time, particularly in exposed males which may lead to mussels’ reproductive fitness impairment highlighting a higher impact of IBU as an endocrine disruptor than as a short-term reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generator. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are presently considered an emergent class of environmental contaminants. Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the world. Several authors report the occurrence of IBU in influents and effluents of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), surface, river and public tap water in numerous countries. However, very little is known about the risks and chronic effects of IBU exposure in non-target organisms. This approach undertakes the assessment of several oxidative stress biomarkers responses through the analysis of antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase – SOD, catalase – CAT, glutathione S-transferase – GST, glutathione reductase – GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in sentinel species mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis gills exposed for 2 weeks to an environmental realistic concentration of IBU. Results clearly show the significant induction and positive correlation between SOD activity and LPO in exposed gills, concomitant to an antioxidant defense depletion of CAT, GR and GST compared to controls. The integration of all biomarkers in mussels’ gills separates non- and exposed groups supporting the breakdown of the redox defense system and IBU''s pro-oxidant action. Further studies are needed to test possible endocrine disruption effects in mussels’ reproduction fitness as IBU is involved on prostaglandins biosynthesis inhibition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rainbow vent field is one of the most metal-contaminated hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores region. Two hydrothermal shrimp species dominate the fauna at the Rainbow site along with the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. Although the levels of essential and non-essential metals in these shrimps have been studied, the biological consequences of a metal-rich environment are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the levels of metal-binding proteins – metallothioneins (MT) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase, catalase, total glutathione peroxidase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in two hydrothermal vent shrimps ( Mirocaris fortunata and Rimicaris exoculata) collected from the Rainbow site and to compare them with two coastal shrimps ( Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians) from a south Portugal lagoon (Ria Formosa) to evaluate their different adaptation strategies towards metals in their environment. Results show significant differences in MT levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities between vent and coastal shrimps and also between shrimp species collected from the same site. This suggests that biochemical responses in both vent and coastal shrimps are affected not only by the environmental characteristics but also by inter-specific differences. Nevertheless, these responses apparently confer successful adaptation for survival in a metal-extreme environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]