Search

During vertebrate embryogenesis, tissue morphology and cell differentiation are constantly influenced by, and responding to, microenvironment cues such as physical forces and associated biochemical signaling processes. Few tissues exemplify the complex interplay of these coexisting processes better than tendons, the extracellular matrix (ECM) rich connective tissues which attach muscle to bone, cartilage, and soft tissues, and coordinate the optimal transfer of force from of muscle contraction to the skeleton. Though in recent years, much has been elucidated about gene regulatory networks coordinating tendon tissue morphogenesis and tendon fibroblast (tenocyte) fate specification/differentiation, very little is known about how heterogenous tenocyte populations sense and respond to muscle contraction forces and uniquely modify their ECM organization and composition in vivo. Current knowledge of tenocyte mechanotransduction has been primarily informed by studies in adult in vivo models, and generally in tendons restricted to mammalian limbs. Zebrafish embryonic tendons provide a particularly useful model to address these research questions, as heterogenous tenocyte populations inhabiting different tendons can easily be studied across developmental timepoints. In this thesis work, I leveraged next generation bulk and single-cell sequencing approaches combined with in vivo functional perturbations and protein binding assays to gain a more defined, holistic understanding of tenocyte-ECM functional interactions during vertebrate development. I investigate tenocyte transcriptional responses to the onset of muscle contraction force during development by conducting RNA sequencing on sorted tenocytes from zebrafish embryos at developmental stages before and after the onset of muscle activity. I show that onset of muscle contractile forces leads to a specific transcriptional change in tenocytes, and using muscle-paralysis perturbation assays confirm that three novel tenocyte subpopulation markers, matn1, klf2a, and mxra5b are differentially expressed. Further, I show that variations in magnitude of muscle contractile force lead to unique transcriptional dynamics in specific tenocyte subpopulations in vivo, suggesting that tenocytes fine-tune ECM gene expression to adapt individual tendons to specific force conditions.In vivo, tendon-like structures connect muscles not only to bone and cartilage, but to soft tissue such as eye sclera, and transmit varying intensity of forces from muscle contraction. Recent sequencing studies have begun to unravel distinct tenocyte subpopulations but have primarily looked at only gene regulatory networks of tenocytes inhabiting individual tendons or tendon subregions, prompting the question as to whether tenocyte populations are transcriptionally distinct within and between distinct tendons. To understand this tenocyte transcriptional heterogeneity at the level of both inter- and intra-tendon tissues, I conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on sorted cranial tenocytes from dissected zebrafish heads. I show for the first time that cranial tenocyte populations transcriptionally cluster into both spatially distinct tendons and functionally distinct intra-tendon regions, and that this clustering is driven not only by generalized patterning genes but also by specific ECM components. I further show that individual intra-tendon attachment zones have distinct ECM transcriptional signatures between tendons, suggesting that a combination of developmental programming and varying levels of force at attachment zones underlies tenocyte heterogeneity. Next, I identify a previously unknown population of Wnt-signaling responsive tenocytes populating multiple tendons in the cranium and show through independent Wnt signaling perturbation assays that a proper balance of Wnt signaling is required for proper patterning of myotendinous junctions of the jaw. Through computational cell-communication inference software, I hypothesize that specific Wnt ligands and receptors are involved in this patterning process. These findings revealed a deeper layer of complexity to the understanding of tendon biology, demonstrating that transcriptional diversity of tenocytes is driven by the dual characteristics of specific attachment zone physiology and the load capacity of the tendon ECM.Lastly, I investigate how tenocyte fate specification occurs at the level of transcriptional control by identifying putative binding partners to key tenocyte fate determining transcription factors Scleraxis and Mohawk. Through biochemical protein binding assays and immunofluorescence I show that Scleraxis binds a family of Class II helix-loop-helix transcription factor E-box proteins TCF3, TCF4, and TCF 12, and that these proteins are individually sufficient to drive Scleraxis translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This reveals a novel mechanism for initiation of Scleraxis transcription, which has sweeping implications for further understanding of tenocyte fate determination and maintenance. In this thesis, I have provided unique insights into novel roles for muscle-contraction force on tendon tissue remodeling, tenocyte transcriptional heterogeneity, and lineage specification.

In current-scenario the traditional remedies are widely accepted globally. Lots of semisynthetic as well synthetic drugs are available all over the world. The poly-herbal remedies are harmless alternatives for the treatment of obese patients and it has less side effects. Parasitic infections like worm infections are common infection that affecting wide-range of people world-wide, while easily cured/treated by plant derived medicines/herbal remedies. The aim of the current study is to formulate a polyherbal tablets (antihelminthic tablets) including compositions like Ginger, Fenugreek seeds, Spinacia oleracea leave, Baliospermum montanum muell, Curcuminoids, Lycopene, vitex Negundo by direct compression method by using several excipients and subjected for the assessment of pre-compression as well post-compression parameters. Finally, for in-vivo assessment of the unit dosage form was done on rats. The formulation of polyherbal tablets has been developed with the aid of design expert software. The formulation F19 is provided in both pre compression and post-compression parameters. Good outcomes for all formulations designed. The findings of the stability research indicated that polyherbal tablets had been stable during all the experiments. The results reveal that the F19 formulation was superior based on the tablet evaluation. All excerpts exhibited inhibitor efficacy in the treatment of obesity against helminthics.

Pigment patterns and skin appendages are prominent features of vertebrate skin. In zebrafish, regularly patterned pigment stripes and an array of calcified scales form simultaneously in the skin during post-embryonic development. Understanding mechanisms that regulate stripe patterning and scale morphogenesis may lead to discovery of fundamental mechanisms that govern development of animal form. To learn about cell types and signaling interactions that govern skin patterning and morphogenesis we generated and analyzed single cell transcriptomes of skin from wild-type fish as well as fish having genetic or transgenically induced defects in squamation or pigmentation. These data reveal a previously undescribed population of epidermal cells that express transcripts encoding enamel matrix proteins, suggest hormonal control of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling, clarify the signaling network that governs scale papillae development, and identify a critical role for the hypodermis in supporting pigment cell development. Additionally, these comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic data representing skin phenotypes of biomedical relevance should provide a useful resource for accelerating discovery of mechanisms that govern skin development and homeostasis.

