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Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a native fruit of Brazil that has high antioxidant activity and may benefit human health. The goal of this study was to discriminate between accessions in the ...

This study aimed to evaluate the Mangaba Genebank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Brazil, since its implementation in 2006 and characterize the accessions in the reproductive stage. We used 21 descriptors (botanical, morphological, growth, biometric, and physicochemical) to assess mangaba germplasm, as well as the data of enrichment and survival since the genebank implementation. There was a success in the enrichment, maintenance, and diversity of the germplasm evaluated. The results showed a significant difference between the accessions for most descriptors. The fruits presented good quality characteristics both for fresh consumption and processing. Moreover, these results supported the publication of the minimum descriptors for this species by Bioversity International and Embrapa. The knowledge of mangaba variability will subsidize conservation strategies and should encourage future researches on breeding.

Given the necessity to find new alternatives as a biostimulant to improve plant growth, Moringa Leaf Extract (MLE) has been noticed by the scientific community for being a low-cost and natural product. Several studies have revealed the positive effects of MLE to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant system, yield, and also confer resistance to a variety of abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, adverse temperatures, and heavy metals. However, we still require to investigate deeply the MLE composition and the different forms available to apply it. Thus, to integrate the current knowledge, this review insight of new approaches to the types of application, concentration utilized, and gathered different types of methodologies to obtain the MLE. In addition, the positive results of MLE to reduce the effects caused by abiotic stresses were discussed. Future studies should focus on identifying new varieties of Moringa to improve the quality of MLE and explore studies of MLE application not only in crop species but also forest species.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:03:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 Using microsatellite loci, we assessed the mating system and genetic diversity of the dioecious tropical tree Genipa americana in a natural population (NP) and a progeny test (PT). For NP, we also estimated the paternity correlation within and among fruits and mean pollen dispersal distance. As expected for dioecious species, all offspring originated from outcrossing (t = 1). Mating among relatives (1-ts) and paternity correlation (rp) were variable among progenies (1-ts = 0.03-0.19; rp = 0.04-0.40), but greater in NP than in PT. Fixation index (F) was generally significant and lower in adults than in offspring, indicating selection against inbred individuals. Paternity correlation was higher within (0.40) than among (0.26) fruits, indicating a lower effective number of pollen donors (Nep) within (2.5) than among (3.8) fruits. Due to the higher rp in NP, the effective size within progenies (Ne) was lower (2.69) than PT (3.27). The pollen dispersal pattern was strongly leptokurtic, suggesting long-distance pollen dispersal (mean of 179 m). The results show that both populations can be used for seed collection in environmental reforestation programmes; however, considering that PT is structured in maternal progenies, NP is more suitable for seed collection due to the lower probability of mating among related trees. Universidade Federal Do Alagoas Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, C.P. 1322 Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biotecnologia Unesp Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros Cia Energética de São Paulo Usina Porto Primavera Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Engenharia Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biotecnologia Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Engenharia Unesp

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit species native to Brazil, belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Its cultivation is predominantly extractivist and its antioxidant properties have been recently reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits of accession from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT and TC). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which identified chlorogenic acid (93.71 - 131.66 mg.100g-1), ferulic acid (0.85 - 2.27 mg.100g-1) and rutin (238.59 -442.94 mg.100g-1). The accessions CA and PR showed the highest values of total phenols (1179.39 and 1167.05 mg GAE.100g-1, respectively). The accessions CA and TC had the highest concentration of the major compound rutin (436.78 and 442.94 mg.100g-1, respectively). Antioxidant activity values ranged from 125.95 to 158.67 g.g-1 DPPH. Principal component analysis grouped the accessions into four groups, due to the genetic variability verified in previous studies. The results will be useful to guide actions of selection and future breeding program of the species. RESUMO A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Brasil, pertencente à família Apocynaceae. Seu cultivo é predominantemente extrativista e suas propriedades antioxidantes têm sido recentemente relatadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante em frutos de acessos oriundos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT e TC). Os extratos foram analisados em cromatografía líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e identificou-se o ácido clorogênico (93,71 - 131,66 mg.100g-1); ácido ferúlico (0,85 - 2,27 mg.100g-1) e rutina (238,59 - 442,94 mg.100g-1). Os acessos CA e PR apresentaram os maiores valores de fenóis totais (1179,39 e 1167,05 mg EAG.100g-1, respectivamente). Os acessos CA e TC apresentaram a maior concentração do composto majoritário rutina (436,78 e 442,94 mg.100g-1, respectivamente). Os valores da atividade antioxidante variaram entre 125,95 e 158,67 g.g-1 DPPH. A análise de componentes principais agrupou os acessos em quatro grupos, em consequência da variabilidade genética previamente verificada em estudos anteriores. Os resultados serão úteis para direcionar ações de seleção e futuro programa de melhoramento genético da espécie.

The ex situ conservation of seeds in cryobanks demands previous studies of dehydration procedures for the adjustment of the adequate moisture that makes long-term conservation possible. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dehydration time on the regenerative capacity of embryonic axes of two genipap accessions (Umbaúba and Núcleo Bandeirante). Seeds were submitted to desiccation in policarbonate box containing silica gel for 0, 12, 16 and 20 h at room temperature and after each period, seed moisture content was determined. Seeds were inoculated in germination medium and samples were inserted into cryotubes and immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). Desiccation in silica gel was efficient in reducing the moisture content in both accessions. Umbaúba accession presented 100% germination at all desiccation treatments before cryopreservation and Núcleo Bandeirante was more sensitive to desiccation with 10% germination in 20 h. Umbaúba accession showed a reduction of growth variables with increased desiccation time. The treatments tested did not affect the growth variables of Núcleo Bandeirante accession. The desiccation, although changes observed in the ultra-structures of embryonic axis, did not influence the regeneration percentage of cryopreserved accessions.

Basil is an aromatic herb that stands out fo its economic importance. It is consumed in natura and sed to obtain essential oil. The cultivation of this species in several regions of the world has allowed variations by natural crosses and euploidy, leading to the wide genetic variability found nowadays. Considering the importance of this species, we aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of 27 basil genotypes using ISSR molecular markers. Fourteen primers were employed for DNA amplification, resulting in 86% polymorphism. Based on the Jaccard?s dissimilarity index, the highest index (0.80) was observed between the individuals BAS001 and BAS012, while the lowest index (0.18) was detected between the genotypes BAS014 and BAS015. The genetic similarity among individuals was calculated, forming four distinct clusters. Most individuals (40.7%) were allocated in cluster I. The polymorphic information content (PIC) (0.89) indicated considerable levels of genetic diversity among genotypes. In this sense, the ISSR markers were efficient in the detection of polymorphisms between the accessions, suggesting the genetic variability of the collection. This result demonstrates the importance of the use of molecular markers and the advantages that this information provides to the breeding of the species. O manjericao e uma erva aromatica que se destaca por possuir importância economica. E consumido in natura e tambem utilizado na obtencao de oleo essencial. O cultivo desta especie em diversas regioes do mundo permitiu que surgissem variacoes mediante cru-zamentos naturais e euploidia, ocasionando a ampla variabilidade genetica existente. Considerando a importância desta especie, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a diversidade genetica de 27 genotipos de manjericao usando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Qua-torze primers foram utilizados para amplificacao do DNA, resultando em 86% de polimorfismo. Com base no indice de dissimilaridade de Jaccard, observou-se o maior indice (0,80) entre os individuos BAS001 e BAS012, enquanto que o menor indice de dissimilari-dade (0,18) foi detectado entre os genotipos BAS014 e BAS015. A semelhanca genetica entre individuos foi calculada, formando quatro grupos distintos. A maioria dos individuos (40,7%) foi agrupada no grupo I. O conteudo de informacao polimorfica (PIC) (0,89) indicou niveis consideraveis de diversidade genetica entre os genotipos. Neste sentido, os marcadores ISSR foram eficientes na deteccao de polimorfismos entre os acessos e confirmaram que e possivel inferir a variabilidade genetica na colecao. Isso demonstra a importância do uso de marcadores moleculares e as vantagens que esta informacao pode oferecer ao melhoramento genetico das especies.

