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Summary Background The WHO End TB Strategy requires drug susceptibility testing and treatment of all people with tuberculosis, but second-line diagnostic testing with line-probe assays needs to be done in experienced laboratories with advanced infrastructure. Fewer than half of people with drug-resistant tuberculosis receive appropriate treatment. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the rapid Xpert MTB/XDR automated molecular assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) to overcome these limitations. Methods We did a prospective study involving individuals presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms and at least one risk factor for drug resistance in four sites in India (New Delhi and Mumbai), Moldova, and South Africa between July 31, 2019, and March 21, 2020. The Xpert MTB/XDR assay was used as a reflex test to detect resistance to isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin in adults with positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex on Xpert MTB/RIF or Ultra (Cepheid). Diagnostic performance was assessed against a composite reference standard of phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT03728725 . Findings Of 710 participants, 611 (86%) had results from both Xpert MTB/XDR and the reference standard for any drug and were included in analysis. Sensitivity for Xpert MTB/XDR detection of resistance was 94% (460 of 488, 95% CI 92–96) for isoniazid, 94% (222 of 235, 90–96%) for fluoroquinolones, 54% (178 of 328, 50–61) for ethionamide, 73% (60 of 82, 62–81) for amikacin, 86% (181 of 210, 81–91) for kanamycin, and 61% (53 of 87, 49–70) for capreomycin. Specificity was 98–100% for all drugs. Performance was equivalent to that of line-probe assays. The non-determinate rate of Xpert MTB/XDR (ie, invalid M tuberculosis complex detection) was 2·96%. Interpretation The Xpert MTB/XDR assay showed high diagnostic accuracy and met WHO's minimum target product profile criteria for a next-generation drug susceptibility test. The assay has the potential to diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis rapidly and accurately and enable optimum treatment. Funding German Federal Ministry of Education and Research through KfW, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Ferritin is a known inflammatory biomarker in COVID-19. However, many factors and co-morbidities can confound the level of serum ferritin. This current metaanalysis evaluates serum ferritin level in different severity levels in COVID-19. Studies evaluating serum ferritin level in different clinical contexts (COVID-19 vs. control, mild to moderate vs. severe to critical, non-survivor vs. survivor, organ involvement, ICU and mechanical ventilation requirement) were included (total 9 literature databases searched). Metaanalysis and metaregression was carried out using metaphor “R” package. Compared to control (COVID-19 negative), higher ferritin levels were found among the COVID-19 patients [SMD −0.889 (95% C.I. −1.201, −0.577), I2 = 85%]. Severe to critical COVID-19 patients showed higher ferritin levels compared to mild to moderate COVID-19 patients [SMD 0.882 (0.738, 1.026), I2 = 85%]. In meta-regression, high heterogeneity was observed could be attributed to difference in “mean age”, and “percentage of population with concomitant co-morbidities”. Non-survivors had higher serum ferritin level compared to survivors [SMD 0.992 (0.672, 1.172), I2 = 92.33%]. In meta-regression, high heterogeneity observed could be attributed to difference in “mean age” and “percentage of male sex”. Patients requiring ICU [SMD 0.674 (0.515 to 0.833), I2 = 80%] and mechanical ventilation [SMD 0.430 (0.258, 0.602), I2 = 32%] had higher serum ferritin levels compared to those who didn't. To conclude, serum ferritin level may serve as an important biomarker which can aid in COVID-19 management. However, presence of other co-morbid conditions/confounders warrants cautious interpretation.

Background and Aims Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and circadian rhythms, metabolism, and immunity. Previous studies revealed the homeostatic effects of VIP signaling on the gut microbiota. VIP-deficient mice demonstrate a gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by reduced α-diversity and decreased relative abundance (RA) of Gram-positive Firmicutes. However, the mechanism by which VIP signaling affects changes in the microbiota is unknown. Methods To investigate the role of the two cognate G protein-coupled receptors for VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2), in VIP-mediated homeostasis of the microbiota, fecal samples from VPAC1- and VPAC2-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermate mice were assessed via targeted amplicon sequencing. Their microbiota profiles were additionally compared to microbiota from VIP-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermates, where genotype-dependent changes in the composition and predicted function of each cohort were compared. Results While the wild-type mice in each line differed in α-diversity and β-diversity, consistent changes in both metrics were observed in VIP-deficient and VPAC1-deficient mice. This includes a dramatic reduction in α-diversity, increased RA of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and decreased RA of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae. Specific amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and predicted functions found to differ significantly based on VIP or VPAC1 genotype were concordant in their directions of change. Multi-platform predicted functional profiling suggested a defective VIP-VPAC1 axis was associated with reduced amino acid degradation along with reduced quinol and quinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, alterations in predicted functions include increased sugar degradation, nitrate reduction, and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, among other changes. Conclusions We conclude that VIP signaling through VPAC1 is critical for the maintenance of normal function of the gut microbiota.

