Search

Your search keyword '"Suresh C. Tyagi"' showing total 216 results
Start Over Author "Suresh C. Tyagi" Topic biology
216 results on '"Suresh C. Tyagi"'

1. Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes

Author

Rubens P Homme, Mahavir Singh, Akash K. George, Harpal Sandhu, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Apoptosis, Inflammation, Phenylenediamines, Occludin, Retina, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Electroretinography, Leukocytes, medicine, Animals, Humans, Vascular Diseases, Receptor, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, NF-kappa B, Retinal Vessels, Regular Article, Retinal, medicine.disease, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nitric oxide synthase, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, chemistry, Hyperglycemia, Mutation, biology.protein, medicine.symptom, business, Tomography, Optical Coherence, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2(Akita)). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.

Published
2021

2. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an instigating factor for periodontal disease

Author

Akash K. George, Dragana Stanisic, Irina A. Smolenkova, Mahavir Singh, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Male, Periodontium, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Physiology, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Mice, Transgenic, Bone remodeling, Proinflammatory cytokine, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Folic Acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Periodontal fiber, Periodontitis, Dental alveolus, Pharmacology, biology, business.industry, 030206 dentistry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Disease Models, Animal, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, chemistry, biology.protein, business
Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) affects bone remodeling, since a destructive process in cortical alveolar bone has been linked to it; however, the mechanism remains at large. HHcy increases proinflammatory cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8 that leads to a cascade that negatively impacts methionine metabolism and homocysteine cycling. Further, chronic inflammation decreases vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid that are required for methionine homocysteine homeostasis. This study aims to investigate a HHcy mouse model (cystathionine β-synthase deficient, CBS+/–) for studying the potential pathophysiological changes, if any, in the periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cement, and alveolar bone). We compared the periodontium side-by-side in the CBS+/– model with that of the wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice. Histology and histomorphometry of the mandibular bone along with gene expression analyses were carried out. Also, proangiogenic proteins and metalloproteinases were studied. To our knowledge, this research shows, for the first time, a direct connection between periodontal disease during CBS deficiency, thereby suggesting the existence of disease drivers during the hyperhomocysteinemic condition. Our findings offer opportunities to develop diagnostics/therapeutics for people who suffer from chronic metabolic disorders like HHcy.

Published
2021

3. High-methionine diet in skeletal muscle remodeling: epigenetic mechanism of homocysteine-mediated growth retardation

Author

Dragana Stansic, Mahavir Singh, Rubens P Homme, Wintana Eyob, Akash K. George, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Physiology, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Mice, Transgenic, Stimulation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Methionine, Atrophy, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Muscle, Skeletal, Growth Disorders, Pharmacology, biology, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, business.industry, Probiotics, Skeletal muscle, General Medicine, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Disease Models, Animal, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, biology.protein, Dysbiosis, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Female, business
Abstract

Epigenetic DNA methylation (1-carbon metabolism) is crucial for gene imprinting/off-printing that ensures epigenetic memory but also generates a copious amount of homocysteine (Hcy), unequivocally. That is why during pregnancy, expectant mothers are recommended “folic acid” preemptively to avoid birth defects in the young ones because of elevated Hcy levels (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)). As we know, children born with HHcy have several musculoskeletal abnormalities, including growth retardation. Here, we focus on the gut-dysbiotic microbiome implication(s) that we believe instigates the “1-carbon metabolism” and HHcy causing growth retardation along with skeletal muscle abnormalities. We test our hypothesis whether high-methionine diet (HMD) (an amino acid that is high in red meat), a substrate for Hcy, can cause skeletal muscle and growth retardation, and treatment with probiotics (PB) to mitigate skeletal muscle dysfunction. To test this, we employed cystathionine β-synthase, CBS deficient mouse (CBS+/–) fed with/without HMD and with/without a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, a hallmark of remodeling, was measured by zymography. Muscle functions were scored via electric stimulation. Our results suggest that compared to the wild-type, CBS+/– mice exhibited reduced growth phenotype. MMP-2 activity was robust in CBS+/– and HMD effects were successfully attenuated by PB intervention. Electrical stimulation magnitude was decreased in CBS+/– and CBS+/– treated with HMD. Interestingly; PB mitigated skeletal muscle growth retardation and atrophy. Collectively, results imply that individuals with mild/moderate HHcy seem more prone to skeletal muscle injury and its dysfunction.

Published
2021

4. Regulation of the parental gene GRM4 by circGrm4 RNA transcript and glutamate-mediated neurovascular toxicity in eyes

Author

Dragana Stanisic, Suresh C. Tyagi, Akash K. George, Wintana Eyob, Harpal Sandhu, Rubens P Homme, and Mahavir Singh

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Regulation of gene expression, biology, Clinical Biochemistry, RNA, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Cystathionine beta synthase, Cell biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Transcription (biology), Circular RNA, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, microRNA, biology.protein, Epigenetics, Molecular Biology, Gene
Abstract

Epigenetic memory plays crucial roles in gene regulation. It not only modulates the expression of specific genes but also has ripple effects on transcription as well as translation of other genes. Very often an alteration in expression occurs either via methylation or demethylation. In this context, "1-carbon metabolism" assumes a special significance since its dysregulation by higher levels of homocysteine; Hcy (known as hyperhomocysteinemia; HHcy), a byproduct of "1-Carbon Metabolism" during methionine biosynthesis leads to serious implications in cardiovascular, renal, cerebrovascular systems, and a host of other conditions. Currently, the circular RNAs (circRNAs) generated via non-canonical back-splicing events from the pre-mRNA molecules are at the center stage for their essential roles in diseases via their epigenetic manifestations. We recently identified a circular RNA transcript (circGRM4) that is significantly upregulated in the eye of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice. We also discovered a concurrent over-expression of the mGLUR4 receptor in the eyes of these mice. In brief, circGRM4 is selectively transcribed from its parental mGLUR4 receptor gene (GRM4) functions as a "molecular-sponge" for the miRNAs and results into excessive turnover of the mGLUR4 receptor in the eye in response to extremely high circulating glutamate concentration. We opine that this epigenetic manifestation potentially predisposes HHcy people to retinovascular malfunctioning.