The cambui tree (Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd) O. Berg), is a native fruit tree from Brazil, whose fruit present potential in natura and industrial consumption. Our objective was to evaluate the genetic diversity between individuals differentiated by fruit color - orange and purple, by using ISSR molecular markers. The plant material belongs to the Caju Private Natural Heritage Reserve, experimental field of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, in the municipality of Itaporanga d’Ajuda, SE. Young leaves from 25 individuals (15 with orange color fruit and 10 with purple color fruits) were collected for DNA extraction and PCR-ISSR analysis with 15 primers, which produced a total of 93 bands, being 95.5% of them polymorphic. The mean similarity was 0.53, based on the Jaccard coefficient. The least similar individuals were FR5 and FL8; FR5 and FL9; FR1 and FR5. The most similar pairs of individuals were FL3 and FL4; FL4 and FL5. The UPGMA analysis clustered the individuals into two groups. Although no specific molecular marking that characterizes fruit coloration has been found, there is genetic variability among the evaluated individuals.

RESUMO: A mandioca e a unica especie do genero Manihot comercialmente produzida. A producao de mudas micropropagadas possui limitacoes, e entre estas esta o alto custo com energia utilizadas nas salas de crescimento, e na taxa de sobrevivencia das plantas na fase de aclimatizacao, porem a cultura de tecidos e uma ferramenta de multiplicacao rapida e obtencao de plantas sadias (cultura de meristema), pois o metodo de propagacao vegetativa acarreta problemas fitossanitarios como disseminacao de patogenos. Uma alternativa para diminuir gastos dessa tecnica seria a reducao de sacarose ao meio e inducao de enraizamento sob luz natural em casa de vegetacao. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influencia da luz e sacarose na sobrevivencia e desenvolvimento de mudas de mandioca micropropagada. As variedades BRS Formosa, Lagoao e BRS Verdinha, cultivadas em meio MS acrescido de diferentes concentracoes de sacarose (10; 20 e 30 g.L-1), e apos 30 dias em sala de crescimento, os frascos foram incubados em sala de crescimento e casa de vegetacao por 15 dias. Em cultivos envolvendo diferentes tipos de luz, BRS Formosa e Lagoao, alcancaram melhores medias sob luz natural e altas concentracoes de sacarose, enquanto que BRS Verdinha obteve melhor desenvolvimento em luz natural e baixa concentracao de sacarose.

Mangaba (Hancornia speciose Gomes—Apocynaceae) is an important fruit tree in Brazil and has an unexplored stock germplasm collection. Commercial varieties are unavailable and little is known about its potential as a source of genetic diversity for molecular breeding programs. Progeny tests may improve studies on commercial variability and facilitate genetic improvement of the species. Our aim was to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of accessions and progeny from the Mangaba Genebank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands. We estimated the genetic diversity of 96 individuals using 4 SSR markers. The mean observed heterozygosity was lower than expected, showing an excess of homozygotes, corroborated by the positive coefficient of endogamy. The genetic diversity indexes (Fst) and Nei’s unbiased genetic identity (GI) revealed, in general, moderate genetic diversity between accessions. The relationship between matrices and progenies showed that there may be a greater degree of genetic information sharing between the ABP1 and ABP2 accessions. The Bayesian analysis suggested the presence of two distinct groups of genotypes (K = 2). These results will assist future breeding programs and facilitate the conservation of mangaba.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) extracts have been used in pharmaceutical applications as antitumor agents, due to their terpenes and phenolic compounds. To obtain extracts from neem leaves with potential antiproliferative effect, a sequential process of pressurized liquid extraction was carried out in a fixed bed extractor at 25 &deg, C and 100 bar, using hexane (SH), ethyl acetate (SEA), and ethanol (SE) as solvents. Extractions using only ethanol (EE) was also conducted to compare the characteristics of the fractionated extracts. The results obtained by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry suggested a higher concentration of terpenes in the SEA extract in comparison to SH, SE, and EE extracts. Therefore, antiproliferative activity showed that SEA extracts were the most efficient inhibitor to human tumor cells MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa, and HepG2. Hepatocellular cells were more resistant to SH, SEA, SE, and EE compared to breast, lung, hepatocellular, and cervical malignant cells. Neem fractioned extracts obtained in the present study seem to be more selective for malignant cells compared to the non-tumor cells.

EnglishThis study evaluated the effect of vitrification solutions and exposure time on the cryopreservation of Brazilian green dwarf coconut plumules (BGD) using the droplet vitrification technique. Explants were excised from BGD mature fruits from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Sergipe, Brazil. Firstly, embryos were disinfected, and after excision, plumules were pre-cultivated for 72 hours in Y3 + 0.6 M sucrose + 2.2 g L-1 Gelrite® culture medium. Plumules were exposed to PVS2 and PVS3 solutions for 15 and 30 minutes and rapidly immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 oC). After cryopreservation, they were thawed in culture medium solution (Y3 + 1.2 M sucrose) and cultured in regeneration medium. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme (vitrification solutions per exposure times), with five replicates per treatment. Data were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Significant differences were observed in the callogenesis percentage for the solutions x exposure time interaction for non-cryopreserved cultures (-NL) and for exposure time after cryopreservation (+NL). PVS2 and PVS3 combined with 15 minutes of exposure promoted the highest callus formation (70 and 100%, respectively) in control cultures. The exposure time of 30 min, regardless of vitrification solution, resulted in 30% embryogenic callus formation after cryopreservation. These results contributed to the long-term conservation of coconut palm. portuguesO objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito das solucoes de vitrificacao e do tempo de exposicao na criopreservacao de plumulas de coqueiro anao verde do Brasil de Jiqui (BGD), pela tecnica de vitrificacao em gotas. Os explantes foram excisados de frutos maduros oriundos do Banco de Germoplasma Ativo de Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Sergipe, Brasil. Os embrioes foram desinfestados e as plumulas, apos a excisao, pre-cultivadas durante 72 horas em meio de cultura Y3 suplementado com sacarose 0,6 e 2,2 g L-1 Gelrite®. As plumulas foram expostas em solucoes de PVS2 e PVS3 durante 15 e 30 minutos, e rapidamente imersas em nitrogenio liquido (-196 oC). Apos a criopreservacao, foram descongeladas na solucao de meio de cultura Y3 com 1,2 M de sacarose, e cultivadas em meio de regeneracao. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2 (solucoes de vitrificacao x tempos de exposicao), com cinco repeticoes por tratamento. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a probabilidade de 5%. Observaram-se diferencas significativas na porcentagem de calogenese para a interacao entre solucoes e tempo de exposicao para as culturas nao criopreservadas (-NL), e para o tempo de exposicao apos a criopreservacao (+NL). O PVS2 e o PVS3 combinados com 15 minutos promoveram a maior formacao de calo (70 e 100%, respectivamente) nas culturas de controle. O tempo de exposicao de 30 min, independente da solucao de vitrificacao, promoveu 30% da formacao de calos embriogenicos apos a criopreservacao. Estes resultados contribuem para a conservacao em longo prazo do coqueiro.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the proline synthesis and physiological response of cassava genotypes which were micro propagated and induced to salinity stress in vitro. Micro cuttings of approximately 1.0cm long with a single bud of genotypes TBRS Tapioqueira, BRS Verdinha and Lagoão which were previously established in vitro were inoculated in a MS medium containing different concentrations of NaCl (0; 25; 50; 75; 100mM) and were analyzed after 90th day for: number of roots, number of leaves and shoot dry mass. The proline content of BRS Tapioqueira and Lagoão was assessed at 30th, 60th and 90th day. There was no analysis of proline of the variety Verdinha because of the contamination of the explants. The experimental design was completely randomized in double factorial scheme (3 genotypes x 5 salt treatments), with seven repetitions for growth variables. For comparing proline content, completely randomized design was used in a plot subdivided in time, with genotype and NaCl factors in plot and time in subplot, with two repetitions. For r time and genotypes Tukey test (P

