12 results on '"Epele, L. N."'
Search Results
2. The effect of atmospheric attenuation on inclined cosmic ray air showers
- Author
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Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., and Mariazzi, A. G.
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Astrophysics ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology - Abstract
The increasing cosmic ray statistics collected by present experiments and the future prospects with new large arrays demand accurate calculations of the extensive air shower parameters. The energy of the primary particle is estimated by ground arrays fitting a lateral distribution function (LDF) to the particle densities at a given observing level. However, the lack of appropriate parameterization for these distributions, able to reproduce the data collected from all arrival directions, makes it difficult the experimental analysis. Starting from analytical LDF for vertical showers we study the atmospheric depth dependence of the shower parameters, which is necessary to obtain the corresponding particle density distributions for inclined showers. In our approach both geometrical and atmospheric attenuation effects producing a lateral asymmetry in non-vertical showers are included. The resulting electron and muon LDF fit very well the Monte Carlo simulated data at all zenith angles., Comment: 35 pages, 12 eps figures; a new section containing comparison with experimental data added, to appear in Astroparticle Physics
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- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A depression before a bump in the highest energy cosmic ray spectrum
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Anchordoqui, L. A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., and Swain, J. D.
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Astrophysics - Abstract
We re-examine the interaction of ultra high energy nuclei with the microwave background radiation. We find that the giant dipole resonance leaves a new signature in the differential energy spectrum of iron sources located around 3 Mpc: A depression before the bump which is followed by the expected cutoff., Comment: revisited version, 5 pages RevTex, 5 figures
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- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Shower Studies at around $10^{18}$ eV with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
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P-L, Ghia, Mostafa, M. A., Fick, B., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
Three months of data taken by the Engineering Array Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory have been analyzed with the aim of setting a procedure for the study of showers at E_0 ~ 10^18 eV. We present the results, concerning: (i) the selection procedure and the check of its efficiency; (ii) the event rate and its stability; (iii) the characteristics of such events (i.e., angular direction, energy estimator S(1000), rise time vs core distance, correlation with pressure) showing their consistency with the expectations. The performances of the whole Surface Detector of the Auger Observatory are discussed., Comment: Talk given at 28th International Cosmic Ray Conferences (ICRC 2003), Tsukuba, Japan, 31 Jul - 7 Aug 2003
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- 2003
5. The Anisotropy Search Program For the Pierre Auger Observatory
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Clay, W., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The Pierre Auger Southern Observatory in Argentina has begun taking data as it is being developed up to a final enclosed area of 3000 square kilometres. A key aspect of the project is to provide information on the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays through understanding the arrival directions of those particles. To avoid claims of a spurious anisotropy detection because trials have not been properly accounted, the Auger Collaboration has agreed 'a priori' to the analysis prescription presented here. It specifies the following: 1. The accumulation time for the (future) data set to be analyzed. 2. The anisotropy 'targets', each assigned a chance probability level. 3. The analysis procedure for each trial. A positive result will be claimed for any target search only if its chance probability is less than its assigned level. The levels are chosen so that the total chance probability for one or more positive results is 0.001. Exploratory searches beyond this prescription will be encouraged, but the Auger Collaboration will not assign any confidence level to anisotropies that may be discovered that way. Any such discovery would identify a good target for a prescription to be used with a subsequent Auger data set., 4 pages