The present paper adds to the knowledge of the family Mantispidae from India. Herein we describe two new Euclimacia species: E. similis sp. nov. from Madhya Pradesh and E. nicobarica sp. nov. from Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A new combination is also proposed: Mantispilla coorgensis (Ohl, 2004a) comb. nov. With these additions, the family is now represented in India by 22 species in eight genera.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory tract infections in children. To uncover new antiviral therapies, we developed a live cell-based high content screening approach for rapid identification of RSV inhibitors and characterized five drug classes which inhibit the virus. Among the molecular targets for each hit, there was a strong functional enrichment in lipid metabolic pathways. Modulation of lipid metabolites by statins, a key hit from our screen, decreases the production of infectious virus through a combination of cholesterol and isoprenoid-mediated effects. Notably, RSV infection globally upregulates host protein prenylation, including the prenylation of Rho GTPases. Treatment by statins or perillyl alcohol, a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor, reduces infection in vitro. Of the Rho GTPases assayed in our study, a loss in Rac1 activity strongly inhibits the virus through a decrease in F protein surface expression. Our findings provide new insight into the importance of host lipid metabolism to RSV infection and highlight geranylgeranyltransferases as an antiviral target for therapeutic development., Malhi et al. conduct a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). They find that statins inhibit post-entry events in the replicative cycle of RSV through a combination of cholesterol and isoprenoid-mediated effects, the latter involving a loss of Rho GTPase activity via disruption of protein prenylation.

Intracanal instrument separation thwarts the ongoing treatment process adding to woes of the dentist as well as the patient because it trammels the cleaning, shaping and filling of root canals. This captiously affect the outcome of endodontic treatment by building more impediments, thus compromising the prognosis. Therefore clinicians must be aware of the possibility of instrument fracture in endodontic practice to stave off this mishap. This article quotes narrative review accentuating the techniques for retrieval of intracanal separated instruments along with factors influencing its removal. (Different techniques for removal of Gutta Percha from root canal system has been discussed in detail in part 1 by the same author).

For successful endodontics, major emphasis is placed on judicious instrumentation, microbial control and complete obturation of the root canal system. During retreatment of previously endodontically treated teeth, one may encounter variety of different materials, which must be removed before these objectives can be achieved. The intent of this article is to present various methods for Gutta Percha removal from the root canal system to aid in re-treatment attempts. Gutta Percha is the most commonly used obturating material, so, therefore this article deals with various techniques available for its removal in retreatment cases.

This paper is another contribution to knowledge of the caddisfly fauna of India. We redescribe and illustrate Diplectrona marginata Betten 1909 based on previously collected material as well as from fresh collections. The status of D. marginata is validated after Betten (1909) and Martynov (1935) and a neotype is designated for D. marginata because the remaining syntype has been damaged and is not identifiable. Furthermore, D. kinulta Oláh et al. 2020 is considered a synonym of D. marginata based on the similarity of male genitalia. Diplectrona aurovittata (Ulmer 1906) is reported for the first time from India, bringing the number of Indian species of Diplectrona to 10.

Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites distributed in different parts of a plant, have major role in protecting the plants from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiations and various diseases caused by pathogens. Considering the fact that these metabolites possess tremendous medicinal properties, extensive research has been carried out during the past few decades to explore their potential health benefits. Further, polyphenols are documented to possess different activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiulcer. The present study pertained to analyze different polyphenolic compounds in pollen grains of 9 medicinally important plant species viz., Bauhinia variegata, B.purpurea, Cassia biflora, C. fistula, C. glauca, C. saimea and Delonix regia belonging to Fabaceae family, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonging to Malvaceae family and Melia azadirach belonging toMeliaceaefamily using Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Various polyphenolic compounds likecaffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, tert-butyl hydroquinone andumbelliferonewere found to be present in the pollen grains of these plant species. The order of plant species in terms of maximum number of polyphenolic compounds was observed as Cassia saimea (10) > B. purpurea (9) = C. fistula (9) = Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (9) > Delonix regia (8) > B. variegata (6) > C. glauca (4) = Melia Azadirach (4) > C. biflora (3). The plants such as C. saimea, B. purpurea, C. fistula and H. rosa-sinensis with different polyphenolic compounds indicated their potential forthe treatment of ailments.

Phosphate-solubilising bacteria are an important component of sustainable agriculture but their number and performance are reduced due to the presence of pesticides in soils. The potato requires a high amount of phosphorus making it a fertilizer-demanding crop. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to develop pesticide-tolerant phosphate-solubilising bacterial inoculants for improving growth and phosphorus content in potato. Phosphate-solubilising bacteria were isolated from potato rhizosphere and screened for pesticide tolerance, phosphate solubilisation in the presence of pesticides and growth promotion of potato in pesticide-amended soils. Nineteen phosphate-solubilising bacteria isolated from potato rhizosphere showed phosphate solubilisation ranging from 115 to 747 µg ml−1 with significant difference among the isolates. Out of 19 isolates tested for tolerance against two commonly used pesticides in potato, two isolates showed tolerance up to 7.5 μl ml−1 (3 times the recommended dose) of chlorpyrifos and 0.75 g ml−1 (2 times the recommended dose) of carbofuran. These two pesticide-tolerant bacterial isolates also showed phosphate-solubilisation in the presence of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, although the phosphate-solubilising ability decreased significantly with increased pesticide concentrations. The isolates were identified as Arthrobacter oxydans PR1PSB2 and Bacillus flexus PR2PSB1 based on phenotypic features, biochemical tests, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF–MS). The bacterial treatments Arthrobacter oxydans PR1PSB2 and Bacillus flexus PR2PSB1 alone or in combined application exhibited a significant increase in the growth parameters, phosphorus (P) content, and soil available P over the uninoculated control under greenhouse conditions in potato in the presence of pesticides. However, the plant growth promotion and P content decreased with an increase in pesticide concentrations. Pesticide-tolerant phosphate-solubilising Arthrobacter oxydans and Bacillus flexus from potato are reported for the first time.