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes - Apocynaceae) is a native fruit of Brazil which is of great importance in its areas of occurrence. This species has been subjected to habitat fragmentation that is mainly due to human activity, and requires conservation. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the biotechnological advances in the species. This paper deals with recent studies on the genetic diversity and bioactive compounds. Key words: Hancornia speciosa Gomes, bioactive compounds, genetic resources, conservation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro morphogenic potential of genipap (Genipa americana L.) zygotic embryos. Seeds obtained from ripe fruits had their zygotic embryos excised and inoculated in MS medium with 4.44µM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and supplemented with 0.0; 1.07; 2.14 and 3.21µM of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The potential of explants regeneration and the shoot length and number of leaves in plantlets were evaluated. The in vitro regeneration of genipap is possible from the conversion of zygotic embryos in a MS medium with 4.44µM BAP supplemented with 3.21µM NAA. RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial morfogênico in vitro de embriões zigóticos de jenipapeiro (Genipa americana L.). Sementes obtidas de frutos tiveram seus embriões zigóticos excisados e inoculados em meio MS com 4,44µM de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) suplementado com 0,0; 1,07; 2,14 e 3,21µM de ácido naftaleno acético (ANA). O potencial de regeneração dos explantes e o comprimento da parte aérea e o número de folhas nas plântulas formadas foi avaliado. Observou-se que é possível a regeneração in vitro de jenipapeiro a partir da conversão de embriões zigóticos em meio MS com 4,44µM de BAP, suplementado com 3,21µM de ANA.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the auxin 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic) in calli formation from leaf and nodal segments of genipap and to characterize its growth curve. Explants obtained from shoots previously established from in vitro seedlings were used for calli induction. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x5x2 factorial with three accessions (NB, SA, SAL), five concentrations of 2,4-D (0.0; 2.0; 4.0, 6.0 or 8.0 mg L-1) and two times of measurement for calli fresh weight (30 and 60 days). There was callus formation in all treatments tested. It was observed that the best response for callus induction from leaf segments was with 2.0 mg L-1 of 2,4-D. For the nodal segment, the response among the accessions was different due to 2,4-D concentrations. The growth curve was plotted according to the fresh weight of callus obtained at intervals of 10 days up to 60 days. Through the established growth curve, the nodal-derived calli from accession SA should be transferred to a new medium, after 40 days of culture. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o efeito da auxina 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) na calogênese de segmentos foliar e nodal de jenipapeiro e caracterizar sua curva de crescimento. Explantes obtidos debrotações pré-estabelecidas a partir de plântulas in vitro foram utilizados na indução de calos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x5x2, com três acessos (NB, SA e SAL), cinco concentrações de 2,4-D (0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 ou 8,0 mg L-1) e dois tempos de avaliação (30 e 60 dias) da massa fresca de calos. Houve formação de calos em todos os tratamentos testados. Observou-se que a melhor resposta de indução ocorreu na concentração de 2,0 mg L-1 para calos oriundos de segmentos foliares. Para o segmento nodal a resposta entre os acessos foi diferenciada em função das concentrações de 2,4-D. A curva de crescimento foi plotada a partir da massa fresca dos calos obtida em intervalos de 10 dias até os 60 dias. Através da curva de crescimento estabelecida, os calos derivados de segmentos nodais do acesso SA devem ser transferidos para um novo meio de cultura, 40 dias após à inoculação.

Genipa americana (jenipapeiro) é uma essência florestal pertencente à família Rubiaceae, que apresenta importância econômica e ambiental, sendo valorizada para produção de alimentos, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, na composição em áreas de preservação permanentes e em sistemas agroflorestais. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes tempos de desidratação em câmara de fluxo laminar e tempos de imersão em solução crioprotetora (MS+0,5M de sacarose) na capacidade regenerativa de ápices caulinares da espécie para estabelecimento de futuros protocolos de criopreservação. Os ápices caulinares foram obtidos de plântulas, acesso Oiteiros, germinadas e cultivadas in vitro. Os explantes foram submetidos ao encapsulamento e a diferentes tempos de imersão em solução crioprotetora e tempos de desidratação em câmara de fluxo laminar. A crioproteção e a desidratação não alteram a viabilidade dos ápices caulinares de jenipapeiro encapsulados ou não encapsulados. A imersão por 24 horas em solução crioprotetora e a desidratação em câmara de fluxo laminar por 2 horas apresentam potencial para uso em futuros trabalhos de criopreservação por encapsulamento-desidratação. Genipa americana (genipap) is a forest species belonging to the Rubiaceae family that has economic and environmental importance, being valued for food production, recuperation of degraded areas, in the composition in areas of permanent preservation and agroforestry. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different times of dehydration in laminar flow cab and immersion time in cryoprotecting solution (MS+0.5M sucrose) on the regenerative capacity of shoot apices for establishing future cryopreservation protocols. The shoot apices were obtained from seedlings, of Oiteiros accession, germinated and cultured in vitro. Explants were subjected to encapsulation and different exposure times in cryoprotecting solution and dehydration in a laminar flow cab. The cryoprotection and dehydration does not modify the viability of the shoot apices of genipap encapsulated or unencapsulated. Immersion for 24 hours in cryoprotecting solution and the dehydration in a laminar flow cab by 2 hours have potential for use in future studies of cryopreservation by encapsulation-dehydration.

The Genipa americana L., a fruit-producing species found in several countries and commonly found in the Brazilian Northeast, is very important economically, both for its wood and as a source of food and dye. This study evaluate the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and the concentrations of salt and sugar in MS medium on reducing Genipa americana L. growth for in vitro conservation, as well as the effects of benzylaminopurine (BAP) on the regrowth phase. Seedlings from accession CZA, after 90 days of in vitro cultivation, were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 30 g L-1 sucrose and various concentrations of ABA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1). In a second assay, various concentrations of MS medium salts and sucrose were tested. During the regrowth phase, nodal segments were placed in MS regeneration medium with 30 g L-1 sucrose and BAP (0 or 1 mg L-1). All the ABA concentrations affected the number of leaves, but significant effects on the length of aerial portion were not observed. The MS and ½ MS media with 30 g L-1 sucrose slowed plant growth and are recommended for conservation protocols for slow growth. Adding 1 mg L-1 BAP to the culture medium caused a greater morphogenic response, and the apical, medial and basal nodes retained morphogenic potential during regrowth. Key words: Genipa americana L., germplasm, abscisic acid, sucrose.