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- 2003
6. Atmospheric Monitoring for the Pierre Auger Fluorescence Detector
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Mostafa, M. A., Fick, B., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, Lantz, Simone, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
Major uncertainties in the fluorescence energy measurement come from the precision of various atmospheric transmission, air Cerenkov subtraction, light multiple-scattering and cloud corrections. The Auger program for atmospheric monitoring, designed to measure these corrections and to minimize these uncertainties, is summarized in this paper., Four (4) pages, and three (3) EPS figures. Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Universal Academy Press, Inc. Tokyo, Japan, HE (2003) 465-468
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- 2003
7. Calibration of the Pierre Auger fluorescence detector
- Author
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Roberts, M., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The absolute calibration of an air fluorescence detector (FD) is an important element in correctly determining the energy of detected cosmic rays. The absolute calibration relates the flux of photons of a given wavelength at the detector aperture to the electronic signal recorded by the FD data acquisition system. For the Auger FDs, the primary absolute calibration method uses a diffusive surface which is placed in front of a telescope aperture to uniformly illuminate the telescope field of view with a known light signal. This single-wavelength measurement (375 nm) will be made at intervals of several months until the stability of the telescopes is determined. The relative wavelength dependence of the calibration is determined through independent measurements. The error in absolute calibration at a single wavelength is estimated to be less than 10%. Two other absolute calibration methods are used to provide an independent verification of the primary measurement. The stability of the calibration with time is monitored nightly by a relative calibration system. In this paper we will provide descriptions of the absolute and relative calibration methods used by the Auger air fluorescence observatory. Results from the calibration of the Auger Engineering Array telescopes will also be presented., Comment: 4 pages, no figures. Presented at the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Hybrid Performance of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Reconstruction of Hybrid Events
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Kick, B., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., J-M, Brunet, J-N, Capdevielle, Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., J-J, Jaeger, Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Bertou, X., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., antoine letessier selvon, Genolini, B., Fabrice Lefebvre, Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R. P., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Anchordoqui, L., Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara Y. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Lantz, Simone
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a``hybrid'' UHECR detector. The surface detector (SD) and air fluorescence detector (FD) of the observatory are designed for observation of cosmic ray showers in coincidence, with a 10% duty cycle. The resulting data are expected to be superior in quality to those of either the SD or FD operating individually. Hybrid operation, triggering, data acquisition, and event reconstruction were successfully demonstrated during the prototype phase of the project. This paper focuses on 75 hybrid events recorded during a four month period of running with the prototype detectors in late 2001 and early 2002. The geometric technique for reconstruction of the hybrid events is described and its advantages over the traditional FD-only method are demonstrated. A lateral distribution for the water Cherenkov signals, derived from these data, is presented., Comment: Talk given at 28th International Cosmic Ray Conferences (ICRC 2003), Tsukuba, Japan, 31 Jul - 7 Aug 2003
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- 2003