The widespread deficiencies of micronutrients have been reported in soils of India in the recent past due to intensive cultivation practices and the use of chemical fertilizers which are free of micronutrients. The adoption of integrated nutrient management technique may ameliorate micronutrients deficiencies by adding micronutrients and through their mobilization from unavailable to available forms and also increase their uptake by crops. To study the effect of integrated nutrient management on transformations of micronutrients fraction, a 2 years’ field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Department of Soil Science, PAU, Ludhiana. Under this experiment, farmyard manure, poultry manure, press mud, and rice straw compost were added in combination with different levels of fertilizers. Soil samples were analyzed for micronutrient fractions, and the yield of the wheat crop was estimated for determining uptake. The results revealed that integrated nutrient management significantly affected transformations of micronutrients. All the micronutrients reported a higher residual fraction than other fractions under all the treatments whereas WS + EX (water-soluble plus exchangeable) fraction had the lowest content. In addition, the integrated use of manures and fertilizers helped in the redistribution of micronutrients fractions from unavailable forms to plant-available pools. The biological uptake of micronutrients by wheat had a strong and positive correlation with SpAD (specifically adsorbed) fraction (r = 0.72, 0.62, 0.71, and 0.77 for Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn, respectively) indicating the major contribution of SpAD towards WS + EX fraction which is easily absorbed by plants. The addition of different manures enhanced fractions of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in soil and contributed significantly to the uptake of micronutrients by wheat crop.

This study highlights the role of time-dependent hydrolysis of ionic liquid anion, [BF4]-, of ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [C2mim][BF4], which results in ever-changing pH conditions. Such pH changes along with the ionic interactions bring conformational changes in bovine serum albumin (BSA), leading to the formation of amyloid fibers at 37 °C without external control of pH or addition of electrolyte. The fibrillation of BSA occurs spontaneously with the addition of IL; however, the highest growth rate has been observed in aqueous solution of 10% IL (v/v %) among investigated systems. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence emission has been employed to monitor the growth and development of β-sheet content in amyloid fibrils. The structural alterations in BSA have also been investigated using intrinsic fluorescence measurements. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements confirmed the formation of amyloid fibrils. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been explored to establish the morphologies of BSA fibrils at different intervals of time, whereas atomic force microscopy (AFM) has established the helically twisted nature of grown amyloid fibrils. The docking studies have been utilized to understand the insertion of IL ions in different domains of BSA, which along with decreased pH cause the unfolding and growth of BSA into amyloid fibrils. It is expected that the results obtained from this study would help to understand the impact of IL containing [BF4]- anion on protein stability and aggregation along with providing a new platform to control the formation of amyloid fibrils and other biomaterials driven via ionic interactions and alterations in pH.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) belongs to family cucurbitaceae and is grown for both fresh and processing purpose. It imparts cooling effect; consumed as salads, pickles;, rich source of vitamins, m...

The two cultivated Luffa species can be severely infected by Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) with up to 100% yield loss. Here, 52 Luffa genotypes were screened for ToLCNDV resistance after natural field infection. Mean vulnerability index (VI) ranged from 0.00 to 75.33; genotypes IIHR-137 and IIHR-138 had no symptoms (VI 0), 16 genotypes were resistant (VI 0–25), 15 were moderately resistant (VI 26–50), and 19 were moderate to susceptible (VI > 50). Ten of the most resistant genotypes and five susceptible checks were then challenge-inoculated using whiteflies or sap in an insect-proof net house; only IIHR-137 [L. cylindrica (L.) Roem.] was symptomless (VI 0.00), and 3–5% of plants of IIHR-138 [L. cylindrica (L.) Roem.] and IIHR-Sel-1 [L. acutangula (L.) Roxb.] had only mild symptoms; genotype Arka Prasan was most susceptible (VI 80.96). Asymptomatic plants were confirmed as infected using polymerase chain reaction. Susceptible genotypes rapidly developed leaf curling, then a severe mosaic 10 days post-inoculation. The resistant inbred lines identified are good candidates for a breeding program for ToLCNDV-resistant cultivars.

In all biogeographical regions of the world, the family Philopotamidae Stephens 1829 is represented by 26 genera and 1508 extant species. Based on extensive surveys since 2008, and data from previo...

Abstract Keratinase is a robust enzyme that is produced in the presence of keratin substrates. This enzyme has been recognized for its applications in waste management, leather and detergent industries. Our group has isolated a potential keratinase producing strain of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 from poultry dump soil, and its hide dehairing and stain removal applications have been studied. Considering commercial applicability of keratinase, the present study reports the keratinase production in a stirred tank reactor (5 l). Central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effect of most influencing process variables, i.e., aeration (0.5–1.5 vvm), agitation (150–350 rpm) and incubation period (24–48 h) on keratinase production. The quadratic model predicted 15 experimental runs, and the influence of independent variables and their interaction on keratinase production were interpreted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics. Coefficient of determination (R2) value close to 1 and Fisher F-value of 3743.77 showed good fit of experimental data to second-order polynomial equation. A reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted values showed the accuracy of deduced model. Applying the desirability function, aeration rate of 1.0 vvm, agitation rate of 276.88 rpm and incubation period of 33.68 h supported maximum keratinase production (318.38 U/ml). Confirmatory experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of desirability function. Maximum keratinase activity of 318.11 U/ml close to predicted value (318.38 U/ml) validates the model. The present study provides useful guidelines for large-scale production of keratinase that can be used for various commercial applications. Article highlights Keratinase production was optimized in a stirred tank reactor by RSM. The influence of aeration, agitation and incubation period on keratinase production was studied. A significant increase in keratinase production was observed at 1.0 vvm aeration and 276.88 rpm agitation after 33.68 h.