Brazil has about 300 Croton species in different types of vegetation. Croton tetradenius Baill., which is endemic to the Northeast region and predominant in the Caatinga vegetation, stands out among the several species of this genus. Considering the importance of knowing the genetic variability of a species, the objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the genotypes of natural populations of C. tetradenius in the State of Sergipe, using ISSR molecular markers. Forty individuals were sampled in four natural populations of the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Thirteen primers were used for DNA amplification using ISSR-PCR, totaling 77 amplified fragments, of which 94.8% were polymorphic. Results of the cluster analysis obtained by the Jaccard’s similarity index, using the UPGMA method, resulted in the formation of six distinct clusters. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), used to estimate the genetic variability among populations, revealed significant genetic variance (P < 0.01) between and within the studied populations, and most of the genetic diversity was found (87%) within populations. According to the Jaccard’s similarity index, none of the studied plants was genetically identical. CTE210 and CTE305 presented high similarity index (0.76), while CTE105 presented low similarity index (

Myrcia ovata Cambess. (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that has analgesic, bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Even though this plant has economic potential, nothing is known about the variability and genetic diversity of this species. This information is necessary to establish conservation strategies and allow prospection of natural resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. ovata individuals of a native population in the municipality of Japaratuba, Sergipe State, Brazil, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat molecular markers (ISSR). Nine primers were tested, resulting in 99 polymorphic bands. The 24 individuals evaluated were clustered in two groups by the software Structure. The Jaccard similarity ranged from 0.21 (MYRO-034 and MYRO-159) to 0.82 (MYRO-178.1 and MYRO-178.2), with an average of 0.38. The genetic diversity of M. ovata was considered of medium level. The individuals MYRO-154, MYRO-175 and MYRO- 175.1 presented the most variability.

In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of remnants of mangaba populations in states of northeastern Brazil by applying 9 microsatellite markers previously developed to establish conservation strategies for germplasm and species preservation. Six to 20 individuals per population were analyzed, with a total of 94 individuals and 6 populations from the states of Ceara, Pernambuco, and Sergipe, Brazil. The intra-population positive fixation index (f) in all populations indicated inbreeding resulting from the lack of random mating. The mean genetic diversity index values GST, FST, and RST estimated for divergence among the 6 populations were 0.14 (P < 0.05), revealing moderate genetic differentiation. The smallest FST value (P ≥ 0.05) was observed between the Jacarecoara and Tapera populations (0.005) and the highest between the Barra dos Coqueiros and Jacarecoara populations (0.287). The Jacarecoara population was the most divergent among the populations analyzed. According to analysis of molecular variance results, the largest variation percentage resulted from variability within populations (83.18%). Bayesian clustering analysis showed the formation of 2 sets (K = 2). Our results are important for developing strategies for in situ conservation of the species, seed collection, and ex situ conservation. For both methods, conservation of the greatest possible genetic variability of the species is essential.

Breeding genotypes need to be characterized and evaluated in different soil and climatic conditions. There are few studies on association between characters evaluated and their contribution to banana genetic diversity, being essential to guide genetic breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characters of banana genotypes, to estimate associations between characters, to determine the relative importance of characters to study on genetic dissimilarity, and to indicate new genotypes to coastal plain region of Sergipe. Fruits from thirteen genotypes were used: Prata (FHIA-18, BRS Platina, PV94-01, BRS Garantida, YB42-47, Pacovan, and Prata Anã), Maçã (BRS Princesa, BRS Tropical, and Maçã), Ibota (Caipira), Gros Michel (Bucaneiro), and Mysore (Thap Maeo). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with thirteen genotypes and three replications. There is physicochemical variability of fruits between genotypes of same genomic group and subgroup, and between hybrids originated from same progenitor. Content of total sugars has greater contribution to genetic diversity among the genotypes, followed by fruit mass and pulp mass, and starch content in two cycles. Associations between fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit mass and pulp mass in two production cycles based on phenotypic correlation are highly significant. Hybrids FHIA-18, PA94-01, YB42-47, and BRS Tropical, BRS Princesa, and Bucaneiro cultivars are promising for recommendation on coastal plain regions. Genótipos melhorados necessitam ser caracterizados e avaliados em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Existem poucos estudos sobre a associação entre os caracteres avaliados e sua contribuição para a diversidade genética da banana, sendo imprescindíveis para orientar programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os caracteres físico-químicos de frutos de genótipos de bananeira, estimar as associações entre caracteres, determinar a importância relativa dos caracteres para o estudo da dissimilaridade genética e indicar novos genótipos para a região de Tabuleiros Costeiros de Sergipe. Foram utilizados frutos de treze genótipos: tipo Prata (FHIA18, BRS Platina, PV94-01, BRS Garantida, YB42-47, Pacovan e Prata-Anã), Maçã (BRS Princesa, BRS Tropical e Maçã), Ibota (Caipira), Gros Michel (Bucaneiro) e o Mysore (Thap Maeo). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com treze genótipos e três repetições. Existe variabilidade físico-química dos frutos entre os genótipos do mesmo grupo genômico e subgrupo, e entre híbridos originados da mesma genitora. O teor de açúcares totais apresenta maior contribuição para a diversidade genética entre os genótipos, seguido da massa do fruto com e sem casca e teor de amido nos dois ciclos. As associações entre comprimento do fruto, o diâmetro, massa do fruto e da polpa nos dois ciclos de produção com base na correlação fenotípica são altamente significativas. Os híbridos FHIA-18, PA94-01, YB42-47 e as cultivares BRS Tropical, BRS Princesa e Bucaneiro são promissores para recomendação nos Tabuleiros Costeiros.

The Vitex genus (Lamiaceae) produces a plethora of metabolites that include ecdysteroids and terpenoids, some of which have demonstrated insect repellent properties. The volatile composition of several members of this genus has not been chemically defined, as many taxa are endemic to remote ecosystems. In this study, leaves were collected from the northeast of Brazil from Vitex capitata, V. megapotamica, V. gardneriana and V. rufescens plants and examined for their chemical profile via GC-MS/FID of essential oil extracts. The analyses showed a diversity of terpenoids. Of particular note were seven-member ring sesquiterpenes which were present in great abundance; a dendrogram showed clades separating by the production of (+)-bicyclogermacrene, aromadendrane and 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids for the four species. Comparison of volatile metabolite profiles to 13 other Vitex species showed strong similarities in the production of some monoterpenes, but varied by their production of larger terpenes, especially those with gem-dimethylcyclopropyl subunits on seven-member ring compounds. From this work, we suggest that the sesquiterpene skeleton with seven member rings is a good chemosystematic biomarker candidate for the Vitex genus. Separation using this biomarker was then validated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) profiling. Lastly, experiments examining the toxicity of these four oils against the coconut mite A. guerreronis showed that only the oil of V. gardneriana had strong acaricidal activity, with an LC50 of 0.85 mg/mL, thus demonstrating its potential for use as a natural pesticide.

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp, Poaceae) is native to Southeast Asia, and due to growing demand as raw material, its cultivation recently expanded to new frontiers. The genetic diversity analysis is essential for targeting strategies in the formation and maintenance of a germplasm. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 26 accessions of sugarcane from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Sixteen primers were used, resulting in 87 fragments with 91.13% of polymorphism. The similarity of the individuals ranged between 0.22 and 0.87. Individuals RB867515 and RB92579 were closer genetically, and the most distant ones were PI240785 and NSL 291970. Four distinct clusters were formed, using UPGMA. This information can be used to prioritize the selection of accessions for the conduction of hybridization in breeding and germplasm exchange actions.