Multifunctional and bioactive cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 Nps) were successfully synthesized by Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS). Aqueous extract of Cassia angustifolia (Senna) was used as reducing agent for the green synthesis of Nps. The obtained Nps were characterized by powder X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV–visible spectroscopic studies. XRD diffractions revealed the formation of pure cubic ceria phase with fluorite structure having crystallite sizes in the range of 10–50 nm. SEM studies indicate the formation of porous nanostructured materials. UV–visible spectrum exhibited characteristic absorption maximum at 318 nm. The Nps were subjected for evaluating the photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of carcinogenic dyes Methylene blue (MB) and Malachite green (MG). Comprehensive degradation of the MB and MG was observed in a span of 180 min and 160 min, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Npswas evaluated through the scavenging of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The Nps showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 3142 µg/ml. Nps exhibited significant bactericidal activities on Klebsiellaaerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas desmolyticum and Staphylococcus aureus. The antidiabetic potential of CeO2-Nps was assessed and they exhibited excellent α-glucosidase (IC50 at 111.33 µg/ml) and α- amylase (IC 50 at 89.96 µg/ml) activity. The cytotoxic effects of CeO2Nps were studied against MCF 7 (human breast cancer) cell line by MTT assay which showed dose dependent response. IC50 values were found to be 249 µg/ml demonstrating their higher cytotoxic efficacy. The study demonstrates a simple, economical and environment friendly method of Solution Combustion Synthesis that results in the preparation of multifunctional CeO2 Nps. The green synthesis of cerium oxide Nps employing aqueous extract of Cassia angustifolia is suggested as effective and substitute method for the hazardous chemical synthesis.

Bats are infected with several trypanosomatid species; however, assessing the diversity of this interaction remains challenging since there are species apparently unable to grow in conventional culture media. Accordingly, the ecology and biology of the Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Trypanosoma spp. Neobats are unknown. Therefore, we performed the molecular characterization targeting the 18S small subunit rDNA from the blood clot of 280 bats of three Brazilian regions (Paraiba, Rio de Janeiro and Acre states), bypassing the selective pressure of hemoculture. From 68 (24%) positive blood clot samples, we obtained 49 satisfactory sequences. Of these successfully sequenced results, T. spp. Neobats (1, 3 and 4) represented 67%, with the most abundant T. sp. Neobat 4 (53%). Our results show: (1) high abundance and wide geographic range of T. sp. Neobat 4, restricted to Carollia bats; (2) high infection rate of T. sp. Neobat 4 in Carollia perspicillata populations (mean 26%); (3) infection with the monoxenous Crithidia mellificae; and (4) a new MOTU (T. sp. Neobat 5) in Artibeus cinereus, positioning in the Trypanosoma wauwau clade. These data corroborate the importance of bats as hosts of many Trypanosoma species and C. mellificae. They also show that the diversity of the T. wauwau clade is underestimated and warn about the high magnitude of trypanosomes we overpass with the hemoculture. Our findings combined with previous data show that T. spp. Neobats include host-specific and host-generalist species, probably playing different ecological roles: T. sp. Neobat 1 shows broad host range; T. spp. Neobat 3 and 4 are restricted to Artibeus and Carollia, respectively. Finally, T. Neobat 4 seems to be a well-succeeded parasite, especially within C. perspicillata metapopulations across a wide geographical distribution. This work is a step forward to understand the biology and life history of T. spp. Neobats.

Corydoras is the richest genus of Corydoradinae, and many of its species have not been identified to date. We characterized Corydoras carlae and Corydoras sp. by performing cytogenetic, morphometric, and molecular analyses to facilitate correct identification and species delimitation and contribute an understanding of the evolutionary process of this group of fish. Individuals of C. carlae were collected in the Florido River, a tributary of the Iguassu River upstream of Iguassu Falls, and individuals of Corydoras sp. were collected in the Poco Preto River, a tributary of the Iguassu River downstream of Iguassu Falls. Corydoras sp. presented an extra rDNA 5S marker in an interstitial position on the short arm of one of the chromosomes of the submetacentric pair 15. Mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (RAG1) sequences were efficient in discriminating C. carlae and Corydoras sp. Both species had exclusive haplotypes, which suggests the absence of gene flow between species. Furthermore, species delimitation analysis (GMYC and ABGD) suggested two MOTUs for Corydoras specimens from the Iguassu River. Differences in morphometric proportions were also observed. Considering the data gathered in this study, C. carlae and Corydoras sp. comprise distinct evolutionary lineages that are probably undergoing a recent speciation process.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of fish collagen peptides (FCP) from the skin of great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) to avert the occurrence of gastric ulcer in experimental rats. FCP treatment prevented the formation of ulcerative lesions on gastric tissues with 86% of inhibition. The histopathology analysis of gastric tissue revealed that the FCP intake prevented the occurrence of hemorrhage and erosion in gastric tissue with formation of mild edema and necrosis, as well as normalized the pH and volume of gastric juice. It also downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory marker interferon-ɤ (IFN-ɤ) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-4 (IL-4) in gastric tissue. FCP is capable to modulate the oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and by lowering the levels of membrane lipid peroxidation.