Billions of tons of keratinous waste in the form of feathers, antlers, bristles, claws, hair, hoofs, horns, and wool are generated by different industries and their demolition causes environmental deterioration. Chicken feathers have 92% keratin that can be a good source of peptides, amino acids, and minerals. Traditional methods of feather hydrolysis require large energy inputs, and also reduce the content of amino acids and net protein utilization values. Biological treatment of feathers with keratinolytic microbes is a feasible and environmental favorable preference for the formulation of hydrolysate that can be used as bioactive peptides, protein supplement, livestock feed, biofertilizer, etc. The presence of amino acids, soluble proteins, and peptides in hydrolysate facilitates the growth of microbes in rhizosphere that promotes the uptake and utilization of nutrients from soil. Application of hydrolysate enhances water holding capacity, C/N ratio, and mineral content of soil. The plant growth promoting activities of hydrolysate potentiates its possible use in organic farming, and improves soil ecosystem and microbiota. This paper reviews the current scenario on the methods available for management of keratinous waste, nutritional quality of hydrolysate generated using keratinolytic microbes, and its possible application as plant growth promoter in agroindustry.

Yellow mosaic disease caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is very severe and causing 100 per cent yield loss under epiphytotic conditions. Chemical control of this disease is neither economical nor eco-friendly and genetic resistance is an efficient means for its management. Resistance to yellow mosaic disease in advanced inbred line IIHR-Sel-1 and IIHR-137 have been confirmed during screening experiment. A crossing programme was planned using Arka Prasan as susceptible and IIHR-Sel-1 and IIHR-137 as resistant parents. We used the F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations derived from the two crosses viz. Arka Prasan × IIHR-Sel-1 and Arka Prasan × IIHR 137 to study the inheritance of resistance to yellow mosaic disease. Results indicated monogenic recessive resistance to yellow mosaic disease in the genetic background of both parents which need to be confirmed through repeated experiments with large population size. These results are imperative for breeding yellow mosaic disease resistant cultivars in Luffa species.

Feathers, a waste product of poultry industries have highly recalcitrant structure and are a rich source of organic nitrogen. The use of keratinolytic microbes for bioconversion of feather waste to a value added hydrolysate is gaining the interest of researchers. Bacillus aerius NSMk2 has been reported as a potential keratinolytic strain that converts chicken feather waste into a hydrolysate rich in proteins, small peptides and amino acids. In the present study, biostimulating potential of chicken feather waste-derived protein hydrolysate (PH) generated by biocatalytic action of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 has been evaluated for the growth of mung beans (Vigna radiata), under potted conditions. Soil treated with PH, unhydrolyzed feathers (UF) or diammonium phosphate (DAP) was transferred to different pots, and seeds of mung beans were transplanted. PH treated groups showed superior germination frequency and early growth of pods. The highest number of pods with highest weight of seeds was observed in test groups as compared to control. Higher weight of roots was observed in plants treated with PH, and content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and total protein was found to be high. The content of phosphate, potassium and carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) was substantially high in soil after application of hydrolysate. Appreciable count of free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizers was also observed in PH treated groups. The present study shows improved plant performance, yield and soil fertility after application of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 derived protein hydrolysate, and therefore indicates its application as a potential biostimulant in agroindustry.