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9. The Lateral Distribution Function of Shower Signals in the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
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Roth, M., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Lantz, Simone, Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PIERRE AUGER, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The surface detector (SD) array of the southern Pierre Auger Observatory will consist of a triangular grid of 1600 water Cherenkov tanks with 1.5 km spacing. For zenith angles less than 60deg the primary energy can be estimated from the signal S(1000) at a distance of about 1000m from the shower axis, solely on basis of SD data. A suitable lateral distribution function (LDF) S(r) is fitted to the signals recorded by the water tanks and used to quantify S(1000). Therefore, knowledge of the LDF is a fundamental requirement for determining the energy of the primary particle. The Engineering Array (EA), a prototype facility consisting of 32 tanks, has taken data continuously since late 2001. On the basis of selected experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations various preliminary LDFs are examined., To appear in the proceedings of the 28th ICRC (Tsukuba, Japan), 4 pages, 2 figures
10. Performance of the Pierre Auger Fluorescence Detector and Analysis of well recontructed events
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Argiro, S., Clay, W., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Roberts, M., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M, PIERRE AUGER, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to elucidate the origin and nature of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays using a hybrid detection technique. A first run of data taking with a prototype version of both detectors (the so called Engineering Array) took place in 2001-2002, allowing the Collaboration to evaluate the performance of the two detector systems and to approach an analysis strategy. In this contribution, after a brief description of the system, we will report some results on the behavior of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) Prototype. Performance studies, such as measurements of noise, sensitivity and duty cycle, will be presented. We will illustrate a preliminary analysis of selected air showers. This analysis is performed using exclusively the information from the FD, and includes reconstruction of the shower geometry and of the longitudinal profile, Presented at the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conferences (ICRC 2003), Tsukuba, Japan, 31 Jul - 7 Aug 2003
11. Processing of the Signals from the Surface Detectors of the Pierre - Auger Observatory
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Roberts, M., Ave, M., Letessier, A., Bertou, X., Deligny, O., Lachaud, C., Altmann, E., Alvarez, P., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Etchegoyen, A., Eusebi, R., Fazzini, N., Ferrero, A., Filevich, A., Reguera, A., Cillis, A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., Grunfeld, C., Mariazzi, A., Martinez, N., Roulet, E., Sciutto, S. J., Veiga, A., Allekotte, I., Avila, G., Masperi, L., Orsaria, M., Rovero, A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., Pace, R., Riordan, D., Thornton, G. J., Wild, N. R., Boutonnet, C., Brunet, J. M., Capdevielle, J. N., Cohen, F., Courty, B., Guglielmi, L., Jaeger, J. J., Benoît Revenu, Tristram, G., Waisbard, J., Billoir, P., Boratav, M., Castera, A., Sylvie DAGORET, Genolini, B., Lefebvre, F., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Trung, T. N., Parizot, E., Pouthas, J., Suomijarvi, T., Albert, J. N., Arnault, C., Bilhaut, R., Cordier, A., Cormier, E., Eschstruth, P., Jouniaux, O., Lavigne, B., Oleg Lodygensky, Rypko, J., Martin Urban, Bluemer, H., Bollmann, E., Csabo, T., Grindler, A., Gumbsheimer, R., Heck, D., Hucker, H., Kern, H., Klages, H. O., Kleinfeller, J., Mathes, H. J., Matussek, P., Michel-Piper, I., Risse, M., Schleif, G., Thouw, T., Balzer, M., Berg, R., Bormann, D., Gemmeke, H., Giraud, H., Kleifges, M., Kopmann, A., Kunka, N., Menchikov, A., Osswald, B., Remmel, U., Tscherniakhovski, D., Barenthien, N., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Argiro, S., Camin, D. V., Guerard, C., Ambrosio, M., Bernardini, C., Facal, P., Filosofi, R., Fois, M., Matthiae, G., Privitera, P., Salina, G., Borreani, G., Cester, R., Menichetti, E., Pastrone, N., Aramo, C., Cangiano, E., Fonte, R., Insolia