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The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of four Polish kinds of honey compared to Manuka honey. Moisture content, water activity as well as color featu...

Agastache rugosa (Fischer & C.A.Meyer) O.Kuntze (Lamiaceae) is an East Asian medicinal and aromatic plant. It is rich in polyphenolic compounds such as rosmarinic, chlorogenic, ferulic acids and apigenin glycosides. in vitro shoot cultures were used to study influence of various factors on polyphenol profile using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS). Large differences in the morphology and polyphenol profile were observed in experiments with various illumination (white fluorescent lamps or white and photosynthetically active radiation LEDs) and supplementation with plant growth regulators and amino acids. Shoots were cultured on the MS basal agar medium with or without plant growth regulators (6-benzylaminopurine - BA, indole-3-acetic acid – IAA), or supplemented with different concentrations of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis precursor - l -phenylalanine or an amino acid mixture (casein hydrolysate). The composition of polyphenols in methanolic extracts was analyzed using UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS. Three phenolic acids: cryptochlorogenic acid, feruloyl-quinic acid, rosmarinic acid, a rosmarinic acid methyl ester and two isomeric ferulic acid glucosides, as well as one flavonoid – an apigenin derivative were detected. Rosmarinic acid (RA) was the most abundant compound found in the analyzed plant material. Supplementation with amino acids resulted in highest content of RA in shoots cultured for 196 days on media containing either low concentration (1 mg/L) of l -phenylalanine or two of the highest - 20, 50 mg/L. The effect of casein hydrolysate supplementation was noticed from the beginning of shoot culture and reached maximum of 23.3 mg/g on 140 day. On the other hand, shoots that were growing under different illumination produced over 20 mg/g dw of RA after 70 days of culture. In conclusion, the production of phenolic compounds in A. rugosa in vitro shoots was influenced by the age of the shoot cultures, illumination regime and amino acids supplementation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Jerusalem artichoke processing methods and drying methods (freeze drying, sublimation drying, vacuum drying) on the basic physicochemical parameters, profiles and contents of sugars and polyphenolic compounds, and health-promoting properties (antioxidant activity, inhibition of the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase) of the produced purée. A total of 25 polyphenolic compounds belonging to hydroxycinnamic phenolic acids (LC-PDA-MS-QTof) were detected in Jerusalem artichoke purée. Their average content in the raw material was at 820 mg/100 g dm (UPLC-PDA-FL) and was 2.7 times higher than in the cooked material. The chemical composition and the health-promoting value of the purées were affected by the drying method, with the most beneficial values of the evaluated parameters obtained upon freeze drying. Vacuum drying could offer an alternative to freeze drying, as both methods ensured relatively comparable values of the assessed parameters.

Twelve carrot varieties with different colours (purple, orange, yellow, and white) and sizes (normal, mini, and micro) were analysed for prospective health benefits (activities against diabetes-, obesity-, and aging- related enzymes—α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, acetylocholinesterase, and butyrylocholinesterase, respectively) and nutritional contents (polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls). The conducted studies showed that the highest content of total polyphenols was observed in different sizes of purple carrots. The normal yellow and mini orange carrots demonstrated the highest content of carotenoids. According to the study results, the mini purple carrot showed the highest activities against diabetes-related enzyme (α-glucosidase), furthermore, the highest activities of cholinesterase inhibitors were observed for micro purple carrot. Nevertheless, normal orange carrot exhibited the highest activity against lipase. The results of the present study showed that purple-coloured carrot samples of different sizes (normal, mini, and micro) exhibited attractive nutritional contents. However, their pro-health effects (anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-aging) should not be seen in the inhibition of amylase, glucosidase, lipase, and cholinesterase. Probably the mechanisms of their action are more complex, and the possible health-promoting effect results from the synergy of many compounds, including fibre, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. Therefore, it would be worth continuing research on different varieties of carrots.

There is a growing interest among the public in fruit with a positive impact on human health. Two goji berry cultivars (‘No. 1’ and ‘New Big’) were propagated in vitro, grown in an orchard and then evaluated for macro- and microelements and harmful heavy metals (i.e., Pb, Ni, and Cd). The leaves and fruit were also assessed for nutritional value, polyphenols and the antimicrobial activity of the leaves. ‘New Big’ was characterized by a higher content of macro elements in the leaves (in vitro and orchard) and a higher content of microelements in the fruit. The harmful substances content was below the minimum value. Furthermore, neither the fruit nor the leaves contained cadmium. This study also indicated that leaves had a higher content of polyphenols compared to the fruit. The fruits were characterized by their health-promoting capacities, while the leaves were characterized by their antibacterial activity. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, the most sensitive strain was Bacillus subtilis, and among the Gram-negative bacteria, it was Proteus vulgaris. Taking into consideration the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for minerals, goji berries can be declared to be a source of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and P.

The aim of this study was to accurately determine the profile of polyphenols using the highly sensitive LC&ndash, DAD&ndash, ESI&ndash, QTOF&ndash, MS/MS technique and to determine in vitro antioxidant activity, the ability of inhibition of &alpha, amylase, &alpha, glucoamylase, and pancreatic lipase activity, and antiproliferative activity in leaves, flowers, roots, and stalks of medical plant Sanguisorba officinalis L. The results of the analysis of the morphological parts indicated the presence of 130 polyphenols, including 62 that were detected in S. officinalis L. for the first time. The prevailing group was tannins, with contents ranging from 66.4% of total polyphenols in the flowers to 43.3% in the stalks. The highest content of polyphenols was identified in the flowers and reached 14,444.97 mg/100 g d.b., while the lowest was noted in the stalks and reached 4606.33 mg/100 g d.b. In turn, the highest values of the antiradical and reducing capacities were determined in the leaves and reached 6.63 and 0.30 mmol TE/g d.b, respectively. In turn, a high ability to inhibit activities of &alpha, amylase and &alpha, glucoamylase was noted in the flowers, while a high ability to inhibit the activity of pancreatic lipase was demonstrated in the leaves of S. officinalis L. In addition, the leaves and the flowers showed the most effective antiproliferative properties in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, bladder cancer, and T-cell leukemia cells, whereas the weakest activity was noted in the stalks. Thus, the best dietetic material to be used when composing functional foods were the leaves and the flowers of S. officinalis L., while the roots and the stalks were equally valuable plant materials.