The state of Sergipe is the largest mangaba producer, which is a fruit native to Brazil, and has cultural, social and economic importance in its area of occurrence. It is an endangered species due to human actions, and despite its economic potential, there are still no commercial plantations. The study was carried out in order to characterize trees, fruits and the genetic diversity of natural populations of mangaba in Sergipe, Brazil. Fruits from Abaís Beach/Estância (AB) presented, on average, twice the vitamin C content (414.81 mg of vit. C/100g), when compared with the others. The use of ISSR primers was efficient in estimating the genetic similarity of populations. The primers clustered the populations of mangaba according to their origin, which indicates the genetic diversity of mangaba and their isolation. The results can be used to guide the selection of individuals in situ and ex situ conservation actions of these genetic resources. RESUMO O Estado de Sergipe é o maior produtor de mangaba, fruta nativa do Brasil e de importância cultural, social e econômica nas áreas de ocorrência. Encontra-se em risco de extinção devido a ações antrópicas, e apesar de seu potencial econômico, ainda não existem plantios comerciais da espécie. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar árvores, frutos e a diversidade genética de populações naturais de mangabeira em Sergipe, Brasil. Frutos oriundos de Abaís/Estância (AB) apresentam em média o dobro do conteúdo de vitamina C (414.81 mg de vit. C/100g) dos demais. O uso de primers ISSR foi eficiente para estimar a similaridade genética das populações, sendo agrupados de acordo com sua origem, o que indica a diversidade genética destas mangabeiras, e seu isolamento. Os resultados poderão ser usados para direcionar a seleção de indivíduos em ações de conservação desses recursos genéticos, in situ e ex situ.

Banana (Musa spp) is a fruit species frequently cultivated and consumed worldwide. Molecular markers are important for estimating genetic diversity in germplasm and between genotypes in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of 21 banana genotypes (FHIA 23, PA42-44, Maca, Pacovan Ken, Bucaneiro, YB42-47, Grand Naine, Tropical, FHIA 18, PA94-01, YB42-17, Enxerto, Japira, Pacova, Prata-Ana, Maravilha, PV79-34, Caipira, Princesa, Garantida, and Thap Maeo), by using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Material was generated from the banana breeding program of Embrapa Cassava & Fruits and evaluated at Embrapa Coastal Tablelands. The 12 primers used in this study generated 97.5% polymorphism. Four clusters were identified among the different genotypes studied, and the sum of the first two principal components was 48.91%. From the Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram, it was possible to identify two main clusters and subclusters. Two genotypes (Garantida and Thap Maeo) remained isolated from the others, both in the UPGMA clustering and in the principal cordinate analysis (PCoA). Using ISSR markers, we could analyze the genetic diversity of the studied material and state that these markers were efficient at detecting sufficient polymorphism to estimate the genetic variability in banana genotypes.

The sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam has its origin in Tropical America. In Sergipe State (Brazil), its production is very important, and to explore its potential in local agriculture in the State, the Embrapa Coastal Tableland created a collection with 52 accessions located in Umbauba City. Some accessions were from germplasm belonging to Embrapa vegetables and others from local farmers of Sergipe. Here, we provide the first data on the genetic diversity and structure of sweet potato collection of SPGB using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. RAPD data were used to determine genetic variability via a model-based Bayesian procedure (structure) and molecular variance analysis (AMOVA). In addition, Shannon index, genetic diversity and Jaccard coefficients were also estimated. RAPD was efficient for the analysis of genetic diversity to identify groups and measure the genetic distance between accessions. The markers showed that the collection had a high level of polymorphism. By UPGMA, we separated three groups of genotypes and identified two reconstructed populations by structure software. Keywords: Ipomoea batatas , cultivars, accessions African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol. 13(10), pp. 1109-1116, 5 March, 2014

Genipa americana L. has a diversity of secondary metabolites, including iridoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Pharmacological and biological properties have also been reported. This study has aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of G. americana and its bioactivity against Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), a serious pest of coconut production areas worldwide. EO from the leaves was extracted and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC-MS/FID). For the bioassays, the adult coconut mites were subjected to increasing concentrations of EO. The analyses showed a predominance of sesquiterpenes, followed by monoterpenes, aldehydes, and fatty acids. The EO (LC50 = 0.41 mg mL-1; LC90 = 6.43 mg mL-1) showed toxicity and repellent effects against the coconut mite. The tested EO has the potential to develop as a natural product, with acaricidal activities against A. guerreronis, in order to assist in the control of the coconut mite.

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a native fruit of great economic, cultural, and environmental importance in its areas of occurrence. Due to extractive activities and real estate pressure, the number of natural populations has considerably decreased. The propagation of the species is still one of the primary obstacles for orchard implantations, thus, studies that provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the species’ growth should be developed. This work aimed to evaluate the biometry, emergence, and initial growth of mangaba progenies (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), using the plant material from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, located in Itaporanga d’Ajuda, SE, Brazil. Treatments consisted of progenies from 17 accessions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds. Number of seeds per fruit, as well as fruit and seed weight (g), length (mm), width (mm), and thickness (mm) were evaluated. For emergence and initial growth, the following variables were analyzed: percentage of emergence (PE%), emergence speed index (ESI%), survival rate (SR%), height (H), stem diameter (SD), and the number of leaves (NL). Biometric analyses of fruits and seeds revealed significant phenotypic variability among mangaba accessions. Progenies of the accessions LGP1, LGP3, LGP4, PTP4, TCP2, TCP6, ABP1, ABP2, ABP4 and BIP4 showed better results for all emergence and initial growth variables. The progenies of accessions TCP1, BIP4, CAP5 and PRP5 expressed lower emergence and survival percentages, and low vigor.

There are few reports in literature on the in vitro behavior of cambui tree (Myrciaria tenella O. Berg) and acclimatization conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture media on in vitro germination and the effect of different substrates on the acclimatization of two Myrciaria tenella types. The study was carried out at the Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, Aracaju, SE. Seeds were extracted from fruits of two Myrciaria tenella types: Orange and Purple Types. The seeds were inoculated in the following culture media: T1 - MS medium + 30g L -1 sucrose, T2 - 1/2 MS medium + 15g L -1 sucrose and T3 - control without MS salts. To study the effect of substrates on acclimatization, seedlings were transferred to plastic containers with capacity of 300cm 3 containing the following sterilized substrates: S1 - soil and powdered coconut husk - SPC (1:1 by volume); S2 - soil, washed sand and powdered coconut husk - SAPC (1:1:1 by volume) and S3 - Biomix (r) commercial substrate - SC. The medium without MS salts promoted 100% in vitro germination and 1/2 MS medium greater development of seedlings. All substrates studied are suitable for acclimatization of seedlings germinated in vitro. Myrciaria tenella of yellow type showed greater vigor during acclimatization.

Seed size and its physiology are a barrier for the exchange of coconut genetics resources and the tissue culture techniques can assist the germplasm bank enrichment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of transport and storage procedures of zygotic embryos to promote the exchange of coconut accessions. Mature zygotic embryo from Cameroon red dwarf (CRD), Malayan yellow dwarf (MYD) and Malayan red dwarf (MRD) were used. The following treatments were evaluated: T1-storage of endosperm disc in plastic bags at 10±2°C for 5 days; T2 - 8 days; T3 - 12 days; T4 - embryo excised and inoculated in micro tube with Y3 culture medium with no sucrose for 2 days and T5 - five embryos inoculated in Y3 culture medium without sucrose in Petri dish for 2 days. T5 treatment resulted in low bacterial contamination. RESUMO: O tamanho da semente e sua fisiologia são barreiras para o intercambio de recursos genéticos de coqueiro e técnicas de cultura de tecidos podem auxiliar o enriquecimento de bancos de germoplasma. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos procedimentos de transporte e armazenamento de embriões zigóticos para o intercâmcio de acessos de coco. Foram utilizados embriões zigóticos maduros das variedades de coco anão vermelho dos Camarões (AVC), amarelo da Malásia (AAM) e vermelho da Malásia (AVM). Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: T1- de armazenamento de disco endosperma em sacos de plástico a 10±2°C durante cinco dias; T2 - oito dias; T3 - doze dias; T4 - embrião inoculado em microtubo com meio Y3 sem sacarose por dois dias e; T5 - cinco embriões inoculados em placa de Petri com meio de cultura Y3 sem sacarose por dois dias. O tratamento T5 resultou em baixa contaminação bacteriana baixa.