Background Increase in the number of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in neutropenic cancer patients has prompted the search for novel therapeutic agents having dual anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Bacteriocins are cationic proteins of prokaryotic origin that have emerged as one of the most promising alternative antimicrobial agents with applications as food preservatives and therapeutic agents. Apart from their antimicrobial activities, bacteriocins are also being explored for their anticancer potential. Results In this study, a broad-spectrum, cell membrane-permeabilizing enterocin with a molecular weight of 65 kDa was purified and characterized from the culture supernatant of vaginal Enterococcus faecium 12a. Enterocin 12a inhibited multidrug-resistant strains of various Gram-negative pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli and Gram-positive, Listeria monocytogenes, but had no activities against different strains of gut lactobacilli. The mass spectrometric analysis showed that the enterocin 12a shared partial homology with 4Fe-4S domain-containing redox protein of E. faecalis R712. Further, enterocin 12a selectively inhibited the proliferation of various human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner but not that of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Enterocin 12a-treated cancer cells showed apoptosis-like morphological changes. Conclusion Enterocin 12a is a novel bacteriocin that has anticancer properties against human cell lines and negligible activity towards non-malignant cells. Therefore, it should be further evaluated for its anticancer potential in animal models.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and lectin complement pathway have become targets of increasing clinical interest. Many aspects of MBL have been recently explored, including the structural properties that allow it to distinguish self from non-self/altered-self structures. Experimental evidences have declared the additional 5′- and 3′-variants that in amalgamation with well-known secretor polymorphisms change MBL function and concentration. Moreover, the current review highlights the differential behavior of MBL on exposure with extra/intracellular pathogens and in autoimmune diseases, stressing the fact that “high MBL levels can increase diseases susceptibility,” a paradox that needs justification. Attributable to these discrepancies, no absolute level of MBL deficiency could be defined so far and thus must be interpreted for specific diseases through case–control population-specific designs. Overall, it is evident that further research is needed about MBL and the lectin pathway of complement. Particularly, the transformative role of MBL over evolution is of interest and its role with regard to pathogenesis of different diseases and potential therapeutic targets within the respective pathways should be further explored. Apart from this, it is necessary to adopt an extensive locus-wide methodology to apprehend the clinical significance of MBL2 polymorphisms in a variety of infectious diseases by the future studies.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, T cell mediated immune disorder characterized by the formation of erythematous scaly papules and plaques. Objective: To do a comparative evaluation of the markers of oxidative stress, namely glutathione peroxidase (GP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in patients of psoriasis with metabolic syndrome (MS), patients of psoriasis without metabolic syndrome and normal healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: 150 subjects in the age group of 18-70 years were included in the study; Group A consisted of 50 psoriasis patients with metabolic syndrome, Group B consisted of 50 psoriasis patients without metabolic syndrome while Group C had 50 normal healthy individuals. Thorough history was taken and clinical examination was done. The punch biopsy was performed for confirmation of the diagnosis of psoriasis. Serum markers of oxidative stress were measured in each case and these values were then statistically compared among all the groups. Results: On comparison of the groups, the mean values of Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase were least in Group A (248.3 U/ml, 6105 U/ml) followed by Group B (280 U/ml, 6868.3 U/ml) and were maximum in Group C (395 U/ml, 14,058.3 U/ml) whereas the mean value of Malondialdehyde was maximum in Group A (1.0 nmol/ml) followed by Group B (0.7 nmol/ml) and Group C (0.13 nmol/ml). On comparing these values among different groups, all the values were highly significant (p Conclusions: Free radical mediated oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis especially when it is associated with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, anti-oxidants can have a preventive as well as a therapeutic role in such patients. Keywords: Glutathione peroxidase (GP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Metabolic syndrome (MS), Oxidative stress (OS), Psoriasis, superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Vegetable production is hampered by several abiotic stresses which are very common in this era of climate change. There is a huge pressure on the plants to survive and yield better results even in the prevalence of various environmental stresses such as cold stress, drought, heat stress, salinity etc. This necessitates the need of robust plant growth which is possible with mycorrhizal association. Mycorrhiza improves plants tolerance to several abiotic stresses by various physiological, functional and biochemical changes in plants. The application of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as vegetable biofertilizers doesn’t only influence the plant health, but moreover discursively it lowers the demand for harmful chemical fertilizers. Overall, it may be concluded that inoculation of vegetables with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be used, as it easily guards plants against undesirable abiotic stresses. In this work, information is provided based on several examples from the literature based on the application of AM to combat harmful abiotic stresses in vegetable crops. This paper reviews the impacts of AM fungi on the plant parameters, its functional activities and molecular mechanisms which makes it more adaptable and underline the future prospects of using AM fungi as a biofertilizer in the stress condition.

The pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is one of the most deleterious pests of pistachio trees. Deciphering genetic diversity and population structure is a prerequisite for developing efficacious suppression protocols and successful management strategies for any insect pest including A. pistaciae. Mitochondrial genome sequencing furnishes valuable information about insect evolution and diversity within and among populations. Here, we assembled the first complete mitochondrial genome of the pistachio psyllid high-throughput next generation sequencing. The circular mitochondrial genome of A. pistaciae was 15,346 bp in length encoding 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes, with a long non-coding region (putative control regions). The A. pistaciae mitogenome was in same typical set and arrangement as that of the ancestral insect. The mitochondrial genome of A. pistaciae was compared to all 6 publically available mitogenomes of other Psylloidea species. The conservation of the gene arrangements and identical gene ordering among all psyllid species could suggest a structurally common ancestral mitogenome shared across Psylloidea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 13 PCGs conformed the existing morphological based taxonomy and showed the clustering of the two Aphalaridae. Whole mitochondrial genome of A. pistaciae could be utilized in subsequent population genetic studies of the species and also add to a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic research links within the subfamily Psylloidea.