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are of particular interest for their high content of healthy phytochemicals. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic compounds of extracts from the fruits from Ozark Gold, Starkinson and Kosztela cultivars and additionally leaves from Ozark Gold cv. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometer (LC&ndash, MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The samples were collected during fruit development at 60, 80, 130 and 145 days after full bloom. The concentration of apple phenolics was highest early in the season and decreased during fruit development. The leaf phenolics had a more steady level during all the period of collection than the fruits. Among the five groups of analyzed polyphenols, the procyanidins predominated in apple fruits and dihydrochalcones in leaves. The concentration of polyphenols decreased from 39.15, 5.97 and 33.39 g/kg dw (collected at 60 days after full bloom) to 14.22, 2.05 and 9.31 g/kg dw (collected at 145 days after full bloom) for apples Ozark Gold, Starkinson, Kosztela, respectively. The leaves characterized a much higher content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity than unripe fruits. Antioxidant capacity measured by 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods was higher when the apple was unripe and the leaves were young. The results indicate that, unripe fruits and leaves are very good raw material for polyphenol nutraceutical production with high antioxidant potential.

The article presents the findings of a study investigating the effects of storing Jonagold apples for six weeks in a condition in which the vertical component of the geomagnetic field has been eliminated (near null GMF) and in control conditions representing those applied in traditional storage (i.e., in the local geomagnetic field (local GMF)). Analyses of the fruit were performed before the start of and three times during the experiment (i.e., following four, five and six weeks in storage). The contents of simple sugars were measured using the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method, refractometry was applied to identify total extract, thermogravimetry was used to measure the water content, volatile substances and total ash, calorific value and intensity of respiration were examined by measuring CO2 emissions. Significant differences were found between the apples stored in the experimental and under control conditions, showing an advantage of storage in a condition with the vertical component of the geomagnetic field removed. Statistically significant differences were mainly identified in the speed of starch conversion into simple sugars, as well as the intensity of respiration and the appearance of the two groups of apples. Storage of fruit in a compensated geomagnetic field proved to be an effective method permitting an extended duration of storage without significant deterioration of the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of apples.

The activity of polyphenolic compounds, triterpenoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls and antioxidants in leaves and rhizomes of Fallopia japonica Houtt and Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) grown in Poland was investigated. Leaves and rhizomes were assessed for the presence of bioactive compounds with the ultra-performance liquid chromatography photodiode detector-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS) method, and for antioxidant activity with the on-line UPLC-ABTS screening. Forty-six polyphenolic compounds (15 phenolic acids, 12 flavones and flavonols, 11 flavan-3-ols and 8 stilbenes), were identified in Fallopia japonica and Fallopia sachalinensis. Furthermore, accurate mass measurement technique was for the first time in Fallopia japonica Houtt and Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) in leaves and rhizomes it identified 25 new compounds belonging to carotenoids (9), chlorophylls (13) and triterpenoids (3) as well as rated the antioxidant properties of each polyphenolic compound. Major qualitative differences were found in the profiles. The leaves and rhizomes were found to be a good source not only of (average 20408.18 and 2716.42 mg/100 g dm), but also chlorophylls (average 179.97 and 43.82 mg/100 g dm), carotenoids (average 100.23 and 53.25 mg/100 g dm) and triterpenoids (average 580.87 and 434.05 mg/100 g dm). The content of bioactive compounds in Fallopia japonica Houtt was around 8.0, 4.0, 2.0 and 1.3 times higher than the content of polyphenols, chlorophylls, carotenoids and triterpenoids in Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt). The accurate identification of Fallopia bioactive compounds is an indispensable detailed knowledge of the profile and step toward better understanding of the medicinal properties of the species and also potentially more extensive use of the plant.

The aim of the study was to determine changes incurred in lipid model membranes by polyphenol compounds from blueberry fruit of the genus Vaccinium that includes low, high and black blueberry. In particular, the effect of extracts on the packing order in the lipid hydrophilic phase, the fluidity of the hydrophobic phase, as well as the temperature of the phase transition in phospholipids was studied. Model membranes were formed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and egg phosphatidylcholine. The interaction of extracts with lipids was studied using the differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and fluorimetry using Laurdan, Prodan and DPH probes. All experimental results indicate that the biggest changes are in the hydrophilic part of the lipid bilayer. The polyphenol compounds had practically no influence on fluidity in the hydrophobic region of the membranes. No changes in the temperature of the main phase transition of DPPC were observed and only a small change in the temperature of pretransition for high concentration of compounds. Results obtained with the ATR-FTIR method did not reveal any changes in the alkyl chain region of bilayer; however, a small shift of bands was observed for phosphate and choline groups—the broadest effect appeared for the wild bilberry. The findings indicate that polyphenolic compounds contained in extracts of blueberries interact with the membrane surface and therefore can protect it.

The leaves of mini kiwi (Actinidia arguta) are a rich source of phenolic compounds, in particular the B-type procyanidins that exhibit e.g. antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to determine the biological activity of the extract from leaves of kiwi in relation to cells of erythrocytes and lymphoma. This activity was determined by studying kiwi leaves extract anti-hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, and its ability to change the physical properties of the cell membrane and inhibit multidrug resistance of mouse lymphoma cells. It was shown that the extract ingredients bound to the cells, caused changes in erythrocyte shape and slightly affected the granularity and size of lymphoma cells. They effectively protected the red blood cells from oxidative damage, but were not toxic to lymphoma cells and did not affect their multidrug resistance. The extract of kiwi leaves is an effective antioxidant but it does not exhibit cytotoxic activity. Therefore, it can be used in the prevention of diseases, especially those related to oxidative stress.

Triterpenoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and antioxidant capacity of individual parts of wild garlic at different times of harvesting were studied. Leaves, flowers, bulbs, and stems of Allium ursinum were used in this study. The contents of triterpenoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls were determined by UPLC–PDA-Q/TOF-MS, and the antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS and FRAP assay. A total of 21 compounds including 3 triterpenoids, 11 carotenoids, and 7 chlorophylls were identified in anatomical parts of A. ursinum in March and June 2016. These compounds present in individual anatomical parts of wild garlic were determination in this study for the first time ever. The average content of total triterpenoids ranged from 750.7 to 4159.5 mg/kg dry matter (dm) and that of carotenoids and chlorophylls ranged from 14.4 to 14,424.5 mg/kg dm for bulbs and leaves. The average level of the antioxidant capacity ranged from 37.1 to 91.7 µmol Trolox/g dm in bulbs and leaves, respectively. The leaves, flowers, and stems of wild garlic are a good source of health-promoting compounds. They can be used as functional food ingredients, dietary supplements, and additives.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the different methods of preparation of the blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. Kamtschatica) cv. 'Wojtek' and their influence on the iridoid content of fruit juices and fresh and freeze-dried pomaces. Compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Five iridoids - loganic acid, 7-epi-loganic acid 7-O-pentoside, loganin, sweroside, and secologanin - were determined in blue honeysuckle fruits and products. The results revealed no differences in iridoid content between the fresh pomace from skin and flesh, or between the juice from skin and flesh. A higher content of iridoids was obtained in juice from crushed than from whole berries, and in freeze-dried pomace from whole than from crushed berries. Freeze-dried pomace from blue honeysuckle can be an excellent source of bioactive iridoids.

Bioactive compounds in fruits of four Saskatoon berry genotypes grown in a trial in central Poland are presented in this paper. Two Polish breeding clones (no. 5/6 and type S) and two Canadian cultivars - 'Martin' and 'Smoky' - were used in studies conducted in 2015-2016. Fourty-eight bioactive compounds were identified in Saskatoon berry genotypes, including twenty-nine polyphenolic compounds (4 anthocyanins, 9 phenolic acids, 9 flavonols, 7 flavan-3-ols), 3 triterpenoids, 7 carotenoids, 5 chlorophylls and 4 tocopherols. The results of the analysis showed that the fruits of clone no. 5/6 had significantly lower contents of pro-healthy compounds and antioxidant activity in comparison to the other three tested genotypes. These genotypes, which may offer new functional material, can be recommended for fruit growers to increase their income. Their fruits can be used for the food processing industry and for the production of health beneficial products.

Cranberries can be a component of a healthy diet, because they are a great source of health‐promoting compounds and nutrients. The aims of this study were to evaluated phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in 6 cultivars of cranberry fruit grown in Poland. The content of polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and triterpenoids were determined with the use of UPLC‐PDA‐MS/MS, although antioxidant activity was examined with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The cvs. “Franklin,” “Howes,” and “Stevens” were characterized by the highest concentration of total polyphenols (4219, 3995, and 3584 mg/100 g dm), triterpenoids (3582, 3671, and 3451 mg/kg dm), carotenoids (9.75, 8.52, and 7.94 mg/kg dm), and antioxidant activity (ABTS: 226, 264, 246; FRAP: 102, 139, 124; DPPH: 235, 320, 284 μmolTE/g dm), making these 3 cultivars especially recommendable for consumption. Furthermore, a positive correlation between content of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity was found. The manuscript “Phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity in different cultivars of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponL)” represents cultivars commonly grown in Poland that maybe beneficial offer the food industry, to develop attractive foods with a high content of biologically active substances.

In order to analyze and compare the anthocyanin characteristic of red wine grapes with diverse genetic backgrounds, skin anthocyanins among 21 different cultivars belonging to Vitis vinifera L., and hybrids were evaluated. A total number of 24 anthocyanins were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Total contents of anthocyanins varied significantly among the different grape groups. The large variability in the anthocyanins compositions were obvious between V. vinifera and non-V. vinifera grapes and also between the grapes originating from Europe and North America were observed. According to clustering and principal component analysis, tested grape cultivars were divided into four groups with similarity to their anthocyanins content and compositions.

In this study, UV-C light was tested as an alternative method to inactivate microorganisms in the must of ‘Regent’ red grape cultivar. The control sample containing the microorganism diluted in a physiological NaCl solution was prepared to take into consideration different conditions of liquids, such as turbidity and colour. Additionally, the changes in the composition of polyphenol compounds in the ‘Regent’ must after UV-C exposure were evaluated. The viability of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacteria (Oenococcus oeni) significantly decreased with time; however, the highest decline was noted after the first hour of exposure. The polyphenol compound content was significantly lower after UV-C treatment and this was mainly the result of anthocyanin decomposition. The total content of flavan-3-ols and hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives increased after irradiation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus on the content of phenolic compounds (UPLC-PDA-FL), antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP), colour (CIEL*a*b*) and sensory attributes of chokeberry wine. The pH, content of sugar, polyphenols, total acidity, colour, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in chokeberry must, wine after fermentation, and wine after 10 months of storage at 4 and 25 °C. High contents of polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained in chokeberry wine after storage at 4 °C. The colour and sensory attributes of these wines were intensively red, attractive and accepted by the consumer. The temperature during storage significantly influenced increase in the quality of the products. However, the different types of yeasts used to ferment chokeberry wine did not significantly affect the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity or colour of chokeberry wine.