Published
2020

5. Epigenetic memory: gene writer, eraser and homocysteine

Author

Mahavir Singh, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Dragana Stanisic

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Biology, DNA methyltransferase, Chromatin remodeling, Chromatin, Cell biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Histone, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, DNA methylation, biology.protein, Epigenetics, Stem cell, Molecular Biology, Gene
Abstract

Naturally chromatin remodeling is highly organized, consisting of histone acetylation (opening/relaxation of the compact chromatin structure), DNA methylation (inhibition of the gene expression activity) and sequence rearrangement by shifting. All this is essentially required for proper "in-printing and off-printing" of genes thus ensuring the epigenetic memory process. Any imbalance in ratios of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT, gene writer), fat-mass obesity-associated protein (FTO, gene eraser) and product (function) homocysteine (Hcy) could lead to numerous diseases. Interestingly, a similar process also happens in stem cells during embryogenesis and development. Despite gigantic unsuccessful efforts undertaken thus far toward the conversion of a stem cell into a functional cardiomyocyte, there has been hardly any study that shows successful conversion of a stem cell into a multinucleated cardiomyocyte. We have shown nuclear hypertrophy during heart failure, however; the mechanism(s) of epigenetic memory, regulation of genes during fertilization, embryogenesis, development and during adulthood remain far from understanding. In addition, there may be a connection of aging, loosing of the memory leading to death, and presumably to reincarnation. This review highlights some of these pertinent issues facing the discipline of biology as a whole today.

Published
2020

6. Effect of MMP-9 gene knockout on retinal vascular form and function

Author

Mahavir Singh, Avisek Majumder, Suresh C. Tyagi, Rubens P Homme, and Akash K. George

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Retinal degeneration, Physiology, Vascular Remodeling, Gene mutation, Biology, Matrix metalloproteinase, Retina, Extracellular matrix, Gene Knockout Techniques, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Homeostasis, Vision, Ocular, Gene knockout, Mice, Knockout, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Blindness, Retinal Degeneration, Retinal, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, chemistry, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Female, Research Article
Abstract

Retinal degeneration from inherited gene mutation(s) is a common cause of blindness because of structural and functional alterations in photoreceptors. Accordingly, various approaches are being tested to ameliorate or even cure neuroretinal blinding conditions in susceptible patients by employing neuroprotective agents, gene therapeutics, optogenetics, regenerative therapies, and retinal prostheses. The FVB/NJ mouse strain inherently has a common Pde6b rd1 homozygous allele that renders its progeny blind by the time pups reach weaning age. To study the role matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in retinal structure and function, we examined a global MMP-9 knockout (KO) mouse model that has been engineered on the same FVB/NJ background to test the hypothesis whether lack of MMP-9 activity diminishes neuroretinal degenerative changes and thus helps improve the vision. We compared side-by-side various aspects of the ocular physiology in the wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ, and MMP-9 KO strains of mice. The results suggest that MMP-9 KO mice display subdued changes in their retinae as reflected by both structural and functional enhancement in the overall ocular neurophysiological parameters. Altogether, the findings appear to have clinical relevance for targeting conditions wherein MMPs and their overactivities are suspected to play dominant pathophysiological roles in advancing neurodegenerative retinal diseases.

Published
2019

7. Remote Hind-Limb Ischemia Mechanism of Preserved Ejection Fraction During Heart Failure

Author

Yuting Zheng, Mahavir Singh, Rubens P Homme, Irina A. Smolenkova, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Inflammation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Myokine, medicine, QP1-981, Original Research, Ejection fraction, biology, creatine kinase isoforms, business.industry, Cardiac muscle, matrix metalloproteinases, Skeletal muscle, Calpain, medicine.disease, Vascular endothelial growth factor, viral myocarditis, congestive heart failure, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, tissue remodeling, Heart failure, biology.protein, Cardiology, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

During acute heart failure (HF), remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has proven to be beneficial; however, it is currently unclear whether it also extends benefits from chronic congestive, cardiopulmonary heart failure (CHF). Previous studies from our laboratory have shown three phases describing CHF viz. (1) HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), (2) HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and (3) HF with reversed EF. Although reciprocal organ interaction, ablation of sympathetic, and calcium signaling genes are associated with HFpEF to HFrEF, the mechanism is unclear. The HFrEF ensues, in part, due to reduced angiogenesis, coronary reserve, and leakage of endocardial endothelial (EE) and finally breakdown of the blood-heart barrier (BHB) integrity. In fact, our hypothesis states that a change in phenotype from compensatory HFpEF to decompensatory HFrEF is determined by a potential decrease in regenerative, proangiogenic factors along with a concomitant increase in epigenetic memory, inflammation that combinedly causes oxidative, and proteolytic stress response. To test this hypothesis, we created CHF by aorta-vena-cava (AV) fistula in a group of mice that were subsequently treated with that of hind-limb RIC. HFpEF vs. HFrEF transition was determined by serial/longitudinal echo measurements. Results revealed an increase in skeletal muscle musclin contents, bone-marrow (CD71), and sympathetic activation (β2-AR) by RIC. We also observed a decrease in vascular density and attenuation of EE-BHB function due to a corresponding increase in the activity of MMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase, and calpain. This decrease was successfully mitigated by RIC-released skeletal muscle exosomes that contain musclin, the myokine along with bone marrow, and sympathetic activation. In short, based on proteome (omics) analysis, ∼20 proteins that appear to be involved in signaling pathways responsible for the synthesis, contraction, and relaxation of cardiac muscle were found to be the dominant features. Thus, our results support that the CHF phenotype causes dysfunction of cardiac metabolism, its contraction, and relaxation. Interestingly, RIC was able to mitigate many of the deleterious changes, as revealed by our multi-omics findings.