, A., Raia, G., Gora, D., Homola, P., Kutschera, M., Ostrowski, M., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Arcon, I., Filipcic, A., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Clark, P., Bruijn, L., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Patel, M., Tunnicliffe, V., Walker, P., Watson, A., Arisaka, K., Bonushkin, Y., Kubic, J., Slater, W., Tripathi, A., Brack, J., Hofman, G., Ristinen, R., Harton, J., Sites, J., Warner, D., Wilson, R., Cronin, J. W., Gibbs, K., Albrow, M., Andrews, R., Berman, E., Hoffer, D., Glass, H., Hojvat, C., Mantsch, P., Mazur, P., Spinka, H., Voyvodic, L., Matthews, J. M., Mcewen, M., Meyhandan, R., Darling, J., Dorofeev, A., Nemiroff, B., Nitz, D., Rafert, B., Ruotsala, S., Szadkowski, Z., Trombley, M., Dieterle, B., Matthews, J., Riley, S., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Coutu, S., Duvernois, M., Cassiday, G., Fick, B., Sommers, P., Luis. Anchordoqui, Machacek, M., Paul, T., Swain, J., Taylor, L., Akhperjanian, A., Chilingarian, A., Hovsepian, G., Mnatzakanian, E., Sahakian, V., Ter-Antonian, S., Aguirre, C., Bustos, R., Choque, K., Ticona, A., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Thieu, D. Q., Darriulat, P., Chung, N., Dzung, N. T., Dinh, P. N., Phuong, P. T., Thuan, V. V., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kajita T. Asaoka Y. Kawachi A. Matsubara M. Sasaki M., PIERRE AUGER, Lantz, Simone, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
- Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Abstract
The detectors of the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory are water Cherenkov tanks. The signals from each tank are read out using three photomultipliers. The energy of the primary particle is inferred from signal densities and requires good linearity of the PMTs and a large dynamic range. The absolute time of arrival of the shower front at each tank is obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) with a resolution of about 10 ns, ensuring an accurate primary angular reconstruction. Additionally, it is intended to use the rise time and shape of the signals to constrain the nature of the primary particle: this sets further requirements on the signal processing. In this paper, the main features of the signal processing associated with the surface detector will be presented and its performance will be discussed in the context of the extraction of shower parameters., Comment: Submitted to 28th International Cosmic Ray Conferences (ICRC 2003), Tsukuba, Japan, 31 Jul - 7 Aug 2003
12. The Pierre Auger cosmic ray observatory
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A. Haungs, F. Diogo, R. M. de Almeida, J. L. Harton, Harm Schoorlemmer, F. Arneodo, Stijn Buitink, S. Westerhoff, Z. Szadkowski, F. Salamida, Carola Dobrigkeit, M. Plum, M. Chiosso, M. E. Bertaina, S. G. Blaes, Alan Watson, J. Alvarez Castillo, D. Nicotra, Paul Sommers, P. Gouffon, M. J. Cooper, Dragos Varnav, C. Aramo, Carlos Medina, M. De Domenico, M. Sutter, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh, T. Yapici, Foteini Oikonomou, J. J. Masías Meza, D. Maurel, Luis Villaseñor, P. Abreu, D. Ravignani, Yingchun Zhu, B. Mitrica, Heino Falcke, J. Vicha, G. Cocciolo, B. Genolini, Luis A. Anchordoqui, M. Ambrosio, G. S. Varner, H. Gemmeke, M. Monasor, M. Iarlori, C. E. Santo, L. Martina, Yogendra N. Srivastava, Andreas Kopmann, E. J. Ahn, V. Tunnicliffe, A. F. Barbosa, Dusan Mandat, Martina Bohacova, Patrick Allison, E. Varela, N. Griffith, J. Sorokin, M. Boratav, B. Revenua, T. Porter, G. Torralba Elipe, A. Gorgi, Peter Schiffer, Benedikt Zimmermann, Rúben Conceição, R. Vasquez, Pascal Lautridou, D. V. Camin, Luis N. Epele, M. Blanco, V. Scherini, Alexandra Saftoiu, O. Kambeitz, H. Martinez, A. Di Matteo, N. Martínez, N. Palmieri, B. Wundheiler, D. Nitz, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Eva Santos, R. Krause, Vincent Marin, P. Walker, Gregory R Snow, Jan Pękala, A. Chiavassa, A. Menshikov, R. Habraken, M. S. A. B. Leão, J. D. Swain, Philipp Papenbreer, Petr Travnicek, John Kelley, S. Mueller, R. Bilhaut, Alan Coleman, M. Roberts, L. Ochilo, Federico Suarez, L. Valore, Amin Aminaei, A. E. Herve, K. B. Barber, L. R. Wiencke, K. Weidenhaupt, C. O. Escobar, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, Trent D. Grubb, D. Huber, L. Nellen, Juan Manuel Figueira, A. Dorofeev, M. Melissas, Peter Mazur, Thomas Hebbeker, Joshua A. Gordon, R. A. Vázquez, A. Schmidt, Sergio Dasso, Denis Tcherniakhovski, Roberta Colalillo, John N. Matthews, R. M. Kieckhafer, A. G. Mariazzi, Igor