The aim of the study was to analyse potential health-promoting components of Actinidia species fruits, especially those of A. arguta. Polyphenols were identified by LC-PDA-QTof/MS and quantified by UPLC-PDA-FL. Moreover, sugar and acid profile, antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+, FRAP) and in vitro antidiabetic potential (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase) were evaluated. Phytochemical profiling of Actinidia fruits revealed a wide range of bioactive phenolics and basic chemical properties were significantly cultivar and species dependent. A total of 24 polyphenolic compounds were identified, and they content ranged from 2443.30 (‘Jumbo’) to 6679.18 (‘Ananasnaja’) mg/100 g of dry weight (dw). ‘Ananasnaja’ and ‘Issai’ cvs. presented high ABTS•+ and FRAP capacity, respectively. Inhibition of antidiabetic enzymes was significant in the fruits of ‘Genewa, ‘Weiki, and ‘Issai’. Additionally, the fruits of all Actinidia species were found to be rich in vitamin C (76.09–282.56 mg/100 g), pectins (2.17–3.30%), ash (0.62–0.94%), and organic acids (16.32–22.14 g/100 g).

The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the content of iridoids and phenolic compounds in the leaves and roots of Dipsacus fullonum L. They were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Five iridoid compounds (loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, cantleyoside, and sylvestroside III) were identified in Dipsacus fullonum L. leaves and roots. Seven phenolic acids and three flavones were identified in the leaves, and seven phenolic acids were detected in the roots. The leaves contained more iridoids and phenolic compounds than the roots. We also evaluated the antimicrobial (anti-bacterial and anti-yeast), antioxidant (ORAC methods), and antiacetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of Dipsacus fullonum L. leaves and roots. Leaf extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, but roots showed stronger antiacetylcholinesterase activity than leaves. The study also confirmed antibacterial activity of root-derived compounds against Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799 and Escherichia coli ATCC 10536.

The yeast strain and storage time is an important factor affecting the development of phytochemicals and sensory attributes in ciders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of yeast strains (Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), &beta, cyclodextrin (BCD), and storage time on physicochemical parameters, contents of phenolic compounds (ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC&ndash, PDA&ndash, QToF-MS/MS)), antioxidative activity (free radical-scavenging ability (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidative power (FRAP) assay), and sensory attributes of new cider from the &ldquo, Bella Marii&rdquo, cultivar of red apple. The pH value, acidity, concentrations of alcohol, organic acids, and polyphenols, and the color and antioxidative properties were evaluated in red apple ciders immediately after fermentation and after three months of storage at 4 &deg, C. S. cerevisiae SIHAFERM Finesse Red with BCD and SIHAFERM Finesse Red yeast strain especially contributed to obtaining ciders with a high content of the tested compounds. The use of BCD during fermentation significantly influenced the protection of bioactive compounds, by as much as 18%. Storage time had an impact on concentrations of the tested components (mainly on the total flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids). Based on the achieved values of parameters analyzed in red apple ciders and results of the consumer acceptance test, it may be concluded that red apple offers vast potential for the production of ciders with a high content of polyphenolic compounds.

The aim of this study was to determine the content of triterpenoids and polyphenols, and antioxidative activity in leaves, stalks, and roots of plants from the species Fallopia as well as to present the main relationship between them. Polyphenolic compounds and triterpenoids were identified with liquid chromatography-photodiode detector-mass spectrometry/quadrupole time of flight (LC-MS-Q/TOF, qualitatively) and quantified with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode detector (UPLC-PDA (quantitatively), and their antioxidative activity was determined with radical scavenging capacity (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Generally, the wild Fallopia japonica Houtt. species had 1.2 times higher content of bioactive compounds and antioxidative activity than Fallopia sachalinensis. Contents of polyphenolic compounds determined in leaves, stalks, and roots were on average 17.81, 10.60, and 9.02 g/100 g of dry weight (DW), whereas the average contents of triterpenoids reached 0.78, 0.70, and 0.50 g/100 g DW, respectively. The leaves were a better source of polymeric procyanidins, phenolic acids, flavones, and flavonols, as well as oleanolic and ursolic acids than the other morphological parts of the tested plants. However, the roots were an excellent source of flavan-3-ols (monomeric and oligomer) and stilbenes, such as resveratrol, and their derivatives. The results obtained showed significant differences between plants of the wild Fallopia species and their morphological parts, and enabled selecting the most valuable morphological part of the tested plants to be used for food enrichment and nutraceuticals production. Therefore, the leaves seem to be the best as potential food additives for health, due to the above-average content of polyphenolic compounds and triterpenoids. In turn, roots, with their high contents of stilbenes and polyphenolic compounds, represent a good material for the medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The principal component analysis of the plants of wild Fallopia species and their morphological parts confirmed significant differences in their chemical composition.

Blackcurrant leaf midge (Dasineura tetensi) is one of the most common pests of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves damaged by the larvae of this pest. Additionally, susceptibility of different blackcurrant cultivars to the midge attack was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of control and pest-infested blackcurrant leaves were performed using LC-PDA-QTOF/MS and UPLC-PDA-FL systems. A total of 39 types of phenolic compounds were identified in blackcurrant leaf extracts and they included 3 flavan-3-ols, 14 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and 22 flavonols. Feeding of blackcurrant leaf midge on blackcurrant leaves lowered the content of leaf polyphenolic compounds. The greatest differences in polyphenolics between control and infected leaves were observed in 'Ruben', 'Fariegh', 'Foxendown', 'Ores', 'Ben Hope', 'Ben Connan' and 'Tisel' cultivars that were probably highly susceptible to the pest attack. In the other cultivars: 'Ben Finlay', 'Polares', 'Tiben', and 'Gofert' the differences in phenolics content were less pronounced, so they were probably less susceptible to D. tetensi attack. Plant polyphenolic compounds was strongly involved in pathogen-plant interaction, and their accumulation significantly decreased as a result of the pathogen attack.