Investigation of Zat12-induced biochemical responses was carried out in Zat12 transgenic lines (Z-8-12 1A, Z-8-12 1B, Z-8-19 and Z-15-10) generated from wheat cv. PBW621 in response to pathogen infection and salinity stress (150 and 250 mM NaCl). Pathogen infection (after 48 h) led to a significant increase in ascorbate levels and activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) along with decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde content in Zat12 transgenics as compared to PBW621. However, under salinity stress (250 mM NaCl), a marked elevation in H2O2 and malondialdehyde content followed by low content of ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase activity was found in PBW621 as compared to transgenics. The results thus emphasized that the transformed lines combat abiotic and biotic stress by accumulating higher ascorbate via increased activity of APX triggered by Zat12 gene, suggesting low membrane injury and higher antioxidant potential in these lines. Histochemical localization pattern also revealed correlation of H2O2 with activity of ascorbate peroxidase in Zat12 transgenics.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is commonly used as an antimicrobial aid during poultry processing to reduce the pathogen load on poultry and poultry products. However, limited research is available on the effects of pH on the efficacy of PAA against Salmonella and Campylobacter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of PAA in reducing Salmonella and Campylobacter populations on chicken wings adjusted to various pH levels. Chicken wings (0.454 kg each) were inoculated with nalidixic acid–resistant (200 ppm) Salmonella Typhimurium (∼7 log10 cfu/mL) and gentamicin-resistant (200 ppm) Campylobacter coli (∼6–7 log10 cfu/mL). Inoculated wings were treated with PAA by immersion for 10 s or 60 min at 4°C to 6°C. The treatments included 50 ppm (0.005%) and 500 ppm (0.05%) PAA at 3 pH levels (8.2, 10, and 11) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH, pH 11). Surviving populations of Salmonella and Campylobacter were determined by sampling the chicken wings after treatments. Irrespective of concentration and pH of PAA, higher (P ≤ 0.05) reductions of Salmonella were observed subsequent to 60 min exposure as compared with 10 s of immersion. Immersion time and the higher pH of antimicrobial solutions did not affect (P > 0.05) the antimicrobial efficacy of PAA (50 or 500 ppm) against Campylobacter. The antimicrobial efficacy of PAA was not affected by pH of the antimicrobial solutions, and longer exposure time and higher PAA concentrations improve the antimicrobial efficacy.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of childbearing (1), second only to diabetes mellitus.The aim of this systemic review was to determine whether an increased maternal TSH level and normal serum T4 levels, as seen in SCH, could also be associated with pregnancy complications. Methods: This study was conducted in Nobel hospital,Pune January 2015 to July 2016 in all the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in their first trimester of pregnancy. Data was collected on a pre-designed, pre-tested study proforma which includes socio-demographic information of patients, detailed clinical history and examinations of pregnant women and babies. Blood samples were taken under all aseptic precautions and were sent to laboratory of the institute for routine investigations and thyroid profile. Patients were followed up till delivery and babies were followed up till discharge from the hospital. Results:This study was conducted in 220 patients in obstetrics and gynaecology department in Noble Hospital, Pune. Out of 220 cases,198 cases were euthyroid, 13 cases were subclinical hypothyroid and 9 cases were overt hypothyroid. Hypothyroidism was found in 22(10%) of pregnant women in their first trimester. Out of which, 13(5.91%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 9(4.09%) had overt hypothyroidism. Majority of the patients 45.45% were in age group of 26-30years. 90.91% of hypothyroid patients had regular cycles and 9.09% had irregular cycles. Hypothyroidism was equally distributed between primi and multigravida patients. 31.82% of hypothyroid patients had previous history of abortions and 68.18% had no such history.18.18% of hypothyroid patients had history of infertility and 31.82% had no history of infertility. Anti-TPO was present in 9.09% and none of euthyroid patients. Maternal and Fetal complications were found more in hypothyroid patients than euthyroid patients. Conclusion: Most of the patients in our study who have subclinical thyroid disease are asymptomatic, so screening is the most convenient method to identify such patients. Follow-up of abnormal TSH values with FT3 and FT4 may yield valuable results which could enable us for therapeutic intervention and may go a long way in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

The present study reveals the effect of selenium (Se) on different storage proteins accumulation and protein-bound Se in developing wheat grains. A greenhouse experiment was conducted on wheat grown in alkaline sandy loam soil treated with selenate-Se and selenite-Se ranging from 0 to 4 mg kg−1. Selenium content increased significantly in various Se-treated plant tissues as compared to control at maturity. Total soluble proteins and different protein fractions, viz. albumin, globulins, prolamins and glutelins, decreased significantly in Se-treated wheat grains as compared to control. The amount of Se with reference to protein fraction was highest in the glutelin fraction, followed by prolamin, albumin and globulins. Electrophoretic analysis followed by densitometry revealed variations in the presence of polypeptide bands in different protein fractions at maturity. Fourier transform infra red spectra analysis revealed more flexibility and unfolding of structures with higher selenite dosage. The excess binding of Se to protein or amino acid may replace sulfhydryl groups of proteins, thus causing deleterious effects on normal protein form. However, higher concentration of protein-bound Se can be exploited for the fortification of Se-deficient foods in preparation of Se-enriched diets and various health supplements for populations deficient in Se.

The genus Pieris Schrank popularly called as garden whites are economically important species of family Pireridae, comprise 35 species world over and in India is represented by nine species. In the present manuscript, six species of genus Pieris Schrank i.e., i.e. P. brassicae (Linnaeus), P. canidia (Linnaeus), P. deota (de Niceville), P. extensa Poujade, P. melete Menetries and P. rapae (Linnaeus) have been treated taxonomically from India. Besides studying morphological characters, their male and female genitalia have been described in details and illustrated for the first time. The diagnosis of the genus and key to species has been updated using genitalic attributes. In the study of genitalia, it has been observed that in the male genitalia of the genus Pieris the uncus is undivided and aedeagus is short and thick, whereas in the female genitalia the signum is bifid and appendix bursae are well developed. In the present work, the male genitalia of scheduled species P. deota has been studied and illustrated for the first time. The male and female genitalia of dry season forms and wet season forms of species P. melete, and the subspecies and polymorphic forms of species P. canidia have been studied and compared. It has been observed that in all forms there were no genitalic variations within the species.