Objectives Monitoring the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its correlation to clinical spectrum of disease is critical in understanding the disease progression and protection against re-infection. We assessed the nucleocapsid (N) and receptor-binding-domain of spike (SRBD) protein specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in COVID-19 patients up to 8 months and its correlation with diverse disease spectrum. Methods During the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, from 284 COVID-19 patients, 608 samples were collected up to 8 months post infection. The patients were categorized as asymptomatic, symptomatic and severe. The N and SRBD IgG and NAb titers were evaluated and correlated with clinical data. Results A steep increase in antigen specific antibody titers was observed till 40 days post onset of the disease (POD), followed by a partial decline till 240 days. Severe disease was associated with a stronger SRBD IgG response and higher NAb titers. The persistence of antibody response was observed in 76% against N, 80% against SRBD and 80% for NAbs of cases up to 8 months POD. Conclusion RBD and N protein specific IgG persisted till 240 days POD which correlated with NAb response, irrespective of individual`s symptomatic status indicating overall robust protection against re-infection.

A multiplex method for the detection of faecal and non-faecal coliforms in drinking water was developed using three primers from the V2, V3 and V9 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. 194F, 474F and 1436R are the three primers designed for specific amplification of the V2, V3 and V9 hyper variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for differentiation of total coliforms from faecal coliforms by specific amplicons: 1,285 bp of amplicon is specific for six non-faecal coliform genera and 1,009 bp of amplicon is specific for faecal coliform ie. E. coli. If drinking water was contaminated with both faecal and non-faecal coliforms then two amplicons of 1,285 bp and 1,009 bp by combination of the three primers are observed. A multiplex PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene should be a beneficial tool kit for the rapid identification of total coliforms in a large number of water samples compared with traditional methods. Results can be acquired within 3 hrs compared with the classic most probable number (MPN) method (3–4 days). This assay will be useful in diversification and detection of seven genera of total coliforms by using variable regions of 16S rRNA. HIGHLIGHTS Rapid method to differentiate both faecal and non-faecal coliforms in water.; Uses V2, V3 and V9 variable regions of 16S rDNA for primer designing and amplified product with the 1,009 bp band specific for E. coli and 1,285 bp band specific for 7 genera of total coliform, whereas two bands in the gel indicates faecal and non-faecal coliforms.; Accurate results when compared to other conventional methods.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide and remains the main reason of mortality among women of reproductive age in developing countries. Nitric oxide is involved in several physiological functions inclusive of inflammatory and immune responses. However, the function of NO in tumor biology is debatable. The inducible NOS (iNOS/NOS2) isoform is the one responsible to maintain the levels of NO, and it exhibits pleotropic effects in various cancers with concentration-dependent pro- and anti-tumor effects. iNOS triggers angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration in tumors by regulating the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In drug discovery, drug repurposing involves investigations of approved drug candidates to treat various other diseases. In this study, we used anti-cancer drugs and small molecules to target iNOS and identify a potential selective iNOS inhibitor. The structures of ligands were geometrically optimized and energy minimized using Hyperchem software. Molecular docking was performed using Molegro virtual docker, and ligands were selected based on MolDock score, Rerank score, and H-bonding energy. In the study shown, venetoclax compound demonstrated excellent binding affinity to iNOS protein. This compound exhibited the lowest MolDock score and Rerank score with better H-bonding energy to iNOS. The binding efficacy of venetoclax was analyzed by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Multiple parameters were used to analyze the simulation trajectory, like root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), and hydrogen bond interactions. Based on the results, venetoclax emerges to be a promising potential iNOS inhibitor to curtail cervical cancer progression.

University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the rabi season of 2020-2021. To investigate the Study on the Effect of various organic, growth regulators & chemicals treatments on growth, yield, and yield attributing traits in Radish (Raphanus sativus). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with Thirteen treatments and three replications. The treatments consist of FYM, NAA, GA3 KNo3, ZnSo4, KCl were subjected to study the growth, and yield parameters were recorded. The maximum field emergence percentage (93.30), plant height 30 das (23.50) plant height 60 das (89.57), plant height 90 das (148.23), days to 50% flowering (52.67), number of pods per plant (110.03), dry weight of plant (40.56), seed yield per plant (5.4), biological yield (343.3) harvest index (44.23) were observed in T7 (NAA). Whereas minimum was recorded in T0 (Control) (81.30, 21.60cm, 78.13cm, 139.83cm, 56.20%, 102.33, 32.20, 1.4, 132.20, 33.10).

A series of phosphorylated derivatives of purine were synthesized in good yields (88–95%) by the reaction of 2‐chloro‐4‐{[(9H‐purin‐9‐yl)methoxy]methyl}‐1,3,2-λ5‐dioxaphospholan‐2‐one with various ...

The blacklash scorpion fish, Pontinus nigerimum Eschmeyer, 1983 has been previously reported from the Western Indian Ocean. The two specimens were collected during surveys for fish composition in the long line, landed at South Andaman, on 12th September 2019. The species is characterized by 12 spiny and 10 soft dorsal-fin rays, three spiny and 5 soft (last fin ray bifurcated) anal-fin rays, 16 pectoral-fin rays, 1 spiny and 5 soft pelvic-fin rays, 17 gill rakers on first-gill arch and 3 pairs of chin pores, 12 pairs of papillae in the lateral line. Head length nearly half of the standard length (48.24–48.62 % of standard length), pectoral-fin large (22.94–27.24 % in SL) fan-like, with unbranched rays. The identity of the species was further validated using the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. The present communication reports the first record of P. nigerimum from the Andaman waters, Eastern Indian Ocean.