The aim of the study was to evaluate different methods used for the preparation of powders from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica) cv. ‘Wojtek’, and the effects of these methods on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lyophilized powders and pomace. The analyzed samples were evaluated for their basic chemical composition dry weight, pH, total acidity, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS). Polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Thirty eight polyphenolic compounds, including eight phenolic acids, eight anthocyanins, five flavan-3-ols, twelve flavonols and five flavones were identified in blue honeysuckle products. The highest content of bioactive compounds was detected in juice pressed from peels, as compared with fresh berries and other products. The study showed that peel-based pomace of blue honeysuckle is a better material for the production of dried product rich in bioactive compounds than the pomace obtained from whole berries.

Spent hop extract (SHE) is hypothesized to possess multifaceted anticoagulant effect and to reduce platelet reactivity in a direct manner and to improve the antiplatelet action of endothelium. The results demonstrated that SHE, rich in flavanols (50% of total phenolic compounds), hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidin oligomers, flavan-3-ol monomers, and flavonol glycosides, inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation up to 11% for 7.5 µg/ml or up to 23% for 15 µg/ml, P 0.05. Additionally, SHE ameliorated anticoagulant activity of human endothelial cells to significantly reduce platelet reactivity. This effect could be related to the increased expression/activity of the ecto-ADPase (CD39). ADP-induced platelet reactivity was reduced in the case of platelets incubated with the extract-treated endothelial cells compared to the untreated cells. Diabetic rats fed with SHE demonstrated longer survival time than the group treated with placebo. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for a potential beneficial role of SHE in the regulation of platelet and endothelial function.

The accurate profiling of Agastache rugosa phenolic compounds is an indispensable step toward better understanding of the medicinal properties of the species. The applied method based on coupling fast centrifugal partition chromatography and UPLC–qTOF–MS is an alternative and rapid method for the separation and preliminary purification of compounds included in crude extract and can facilitate the detection of minor compounds. Samples were prepared by the extraction of leaves and inflorescences with methanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Polyphenolic compounds were separated using fast centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC) and analyzed by UPLC–qTOF–MS. Rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and tilianin content were determined in aerial parts during the growth season and in plants of different age. The developed analytical method used in our experiments improved the identification of phenolic compounds and led to the detection of compounds that had not been found in A. rugosa previously.

The aim of the study was the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the bioactive components present in the leaves of 9 sweet potato cultivars grown in the moderate climate in Poland, which were harvested at different growth stages according to the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale (14, 51, 89). It was found that sweet potato leaves contained 7 polyphenolic compounds, including 5 chlorogenic acids—neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), 4-cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), 34-di-O-caffeoylqunic acid (3,4-CQA), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylqunic acid (3,5-CQA)—and 2 flavonoids, quercetin-3-O-galactoside (Q-3-GA) and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q-3-GL). Their content depended on the genotype of the examined cultivars and on the stage of leaf development. The mean content of the identified polyphenolic compounds in the examined cultivars ranged from 148.2 to 14.038.6 mg/100 g−1 DM for the leaves harvested at growth stage 14 according to the BBCH scale. In the case of leaves harvested at BBCH stage 51, the concentration of polyphenolic compounds ranged from 144.76 to 5026.8 mg/100 g−1 DM and at BBCH stage 89 from 4078.1 to 11.183.5 mg/100 g−1 DM. The leaves of the Carmen Rubin cultivar collected at stage 14 contained the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds, while Okinava leaves had the highest amount of these compounds at stage 51. The highest content of polyphenolic compounds in leaves at BBCH growth stage 89 was found in the Radiosa variety. The highest concentration levels were found for 3-CQA at all stages of leaf development. Significant correlations between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity measured by 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were found. The results of this experiment revealed that the growth stages and genetic properties of cultivars have a very significant influence on the content of phenolic acids and flavonols in sweet potato leaves. The results are innovative and can have a practical application, as the knowledge of the content of the substances under study makes it possible to determine the optimal management practice of sweet potato leaf harvest in order to obtain more top-quality raw material.

Because humans commonly consume chokeberry, especially as a nutritional supplement, it must be checked to determine whether its excessive ingestion can cause adverse effects, in particular, in the case of simultaneous exposure to some xenobiotics. From this point of view, we examined the impact of long-term cotreatment of rats with chokeberry juice and hepatic carcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) on oxidative damages and neoplastic lesions in the liver of rats. Daily exposure to chokeberry juice in a concentration of 10 g/kg feed via diet for 13 wk led to an intensified hepatotoxic effect of NDEA (0.01% in drinking water for 13 wk), as evidenced by changes in histopathological architecture of liver tissue, increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and DNA degradation. Moreover, we noticed an increase in relative liver weight and a decrease in body weight in this group in comparison to NDEA-alone treated animals. Chokeberry juice applied alone did not cause any adverse effects in rats. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that high doses and longterm administration of chokeberry juice may enhance tumor-promoting action of some chemical carcinogens.

The aim of this study was to identify and compare phenolic acids and derivatives, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, hydrochalcones and anthocyanins in different anatomical pear parts. Fruits and leaves of ‘Radana’ pear ( Pyrus communis L.) were used in this study. Seventy-two phenolic compounds were determined in the examined samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography photodiode detector-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS) method, and 27 phenolic acids and their derivatives, 19 flavan-3-ols, seven flavonols and one flavone were characterized for the first time in pear. Major qualitative differences were found in the phenolic profiles. The highest diversity of phenolics was found in leaves and seeds, while in the pulp the lowest number of phenolic compounds was identified.