Katkov, M. Muenchmeyer, V. Novotny, A. F. Grillo, G. P. Guedes, Rossella Caruso, Toshihiro Fujii, G. Sequeiros, J. Rautenberg, A. Lucero, J. R. Hoerandel, F. Sanchez, O. Wainberg, Stefano Argiro, S. Mathys, C. Morello, K. D. de Vries, Matthias Balzer, J. A.J. Matthews, F. Schreuder, F. Sarazin, W. Fulgione, W. C. Brown, Patricia María Hansen, Richard Dallier, A. Nelles, M. Erfani, L. Molina-Bueno, D. Melo, H. Verkooijen, T. Pierog, Marco Giammarchi, T. Ohnuki, David Walz, V. Pirronello, J. F. Valdés Galicia, I. De Mitri, A. Gascon Bravo, Iuri Muniz Pepe, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Pedro Assis, A. Etchegoyen, Esteban Roulet, R. Randriatoamanana, C. Jarne, A. Stutz, P. L. Ghia, J. N. Albert, M. Horvat, Marco Cilmo, Arnulfo Zepeda, Alberto Daniel Supanitsky, Lu Lu, R. Sato, Octavian Sima, J. G. Gonzalez, A. Tepe, Dariusz Gora, Peter L. Biermann, R. Mussa, J. J. Beatty, Manuel Platino, J. Grygar, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, F. Schroeder, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, F. Werner, J. Knapp, J. R. Vázquez, D. Garcia-Gamez, S. Quinn, D. PakkSelmi-Dei, G. Matthiae, T. Rossler, A. Bridgeman, Antonio Bueno, A. Segreto, Günter Sigl, Silvia Mollerach, J. Coppens, Markus Roth, H. Dembinski, H. Vorenholt, I. A. Minaya, B. Keilhauer, E. Petermann, S. J. Saffi, T. Wijnen, P. Sanchez-Lucas, G. Garilli, D. Maurizio, D. Garcia-Pinto, M. Risse, Paolo Privitera, H. Hucker, J. Allen, André Schulz, P. Kasper, S. J. Sciutto, Radomir Smida, Kai Daumiller, G. Mueller, D. Heck, R. Meyhandan, V. Purrello, M. Josebachuili, J. C. Diaz, Alberto Filevich, F. Guarino, Lorenzo Caccianiga, V. M. Theodoro, S. Colonges, B. D. Fox, Markus Lauscher, B. Zamorano, J. Pouryamout, A. Ferrero, Julien Aublin, A. Shadkam, F. Bracci, Florian Gaté, G. Parente, J. Phuntsok, Raul Sarmento, Carlos Hojvat, O. Kroemer, S. J. De Jong, Marcio Aparecido Muller, Peter Buchholz, M. M. Freire, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, T. N. Trung, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, V. de Souza, A. Curutiu, S. Sánchez Navas, T. Asch, H. J. Mathes, Jose Chinellato, Gualberto Avila, Ingomar Allekotte, A. van Vliet, M. Szuba, Eric Mayotte, I.M. Brancus, B. Tome, C. De Donato, Miguel Mostafa, B. Wilczynska, M. Candusso, Peter Gorham, N.R. Wild, Alina Mihaela Badescu, D. Rogozin, J. de Oliveira, A. Widom, M. Gómez Berisso, N. Kunka, R. C. Shellard, Alejandro Almela, W. Docters, M. Oliveira, L. Tomankova, G. Navarra, B. Vlcek, A. López Casado, C. A. Moura, T. Yamamoto, Brian Fick, Ugo Giaccari, Charles Timmermans, J. Lozano Bahilo, Segev BenZvi, A. Letessier-Selvon, M. Prouza, A. Smialkowski, I. Al Samarai, L. Voyvodic, Sasa Micanovic, Angela V. Olinto, C. Di Giulio, Samo Stanič, H. M. Spinka, F. Montanet, M. Patel, L. Collica, J. Rodriguez Rojo, Marco Aglietta, Corbin Covault, Y. Petrov, C. D'Olivo, Lorenzo Cazon, P. Dolron, E. Tusi, A. G. Chavez, Enrique Zas, Lino Miramonti, M. D. Rodríguez-Frías, Iván Sidelnik, E.M. Holt, Fernando Contreras, Johannes Schumacher, A. Saleh, S. Harmsma, L. Perrone, Jiri Chudoba, S. Robbins, Michael Unger, S. Jansen, M. Fernandes, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, A. G. K. Smith, Maria-Teresa Dova, M. R. Hampel, R. Alves Batista, G. C. Hill, D. Torres Machado, Miroslav Pech, Colin Baus, Thomas Harrison, Ralph Engel, J. Ridky, N. Barenthien, Pavel Horvath, P. Pieroni, H. Schieler, Sarka Wykes, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonella Castellina, Heiko Geenen, C. Pryke, Jing Zhou, F. Arqueros, P. Necesal, M. S. Sutherland, R. Meissner, B. Vargas Cárdenas, S. van Velzen, K. H. Becker, N. Guardone, L. Guglielmi, M. Videla, J. Pallotta, K. Louedec, David Wittkowski, M. Urban, A. C. Rovero, Paula Gina Isar, C. Bleve, E. J. Quel, Pedro Brogueira, F. Salesa Greus, T. Bergmann, G. Cataldi, A. Filipcic, Azadeh Keivani, Béatrice Fuchs, Niraj Dhital, Octavian Fratu, W. Gotink, I. Valiño, D. Lebrun, U. Froehlich, G. Salina, Danielle LaHurd, Olivier Deligny, Nicolás González, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Sofia Andringa, J. W. Cronin, R. Speelman, P. van Bodegom, P. Lebrun, K. Gibbs, M. Palatka, A. Aab, E. Colombo, L. Caramete, M. I. Micheletti, Vincenzo Rizi, D. Martello, M. Ziolkowski, V. B. B. Mello, O. Martínez Bravo, J. Neuser, D. D'Urso, Corinne Berat, M. Giller, G. Toma, van den Ad M Berg, Luca Latronico, Nataliia Borodai, N. Scharf, P. Heimann, W. Tkaczyk, A. C. Fauth, Lukas Middendorf, H. Bolz, E. Trovato, Diego Harari, Christine Peters, A. Horneffer, P. Petrinca, Jose