Published
2021

8. Dysbiotic 1‐carbon metabolism in cardiac muscle remodeling

Author

Akash K. George, Mahavir Singh, Rubens P Homme, Suresh C. Tyagi, Sathnur Pushpakumar, and Shanna J Hardin

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cell physiology, medicine.medical_specialty, Homocysteine, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Population, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Gut flora, Article, Epigenesis, Genetic, law.invention, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Probiotic, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Myocytes, Cardiac, Epigenetics, education, Mice, Knockout, education.field_of_study, biology, Myocardium, Probiotics, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Carbon, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Disease Models, Animal, Lactobacillus, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, biology.protein, Dysbiosis, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
Abstract

Unless there is a genetic defect/mutation/deletion in a gene, the causation of a given disease is chronic dysregulation of gut metabolism. Most of the time, if not always, starts within the gut; that is what we eat. Recent research shows that the imbalance between good versus bad microbial population, especially in the gut, causes systemic diseases. Thus, an appropriate balance of the gut microbiota (eubiosis over dysbiosis) needs to be maintained for normal health (Veeranki and Tyagi, 2017, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 232, 2929-2930). However, during various diseases such as metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension the dysbiotic gut environment tends to prevail. Our research focuses on homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism that occupies a center-stage in many biochemically relevant epigenetic mechanisms. For example, dysbiotic bacteria methylate promoters to inhibit gene activities. Interestingly, the product of the 1-carbon metabolism is Hcy, unequivocally. Emerging studies show that host resistance to various antibiotics occurs due to inverton promoter inhibition, presumably because of promoter methylation. This results from modification of host promoters by bacterial products leading to loss of host's ability to drug compatibility and system sensitivity. In this study, we focus on the role of high methionine diet (HMD), an ingredient rich in red meat and measure the effects of a probiotic on cardiac muscle remodeling and its functions. We employed wild type (WT) and cystathionine beta-synthase heterozygote knockout (CBS+/- ) mice with and without HMD and with and without a probiotic; PB (Lactobacillus) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Results indicate that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity was robust in CBS+/- fed with HMD and that it was successfully attenuated by the PB treatment. Cardiomyocyte contractility and ECHO data revealed mitigation of the cardiac dysfunction in CBS+/- + HMD mice treated with PB. In conclusion, our data suggest that probiotics can potentially reverse the Hcy-meditated cardiac dysfunction.

Published
2019

9. Circular RNAs constitute an inherent gene regulatory axis in the mammalian eye and brain

Author

Rubens P Homme, Mahavir Singh, Akash K. George, Kruyanshi Master, Harpal Sandhu, Avisek Majumder, Anwesha Laha, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Mammals, 0301 basic medicine, Pharmacology, Regulation of gene expression, Mammalian eye, Physiology, Brain, RNA, Circular, General Medicine, Computational biology, Biology, Eye, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Expression Regulation, Circular RNA, Physiology (medical), Animals, Humans, RNA, Gene, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Epigenomics
Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are being hailed as a newly rediscovered class of covalently closed transcripts that are produced via alternative, noncanonical pre-mRNA back-splicing events. These single-stranded RNA molecules have been identified in organisms ranging from the worm (Cortés-López et al. 2018. BMC Genomics, 19: 8; Ivanov et al. 2015. Cell Rep. 10: 170–177) to higher eukaryotes (Yang et al. 2017. Cell Res. 27: 626–641) to plants (Li et al. 2017. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 488: 382–386). At present, research on circRNAs is an active area because of their diverse roles in development, health, and diseases. Partly because their circularity makes them resistant to degradation, they hold great promise as unique biomarkers for ocular and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We believe that further work on their applications could help in developing them as “first-in-class” diagnostics, therapeutics, and prognostic targets for numerous eye conditions. Interestingly, many circRNAs play key roles in transcriptional regulation by acting as miRNAs sponges, meaning that they serve as master regulators of RNA and protein expression. Since the retina is an extension of the brain and is part of the CNS, we highlight the current state of circRNA biogenesis, properties, and function and we review the crucial roles that they play in the eye and the brain. We also discuss their regulatory roles as miRNA sponges, regulation of their parental genes or linear mRNAs, translation into micropeptides or proteins, and responses to cellular stress. We posit that future advances will provide newer insights into the fields of RNA metabolism in general and diseases of the aging eye and brain in particular. Furthermore, in keeping pace with the rapidly evolving discipline of RNA“omics”-centered metabolism and to achieve uniformity among researchers, we recently introduced the term “cromics” (circular ribonucleic acids based omics) (Singh et al. 2018. Exp. Eye Res. 174: 80–92).

Published
2019

10. Hydrogen sulfide intervention in cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse helps restore ocular homeostasis

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Anwesha Laha, Mahavir Singh, Rubens P Homme, Avisek Majumder, Akash K. George, Harpal Sandhu, and Naira Metreveli

Subjects
Hyperhomocysteinemia, medicine.medical_specialty, mice, Homocysteine, Excitotoxicity, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:Ophthalmology, Internal medicine, glutamate cytotoxicity, medicine, oxidative stress, blood-retinal barrier integrity, Methionine, biology, business.industry, Glutamate receptor, Glutathione, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Ophthalmology, Basic Research, Endocrinology, chemistry, inflammation, lcsh:RE1-994, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, biology.protein, endoplasmic reticulum stress, business, Oxidative stress
Abstract

AIM: To investigate the applications of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in eye-specific ailments in mice. METHODS: Heterozygous cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS(+/−)) and wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) mice fed with or without high methionine diet (HMD) were administered either phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or the slow-release H(2)S donor: GYY4137. Several analyses were performed to study GYY4137 effects by examining retinal lysates for key protein expressions along with plasma glutamate and glutathione estimations. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored during GYY4137 treatment; barium sulfate and bovine serum albumin conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (BSA-FITC) angiographies were performed for examining vasculature and its permeability post-treatment. Vision-guided behavior was also tested employing novel object recognition test (NORT) and light-dark box test (LDBT) recordings. RESULTS: CBS deficiency (CBS(+/−)) coupled with HMD led disruption of methionine/homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism leading to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in CBS(+/−) mice as reflected by increased Hcy, and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) levels. Unlike CBS, cystathionine-γ lyase (CSE), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) levels which were reduced but compensated by GYY4137 intervention. Heightened oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses were mitigated by GYY4137 effects along with enhanced glutathione (GSH) levels. Increased glutamate levels in CBS(+/−) strain were prominent than WT mice and these mice also exhibited higher IOP that was lowered by GYY4137 treatment. CBS deficiency also resulted in vision-guided behavioral impairment as revealed by NORT and LDBT findings. Interestingly, GYY4137 was able to improve CBS(+/−) mice behavior together with lowering their glutamate levels. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) appeared compromised in CBS(+/−) with vessels' leakage that was mitigated in GYY4137 treated group. This corroborated the results for occludin (an integral plasma membrane protein of the cellular tight junctions) stabilization. CONCLUSION: Findings reveal that HHcy-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, ER-stress and vascular permeability alone or together can compromise ocular health and that GYY4137 could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating HHcy induced ocular disorders.