European pear rust induced by the fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks) G. causes yellow to bright orange leaf spots on leaves of pear trees. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds found in pear leaf extracts. Identified were: ten hydroxycinnamates, eight flavonols, nine flavan-3-ols and three arbutin derivatives. Polymeric procyanidins were additionally determined by UPLC-FL. The total content of phenolics in the control healthy green leaf extract was 11,889.98 mg but in the infected leaves it reached 28,573.89 mg in the samples with yellow spots and 11,480.06 mg/100 g dry matter (dm) in the green part of leaves. The yellow spots in pear rust leaves were characterized by increased content of flavanol (catechins and procyanidins) and arbutin compounds compared with the green part of the infected leaves and control healthy leaves.

In this paper, we report the effect of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) root (SR) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) husk and stalk (BH and BS) extracts on lipid organization and fluidity of model membranes, examined by monitoring of the thermotropic phase transition of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Despite the very high biological activity of these extracts, such a study has not been undertaken previously. Calorimetric results on the thermotropic parameters of DMPC membranes suggest that BH and BS extracts modify them to a greater extent than SR. Fluorescence and ATR-FTIR results confirm that the compounds contained in the SR extract concentrate in the hydrophilic area of the DMPC bilayer, causing an increase in the order of the polar heads of the lipid, and they do not penetrate the hydrophobic area. Compounds contained in the BS and BH extracts also concentrate in the hydrophilic area of the bilayer; however, they partially affect the hydrophobic–hydrophilic interface of the bilayer as well as the upper part of the acyl chain region.

Iridoid and polyphenol profiles of 30 different honeysuckle berry cultivars and genotypes were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion modes and quantified by HPLC-PDA. The 50 identified compounds included 15 iridoids, 6 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 2 flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), 5 flavones, 6 flavan-3-ols, and 7 phenolic acids. 8-epi-Loganic acid, pentosyl-loganic acid, taxifolin 7-O-dihexoside, and taxifolin 7-O-hexoside were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time. Iridoids and anthocyanins were the major groups of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle constituents. The total content of quantified iridoids and anthocyanins was between 128.42 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (‘Dlinnoplodnaya’) and 372 mg/100 g fw (‘Kuvshinovidnaya’) and between 150.04 mg/100 g fw (‘Karina’) and 653.95 mg/100 g fw (‘Amur’), respectively. Among iridoids, loganic acid was the dominant compound, and it represented between 22% and 73% of the total amount of quantified iridoids in honeysuckle berry. A very strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and the quantity of anthocyanins. High content of iridoids in honeysuckle berries can complement antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds.

Rhubarb (Rheum spp.) is a plant characterized by very high antioxidant properties. It is very rich in many compounds that have a pro-health effect on the human body. Polyphenols are natural plant substances that can be a very important component in the prevention of various diseases. Therefore, the use of rhubarb as an interesting plant material in various industries has recently increased. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the harvest date and rhubarb variety on the content of polyphenolic compounds. The quantitative determination of polyphenols was performed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rhubarb stalks of two Polish varieties Viktoria and Red Malinowy were used in the study. It was found that rhubarb is a source of flavan-3-ols (86.57–195.98 mg/100 gdm), flavonols (49.79–73.49 mg/100 gdm), anthocyanins (4.33–96.20 mg/100 gdm), and gallotannin (6.32–13.56 mg/100 gdm). Red Malinowy rhubarb from spring harvest was characterized by the highest and VA rhubarb was characterized by the lowest total antioxidant activity. It should be emphasized that the content of individual compounds depended on the variety and the date of harvest of rhubarb. Furthermore, the study revealed a high correlation between the polyphenol content and the total antioxidant capacity.

The effects of storage duration and apple treatment by 1-MCP on yield, turbidity, cloud stability, composition of phenolics and antioxidant activity were studied to evaluate the potential applicability of long-term stored apples in cloudy juice production. Main emphasis was given to the high molecular weight of procyanidins especially nonextractable polyphenols bonded to insoluble fiber fractions. Juices were obtained from ‘Idared’, ‘Shampion’ and ‘Topaz’ apples cultivars after harvest (not stored), and after 2, 4, and 6 months of storage at 2 °C under normal atmosphere (NA). Juice yield in juices obtained from non-stored apples was between 69 and 76 g/100 g and successively during storage time decreased. The turbidity of obtained cloudy juices was from 540 to 2860 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Total phenolic compounds content in apple juices produced from non-stored fruits was 794.5 mg/L in ‘Idared’, 882.2 mg/L in ‘Shampion’ and 683.0 mg/L in ‘Topaz’. Total polyphenols in 'Idared' and 'Shampion' decreased after 6 months of storage. In ‘Topaz’ total polyphenolic content increased after storage. The content of procyanidins in insoluble fraction of juices obtained from non-stored apples was lower in comparison to juices after storage and was higher in juices obtained from apples treated with 1-MCP.

Normally, plant phenolics are secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens. Therefore, in this study we attempted to quantify and characterize phenolic compounds in leaves of white and red horse chestnut with leaf miner larvae before and after Cameraria ohridella attack. A total of 17 phenolic compounds belonging to the hydroxycinnamic acid, flavan-3-ols and flavonol groups were identified and quantified in white and red horse chestnut leaf extracts. Significantly decreased concentrations of some phenolic compounds, especially of flavan-3-ols, were observed in infected leaves compared to the non-infected ones. Additionally, a higher content of polyphenolic compounds especially (−)-epicatechin and procyanidins in leaves of red-flowering than in white-flowering horse chestnut may explain their greater resistance to C. ohridella insects.