Objective: To address the lack of information about clinical sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients and Methods: Previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were attending the outpatient clinic for post–COVID-19 patients (ASST Ovest Milanese, Magenta, Italy) were included in this retrospective study. They underwent blood draw for complete blood count, C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, and arterial blood gas analysis and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan. The primary endpoint was the assessment of blood gas exchanges after 3 months. Other endpoints included the assessment of symptoms and chest HRCT scan abnormalities and changes in inflammatory biomarkers after 3 months from hospital admission. Results: Eighty-eight patients (n = 65 men; 73.9%) were included. Admission arterial blood gas analysis showed hypoxia and hypocapnia and an arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fractional inspired oxygen ratio of 271.4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 238-304.7) mm Hg that greatly improved after 3 months (426.19 [IQR: 395.2-461.9] mm Hg, P

A new species, Allium negianum (Amaryllidaceae), belongs to the genus Allium subg. Rhizirideum, sect. Eduardia is described here from the Uttarakhand Himalayan region of India. This taxon grows in Malari region of Niti valley in Chamoli district and Dharma valley of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, India. It is a narrowly distributed species and morphologically more closer to A. przewalskianum Regel but differentiated by its tunic color of bulb, umbel with lax flowers, peduncle length, perigone colour, size and shape and leaf anatomy. Taxonomic delineation and relationship analysis based on nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region indicated that A. negianum is distinct and related to A. przewalskianum. This study provided a comprehensive description and comparison with A. przewalskianum, an identification key and notes on the distribution of the species.

Large clinical trials have demonstrated the overall safety of vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, reports have emerged of autoimmune phenomena, including vaccine-associated myocarditis,1 immune thrombocytopenia,2 and immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.3 4 Here we present a novel case of a young woman who developed life-threatening autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) after her first dose of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Notably, initial direct antiglobulin testing was negative using standard anti-IgG reagents, which are "blind" to certain immunoglobulin (IgG) isotypes. Further testing using an antiglobulin reagent that detects all IgG isotypes was strongly positive and confirmed the diagnosis of AIHA. The patient required transfusion with 13 units of packed red blood cells, as well as treatment with corticosteroids, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and immune globulin. As efforts to administer SARS-CoV-2 vaccines continue globally, clinicians must be aware of potential autoimmune sequelae of these therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The research work was carried out to assess the dietary qualities of spiny lobsters collected from Visakhapatnam fishing harbour, situated on the northeast coast of Andhra Pradesh. The species selected were Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758), P. ornatus (Fabricius, 1798), P. versicolor (Latreille, 1804), and P. polyphagus (Herbst, 1793). The species were morphometrically measured, and their tissue was analyzed for the comparative proximate composition (Moisture, Protein, Lipid, and Ash) on a dry weight basis. Protein content was found to be high in all the lobster species. Highest protein content was observed in P. homarus (mg/g), followed by P. ornatus and P. versicolor (mg/g). Moisture percentage was 72.7, 75.7, 76.2, and 74.8% respectively. In addition, four minerals were analysed (Ca, Na, K, and Mg) in the present study. Calcium was observed maximum in all the species, and Magnesium was recorded minimum in all the lobsters.

Quantidades substanciais de resíduos sólidos provenientes da bovinocultura são fontes potenciais de nutrientes para a produção agroecológica em agricultura de pequena escala. Os processos de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, entretanto, devem ser capazes de eliminar os microrganismos patogênicos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar os processos de compostagem e vermicompostagem por meio da inoculação de microrganismos eficientes (EMs) em escala de campo. A compostagem e a vermicompostagem foram realizadas com esterco bovino, caprino e serragem (2:1:1), com a inoculação de EMs nas concentrações de 0, 2 e 4 mL L-1. Em experimentos de vermicompostagem, Lumbricus rubellusforam inoculadas (100 g 250 dm-3 substrato). Após as fases de maturação e estabilização dos compostos, analisaram-se as concentrações de carbono orgânico, macronutrientes, micronutrientes, metais pesados, coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella spp. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que os experimentos de compostagem, independentemente da presença de EMs, apresentaram maior umidade e menor pH no composto final. Os macronutrientes como P, K, Ca e S foram observados em maior teor nos experimentos de compostagem associados a EM4, enquanto carbono orgânico e Mg foram maiores na vermicompostagem. O processo de vermicompostagem, ainda, permitiu remoção mais eficaz de patógenos como os coliformes termotolerantes, principalmente quando associado a EM2. Os compostos produzidos propiciaram a valorização dos resíduos com potencial uso para a produção agroecológica. Substantial quantities of solid livestock waste are potential sources of nutrients for agroecological production on small-scale farms. However, processes used to manage and dispose of this type of waste must be able to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. This work aimed to evaluate composting and vermicomposting processes by inoculating efficient microorganisms (EMs) at the field level. Composting and vermicomposting were performed with a mixture of cattle and goat manure and sawdust (2:1:1), with the inoculation of EMs at concentrations of 0, 2, and 4 mL L-1. In vermicomposting experiments, Lumbricus rubellus (100 g 250 dm-3 substrate) were inoculated. After the maturation and stabilization phases of the compost, concentrations of organic carbon, macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals, thermotolerant coliforms, and Salmonella spp. were analyzed. The composting experiments, regardless of the presence of EMs, have been shown to have higher humidity. Also, the final compost had a lower pH value. Macronutrients, such as P, K, Ca, and S, were observed to a greater extent in the composting experiments associated with 4 mL of EMs (EM4); while organic carbon and Mg were higher in vermicomposting. The vermicomposting process also allowed for more effective elimination of pathogens, such as thermotolerant coliforms, especially when associated with 2 mL of EMs (EM2). The compost products produced allowed waste with potential agroecological use to be recognized as important.