Published
2019

11. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates homocysteine‐induced osteoblast dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial toxicity

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Yuankun Zhai, Jyotirmaya Behera, and Neetu Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cell Survival, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Apoptosis, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, Calcification, Physiologic, 0302 clinical medicine, Osteogenesis, medicine, Animals, Hydrogen Sulfide, Homocysteine, chemistry.chemical_classification, Reactive oxygen species, Osteoblasts, biology, Chemistry, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Mitochondria, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial toxicity, 030104 developmental biology, Mitochondrial biogenesis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, biology.protein, Mitochondrial fission, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative stress
Abstract

Homocysteine (Hcy) is detrimental to bone health in a mouse model of diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). However, little is known about Hcy-mediated osteoblast dysfunction via mitochondrial oxidative damage. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, we hypothesized that the H(2)S mediated recovery of osteoblast dysfunction by maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis in Hcy-treated osteoblast cultures in vitro. MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells were exposed to Hcy treatment in the presence or absence of an H(2)S donor (NaHS). Cell viability, osteogenic differentiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined. Mitochondrial DNA copy number, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and oxygen consumption were also measured. Our results demonstrated that administration of Hcy increases the intracellular Hcy level and decreases intracellular H(2)S level and expression of the cystathionine β-synthase/Cystathionine γ-lyase system, thereby inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. Pretreatment with NaHS attenuated Hcy-induced mitochondrial toxicity (production of total ROS and mito-ROS, ratio of mitochondrial fission (DRP-1)/fusion (Mfn-2)) and restored ATP production and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers as well as oxygen consumption in the osteoblast as compared with the control, indicating its protective effects against Hcy-induced mitochondrial toxicity. In addition, NaHS also decreased the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, which induces cell apoptosis. Finally, flow cytometry confirmed that NaHS can rescue cells from apoptosis induced by Hcy. Our studies strongly suggest that NaHS has beneficial effects on mitochondrial toxicity, and could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent against HHcy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured osteoblasts in vitro.

Published
2019

12. High Fat Diet Dysbiotic Mechanism of Decreased Gingival Blood Flow

Author

Dragana Stanisic, Nevena Jeremic, Suravi Majumder, Sathnur Pushpakumar, Akash George, Mahavir Singh, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, periodontal disease, Inflammation, Matrix metalloproteinase, Gut flora, lcsh:Physiology, Bone resorption, Laser Doppler flowmetry, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, blood flow, Original Research, gut microbiota, lcsh:QP1-981, biology, Chemistry, lipopolysaccharide, food and beverages, matrix metalloproteinases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, RANKL, TLR4, biology.protein, medicine.symptom, Dysbiosis
Abstract

The gut microbiome has a very important role in human health and its influence on the development of numerous diseases is well known. In this study, we investigated the effect of high fat diet (HFD) on the onset of dysbiosis, gingival blood flow decreases, and the periodontal matrix remodeling. We established a dysbiosis model (HFD group) and probiotic model by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) treatment for 12weeks. Fecal samples were collected 24h before mice sacrificing, while short chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis, DNA extraction, and sequencing for metagenomic analysis were performed afterwards. After sacrificing the animals, we collected periodontal tissues and conducted comprehensive morphological and genetic analyses. While HFD reduced Bacteroidetes, SCFA, and gingival blood flow, this type of diet increased Firmicutes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein, TLR4, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression, and also altered markers of bone resorption (OPG and RANKL). However, LGG treatment mitigated these effects. Thus, it was observed that HFD increased molecular remodeling via inflammation, matrix degradation, and functional remodeling and consequently cause reduced gingival blood flow. All of these changes may lead to the alveolar bone loss and the development of periodontal disease.

Published
2021

13. Garlic Derived Diallyl Trisulfide in Experimental Metabolic Syndrome: Metabolic Effects and Cardioprotective Role

Author

Jovana Bradic, Vladimir Jakovljevic, Vladimir Zivkovic, Sergey Bolevich, Jovana Jeremic, Suresh C. Tyagi, Andrey A. Svistunov, Isidora Milosavljevic, Nevena Jeremic, Slobodanka Mitrovic, Nemanja Jovicic, and Ivan Srejovic

Subjects
Blood Glucose, 0301 basic medicine, Homocysteine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Pharmacology, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, garlic, 0302 clinical medicine, Enos, Insulin, isolated rat heart, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Spectroscopy, biology, Communication, food and beverages, General Medicine, diallyl trisulfide, Computer Science Applications, Allyl Compounds, Heart Function Tests, Oxidation-Reduction, Cardiac function curve, Cardiotonic Agents, Ischemia, Oxidative phosphorylation, Sulfides, Catalysis, metabolic syndrome, Inorganic Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, business.industry, Myocardium, Organic Chemistry, Glucose Tolerance Test, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Diallyl trisulfide, Gene Expression Regulation, chemistry, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Lymph Nodes, Metabolic syndrome, business, Ex vivo
Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS), the most potent polysulfide derived from garlic, on metabolic syndrome and myocardial function in rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). For that purpose, we used 36 male Wistar albino rats divided into control rats, rats with MetS and MetS rats treated with 40 mg/kg of DATS every second day for 3 weeks. In the first part, we studied the impact of DATS on MetS control and found that DATS significantly raised H2S, decreased homocysteine and glucose levels and enhanced lipid and antioxidative, while reducing prooxidative parameters. Additionally, this polysulfide improved cardiac function. In the second part, we investigated the impact of DATS on ex vivo induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) heart injury and found that DATS consumption significantly improved cardiodynamic parameters and prevented oxidative and histo-architectural variation in the heart. In addition, DATS significantly increased relative gene expression of eNOS, SOD-1 and -2, Bcl-2 and decreased relative gene expression of NF-κB, IL-17A, Bax, and caspases-3 and -9. Taken together, the data show that DATS can effectively mitigate MetS and have protective effects against ex vivo induced myocardial I/R injury in MetS rat.