Clearance (CL) prediction remains a significant challenge in drug discovery, especially when complex processes such as drug transporters are involved. The present work explores various in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches to predict hepatic CL driven by uptake transporters in rat. Broadly, two different IVIVE methods using suspended rat hepatocytes were compared: initial uptake CL (PSu,inf) and intrinsic metabolic CL (CLint,met) corrected by unbound hepatocytes to medium partition coefficient (Kpuu). Kpuu was determined by temperature method (Temp Kpuu,ss), homogenization method (Hom Kpuu,ss), and initial rate method (Kpuu,V0). In addition, the impact of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on each of these methods was investigated. Twelve compounds, which are known substrates of organic anion-transporting polypeptides representing diverse chemical matter, were selected for these studies. As expected, CLint,met alone significantly underestimated hepatic CL for all the test compounds. Overall, predicted hepatic CL using PSu,inf with BSA, Hom Kpuu,ss with BSA, and Temp Kpuu,ss showed the most robust correlation with in vivo rat hepatic CL. Adding BSA improved hepatic CL prediction for selected compounds when using the PSu,inf and Hom Kpuu,ss methods, with minimal impact on the Temp Kpuu,ss and Kpuu,V0 methods. None of the IVIVE approaches required an empirical scaling factor. These results suggest that supplementing rat hepatocyte suspension with BSA may be essential in drug discovery research for novel chemical matters to improve CL prediction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current investigation demonstrates that hepatocyte uptake assay supplemented with 4% bovine serum albumin is a valuable tool for estimating unbound hepatic uptake clearance (CL) and Kpuu. Based upon the extended clearance concept, direct extrapolation from these in vitro parameters significantly improved the overall hepatic CL prediction for organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates in rat. This study provides a practical in vitro to in vivo extrapolation strategy for predicting transporter-mediated hepatic CL in early drug discovery.

The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of synthetic predatory cue containing sulphurous odours as an area repellent to reduce rodent damage. Groups of mature Rattus rattus of both...

While designing the anti-inflammatory agents targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), we first identified a water loop around the heme playing critical role in the enzyme catalysis. The results of molecular dynamic studies supported by the strong hydrogen-bonding equilibria of the participating atoms, radical stabilization energies, the pKa of the H-donor/acceptor sites and the cyclooxygenase activity of pertinent muCOX-2 ravelled the working of the water–peptide channel for coordinating the flow of H·/electron between the heme and Y385. Based on the working of H·/electron transfer channel between the 12.5 Å distant radical generation and the radical disposal sites, a series of molecules was designed and synthesized. Among this category of compounds, an appreciably potent anti-inflammatory agent exhibiting IC50 0.06 μM against COX-2 and reversing the formalin induced analgesia and carageenan induced inflammation in mice by 90% was identified. Further it was revealed that, justifying its bidentate design, the compound targets water loop (heme bound site) and the arachidonic acid binding pockets of COX-2.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis/dandruff (SD/D) is a common, persistent, relapsing inflammatory condition affecting the areas rich in sebaceous glands. SD/D is widely prevalent in India but Malassezia species implicated are not well studied. To estimate the prevalence and spectrum of Malassezia species causing SD/D and understand the sociodemographic characteristics of SD/D in rural and urban populations, a total of 200 SD/D patients and 100 healthy controls (HC) from both rural and urban backgrounds were enrolled in this study. SD/D severity was clinically graded as mild, moderate, severe, and very severe. The isolates were identified by phenotypic characters and confirmed by ITS2 PCR-RFLP and sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. Severe (59%) and very severe (71%) form of SD/D was higher in the rural population compared to the urban population (P = .004). The isolation rate of Malassezia was significantly higher in overall SD/D patients scalp (82%) compared to HC (67%) (P = .005). From the scalp of SD/D patients, M. globosa (36.2%) was predominantly isolated followed by M. restricta (31.3%), M. furfur (15.7%), a mixture of M. globosa and M. restricta (12%) or M. arunalokei (4.8%). Similarly, M. globosa (49.3%) was predominately isolated from the scalp of HC followed by M. restricta (22.4%). M. restricta was significantly higher in the scalp of SD/D patients compared to HC and/or nasolabial fold of both SD/D patients and HC (P = .0001). Our findings indicate that M. restricta has a high association with SD/D. More severe disease frequency was observed in the rural population. Precis Dandruff is associated with Malassezia restricta and very severe cases are higher in rural population, probably due the poor hygiene. Moderate to severe hair loss and itching were strongly associated with dandruff. Use of soaps to cleanse scalp appears to be better than shampoo in preventing dandruff.

Two new species of the genus Polyplectropus Ulmer are described and illustrated from the Indian Himalaya viz.: Polyplectropus purolaensis sp. nov. (from Uttarakhand) and Pol. sikkimensis sp. nov. (from Sikkim). With these new additions, the genus is now represented by nine species from India.

Bemisia tabaci is the most destructive insect of cotton worldwide. We analysed infestation dynamics of B. tabaci in cotton during summers of 2015–2017, and predicted the factors influencing its abundance. The incidence of B. tabaci on cotton was exceptionally high in 2015 (25.91 ± 2.14 adults/3 leaves) as compared to 2016 (9.53 ± 1.23 adults/3 leaves) and 2017 (8.54 ± 1.12 adults/3 leaves). Minimum temperature, maximum-minimum relative humidity and rainfall influencing the B. tabaci population build-up were predicted using PCRA technique with reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.87). The results also showed that monitoring/ sampling of B. tabaci in cotton should be done before 10:00 h. Among different cotton cultivars, Ankur 3028 and Bioseed 6588 were most susceptible to B. tabaci infestation. Bemisia tabaci incidence in cotton interferes with the secondary metabolite production in different cultivars. Pesticides tested for management of B. tabaci gave a maximum population reduction ranging from 42.91 to 77.01% 7 days after spray. The efficacy of tested pesticides persisted up to 10 days after spray. Maximum control of B. tabaci was achieved by flonicamid > clothianidin > diafenthiuron > dinotefuran > thiamethoxam, whereas, ethion was found least effective. Pyriproxyfen have nymphicidal action and provided maximum reduction (68.62%) in whitefly population after 10 days of spray.