OBJECTIVES: Latent Tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is postulated to modulate immune responses and alter disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. However, no data exist on the effect of LTBI on the immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 co-infected individuals. METHODS: We examined the SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses, plasma cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins and growth factor levels in LTBI positive and negative individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that individuals with LTBI (LTBI+) and seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 infection were associated with elevated SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies, as well as enhanced neutralization activity compared to those negative for LTBI (LTBI-) individuals. Our results also demonstrate that LTBI+ individuals exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of IFNI³, IL-2, TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1s, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-25, IL-33, CCL3 and CXCL10 compared to LTBI- individuals. Finally, our results show that LTBI+ individuals exhibit significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein, alpha-2 macroglobulin, VEGF and TGFα compared to LTBI- individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, our data clearly demonstrates that LTBI+ individuals seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit heightened levels of humoral, cytokine and acute phase responses compared to LTBI- individuals. Thus, LTBI is associated with modulation of antibody and cytokine responses as well as systemic inflammation in individuals seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Leishmaniasis, a complex disease caused by at least 20 species of unicellular parasites of the genus Leishmania, disproportionately affects impoverished regions of about 90 tropical and sub-tropical countries. Currently available antileishmanial therapies, particularly for visceral leishmaniasis, are severely limited, with treatment outcome depending on many factors, including the immune status of the patient, comorbidities, malnutrition, and socio-economic conditions in the patient’s geographic location. There is an urgent need for new therapeutics, particularly new effective oral drugs, for visceral leishmaniasis. Despite the availability of the Leishmania genome sequence information and significant research into the biology of the parasites, antileishmanial drug development is hampered by the lack of knowledge about druggable targets in the parasite and difficulties in identifying the molecular targets of compounds that show activity. In this context, we analyzed recent progress in antileishmanial drug development programs, which take advantage of different powerful approaches, such as high-throughput screening of compound libraries, recent developments in genetic methods for assessing essentiality of parasite genes, and chemical, genetic, and proteomics-based target discovery and target validation methods.

The aims of the study were: (i) evaluate the efficacy of using amphibian adipose tissue as a valid biomarker of water contaminated by pyriproxyfen; and (ii) verify the use of Lithobates catesbeianus in laboratory experiments as a potential bioindicator for bioaccumulation of pesticide in adipose tissue from amphibians. Adult frogs were exposed to different dilutions (0.002 g/L and 0.02 g/L) of Sumilarv® (pyriproxyfen) over 50 days. The average results of the fortified sample were 108%, indicating that the test method was effective. Adult frogs exposed to the standard dose recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) showed bioaccumulation of pyriproxyfen in adipose tissue significantly higher than control animals. Lithobates catesbeianus proved to be an effective bioindicator and the adipose tissue was an efficient biomarker to bioaccumulation of pyriproxyfen. We conclude that high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was effective measuring pyriproxyfen bioaccumulation in adult amphibians.

COVID-19 being a mild to severe respiratory and an infectious disease is caused by a new viral strain named coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Though managed with antivirals such as lopinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir, as well as the antimalarials chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine etc, none of them have provided the promising solution. Amidst these conventional approaches, bioactive natural compounds are being considered due to its good biocompatibility, bioavailability, less toxicity and rich phyto-constituents like phenols, steroids and flavonoid molecules etc. Ayurvedic system of medicine is the Ancient medicine that is being practiced since 5000yrs ago and Ashwagandha or Withania somnifera is being used as a rasayana in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. This has been known for its therapeutic benefits since long period including anticancer properties, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-arthritic, antistress/adaptogenic, chemo-/radiation sensitizing and immuno-modulatory properties etc. Currently Ashwagandha has been extensively studied using molecular docking approaches on Covid-19 due to its immuno-modulatory properties and Withania somnifera could be developed as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19 for both management and prevention.

Banana is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated worldwide and its cultivation is hampered by infestation by nematode and Fusarium wilt complex. A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the change in biochemical constituents due to the inoculation of nematodes followed by Fusarium pathogen in select banana hybrids. The results indicated that the increase in production of defense-related compounds and enzymes such as total phenols, lignin, PO, PPO and PAL in the root tissues of inoculated plants. Among the four select banana hybrids, NPH-02-01 recorded high total phenol content (586.92 µg-1) and H 531 recorded high lignin content (1.58 %). Similarly the hybrid NPH-02-01 registered the higher activity of PO (3.5 abs.min-1.g-1), PPO (0.23 abs.min-1.g-1) and PAL (14.83 abs.min-1.g-1) when compared to other hybrids. The percentage increase of all the constituents in the hybrid NPH-02-01 was found to be comparatively higher with uninoculated plants and check cultivars.

The rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) arises from lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. These subcellular pathologies lead to phenotypes of hepatosplenomegaly, neurological degeneration and premature death. The timing and severity of NPC1 clinical presentation is extremely heterogeneous. This study analyzed RNA-Seq data from 42 NPC1 patient-derived, primary fibroblast cell lines to determine transcriptional changes induced by treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a compound currently under investigation in clinical trials. A total of 485 HPβCD-responsive genes were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis of these genes showed significant involvement in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of the cerebellum as well as measurements of plasma from Npc1m1N null mice treated with HPβCD and adeno-associated virus gene therapy suggests that one of the identified genes, GPNMB, may serve as a useful biomarker of treatment response in NPC1 disease. Overall, this large NPC1 patient-derived dataset provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the genomic response to HPβCD treatment.

A new species of the genus Wyeomyia, Wyeomyia (Decamyia) anthica sp. n., is described based on morphological and molecular analyses and is illustrated in larval, pupal and adult life stages. Among the four valid species of the subgenus Decamyia, the new species is closest to Wy. ulocoma (Theobald, 1903), from which it can be distinguished by morphological characters of the male genitalia, larval and pupal stages, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene sequence. Wyeomyia ulocoma is recorded from Brazil for the first time.