Published
2020

14. The role of gut microbiota in bone homeostasis

Author

Jessica Ison, Neetu Tyagi, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Jyotirmaya Behera

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Histology, Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Osteoporosis, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Biology, Gut flora, Bone and Bones, Article, Bone remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, medicine, Homeostasis, Humans, Secretion, Microbiota, Brain, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Intestines, 030104 developmental biology, Function (biology), Hormone
Abstract

The gut microbiota (GM) is referred to as the second gene pool of the human body and a commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganism living in our intestines. The knowledge of the complex interaction between intestinal microbiota and health outcomes is a novel and rapidly expanding the field. Earlier studies have reported that the microbial communities affect the cellular responses and shape many aspects of physiology and pathophysiology within the body, including muscle and bone metabolism (formation and resorption). GM influences the skeletal homeostasis via affecting the host metabolism, immune function, hormone secretion, and the gut-brain axis. The premise of this review is to discuss the role of GM on bone homeostasis and skeletal muscle mass function. This review also opens up new perspectives for pathophysiological studies by establishing the presence of a 'microbiota-skeletal' axis and raising the possibility of innovative new treatments for skeletal development.

Published
2020

15. Gut Microbiota Manipulation Promotes Bone Homeostasis in Obese Mice Through Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation

Author

Neetu Tyagi, Michael J. Voor, Jessica Ison, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Jyotirmaya Behera

Subjects
Regulatory T cell differentiation, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, Inflammation, Butyrate, TFAM, Gut flora, biology.organism_classification, Paracrine signalling, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Immune system, Internal medicine, medicine, Bone marrow, medicine.symptom
Abstract

A better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in regulating skeletal metabolism has recently been reported. Manipulation of the gut microbiome with probiotics can prevent pathologic bone loss. However, the effects of probiotics/gut microbiota on immunomodulatory effect and skeletal homeostasis in the high fat diet (HFD)-linked obesity remains to be explored. Here, we examined the impact of supplementation with probiotics (VSL#3) on immune function and bone homeostasis in HFD mice. µ-CT and mechanical testing revealed that probiotics induced a significant increase of trabecular bone volume and bone mechanical strength in obese mice. Butyrate produced in the gut following probiotics treatment, or butyrate injection directly to obese mice, prevented gut inflammation, improved gut-barrier integrity, and induced the expansion of bone marrow (BM) regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mechanistically, probiotics treatment promoted the Kdm6b/Jmjd3 histone demethylase dependent Tfam promoter demethylation by inhibiting the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark in Treg cells, which increases Tfam expression. Reduced Tfam expression in Treg cells, were found to secrete greater concentration of mtDNA and modulate paracrine signaling. BMMSCs expressed DEC205 that bound to mtDNA and contributed to BMMSCs inflammation. Further, Tfam-transgenic mice, fed with HFD, prevented the obesity-linked reduction in Treg cells and mtDNA-DEC205 dependent BMMSC inflammation. Moreover, fecal transplantation from healthy, probiotic-treated donor mice is sufficient to improve gut barrier permeability and bone loss, suggesting that the probiotics mediated changes in the gut microbiome and may be a novel agent to regulate bone anabolism via the gut-immune axis.

Published
2020

16. Circular RNAs profiling in the cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse reveals novel gene targets for hyperhomocysteinemia induced ocular disorders

Author

Rubens P Homme, Suresh C. Tyagi, Mahavir Singh, Avisek Majumder, Anwesha Laha, Akash K. George, and Harpal Sandhu

Subjects
Epigenomics, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Transsulfuration, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Circular RNA, microRNA, medicine, Animals, Epigenetics, Gene, biology, Gene Expression Profiling, RNA, Circular, Lens Subluxation, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Sensory Systems, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oxidative Stress, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, biology.protein, RNA
Abstract

Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) gene encodes L-serine hydrolyase which catalyzes β-reaction to condense serine with homocysteine (Hcy) by pyridoxal-5′-phosphate helps to form cystathionine which in turn is converted to cysteine. CBS resides at the intersection of transmethylation, transsulfuration, and remethylation pathways, thus lack of CBS fundamentally blocks Hcy degradation; an essential step in glutathione synthesis. Redox homeostasis, free-radical detoxification and one-carbon metabolism (Methionine-Hcy-Folate cycle) require CBS and its deficiency leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causing retinovascular thromboembolism and eye-lens dislocation along with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. HHcy results in retinovascular, coronary, cerebral and peripheral vessels' dysfunction and how it causes metabolic dysregulation predisposing patients to serious eye conditions remains unknown. HHcy orchestrates inflammation and redox imbalance via epigenetic remodeling leading to neurovascular pathologies. Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) are dominant players regulating their parental genes' expression dynamics, their importance in ocular biology has not been appreciated. Progress in gene-centered analytics via improved microarray and bioinformatics are enabling dissection of genomic pathways however there is an acute under-representation of circular RNAs in ocular disorders. This study undertook circRNAs' analysis in the eyes of CBS deficient mice identifying a pool of 12532 circRNAs, 74 exhibited differential expression profile, ∼27% were down-regulated while most were up-regulated (∼73%). Findings also revealed several microRNAs that are specific to each circRNA suggesting their roles in HHcy induced ocular disorders. Further analysis of circRNAs helped identify novel parental genes that seem to influence certain eye disease phenotypes.

Published
2018

17. Hydrogen sulfide epigenetically mitigates bone loss through OPG/RANKL regulation during hyperhomocysteinemia in mice

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Neetu Tyagi, Michael J. Voor, Jyotirmaya Behera, and Akash K. George

Subjects
Epigenomics, 0301 basic medicine, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Histology, Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Osteoporosis, DNA methyltransferase, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Osteogenesis, medicine, Animals, Hydrogen Sulfide, Epigenetics, biology, Chemistry, RANK Ligand, Osteoprotegerin, Metabolism, equipment and supplies, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Bone Diseases, Metabolic, 030104 developmental biology, RANKL, DNMT1, biology.protein, Female, Homeostasis
Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel gasotransmitter produced endogenously in mammalian cells, which works by mediating diverse physiological functions. An imbalance in H(2)S metabolism is associated with defective bone homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether H(2)S plays any epigenetic role in bone loss induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). We demonstrate that diet-induced HHcy, a mouse model of metabolite induced osteoporosis, alters homocysteine metabolism by decreasing plasma levels of H(2)S. Treatment with NaHS (H(2)S donor), normalizes the plasma level of H(2)S and further alleviates HHcy induced trabecular bone loss and mechanical strength. Mechanistic studies have shown that DNMT1 expression is higher in the HHcy condition. The data show that activated phospho-JNK binds to the DNMT1 promoter and causes epigenetic DNA hyper-methylation of the OPG gene. This leads to activation of RANKL expression and mediates osteoclastogenesis. However, administration of NaHS could prevent HHcy induced bone loss. Therefore, H(2)S could be used as a novel therapy for HHcy mediated bone loss.