A. Bellido, B. Gookin, E. Kemp, J. Stasielak, S. Coutu, Norberto Fazzini, Serguei Vorobiov, P. H. Nguyen, A. Tapia, E. M. Santos, Balázs Kégl, Jaime Rosado, Mariangela Settimo, Alexey Yushkov, Max Malacari, Bruce R. Dawson, Tim Huege, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, Piotr Homola, Hernán Asorey, S. Le Coz, R. Cester, P. Facal San Luis, C. Porowski, O. A. Taborda, F. Schuessler, A. Cordier, H. Bluemer, I. C. Mariş, Hernan Wahlberg, Denise Boncioli, German Ros, R. R. Prado, Libor Nozka, Marcus Niechciol, E. D. Fraenkel, A. Parra, R. J. Lauer, P. Ristori, V. M. Olmos-Gilbaja, B. Courty, B. García, R. Pelayo, S. Querchfeld, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, A. Castera, L. Niemietz, B. Caccianiga, N. Pacheco, A. Porcelli, Tim Niggemann, M. Mallamaci, M. Ludwig, S. Hartmann, Martin Erdmann, G. Yuan, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, G. Vitali, Francesca Zuccarello, Roger W Clay, Maurice Stephan, Johannes Schulz, M. Ave, J. Pouthas, M. Pimenta, P. Clark, A. Tonachini, C. Bonifaz, J. Baeuml, Tobias Winchen, M. Zimbres Silva, P.F. Gómez Vitale, J. Stapleton, Giovanni Marsella, D. Nosek, A. Weindl, N. Hollon, V. Verzi, David Schmidt, Paulo J. S. Gonçalves, T. Suomijaervi, I. Jandt, Ralf Ulrich, Paul M. Mantsch, R. Piegaia, M. Zavrtanik, A. Kaeaepae, N. Giudice, K. Arisaka, H. Glass, V. M. Aranda, Petr Schovanek, J. Kleinfeller, M. Barkhausen, Daniel Kuempel, S. Maldera, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Ke Fang, Darko Veberič, R. Bonino, Marc Weber, M. Buscemi, M. Hrabovsky, Jan Ebr, Sergio Petrera, H.O. Klages, S. Messina, A. P. Ferguson, G. Woerner, C. J. Todero Peixoto, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Maller, N. Krohm, B. Sarkar, Christian Glaser, J. Espadanal, H. Wilczyński, P. Billoir, L. del Peral, M. Avenier, N. Awal, D. Martraire, S. Grebe, R. Squartini, T. Paul, Olivier Ravel, E. Menichetti, G. Medina-Tanco, G. van Aar, K. Link, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina, the Australian Research Council, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants # 2010/07359-6 and # 1999/05404-3, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil, MSMT-CRLG13007, 7AMB14AR005, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant 14-17501S, Czech Republic, Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l׳Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS),Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell׳Istruzione, dell׳Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands, National Centre for Research and Development, Grant nos. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grant nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, and 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and HARMONIA 5 – 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland, Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects nos. 20/2012 and nr.194/2012, project nos. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17, and PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme for research – Space Technology and Advanced Research – STAR, project number 83/2013, Romania, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia, Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom, Department of Energy, Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107 and DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant no. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA, NAFOSTED, Vietnam, Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant no. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806, and UNESCO., Pierre AUGER, ANR-11-IDEX-0004,SUPER,Sorbonne Universités à Paris pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche(2011), European Project: 328826,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF,AUGER2FUTURE(2013), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Fiocruz Minas - René Rachou Research Center / Instituto René Rachou [Belo Horizonte, Brésil], Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Dipartimento de Ingenieria Quimica y Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Cantabria [Santander], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Al Samarai, I., Albert, J. N., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez Muñiz, J., Alves