This chapter deals with recent studies on the genetic diversity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), its forms of use and conservation of genetic resources, focusing on the applications of this species for livestock rearing, agriculture, medicine and industry. Information about germplasm banks and collections of the species worldwide is also included. In addition, as a case study, we have analyzed neem’s wide distribution in Brazil and the maintenance of an active neem germplasm bank operated by Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation).

Cambui (Myrciaria tenella O. Berg) is a native species from Brazil, which belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Molecular characterization is one of the most used tools for the study of the biotechnological potential of species because the diversity level between individuals can be inferred. Analysis of genetic diversity is fundamental to the direction of the strategies necessary to form and maintain a germplasm. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity in a natural population of cambui using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. The natural population, which provided the plant material, is found at the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage of Caju, which belongs to the experimental field of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, in the municipality of Itaporanga d’Ajuda, SE, Brazil. Young leaves of each individual were collected for DNA extraction and analysis of PCR-ISSR. Thirty primers were tested and the top 10 were selected. The use of these primers resulted in 71 fragments with 98.3% polymorphism. Similarity of individuals ranged between 0.30 and 0.92. The most similar individuals were C13 and C17 and the most distant were C1 and C41. Through UPGMA, six distinct groups were identified. This information may be used for conservation of these genetic resources, germplasm exchange, creation of germplasm bank and in future studies with this species.

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is found in areas of coastal tablelands in the Brazilian Northeast and Cerrado regions. This species has been subjected to habitat fragmentation that is mainly due to human activity, and requires conservation strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure and inter- and intrapopulation genetic diversity of natural populations of H. speciosa Gomes using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. A total of 155 individuals were sampled in 10 natural populations (ITA, PAC, IND, EST, BC, PIR, JAP, BG, NEO, and SANT) in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Fifteen primers were used to generate 162 fragments with 100% polymorphism. Genetic analysis showed that the variability between populations (77%) was higher than within populations (23%). It was possible to identify five different groups by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and principal coordinate analysis, and only one individual (E10) remained isolated. Using ISSR markers it was possible to obtain a molecular profile of the populations evaluated, showing that these markers were effective and exhibited sufficient polymorphism to estimate the genetic variability of natural populations of H. speciosa Gomes.

Genipapo is a species with an intermediate seed storage behavior, and its germination is slow and asynchronous; therefore the tissue culture is an alternative strategy for the propagation in large-scale. This study aimed to evaluate three genipapo accessions at different micropropagation stages (adventitious shoot induction, in vitro rooting and acclimatization). Genipapo nodal segments from the Sabinópolis (AS), Cruz das Almas (CZA) and Núcleo Bandeirante (NB) accessions were used and inoculated in culture media with 0 and 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations were tested for in vitro rooting. Subsequently, the effect of two substrates on the seedling development of three genipapo accessions was assessed. The molecular characterization of accessions was performed using 15 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers, and genotype clustering was performed based on genetic dissimilarity using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Culture media supplementation with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP favors the development of adventitious shoots and promotes a higher callogenesis percentage, leaf number and feasibility at 90 days of in vitro culture. The immersion of the basal portion of shoots for 20 seconds in all IBA solutions induces the rhizogenesis in the genipapo accessions at 90 days of in vitro culture. The substrates consisting of washed sand + dried coconut shell powder, at a 1:1 ratio by volume, and Topstrato HT(r) may be recommended for genipapo acclimatization. The NB accession is genetically different from the CZA and AS populations and shows superiority for most of the variables analyzed. RESUMO O Jenipapeiro é uma espécie com comportamento intermediário para o armazenamento de sementes e sua germinação é lenta e com baixa uniformidade. A cultura de tecidos é uma estratégia alternativa para a sua propagação em larga escala. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três acessos de jenipapeiro em diferentes etapas da micropropagação (indução de brotações adventícias, enraizamento in vitro e aclimatização). Foram utilizados segmentos nodais de jenipapeiro dos acessos AS (Sabinópolis), CZA (Cruz das Almas) e NB (Núcleo Bandeirante), inoculados em meio de cultura na presença de 0 e 1 mg L-1 de BAP. Para o enraizamento in vitro foram testadas diferentes concentrações de AIB. Posteriormente, verificou-se o efeito de dois substratos na aclimatização. A caracterização molecular dos acessos foi realizada utilizando 15 iniciadores ISSR e o agrupamento dos genótipos foi com base na dissimilaridade genética pelo método UPGMA. A adição de 1 mg L-1 de BAP favorece o desenvolvimento de brotações adventícias e promove maior porcentagem de calogênese, número de folhas e viabilidade aos 90 dias de cultivo in vitro. Todas as concentrações avaliadas de AIB induzem rizogênese em mudas micropropagadas de jenipapeiro. Os substratos compostos de areia lavada + po da casca do coco seco, na proporção 1:1, e Topstrato HT podem ser recomendados para aclimatização dos acessos. O acesso NB é geneticamente distinto das populações de CZA e AS e, apresenta superioridade para a maioria das variáveis analisadas.

The essential oil from two Lantana species (Lantana lucida Schauer and Lantana salzmannii Schauer) were evaluated for their chemical composition by GC/MS. Results showed 17 predominant compounds for L. lucida, among which (E)-caryophyllene (19.0%) and α-humulene (33.0%) were the major components. L. salzmannii showed the presence of 58 compounds, the most abundant of which were (E)-caryophyllene (15.6%) and selin-11-en-4-ol (11.2%). Next, cluster analyses of the chemical composition of the volatile fraction of five Lantana species from our studies (Lantana radula, Lantana canescens, L. lucida, L. salzmannii and Lantana camara), as well as 10 Lantana species published in the literature (Lantana achyranthifolia, Lantana aculeata, Lantana balansae, Lantana hirta, Lantana involucrata, Lantana fucata, Lantana salviifolia, Lantana trifolia, Lantana velutina and Lantana xenica) were performed. Species fell into three main groups. A cluster analysis of (E)-caryophyllene content was also performed which resulted in the 15 Lantana species being segregated into four main groups. In addition, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) was used to evaluate the genetic variation between five Lantana species collected from northeastern Brazil (L. radula, L. canescens, L. lucida, L. salzmannii and L. camara). Analysis showed a 36% similarity between, L. salzmanii and L. canescens, and a 48% similarity between L. lucida and L. canescens. Overall, results, indicate that it is possible to discriminate between groups of Lantana taxa based on both their chemical, composition and ISSR markers. In addition, this study provided further support for using (E)-caryophyllene as a chemical marker for species belonging to the Lantana genus.