Published
2018

18. Cross-talk of MicroRNA and hydrogen sulfide: A novel therapeutic approach for bone diseases

Author

Neetu Tyagi, Yuankun Zhai, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Osteoporosis, Biology, Bone and Bones, Article, Bone resorption, Bone remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Osteoclast, Internal medicine, microRNA, medicine, Animals, Humans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Pharmacology, Regulation of gene expression, Osteoblast, Genetic Therapy, General Medicine, equipment and supplies, medicine.disease, Cell biology, MicroRNAs, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Gene Expression Regulation, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Bone Remodeling, Bone Diseases, Signal transduction, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Bone homeostasis requires a balance between the bone formation of osteoblasts and bone resorption of osteoclasts to maintain ideal bone mass and bone quality. An imbalance in bone remodeling processes results in bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gasotransmitter, has attracted the focus of many researchers due to its multiple physiological functions. It has been implicated in anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, angiogenic, cytoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. H2S has also been shown to exert osteoprotective activity through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which H2S mitigates bone diseases are not completely understood. Experimental evidence suggests that H2S may regulate signaling pathways by directly influencing a gene in the cascade or interacting with some other gasotransmitter (carbon monoxide or nitric oxide) or both. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting, binding and suppressing mRNAs; thus controlling cell fate. Certainly, bone remodeling is also regulated by miRNAs expression and has been reported in many studies. MicroRNAs also regulate H2S biosynthesis. The inter-regulation of microRNAs and H2S opens a new possibility for exploring the H2S-microRNA crosstalk in bone diseases. However, the relationship between miRNAs, bone development, and H2S is still not well explained. This review focuses on miRNAs and their roles in regulating bone remodeling and possible mechanisms behind H2S mediated bone loss inhibition, H2S-miRNAs crosstalk in relation to the pathophysiology of bone remodeling, and future perspectives for miRNA-H2S as a therapeutic agent for bone diseases.

Published
2017

19. Toll-like Receptor 4 Deficiency Reduces Oxidative Stress and Macrophage Mediated Inflammation in Hypertensive Kidney

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Lu Ren, Sathnur Pushpakumar, Utpal Sen, Sourav Kundu, and Alejandra Gamon

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, Inflammation, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Fibrosis, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Internal medicine, medicine, Macrophage, Animals, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, chemistry.chemical_classification, Toll-like receptor, Reactive oxygen species, Kidney, Mice, Inbred C3H, Multidisciplinary, Angiotensin II, Macrophages, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Disease Models, Animal, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Hypertension, TLR4, Cytokines, Medicine, Vascular Resistance, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), medicine.symptom, Oxidative stress, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation are integral to hypertension-induced renal injury. A unifying feature for the two components is Toll-like receptors (TLR), which are key regulators of the innate immune system. Recent studies implicate TLR4 activation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases and also as a link between inflammation and hypertension. However, its role in hypertension induced renal injury remains unexplored. In the present study, we investigated whether TLR-4 deficiency reduces Ang-II-induced renal injury and fibrosis by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammation. C3H/HeOuJ mice with normal TLR-4 and C3H/HeJ Lps-d with dysfunctional TLR4 (TLR4 deficiency) were treated without or with Ang-II. In response to Ang-II, TLR4 deficient mice had reduced renal resistive index and increased renal cortical blood flow compared to mice with normal TLR4. Further, TLR4 deficiency reduced oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity (MnSOD, CuSOD and Catalase activity). TLR4 deficiency was also associated with reduced inflammation (MCP-1, MIP-2, TNF-α, IL-6 and CD68), decreased accumulation of bone marrow-derived fibroblasts and TGF-β expression. Our data suggests that in C3H/HeJ Lps-d mice, deficiency of functional TLR4 reduces oxidative stress and macrophage activation to decrease TGF-β-induced extracellular matrix protein deposition in the kidney in Ang-II induced hypertension.

Published
2017

20. Dementia-like pathology in type-2 diabetes: A novel microRNA mechanism

Author

Philip Bauer, Claudio Maldonado, Anuradha Kalani, Irving G. Joshua, Neetu Tyagi, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Pankaj Chaturvedi

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperphosphorylation, tau Proteins, Endothelial Growth Factors, Biology, Article, Prion Proteins, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, GSK-3, microRNA, medicine, Animals, TSG101, RNA, Messenger, DAPI, Maze Learning, Glycogen synthase, Molecular Biology, Mice, Knockout, Regulation of gene expression, Leptin receptor, Brain, Recognition, Psychology, Cell Biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, MicroRNAs, 030104 developmental biology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Gene Expression Regulation, chemistry, biology.protein, Receptors, Leptin, Dementia, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Although type-2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported to increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Dementia-like pathology is attributed to the accumulation of cellular prion protein (PrPc) which plays a role in cognitive dysfunction. However, its involvement and regulation in diabetic dementia-like pathology is not well understood. Using T2D db/db (leptin receptor knockout) mice subjected to object recognition and Y-maze behavioral tests, we determined that short-term memory was compromised and that the mice displayed abrupt spontaneous behaviour compared to db/m control mice. MicroRNA analysis using qRT2-PCR array demonstrated a significant reduction in the transcript expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in the brain of T2D db/db mice as compared to db/m controls. The sequence matching tools validated the binding of miR-146a to a conserved domain of the PrPc gene. Administration of mouse brain endothelial cell-derived exosomes (BECDEs) loaded with miR-146a into the brain's ventricle of T2D db/db mice attenuated brain PrPc levels and restored short-term memory function though not significant. Also, we observed hyperphosphorylation of tau through decreased expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in T2D db/db brains that regulates microtubule organization and memory function. We conclude that underexpression of miR-146a upregulates PrPc production in T2D db/db mice and the delivery of BECDEs loaded with a miR-146a can down regulate PrPc levels and restore short term memory function up to a certain extent.