The presently reported study identified Saurida lessepsianus Russell, Golani et Tikochinski, 2015 from the west coast of India, which was earlier diagnosed as Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) due to their morphological similarities. Saurida lessepsianus is characterized by 48–51 lateral line scales, 44–47 vertebrae, 3–6 rows of teeth on tongue and anterior part of stomach black. The identity of this species was also confirmed by molecular examination (phylogenetic analysis of the COI sequences) and the study revealed a genetic divergence value of 0.08 between S. lessepsianus and S. undosquamis. Our study confirms the extended distribution of S. lessepsianus along the west coast of India (eastern Arabian Sea) from the Red Sea-Mediterranean Sea.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-05. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:28:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362021000200229.pdf: 620945 bytes, checksum: 1532c5a213a8f979825de20c4bef632d (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Centro de Raízes Tropicais e Amidos (CERAT) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) International Potato Center (CIP) A batata-doce é uma hortaliça de grande importância na alimentação humana, devido ao seu alto valor nutritivo. Apresenta alta variação fenotípica, com diversas formas de raízes, folhas e ramas. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se estudar a divergência genética de genótipos de batata-doce por meio de caracteres morfoagronômicos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Unesp, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com duas repetições, incluindo 200 genótipos e ‘Beauregard’ como testemunha biofortificada. Foram avaliados caracteres morfoagronômicos de parte aérea dos genótipos aos 110 dias e de raiz aos 127 dias, após o plantio. Com os dados obtidos realizou-se análise descritiva em percentual das classes fenotípicas. Para estudo da divergência genética realizou-se análise multivariada, agrupando-se pelos métodos de Tocher & Ward. Também realizou-se análise da contribuição relativa de cada carácter para a divergência genética. As análises estatísticas foram feitas utilizando-se o programa computacional Genes e SAS. Há ampla diversidade genética na população estudada, o que pode possibilitar ganhos genéticos na recombinação dos genótipos. O método de agrupamento de Tocher foi mais efetivo para discriminação da dissimilaridade entre os genótipos. A baixa importância relativa dos caracteres tamanho da folha, diâmetro do internódio e cor secundária da casca, permite dispensar a sua análise em futuros trabalhos, reduzindo gastos de mão-de-obra, custo e tempo de execução. Sweet potato is a vegetable of great importance in human consumption, due to its high nutritional value. It presents high phenotypic variation, with different forms of roots, leaves and vines. Given the above, we aimed to study the genetic divergence of sweet potato genotypes based on morpho-agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of Unesp, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria-MS. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with two replicates, including 200 genotypes and ‘Beauregard’ as a biofortified control. Shoot morphological traits of the genotypes were evaluated at 110 days and root morphological traits were evaluated at 127 days after planting. We used the obtained data to perform descriptive analysis, in percentage of phenotypic classes. In order to study genetic divergence, multivariate analysis was performed, grouping was done using Tocher’s and Ward’s methods. We also analyzed relative contribution of each trait for genetic divergence. Statistical analyzes were performed using Genes software and SAS. Wide genetic variability could be verified in the population studied in this experiment, being possible to obtain genetic gains in recombination between genotypes. Grouping using Tocher’s method was more effective for discriminating dissimilarity between genotypes. The low relative importance of leaf size, internode diameter and secondary peel color makes further evaluation of these traits unnecessary, reducing labor costs, cost and execution time. Universidade Estadual Paulista International Potato Center Universidade Estadual Paulista FAPESP: 2017/08032-0; 001 Centro de Raízes Tropicais e Amidos (CERAT): 2017/08032-0; 001 CAPES: 2017/08032-0; 001 International Potato Center (CIP): 2017/08032-0; 001

Airway basal cells are crucial for regeneration of the human lung airway epithelium, and are thought to be important contributors to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and other lung disorders. In order to reveal how basal cells contribute to disease, and to discover novel therapeutic targets, these basal cells need to be further characterized. In this study, we optimized a flow cytometry-based cell sorting protocol for primary human airway basal cells dependent on cell size and Nerve-Growth Factor Receptor (NGFR) expression. The basal cell population was found to be molecularly and functionally heterogeneous in contrast to cultured basal cells. In addition, significant differences were found such as KRT14 expression exclusively existing in cultured cells. Also, colony-forming capacity was significantly increased in cultured cells showing a clonal enrichment in vitro. Next, by single cell RNA sequencing on primary basal cells from healthy donors and GOLD stage IV COPD patients, the gene expression revealed a continuum ranging from healthy basal cell signatures to diseased basal cell phenotypes. We identified several upregulated genes that may indicate COPD, such as stress response related genes GADD45B and AHSA1, along with genes involved in the response to hypoxia such as CITED2 and SOD1. Taken together, the presence of healthy basal cells in stage IV COPD demonstrates the potential for regeneration through the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, we show the importance of studying primary basal cells when investigating disease mechanisms as well as for developing future cell-based therapies in the human lung.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T05:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Parsley is a biannual herbaceous plant, frequently used as a condiment in Brazilian gastronomy, also having medicinal properties. This work reports the molecular identification, partial host range, and complete genome sequencing of an apium virus Y (Potyvirus) isolate (ApVY-Br) infecting parsley in Brazil. Complete genome sequencing revealed a 9913nt long virus with high identity with previously reported ApVY isolates. The isolate was capable of infecting parsley, coriander, Chenopodium amaranticolor, and Chenopodium quinoa plants. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genome and coat protein sequences clustered the ApVY isolates based on sampling locations. Departamento de Proteção de Plantas Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP) Departamento de Proteção de Plantas Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP) CAPES: 001 CNPq: 140130/2019-5

The population structure of Barbodes carnaticus species was studied using conventional (based on body morphometrics and meristic) and image-based analysis (truss network system) methods. The study was carried out with four stocks, namely Karnataka (KA) and Tamil Nadu (TN) stocks from the River Cauvery, Kerala (KE) stock from the River Chalakudy and farm-reared stock (CI) from Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bangalore. A total of 27 morphometric, 9 meristic and 30 truss measurements were used in the study for the stock structure. Fifteen landmarks were used to generate 30 truss distance measurements. The principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis (CA) were deployed to determine the variation using both the conventional and truss variables. Variations (86.9%) among the morphometric characters were explained by five principal components, while four principal components explain 96.01% of the variation among the truss distances. DFA using conventional method correctly classified 100% of the original grouped classes of the KA, KE and CI and 93.8% of TN stocks. The DFA employed with truss distance was classified into the stocks CI, KA, KE and TN, and the values are 100, 89.1, 8.6 and 6.1%, respectively. Factor analysis based on truss morphometry showed that factor one is related to body shape and factor two is related to head shape. Two clusters were identified in both the conventional and the truss distance analysis. Truss distance-based cluster showed that the KE and CI stocks are similar compared to the TN stock. In contrary, morphometry-based cluster showed the KE and TN stocks are similar compared to CI stock. The multivariate analysis showed that the farm-reared stock (CI) is different from the wild stocks (KA, KE and TN). This study explained that the combination of the conventional and image-based truss network analysis helps to discriminate various stocks of B. carnaticus. Based on the PCA, bilinear data models were generated using R 3.5.3 software for predicting the stock of each individual. Stock discrimination of this species was mainly due to the geographic isolation, river ecology and temperature variations. The stocks of B. carnaticus are highly exploited from the studied rivers, and the species is an important candidate for species diversification to enhance aquaculture production. Within stock variations are found to be minimum in the present morphometric study, hence the gene pool identification and marker study are required for better understanding of the stocks. This stock structure study may help to develop conservation programmes for this endemic species through a more scientific approach.