In micropropagation, especially for mangaba tree botanical variety of Northeastern Brazil, limiting aspects such as ethylene accumulation in the cultivation flask and loss of vigor in subcultures have been observed. This study was aimed at assessing the technical and scientific knowledge of the in vitro propagation of botanical mangaba tree variety and at improving the micropropagation protocol, establishing the in vitro cultivation time, the best type of flask sealing and explant at different micropropagation stages. For the establishment phase and for the first and second subcultures, the MS medium with 3% sucrose and 0.6% agar, supplemented with 1 mg L-1 IAA and 1 mg L-1 BA was used. Evaluations were performed at 30, 50 and 65 days of in vitro cultivation. The best types of flask sealing for the establishment phase were the PVC film and Para-film® and for the first subculture the Para-film® seal. In the second subculture the PVC film and Para-film® seals promoted the best growth. The median and basal nodal segments presented the best performance in the first subculture. No significant effect of explant type was observed in the second subculture. The ideal subculture interval in the establishment phase and the first and second subcultures is 50 days. Na micropropagação, especialmente para mangaba, variedade botânica da árvore do Nordeste do Brasil, aspectos limitantes, como acúmulo de etileno no recipiente de cultivo e perda de vigor em subculturas têm sido observados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento técnico e científico da propagação in vitro de mangabeira, variedade botânica do Nordeste do Brasil, e melhorar o protocolo de micropropagação, o melhor tipo de vedação frasco e explante em diferentes etapas. Para a fase de estabelecimento e para as subculturas primeiro e segundo, foi utlizado o meio MS com 3% de sacarose e agar 0,6%, suplementado com 1 mg L-1 de AIA e 1 mg L-1 de BAP. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 30, 50 e 65 dias de cultivo in vitro. Os melhores tipos de vedação para a fase de estabelecimento foram o filme PVC e Para-filme® e, para o primeiro subcultivo, o Para-filme®. No segundo subcultivo, o filme PVC e Para-filme® promoveram o melhor crescimento in vitro. Os segmentos nodais médio e basal apresentaram melhor desempenho no primeiro subcultivo. Nenhum efeito significativo do tipo de explante foi observado no segundo subcultivo. O intervalo de tempo ideal para as fases de estabelecimento, primeiro e segundo subcultivos é de 50 dias.

Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has played a major role in the evolution of many eukaryotic lineages. Although the prevalence of polyploidy in plants is well documented, the molecular and cytological consequences are understood largely from newly formed polyploids (neopolyploids) that have been grown experimentally. Classical cytological and molecular cytogenetic studies both have shown that experimental neoallopolyploids often have meiotic irregularities, producing chromosomally variable gametes and progeny; however, little is known about the extent or duration of chromosomal variation in natural neoallopolyploid populations. We report the results of a molecular cytogenetic study on natural populations of a neoallopolyploid, Tragopogon miscellus , which formed multiple times in the past 80 y. Using genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we uncovered massive and repeated patterns of chromosomal variation in all populations. No population was fixed for a particular karyotype; 76% of the individuals showed intergenomic translocations, and 69% were aneuploid for one or more chromosomes. Importantly, 85% of plants exhibiting aneuploidy still had the expected chromosome number, mostly through reciprocal monosomy-trisomy of homeologous chromosomes (1:3 copies) or nullisomy-tetrasomy (0:4 copies). The extensive chromosomal variation still present after ca . 40 generations in this biennial species suggests that substantial and prolonged chromosomal instability might be common in natural populations after whole genome duplication. A protracted period of genome instability in neoallopolyploids may increase opportunities for alterations to genome structure, losses of coding and noncoding DNA, and changes in gene expression.

Resumen pt: A mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) e uma especie nativa do Brasil que apresenta importância economica, social e cultural nas principais areas onde ocor...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a variabilidade genética de acessos de mangaba provenientes de populações naturais, de 11 localidades, com marcadores RAPD. Os acessos pertencem ao Banco Ativo de Mangaba da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, em Itaporanga d'Ajuda, SE. Foram utilizados 13 iniciadores, que geraram 82 fragmentos, dos quais 78 (95%) eram polimórficos. A análise genética entre localidades apresentou baixa diversidade genética; entretanto, a similaridade genética variou de 0,02 a 0,91, para os 55 acessos. Foi possível identificar grupos divergentes por meio dos agrupamentos UPGMA e ACoP. Os acessos menos similares foram provenientes de Ipiranguinha (Conde, PB) e Preguiça (Indiaroba, SE), e os mais semelhantes de Jandaíra (Costa Azul, BA). Do conjunto total, 49 acessos foram geneticamente distintos e seis semelhantes. Por meio dos marcadores RAPD, foi possível obter um perfil molecular único, além de estimar a variabilidade existente entre os acessos avaliados. O Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Mangaba da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros apresenta baixa diversidade genética entre as localidades. The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic variability of mangaba accessions of natural populations, from 11 locations, using RAPD markers. The accessions belong to Banco Ativo de Mangaba of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, in Itaporanga d'Ajuda, SE, Brazil. A total of 13 primers were used, which generated 82 fragments, of which 78 (95%) were polymorphic. Genetic analysis among regions showed low genetic diversity; however, genetic similarity ranged from 0.02 to 0.91, for the 55 accessions. Divergent groups were identified by UPGMA and ACoP clustering. The least similar accessions were derived from Ipiranguinha (Conde, PB, Brazil) and Preguiça (Indiaroba, SE, Brazil), and the most similar from Jandaíra (Costa Azul, BA, Brazil). From the total, 49 accessions were genetically distinct and six were similar. By using RAPD markers, it was possible to obtain a unique molecular profile, besides estimating the variability among the accessions evaluated. The Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Mangaba of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros shows low genetic diversity among locations.

Mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a tropical fruit species from Brazil and presents socioeconomic potential. The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant activity, rutin content and genetic similarity among in vivo and in vitro matrices and progenies of six accessions from the Mangaba Active Germplasm Bank of the Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, SE, Brazil. Young leaves of adult matrix plants and in vitro callus methanolic extracts obtained from young leaves resulted in differences between the accessions for the rutin content and high antioxidant activity. The Costa Azul accession, from Bahia, Brazil outstood with values above 3,000 g of dry extract/g of DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl) in in vitro callus coming from nodal and internodal segments (3,023.73 and 3,136.80 g of dry extract/g of DPPH, respectively). Rutin was not found in extracts resulting from in vitro callus of mangaba tree. The difference among the values obtained for DPPH analysis are superior when compared with in vivo leaf extract, with the in vitro Costa Azul accession (nodal and internodal) outstanding, concluding that in vitro callus induction can interfere with chemical compounds of the plant. The markers detect genetic similarity under in vitro cultivation conditions. The Costa Azul accession group itself in isolation from others and EC50 concentrations differentiated between leaf and callus are obtained. O EC50 is superior in extracts deriving from in vitro callus, with the in vitro Costa Azul accession (nodal and internodal).

Azadirachta indica A. Juss, popularly known as neem, is a species native to India, belonging to family Meliaceae, considered the most important plant species with insecticidal action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of growth regulators on induction and growth of neem callus and to observe their viability for embryogenesis through morpho-histological characteristics. In vitro germinated plants were used for excision of nodal explants. These segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog culture medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic) combined with BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at the following concentrations: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively), for callus induction. At 0 (mass of nodal segments without callus), 20, 40 and 60 days of culture, the percentage of callus formation was observed and the callus weight was measured for each treatment and at the end of the 60 days, consistency, color, and cell histology were evaluated. There was callus formation in all treatments tested. The highest induction of Azadirachta indica A. Juss callus is observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/l BAP, with callus showing light brown color, friable consistency and rounded cells with intense cell division, typical of cells with potential embryogenic capacity.

Drought is the most limiting environmental factor to crop productivity and presents a great variability in the degree of tolerance among and within species, among varieties. The aim of this study was to characterize sugarcane accessions regarding tolerance to water stress during in vitro cultivation based on changes in biometric, physiological and biochemical characteristics, within species and among species, to support future breeding programs. Adventitious shoots of five sugarcane accessions: Saccharum robustum, Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum officinarum species, cultivated in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2% sucrose and 4 g/l Phytagel were used in five water potentials, 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 MPa, induced by mannitol. Survival, length of shoots and roots, number of shoots and roots, biomass, proline content in leaves and activity of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed. There is difference among species, and also, within the same sugarcane species when submitted to in vitro drought stress, and S. officinarum was shown to be the most tolerant. Proline can be used as a biochemical indicator of response to drought in sugarcane accessions and its accumulation was intensified in S. robustum and S. spontaneum accessions. Catalase activity remained unchanged with increased drought in sugarcane accessions evaluated.

Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk. is a tree of the family Myrtaceae found in tropical and subtropical areas of the southern hemisphere that produces essential oil. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of M. lundiana plants from a native population of Parque Nacional de Itabaiana, using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Thirty-five primers were tested, 20 of which were polymorphic, resulting in 135 polymorphic and informative bands. Results of the cluster analysis, obtained using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, grouped plants into three clusters: Cluster I - MLU001, MLU002, MLU003, MLU004, MLU005, MLU006, MLU018, MLU019, MLU020, MLU021, MLU022; MLU008, MLU011, MLU012, MLU014, MLU015, MLU017, MLU026, and MLU028; Cluster II - MLU007, MLU009, MLU010, MLU013, and MLU016; and Cluster III - MLU023, MLU024, MLU025, and MLU027. Jaccard similarity coefficients for pair-wise comparisons of plants ranged between 0.15 and 0.87. MLU014 and MLU015 presented low genetic diversity, with a similarity index of 0.87. Conversely, MLU007 and MLU019 presented high diversity, with a similarity index of 0.15. According to the structure analysis, three distinct clusters were formed. Genetic diversity of M. lundiana plants was intermediate, and expansion of its genetic diversity is necessary. MLU026 and MLU028 are the most suitable for selection in breeding programs, since they clearly represent all of the diversity present in these plants. Moreover, these results provide important information on the existing genetic variability, highlighting the importance of Parque Nacional de Itabaiana for the conservation of this species.

Varronia curassavica Jacq. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from Brazil with significant economic importance. Studies on genetic diversity in active germplasm banks (AGB) are essential for conservation and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of V. curassavica accessions of the AGB of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Twenty-four primers were tested, and 14 were polymorphic and informative, resulting in 149 bands with 97.98% polymorphism. The UPGMA dendrogram divided the accessions into Clusters I and II. Jaccard similarity coefficients for pair-wise comparisons of accessions ranged between 0.24 and 0.78. The pairs of accessions VCUR-001/VCUR-503, VCUR-001/VCUR-504, and VCUR-104/VCUR-501 showed relatively low similarity (0.24), and the pair of accessions VCUR-402/VCUR- 403 showed medium similarity (0.78). Twenty-eight accessions were divided into three distinct clusters, according to the STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic diversity of V. curassavica in the AGB of UFS is low to medium, and it requires expansion. Accession VCUR-802 is the most suitable for selection in breeding program of this species, since it clearly represents all of the diversity present in the AGB.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000300012.pdf: 396786 bytes, checksum: 27cf19ea0696e8eb2a2d8083b78e29d8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000300012.pdf: 396786 bytes, checksum: 27cf19ea0696e8eb2a2d8083b78e29d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300012.pdf: 396786 bytes, checksum: 27cf19ea0696e8eb2a2d8083b78e29d8 (MD5) S0103-84782006000300012.pdf.txt: 23335 bytes, checksum: 5804e49fba07e462557074e6592c6533 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300012.pdf: 396786 bytes, checksum: 27cf19ea0696e8eb2a2d8083b78e29d8 (MD5) S0103-84782006000300012.pdf.txt: 23335 bytes, checksum: 5804e49fba07e462557074e6592c6533 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300012.pdf: 396786 bytes, checksum: 27cf19ea0696e8eb2a2d8083b78e29d8 (MD5) S0103-84782006000300012.pdf.txt: 23335 bytes, checksum: 5804e49fba07e462557074e6592c6533 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 A ausência de sementes tem sido uma característica bastante exigida pelos consumidores de uvas de mesa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar marcas moleculares associadas à ausência de sementes, utilizando as técnicas RAPD e fAFLP. Foram utilizadas folhas jovens de 19 cultivares. Na análise RAPD 30, iniciadores possibilitaram amplificação de todas as amostras, produzindo 392 bandas polimórficas. Foi possível encontrar uma marca específica para a ausência de sementes, utilizando o iniciador UBC 443, que poderá futuramente ser utilizado para o desenvolvimento de marcadores SCAR, possibilitando a criação de um teste de identificação rápida e precoce de apirenia em videira. A análise fAFLP proporcionou a visualização de um dendrograma com grupos específicos de cultivares com sementes, sem sementes e porta enxertos. Seedless has been an important characteristic of table grapes required by consumers. The objective was to identify molecular markers associated to seedless, by RAPD and fAFLP techniques with young leaves samples of 19 cultivars. Thirty primers were used for RAPD analysis, producing a total of 337 polymorphic bands. It was also to find a specific mark for seedless, using UBC 443 primer. This mark would be transformed in a scar marker, making possible the early identification of seedless grape possible. The fAFLP analysis provided a visualization of a dendrogram with specific groups, separated in three different cultivars: with seeds, without seeds and the rootstocks. Universidade Federal de Sergipe Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal

Brazilian orchids are currently threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and, because of their high ornamental value, intense collecting pressure. Genetic diversity can play a key role in the survival of endangered orchid species. Here we provide the first data on genetic diversity and structure of wild populations in the genus Cattleya, in particular C. labiata, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. We studied 130 individuals, 117 belonging to Cattleya labiata and 13 from 10 other species in the same genus. Data generated from 12 ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were used to determine genetic variability via a model-based Bayesian procedure (Structure) and molecular variance analysis. In addition, Shannon index, genetic diversity and Jaccard coefficients were also estimated. The marker data indicated that C. labiata has a high level of polymorphism, and five reconstructed populations were identified by Structure. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram did not group the samples by origin, which was also confirmed by Bayesian analysis, demonstrating the complex genetic structure of C. labiata. Other Cattleya species showed no relationship with any C. labiata sample. This genetic characterization of Cattleya from northeast Brazil contributes to knowledge of the genetic structure of the species and can be used to define strategies for conservation and breeding programmes.

Jenipapo (Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae) is a native species not endemic to Brazil and found in several biomes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the emergence and growth of seedlings cultivated in different substrates. Treatments were made of: T1 (fertilized soil), T2 (fertilized soil + coconut fiber), T3 (fertilized soil + sand), T4 (sand + coconut fiber), T5 (bovine manure + coconut fiber), and T6 (bovine manure + sand). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design, with six treatments (substrates) and four replications of 25 seeds. The following variables were evaluated: first emergence count, percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, seedling height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area, root dry matter, and shoot dry matter. The substrates T1 (fertilized soil), T2 (fertilized soil + coconut fiber), T3 (fertilized soil + sand) and T6 (bovine manure + sand) were more efficient for jenipapo seedlings production.

Usually known as jenipapo, Genipa americana L. is a Rubiaceae Brazilian native species. It is an important species in the restoration of Brazilian riparian forests and is one of the most promising fruit trees for sustainable harvesting programs. In this study we provide the first data on the genetic diversity and structure of a Jenipapo Germplasm Bank using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. We evaluated 160 accessions from wild populations, and the data generated from 12 ISSR primers were used to determine genetic variability via a model-based Bayesian procedure (Structure) and molecular variance analysis. In addition, Shannon index, genetic diversity and Jaccard coefficients were estimated. A total of 12 primers were used, which generated 123 polymorphic fragments. Four groups were formed from the analysis of the fragments, and the CR1-2 genotype was isolated, being more divergent than the other genotypes.