Published
2017

21. Homocysteine, Alcoholism, and Its Potential Epigenetic Mechanism

Author

Pradip K. Kamat, Neetu Tyagi, Carissa Jo Mallonee, Akash K. George, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Homocysteine, Models, Neurological, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Toxicology, Bioinformatics, Models, Biological, Article, Epigenesis, Genetic, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Epigenetics, Vascular dementia, Genetics, Ethanol, biology, Neurotoxicity, Cancer, medicine.disease, Alcoholism, Psychiatry and Mental health, 030104 developmental biology, Histone, chemistry, Toxicity, DNA methylation, biology.protein, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Alcohol is the most socially accepted addictive drug. Alcohol consumption is associated with some health problems such as neurological, cognitive, behavioral deficits, cancer, heart and liver disease. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced toxicity are presently not yet clear. One of the mechanisms underlying alcohol toxicity has to do with its interaction with amino acid-homocysteine (Hcy), which has been linked with brain neurotoxicity. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) impairs with various physiological mechanisms in the body, especially metabolic pathways. Hcy metabolism is predominantly controlled by epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and acetylation. An alteration in these processes leads to epigenetic modification. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the role of Hcy metabolism abnormalities in alcohol-induced toxicity with epigenetic adaptation and their influences on cerebrovascular pathology.

Published
2016

23. Probiotics Ameliorate Gut‐Microbial Dysbiosis, Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Cystathionine‐β‐synthase‐Deficient Mice

Author

Neetu Tyagi, Suresh C. Tyagi, Jessica Ison, and Jyotirmaya Behera

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Intestinal permeability, ATP synthase, biology, business.industry, Skeletal muscle, Systemic inflammation, medicine.disease, Microbial dysbiosis, Biochemistry, Cystathionine beta synthase, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Internal medicine, Genetics, biology.protein, Deficient mouse, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology
Published
2019

24. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves skeletal muscle fatigability in a mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia

Author

Naira Metreveli, Rubens P Homme, Akash K. George, Suresh C. Tyagi, Avisek Majumder, and Mahavir Singh

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, biology, business.industry, Skeletal muscle, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, business, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology
Published
2019

25. Expression Analysis of the Circular RNA Molecules in the Human Retinal Cells Treated with Homocysteine

Author

Anwesha Laha, Rubens P Homme, Avisek Majumder, Suresh C. Tyagi, Akash K. George, Harpal Sandhu, and Mahavir Singh

Subjects
Epigenomics, Homocysteine, Inflammation, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Biology, Article, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Circular RNA, medicine, Humans, Epigenetics, Retina, Gene Expression Profiling, Retinal, RNA, Circular, Molecular biology, Sensory Systems, Fold change, Up-Regulation, Ophthalmology, MicroRNAs, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Gene Expression Regulation, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine.symptom, DNA microarray, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

PURPOSE: To characterize the global profile of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and their differential expression levels in homocysteine (Hcy)-treated ARPE-19 cells, a line of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated ARPE-19 cells with and without Hcy to investigate the influence of Hcy on circRNA expression levels using dedicated human circRNA microarrays. RESULTS: A total of 12,233 circRNAs were identified out of them 54 were differentially expressed (17 were down-regulated, and 37 were up-regulated) with a fold change >2.0 (p < 0.05) in Hcy-treated versus untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report profiling circRNAs in human RPE cells post-Hcy treatment mimicking hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy) conditions that negatively affect retinal biology and vision. These findings are of potential clinical significance as they will help understand Hcy metabolism and HHcy-mediated diseases and identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for eye diseases that are caused by elevated Hcy concentrations.

Published
2018

26. Toll-like receptor 4 mutation suppresses hyperhomocysteinemia-induced hypertension

Author

Anuradha Kalani, Suresh C. Tyagi, Nevena Jeremic, George H. Kunkel, Naira Metreveli, Pankaj Chaturvedi, and Anastasia Familtseva

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cellular membrane, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Physiology, Interleukin-1beta, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Animals, Receptor, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Inflammation, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mutation, Toll-like receptor, Innate immune system, Cell Death, Caspase 3, Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Articles, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Caspase 9, Mitochondria, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Toll-Like Receptor 4, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Hypertension, Immunology, Cancer research, Mitochondrial fission
Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been observed to promote hypertension, but the mechanisms are unclear. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a cellular membrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types of the vasculature. TLR-4 activation has been known to promote inflammation that has been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this study we hypothesize that HHcy induces hypertension by TLR-4 activation, which promotes inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) upregulation and initiation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, leading to cell death and chronic vascular inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we used C57BL/6J (WT) mice, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS)-deficient (CBS+/−) mice with genetic mild HHcy, C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice with TLR-4 mutation, and mice with combined genetic HHcy and TLR-4 mutation (CBS+/−/C3H). Ultrasonography of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) detected an increase in wall-to-lumen ratio, resistive index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI). Tail cuff blood pressure (BP) measurement revealed elevated BP in CBS+/− mice. RI, PI, and wall-to-lumen ratio of the SMA in CBS+/−/C3H mice were similar to the control group, and BP was significantly alleviated. TLR-4, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression were upregulated in the SMA of CBS+/− mice and reduced in the SMA of CBS+/−/C3H mice. Molecules involved in the mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway (BAX, caspase-9, and caspase-3) were upregulated in CBS+/− mice and attenuated in CBS+/−/C3H mice. We conclude that HHcy promotes TLR-4-driven chronic vascular inflammation and mitochondria-mediated cell death, inducing hypertension. TLR-4 mutation attenuates vascular inflammation and cell death, which suppress hypertension.