Batista, R., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Aranda, V. M., Argirò, S., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Arqueros, F., Asch, T., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Awal, N., Badescu, A. M., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A., Barenthien, N., Bäuml, J., Baus, C., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bergmann, T., Bertaina, M. E., Biermann, P. L., Bilhaut, R., Billoir, P., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Bolz, H., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Boratav, M., Borodai, N., Bracci, F., Brack, J., Brancus, I., Bridgeman, A., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, Mario, Caballero Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, B., Caccianiga, L., Camin, D., Candusso, M., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Castera, A., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chavez, A. G., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chiosso, M., Chudoba, J., Cilmo, M., Clark, P. D. J., Clay, R. W., Cocciolo, G., Colalillo, Roberta, Coleman, A., Collica, L., Colombo, E., Colonges, S., Coluccia, M. R., Conceiçáo, R., Contreras, F., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Courty, B., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dallier, R., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., De Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., De Jong, S. J., De Mello Neto, J. R. T., De Mitri, I., De Oliveira, J., De Souza, V., De Vries, K. D., Del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Di Matteo, A., Diaz, J. C., Díaz Castro, M. L., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dolron, P., Dorofeev, A., Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q., Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epele, L. N., Erdmann, M., Erfani, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Falcke, H., Fang, K., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Fernandes, M., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fox, B. D., Fraenkel, E. D., Fratu, O., Freire, M. M., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Fulgione, W., Fujii, T., García, B., Garcia Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, D., Garilli, G., Gascon Bravo, A., Gate, F., Geenen, H., Gemmeke, H., Genolini, B., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Gibbs, K., Giller, M., Giudice, N., Glass, H., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, J. G., González, N., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gordon, J., Gorgi, A., Gorham, P., Gotink, W., Gouffon, P., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grillo, A. F., Grubb, T. D., Grygar, J., Guardone, N., Guarino, Fausto, Guedes, G. P., Guglielmi, L., Habraken, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harrison, T. 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A., Wittkowski, D., Yang, L., Zavrtanik, D., Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
detector [cosmic radiation] ,interaction [cosmic radiation] ,FLUORESCENCE YIELD ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Air fluorescence detectors ,hybrid observatory ,Astronomy ,Air fluorescence detector ,Astrophysics ,Auger ,High energy cosmic ray ,design [detector] ,Observatory ,SURFACE DETECTOR ARRAY ,High energy cosmic rays ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,fluorescence [air] ,Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray ,ATMOSPHERIC MULTIPLE-SCATTERING ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,Instrumentation ,High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE) ,Physics ,performance [detector] ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Pierre Auger Observatory ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,water Cherenkov detectors ,LIGHT ,Water Cherenkov detector ,network [detector] ,LOWER IONOSPHERE ,ddc:620 ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Hybrid observatory ,Water Cherenkov detectors ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,physics ,air fluorescence detectors ,Air fluorescence detectors, High energy cosmic rays ,Hybrid observatory, Pierre Auger Observatory, Water Cherenkov detectors, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Instrumentation ,[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM] ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Cosmic ray ,EXTENSIVE AIR-SHOWERS ,Particle detector ,VHE [cosmic radiation] ,ddc:530 ,RECONSTRUCTION ,Cosmic-ray observatory ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Engineering & allied operations ,Astrophysique ,Ciencias Exactas ,Nuclear and High Energy Physic ,fluorescence [detector] ,high energy cosmic rays ,Física ,ASTROFÍSICA ,ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY ,Pierre Auger Observatory, High energy cosmic rays, Hybrid observatory, Water Cherenkov detectors, Air fluorescence detectors ,Experimental High Energy Physics ,RADIATION ,EMISSION - Abstract