The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of blue honeysuckle fruit and leaf extracts components on the physical properties of erythrocyte and lipid membranes and assess their antioxidant properties. The HPLC analysis showed that the extracts are rich in polyphenol anthocyanins in fruits and flavonoids in leaves. The results indicate that both extracts have antioxidant activity and protect the red blood cell membrane against oxidation induced by UVC irradiation and AAPH. The extracts do not induce hemolysis and slightly increase osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. The research showed that extracts components are incorporated mainly in the external part of the erythrocyte membrane, inducing the formation of echinocytes. The values of generalized polarization and fluorescence anisotropy indicate that the extracts polyphenols alter the packing arrangement of the hydrophilic part of the erythrocyte and lipid membranes, without changing the fluidity of the hydrophobic part. The DSC results also show that the extract components do not change the main phase transition temperature of DPPC membrane. Studies of electric parameters of membranes modified by the extracts showed that they slightly stabilize lipid membranes and do not reduce their specific resistance or capacity. Examination of IR spectra indicates small changes in the degree of hydration in the hydrophilic region of liposomes under the action of the extracts. The location of polyphenolic compounds in the hydrophilic part of the membrane seems to constitute a protective shield of the cell against other substances, the reactive forms of oxygen in particular.

Cherry leaf spot, caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapi (Rehm) var. Arx. (syn. Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins), is one of the most serious fungal diseases of sour cherries. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds found in cherry leaf extracts were identified and presented: fourteen hydroxycinnamates, fifteen flavonols, five flavan-3-ols and one flavon derivative. The total of phenolics in green leaf extract was 8737.13 mg but in yellow leaves was 10058.00 mg/100 g dry matter (dm). The yellow leaves of spotted sour cherry was characterized by the largest content of flavonol and hydroxycinnamate compounds than green leaves.

There is a growing interest in the fruits called 'superfoods' (functional foods). These fruits are characterized by a high content of bioactive substances and high taste qualities. Four cultivars of Cornelian cherry were planted on rootstock or on own-root. The Cornus amomum seedlings used as a rootstock significantly reduced the size of the cornelian cherry trees. The rootstock should not negatively affect the quality of the fruit, and even it would be advisable to increase their consumer value. Had to varying degrees an impact on the content of macro and micronutrients in the leaves and fruit and their mass. The fruit weight was in the range of 156 g (‘Schonbrunner’) – 477 g (‘Jolico’), and firmness 129 Gmm−1 (‘Jolico’), 211 Gmm−1 (‘Shumen’). The fruits were yellow ('Yellow') to dark red ('Jolico'). Cornelian cherry 'Jolico' from rootstock were characterized by higher inhibition of antidiabetic enzymes (α-amylase IC50 4.17, α-glucosidase IC50 13.25) and free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH 40.9 μmol g-1, ABTS+ 48.7 μmol g-1). However, the fruits of ‘Jolico’ from rootstock showed a significantly increased content of anthocyanin (871.46 mg100 g−1). 'Jolico' in rootstock was characterized by a much higher content of polyphenolic compounds (1750.6 mg100 g−1) and total anthocyanin (871.46 mg100 g-1) compared to the other tested Cornelian cherry cultivars. Rootstock did not have an influence on the creation of total flavanols, total polyphenols, and total hydroxycinnamic acid compounds in comparison to own-rot plants.

Phytochemical profiles of four different honeysuckle varieties and four genotypes were studied. Polyphenols were identified by LC-PDA-QTOF/MS and quantified by UPLC-PDA and UPLC-FL. A total of 21 polyphenolic compounds found in the investigated fruit tissues were identified and presented as 6 anthocyanins, 6 flavan-3-ols, 4 phenolic acids, 3 flavanols, and 2 flavones. Among the identified compounds polymeric procyanidins and one luteolin derivative were quantified for the first time. Anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols were the major classes of honeysuckle polyphenols. The content of total polyphenols was between 775 mg (genotype 'Klon 38') and 2005 mg/100 g dry matter (cultivar 'Duet'). The content of ascorbic acid ranged from 3.19 to 32.12 mg/100 g fresh matter for genotypes 'Klon C' and 'Klon 44', respectively. The content of polyphenolic compounds was highly correlated with the antioxidant activity. Some honeysuckle genotypes may be deemed interesting as applicable in human nutrition.

Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha L.), a plant used in traditional medicine, is a rich source of procyanidins which have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activity. In this study, we assessed the effect of hawthorn bark extract (HBE) on Nrf2 pathway activation in THLE-2 and HepG2 cells. Treatment with 1.1 µg/mL, 5.5 µg/mL and 11 µg/mL of HBE resulted in the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus in both cell lines; however, the accumulation of phosphorylated Nrf2 was observed only in THLE-2. Accordingly, treatment of cells with HBE was associated with an increase in the mRNA and protein level of such Nrf2-dependent genes as glutathione S-transferases (GSTA, GSTP, GSTM, GSTT), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (0.2–1.1-fold change, p

The aim of the study was to identify and determine the percent content of polyphenols in extracts from leaves and hawthorn bark, to examine the effect of the extracts on the properties of the biological membrane as well as to determine their antioxidant activity toward membrane lipids. In particular, a biophysical investigation was conducted on the effect of hawthorn extracts on the osmotic resistance and morphology of erythrocyte cells and on the packing of the heads of membrane lipids. Analysis of the polyphenol content of extracts used the HPLC method. Analysis of the polyphenol composition has shown a dominant share of procyanidins and epicatechin in both extracts. The research showed that the polyphenolic compounds contained in hawthorn extracts are incorporated mainly into the hydrophilic part of the erythrocyte membrane, inducing echinocyte shapes. They also diminish the packing order of the lipid polar heads of the membrane, as evidenced by the lowered generalized polarization values of Laurdan. The substances used induced increased osmotic pressure of erythrocytes, making them less sensitive to changes in osmotic pressure. The presence of the extract compounds in the outer hydrophilic part of the erythrocyte membrane, evidenced by examination of the shapes and packing in the hydrophilic part of membrane, indicates that the substances constitute a kind of barrier that protects the erythrocyte membrane against free radicals, while the membrane-bound extracts do not disturb the membrane structure and, thus, do not cause any side effects.