The present study deals with the extraction of karanjin from Karanja leaves with the help of ultrasonic extraction. Karanjin is an important bioactive compound present in Karanja seed and leaves oil. The effect of various parameters such as solvents, temperature, time, ultrasonic power, duty cycle, stirring speed, and solute-to-solvent ratio on karanjin yield was investigated. The identification of extracted karanjin was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental results indicated that the extraction yield by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has increased by two times than the conventional (soxhlet) method. It is also found that for achieving the same amount of yield, soxhlet required 24 h, while UAE takes only 30 min. The yield of karanjin increased with the solute-to-solvent ratio, whereas an increase in temperature leads to a reduction in karanjin yield. Particle size distribution and scanning electron microscope images of the plant cells after UAE treatment indicate microfractures on the plant cell's surface by the cavitation phenomenon. It also gives the visuals confirmation of the sonication effect. During the sonication, 12.03 kJ/g of energy was delivered, while 48 kJ/g of energy is required for the soxhlet method. Karanjin can be a promising biopesticide or bioinsecticide material in a wide range of applications. Thus, the developed UAE method provides a better process intensification approach to extract karanjin and makes it an exciting alternative for downstream processing.

The Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) represents an exception among the European accipitrids, as it forms highly populated colonies. Although it has been the subject of many studies, social in...

Nemipterus randalli is one of the predominant species in demersal fisheries along the Indian coast. Analysis of morphological divergence among the stocks using different stock identification methods provides a basis for sustainable resources management. In the present study, body and otolith shape was used to elucidate the stock structure of Randall’s threadfin bream. Specimens of N. randalli were sampled from five major fishing regions across the Indian coast from September 2018 to November 2018. A total of 23 truss distances and six otolith shape indices from each specimen were extracted and analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. Body and otolith shape analysis suggested the existence of different phenotypic stocks of N. randalli along the Indian coast. Phenotypic variations among the stocks might be probably due to the existing environmental conditions in their respective habitats. Therefore, there is a need for independent management approaches for different stocks of N. randalli. Further, complete understanding of the temporal variation of stocks in the future could be useful in managing the fishery resource.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of fish collagen peptides (FCP) derived from the skin of great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) in attenuating the high fat diet-alcohol induced hyperlipidemia. The oral supplementation of FCP in high fat diet-alcohol fed experimental rats confirmed the regulation of body weight to normal level. The FCP treated group revealed the efficient lipid lowering ability by enhancing the cholesterol metabolism. Western blot analysis of the lipid metabolic enzymes revealed that the oral-intake of FCP has down-regulated the expression levels of fatty acid synthase and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Simultaneously, the expression levels of Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in liver was up-regulated. Histopathology analysis of liver tissues demonstrated that the FCP treated group maintained normal liver parenchyma with moderate inflammatory infiltration, whereas the statin treated group developed centrilobular fibrosis, atrophy of hepatocytes and moderate inflammatory infiltration. Oral dietary supplementation of FCP enhanced the activity levels of both superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes and, lowered the levels of lipid peroxidation in liver tissues. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05118-0.

Skin pigment tone varies widely among human populations and can have profound impacts on skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light and on imbalances in medical treatments and societal injustices. This overt trait is influenced by the activity of many genes, but deciphering how each component impacts skin color is often difficult to unravel. An example of this challenge is highlighted in results of recent genome-wide association studies among African and Latin American populations, in which allelic differences at a poorly studied gene, MFSD12 (Major Facilitator Superfamily domain containing 12), correlated with light or dark skin pigmentation (Adhikari et al., 2019; Crawford et al., 2017).

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Since the detection of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species in Brazil in the early 1990s, this whitefly has been the predominant species and the main viral vector in the country. In this work, whiteflies were collected from commercial soybean fields near and far from greenhouses where Mediterranean (MED) species had previously been detected infesting vegetable crops. Results indicated that MEAM1 was the predominant whitefly species in soybean in most sampling sites, while MED was found colonizing soybean plants in open field conditions alone and/or with MEAM1 in several places. Among the tested insects, MED species was mostly detected harbouring the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella. We also detected cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infecting soybean plants. Transmission assays demonstrated that MED species was more efficient transmitting CPMMV from beans to beans and from soybean to soybean plants than MEAM1, while MEAM1 was more efficient in transmitting the virus from soybean to bean than MED. Performance assays indicated that adult emergence of both species on CPMMV-infected soybean plants was higher when compared with the emergence on healthy plants. Moreover, nonviruliferous MED and MEAM1 adults preferred to settle more often on healthy plants, while viruliferous adults settled more often on CPMMV-infected soybean plants. As MED has already been found in soybean open fields in São Paulo and Paraná States, Brazil, and it is a good vector of CPMMV, we anticipate problems related to whitefly management and to increase in the incidence of the virus in soybean. UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Corteva Agriscience Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Gulf Coast Research and Education Center University of Florida Instituto Agronômico The Volcani Center Institute of Plant Protection UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas

Background: White birch and hazel allergens, namely Bet v1 and Cor a1 are known allergens, but their allergen specificity is not yet characterized. Objective: To map the antigenic determinants responsible for IgE binding utilizing in silico modelling and docking of the peptides against IgE antibody. Methods: The antigen sequences were cut into peptides are docked against the IgE antibody and those with the highest docking scores are further studied for the bond interactions. The overlapping sequences of the high score peptides are observed in the whole antigen model to predict their position. The residues at bond interactions also been reported for these overlapping peptide sequences. Results: The validation is done by antigen-antibody docking studies to confirm the predicted epitope. 25% of the world population suffers from allergic rhinitis and 15% of them develop asthma. Conclusion: Negative binding energies of the studied pollen allergens with IgE confirm their allergenicity. Based on the results of overlapping peptides PF 3,4 and PF 16,17 to play a key role in the allergenic response of white birch and Common hazel.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The reduction in the number and frequency of insecticide applications in transgenic crops has favored population outbreaks of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in various Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merrill; Fabaceae], reflecting the fact that plants have different levels of attractiveness to insects. The identification of Bt soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly represents a viable and effective control alternative. The objective of this study was to characterize the vertical distribution of insects on the plant and to identify Bt soybean cultivars less attractive to B. tabaci. The insects used were collected in tomato crops, and the whitefly population was maintained on leaf cabbage plants. Fifteen soybean cultivars were evaluated to determine attractiveness to whitefly. Soybean plants were stratified into upper, middle, and lower thirds. Multiple-choice and no-choice bioassays were carried out with the 15 cultivars. Subsequently, 10 cultivars were selected for a new multiple-choice assay. The parameters evaluated were the number of adults per leaflet and number of eggs cm−2; the degree of colonization by nymphs was determined only in the multiple-choice assay. The density and length of trichomes of the 15 cultivars were also characterized. It was shown that the upper third of the plant was the most attractive, having the largest number of adults and colonizing nymphs. The cultivars BRS 9280RR, M 8808, and M 8644IPRO showed low levels of B. tabaci infestation by adults, eggs, and nymphs in the bioassays performed. There was a negative correlation between trichome length and density with the number of adults, eggs, and degree of colonization by nymphs. The vertical distribution and attractiveness of soybean cultivars to whitefly are discussed. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias Universidade Federal do Piauí Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Background: Phytocompounds in medicinal plants have a wide range of properties and are alternative medicines for those who cannot be helped by conventional medicine. Objective: In this work we have selected bioactive compounds from Hemidesmus indicus medicinal plant extracts. Methods: Gas chromatography and Mass spectrum studies were studied to identify the compounds present in the ethanolic extracts based on the retention time and area. Results: The identified compounds were used for anti-cancer activity by insilico method with BCL-2 which plays prominent role in causing cancer. Conclusion: Out of twenty selected compounds, docking results showedMethyl-1-Cyclohexane carboxylate and 1,2-diacetoxy-5-idohexane as best docked to the BCL-2.

Anagrus atomus (L.) is an egg parasitoid used for the biological control of Empoasca vitis (Goethe) in vineyards. Sex pheromones play a crucial role in mate finding process of several parasitoid species and could be used for monitoring under field conditions. We carried out lab and field studies aiming at assessing the existence and identity of a possible A. atomus sex pheromone. We found that males were significantly attracted by virgin female independently from female age. Males were not attracted from individuals of the same sex but they were attracted by crude extract of an unmated female and its polar fraction. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) was identified as the attractive substance and proved to be attractive not only in the olfactometer but also in another laboratory bioassay and under field conditions. Attraction of males, but not females, confirms that this is not an aggregation pheromone. This is the first sex-pheromone component identified in Mymaridae but more compounds could be involved in the mating behaviour of A. atomus. The utility of a sex pheromone in A. atomus is discussed in the context of fitness returns.

Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is extensively prescribed for patients suffering from diseases like cancer, psoriasis, neoplasms, and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its effectiveness, MTX sometimes finds limited application because its undesirable side effects, including hepatic or renal impairment, bone marrow toxicity and gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Squalene, a highly unsaturated isoprenoid compound, isolated from shark liver oil has great potential in neutralizing the damaging effects triggered by free radicals. Therefore, in this study, the protective role of dietary squalene supplementation on oxidative stress induced by methotrexate in experimental rats was evaluated. A significant reduction was displayed in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Similarly, the activities of glutathione dependant enzymes (GPx and GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in MTX-induced groups were shown to be lower compared to the untreated control. Increased LPO (lipid peroxide) level was found in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. In addition, alterations in the levels of liver marker enzymes like AST, ALP, ALT, and LDH were noticed in MTX intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Biochemical results were confirmed by the histopathological examination of liver sections. In conclusion, the result obtained in the present study proposes that squalene exerts antioxidant activity and is capable of ameliorating oxidative stress and liver injury induced by MTX.

MicroRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) primarily target the 3' UTR of mRNAs to control their translation and stability. However, their co-regulatory effects on specific mRNAs in physiology and disease are yet to be fully explored. CSDE1 is an RBP that promotes metastasis in melanoma and mechanisms underlying its oncogenic activities need to be completely defined. Here we report that CSDE1 interacts with specific miRNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISC) in melanoma. We find an association of CSDE1 with AGO2, the essential component of miRISC, which is facilitated by target mRNAs and depends on the first cold shock domain of CSDE1. Both CSDE1 and AGO2 bind to 3' UTR of PMEPA1. CSDE1 counters AGO2 binding, leading to an increase of PMEPA1 expression. We also identify a miRNA, miR-129-5p, that represses PMEPA1 expression in melanoma. Collectively, our results show that PMEPA1 promotes tumorigenic traits and that CSDE1 along with miR-129-5p/AGO2 miRISC act antagonistically to fine-tune PMEPA1 expression toward the progression of melanoma.