The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants # 2010/07359-6 and # 1999/05404-3, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; MSMT-CR LG13007, 7AMB14AR005, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant 14-17501S, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris, ILP LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, within the Investissements d'Avenir ProgrammeANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; National Centre for Research and Development, Grant nos. ERA-NETASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grant nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, and 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and HARMONIA 5 – 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland; Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects nos. 20/2012 and nr.194/2012, project nos. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17, and PN-II-RU-PD-2011- 3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme for research – Space Technology and Advanced Research – STAR, project number 83/2013, Romania; Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, European Community 7th Framework Program, Grant no. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107 and DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant no. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA; NAFOSTED, Vietnam; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant no. PIRSES-2009- GA-246806; and UNESCO., The Pierre Auger Observatory, located on a vast, high plain in western Argentina, is the world׳s largest cosmic ray observatory. The objectives of the Observatory are to probe the origin and characteristics of cosmic rays above 1017 eV and to study the interactions of these, the most energetic particles observed in nature. The Auger design features an array of 1660 water Cherenkov particle detector stations spread over 3000 km2 overlooked by 24 air fluorescence telescopes. In addition, three high elevation fluorescence telescopes overlook a 23.5 km2, 61-detector infilled array with 750 m spacing. The Observatory has been in successful operation since completion in 2008 and has recorded data from an exposure exceeding 40,000 km2 sr yr. This paper describes the design and performance of the detectors, related subsystems and infrastructure that make up the Observatory., Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Fundacion Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargue, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas, Australian Research Council, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP), Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3, Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil, Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic LG13007 7AMB14AR005 CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic Czech Republic Government 14-17501S, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Region Ile-de-France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire PNC-IN2P3/CNRS, Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris, French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ANR-10-LABX-63, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), German Research Foundation (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz Association, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government, National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Poland 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5 - 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Portuguese national funds, FEDER funds within COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI 20/2012 194/2012 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17 PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, Programme for research - Space Technology and Advanced Research - STAR, Romania 83/2013, Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia, Comunidad de Madrid Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Union (EU), Spanish Government, Xunta de Galicia, European Community, Spain FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696, Grainger Foundation, USA, National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806, UNESCO
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- 2015
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