Leaf removal is known to enhance light exposure of clusters and therefore may affect grape composition. Owing to the risk of decreasing grape quality or sunburn as a consequence of improper sun exposure, it is crucial to determine the optimum leaf removal techniques adequate for the particular climate conditions of a vineyard area. Defoliation experiments on vine cv. Regent were conducted in two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). The effect of leaf removal treatment on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the polyphenol compounds in the grapes, with reference to the basic weather conditions of the vineyard area, located in Szczecin in the North-Western part of Poland, was assessed. Defoliation was performed manually in the cluster zone at three phenological plant stages: pre-flowering, berry-set and véraison. Leaf removal, especially early defoliation (pre-flowering), enhanced total polyphenol content, including the amount of anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols and furthermore, it increased the amount of soluble solids, decreasing the titratable acidity in grapes. On the other hand, the treatments had a reducing impact on the phenolic acids in berries. Defoliation at earlier stages of cluster development appears to be an efficient strategy for improving berry quality in cool climate areas, however, additionally further weather data control is required to determine the effects on berry components.

This paper reports the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of low molecular weight phenolics from five berry leaf extract using HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI/MS. The identification of the black currant, raspberry, bilberry, honeysuckle, and strawberry leaf phytochemicals was based on the comparison of UV-vis absorption maxima (λ(max)) and mass spectral analysis. The peak identification in samples was also based on comparisons of the retention times (t(R)) of the isolated phytochemical standards. Knowledge of the precise phenolic profile of berry leaves may offer a scientific basis to put the underutilized berry leaves to good use as very cheap raw materials for polyphenol extract production. These studies indicated that these leaves can be used as a good and cheap source of bioactive constituents. These results suggest that berry leaves are a potential source of phenolics and have potential pro-healthy properties to contribute to human health.

Chokeberry is a rich source of polyphenols, which may counteract the action of chemical carcinogens. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chokeberry juice alone or in combination with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) on phase I and phase II enzymes and DNA damage in rat liver. The forced feeding with chokeberry juice alone decreased the activities of enzymatic markers of cytochrome P450, CYP1A1 and 1A2. NDEA treatment also decreased the activity of CYP2E1 but enhanced the activity of CYP2B. Pretreatment with chokeberry juice further reduced the activity of these enzymes. Modulation of P450 enzyme activities was accompanied by the changes in the relevant proteins levels. Phase II enzymes were increased in all groups of animals tested. Chokeberry juice augmented DNA damage and aggravated the effect of NDEA. These results indicate that chokeberry may protect against liver damage; however, in combination with chemical carcinogens it might enhance their effect.

The polyphenolic components of Idared and Shampion apple purees were determined by HPLC; chlorogenic acid was the most abundant acid (20.0 mg/100 g in microwaved Idared); other polyphenols identified in high concentrations included (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2; quercetin and cyanidin glycosides were found in minor concentrations. The Shampion purees had higher total phenolics (142 mg/100 g) and procyanidin B2 concentrations (17.3 mg/100 g) than the Idared ones, and polymeric procyanidins represented 41% of all polyphenols. Antioxidant capacities of the samples, determined by spectrophotometric methods and EPR spectroscopy, correlated well with the concentration of polyphenols. The antioxidant properties could be better represented by EPR than by UV–vis measurements. The latter require transparent (clear) samples whereas EPR can be a method of choice in the assessment of radical-scavenging activity of dense and cloudy apple purees. Our results support the putative high antioxidant value of apple purees and define their capacity in terms of the major constituents. Apple purees are a rich source of natural antioxidants, especially of chlorogenic acid and procyanidins.

Summary The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of rhubarb juice addition and peeling in apple puree production and storage on its phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and colour. The apple material used in this study was of two varieties: Sampion and Idared. The apple purees prepared in three variants (control purees, peeling purees and purees with 5% of rhubarb juice) were stored for 3 and 6 months at 30 °C. Apple purees were investigated for their antioxidant activity, change of colour and contents of phenolic compounds plus the polymer procyanidins and degree of polymerization (DP). The preparation of purees from apples without peeling and the addition of rhubarb juice during puree preparation had significant influence on polyphenol content. The puree prepared from peeled apples of Idared variety had phenolic content 2.2 times lower than the control sample (non-peeled apples). The highest level of total polyphenols was found in Idared + rhubarb sample (129.82 mg 100 g−1 puree). The content of this compound in Idared control sample was more than 2.8 times lower than in Idared purees with rhubarb. The use of non-peeled Idared apples and 5% of rhubarb juice in puree preparation significantly increased polymeric procyanidins from 11.68 to 75.20 mg 100 g−1 and other phenolics from 9.23 to 54.62 mg/100 g. This effect for Sampion apples was smaller. The procyanidins during purees storage were more stable in samples with rhubarb juice addition. The puree samples with the addition of rhubarb juice had higher antioxidant activity measured using ABTS (2,2′azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) than puree samples without the addition (two times higher for Idared variety) of rhubarb juice. After 3 and 6 months of storage at temperature 30 °C, the antioxidant capacity decreased in all purees. Rhubarb juice had only high and positive effect on L* value in the case of Idared variety. The results showed that all Sampion apple purees had higher L* values than Idared.

The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro antileukaemic activities of extracts obtained from chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx] Elliot) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves against promyelocytic HL60 cell line and its multidrug resistant sublines exhibiting two different MDR phenotypes: HL60/VINC (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) and HL60/DOX (overexpressing MRP1 protein). It was found that the extracts from chokeberry and mulberry leaves were active against the sensitive leukaemic cell line HL60 and retained the in vitro activity against multidrug resistant sublines (HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX). The values of resistance factor (RF) found for these extracts were very low lying in the range 1.2–1.6. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.