Manpreet Sambi,1 Vanessa Samuel,1,2 Bessi Qorri,1 Sabah Haq,1,3 Sergey V Burov,4 Elena Markvicheva,5 William Harless,6 Myron R Szewczuk1 1Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; 2Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 3Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 4Laboratory of Novel Peptide Therapeutics, Cytomed J.S.Co., St. Petersburg, Russia; 5Biomedical Materials Laboratory, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; 6Encyt Technologies, Inc., Membertou, Nova Scotia, CanadaCorrespondence: Myron R SzewczukDepartment of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, CanadaTel +1 613 533 2457Fax +1 613 533 6796Email szewczuk@queensu.caIntroduction: Targeted multimodal approaches need to be strategically developed to control tumour growth and prevent metastatic burden successfully. Breast cancer presents a unique clinical problem because of the variety of cellular subtypes that arise. The tumour stage and cellular subtypes often dictate the appropriate clinical treatment regimen. Also, the development of chemoresistance is a common clinical challenge with breast cancer. Higher doses and additional drug agents can produce additional adverse effects leading to a more aggressive malignancy. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), metformin (Met), and oseltamivir phosphate (OP) were investigated for their efficacy to sensitize MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer and its tamoxifen (Tmx) resistant variant (MDA-MB-231-TmxR) together in combination with Tmx treatment.Methods: Microscopic imaging, the formation of 3D multicellular tumour spheroids, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, Annexin V Assay, Caspase 3/7 Apoptosis Assay, tube formation assay and analysis, and WST-1 cell viability assay evaluated the formation of MCTS, morphologic changes, cell viability, apoptosis activity and the expression levels of ALDH1A1, CD44 and CD24 on the cell surface, MDA-MB231 triple-negative breast cancer, tamoxifen (Tmx) resistant variant (MDA-MB-231-TmxR).Results: The results using a triple combination of ASA, Met and OP on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231-TmxR cells and their matrix-free 3D multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS) formed by using the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys peptide modified with 4-carboxybutyl-triphenylphosphonium bromide (cyclo-RGDfK(TPP)) peptide method demonstrate a consistent and significant decrease in cell and tumour spheroid viability and volume with increased apoptotic activity, and increased sensitivity to Tmx therapy. Tmx treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells in combination with ASA, Met and OP markedly reduced the CD44/CD24 ratio by 6.5-fold compared to the untreated control group. Tmx treatment of MDA-MB-231-TmxR cells in combination with ASA, Met and OP markedly reduced the ALDH1A1 by 134-fold compared to the same treatment for the parental cell line. Also, the triple combination treatment of ASA, Met, and OP inhibited vasculogenic endothelial cell tube formation and induced endothelial cell apoptosis.Conclusion: For the first time, the findings demonstrate that repurposing ASA, Met, and OP provides a novel and promising targeted multimodal approach in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer and its chemoresistant variant.Keywords: MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-TmxR, human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines, multicellular tumour spheroids, MCTS, endothelial cell tube formation, apoptosis

Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.) is an important cucurbitaceous crop cultivated throughout India. The crop is severely affected by yellow mosaic disease caused by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV). The symptoms of ToLCNDV consists of yellow mosaic spots on young leaves, reduction in leaf area, leaf thickening flower abortion and severe stunting of the plants. High disease dissemination under epiphytotic conditions also affects the chemical control measures and leads to heavy crop losses. Identification of resistant sources is most important tool to reduce the economic loss and maximize quality and quantity of output. Efficient and simple screening procedures are very crucial in disease resistant breeding program. In this experiment, mechanical sap inoculation of ToLCNDV has been studied in twelve ridge gourd genotypes. All the inoculated plants developed characteristics ToLCNDV symptoms and severe infection after three-week post inoculation. In all the assays ToLCNDV transmission was confirmed by PCR amplification using virus specific primer followed by sequencing of random samples. Mechanical sap transmission is easy and simple screening method which will facilitate the development of ToLCNDV resistant breeding cultivars.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes (1) recent trends in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabionol [THC] and cannabidiol (CBD) content in cannabis products, (2) neurobiological correlates of cannabis use on the developing adolescent brain, (3) effects of cannabis on psychiatric symptoms and daily functioning in youth (i.e., academic performance, cognition, sleep and driving), (4) cannabis products used to relieve or treat medical issues in youth, and (5) available treatments for cannabis use disorder in adolescence. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite marked increases in THC content and availability of cannabis, there has been a decline in perceived risk and an increase in use of THC extract products among youth in the United States. The primary psychiatric symptoms associated with cannabis use in youth are increased risk for addiction, depressive, and psychotic symptoms. Cannabis alters endocannabinoid system function which plays a central role in modulating the neurodevelopment of reward and stress systems. To date, few studies have examined neurobiological mechanisms underlying the psychiatric sequalae of cannabis exposure in youth. Adolescent cannabis exposure results in impaired cognition, sleep, and driving ability. There are very limited FDA-approved cannabinoid medications, none of them supporting their use for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms. Behavioral therapies are currently the mainstay of treating cannabis misuse, with no pharmacotherapies currently approved by the FDA for cannabis use disorder in youth. SUMMARY: Here, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge on the neurobiological psychiatric, and daily function effects of the most commonly used cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We then review FDA approved medical use of cannabinoid treatments as well as pharmacological and psychological treatments for cannabis use disorder in youth. Our current understanding of the effects of cannabis on the developing brain and treatments for cannabis misuse in youth remain limited. Future research aimed at examining the neurobiological effects of cannabis, with objective measures of exposure, over the course of pediatric development and in relation to psychiatric symptoms are needed.