Published
2016

27. Browning of White Fat: Novel Insight Into Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics

Author

Nevena Jeremic, Pankaj Chaturvedi, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Leptin, Clinical Biochemistry, Adipose tissue, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Cell Biology, White adipose tissue, TFAM, Biology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, Brown adipose tissue, Myokine, medicine, Thermogenesis
Abstract

What is more interesting about brown adipose tissue (BAT) is its ability to provide thermogenesis, protection against obesity by clearing triglycerides, releasing batokines, and mitigating insulin resistance. White adipose tissue (WAT) on the other hand stores excess energy and secretes some endocrine factors like leptin for regulating satiety. For the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the browning of fat keeping in view its beneficial effects on metabolic disorders and protection in the form of perivascular fat. Obesity is one such metabolic disorder that leads to significant morbidity and mortality from obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease risk. Browning of white fat paves the way to restrict obesity and obesity related disorders. Although exercise has been the most common factor for fat browning; however, there are other factors that involve: (1) beta aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA); (2) gamma amino butyric acid (GABA); (3) PPARɣ agonists; (4) JAK inhibition; and (5) IRISIN. In this review, we propose two novel factors musclin and TFAM for fat browning. Musclin a myokine released from muscles during exercise activates PPARɣ which induces browning of WAT that has beneficial metabolic and cardiac effects. TFAM is a transcription factor that induces mitochondrial biogenesis. Since BAT is rich in mitochondria, higher expression of TFAM in WAT or TFAM treatment in WAT cells can induce browning of WAT. We propose that fat browning can be used as a therapeutic tool for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 61-68, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2016

28. Cerebrovascular disorders caused by hyperfibrinogenaemia

Author

Nino Muradashvili, Suresh C. Tyagi, Neetu Tyagi, David Lominadze, and Reeta Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Physiology, Inflammation, Biology, Fibrinogen, Vascular remodelling in the embryo, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Western blot, Transcytosis, Internal medicine, Paracellular transport, Caveolae, medicine, medicine.symptom, Transcellular, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

Key points Hyperfibrinogenaemia (HFg) results in vascular remodelling, and fibrinogen (Fg) and amyloid β (Aβ) complex formation is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. However, the interconnection of these effects, their mechanisms and implications in cerebrovascular diseases are not known. Using a mouse model of HFg, we showed that at an elevated blood level, Fg increases cerebrovascular permeability via mainly caveolar protein transcytosis. This enhances deposition of Fg in subendothelial matrix and interstitium making the immobilized Fg a readily accessible substrate for binding Aβ and cellular prion protein (PrPC), the protein that is thought to have a greater effect on memory than Aβ. We showed that enhanced formation of Fg–Aβ and Fg–PrPC complexes are associated with reduction in short-term memory. The present study delineates a new mechanistic pathway for vasculo-neuronal dysfunctions found in inflammatory cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases associated with an elevated blood level of Fg. Abstract Many cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammation and as such are accompanied by an increased blood level of fibrinogen (Fg). Besides its well-known prothrombotic effects Fg seems to have other destructive roles in developing microvascular dysfunction that include changes in vascular reactivity and permeability. Increased permeability of brain microvessels has the most profound effects as it may lead to cerebrovascular remodelling and result in memory reduction. The goal of the present study was to define mechanisms of cerebrovascular permeability and associated reduction in memory induced by elevated blood content of Fg. Genetically modified, transgenic hyperfibrinogenic (HFg) mice were used to study cerebrovascular transcellular and paracellular permeability in vivo. The extent of caveolar formation and the role of caveolin-1 signalling were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) analysis in brain samples from experimental animals. Formation of Fg complexes with amyloid β (Aβ) and with cellular prion protein (PrPC) were also assessed with IHC and WB analysis. Short-term memory of mice was assessed by novel object recognition and Y-maze tests. Caveolar protein transcytosis was found to have a prevailing role in overall increased cerebrovascular permeability in HFg mice. These results were associated with enhanced formation of caveolae. Increased formation of Fg–PrPC and Fg–Aβ complexes were correlated with reduction in short-term memory in HFg mice. Using the model of hyperfibrinogenaemia, the present study shows a novel mechanistic pathway of inflammation-induced and Fg-mediated reduction in short-term memory.

Published
2016

29. Moderate intensity exercise prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy associated contractile dysfunction through restoration of mitochondrial function and connexin 43 levels in db/db mice

Author

Naira Metreveli, Sathnur Pushpakumar, Srikanth Givvimani, Suresh C. Tyagi, Sudhakar Veeranki, and Sourav Kundu

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cardiac function curve, medicine.medical_specialty, Diabetic Cardiomyopathies, Cardiac fibrosis, Cardiomyopathy, MFN2, Mice, Obese, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biology, Connexins, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, DNM1L, Adenosine Triphosphate, Oxygen Consumption, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Internal medicine, Diabetic cardiomyopathy, medicine, Animals, Humans, Myocytes, Cardiac, Obesity, Molecular Biology, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, medicine.disease, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Mitochondrial biogenesis, Connexin 43, Mitochondrial fission, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

Aims Although the cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well known, exercise induced effects and mechanisms in prevention of cardiomyopathy are less clear during obesity associated type-2 diabetes. The current study assessed the impact of moderate intensity exercise on diabetic cardiomyopathy by examining cardiac function and structure and mitochondrial function. Methods Obese-diabetic (db/db), and lean control (db/+) mice, were subjected to a 5 week, 300 m run on a tread-mill for 5 days/week at the speeds of 10–11 m/min. Various physiological parameters were recorded and the heart function was evaluated with M-mode echocardiography. Contraction parameters and calcium transits were examined on isolated cardiomyocytes. At the molecular level: connexin 43 and 37 (Cx43 and 37) levels, mitochondrial biogenesis regulators: Mfn2 and Drp-1 levels, mitochondrial trans-membrane potential and cytochrome c leakage were assessed through western blotting immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Ability of exercise to reverse oxygen consumption rate (OCR), tissue ATP levels, and cardiac fibrosis were also determined. Results The exercise regimen was able to prevent diabetic cardiac functional deficiencies: ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). Improvements in contraction velocity and contraction maximum were noted with the isolated cardiomyocytes. Restoration of interstitial and micro-vessels associated Cx43 levels and improved gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) were observed. The decline in the Mfn2/Drp-1 ratio in the db/db mice hearts was prevented after exercise. The exercise regimen further attenuated transmembrane potential decline and cytochrome c leakage. These corrections further led to improvements in OCR and tissue ATP levels and reduction in cardiac fibrosis. Conclusions Moderate intensity exercise produced significant cardiovascular benefits by improving mitochondrial function through restoration of Cx43 networks and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential and prevention of excessive mitochondrial fission.

Published
2016

30. High Methionine Diet Poses Cardiac Threat: A Molecular Insight

Author

Anastasia Familtseva, Anuradha Kalani, Suresh C. Tyagi, Pankaj Chaturvedi, and Pradip K. Kamat

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cardiac function curve, medicine.medical_specialty, Methionine, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Inflammation, Cell Biology, Biology, MMP9, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, chemistry, Enos, Internal medicine, medicine, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, medicine.symptom, Ventricular remodeling, Oxidative stress
Abstract

High methionine diet (HMD) for example red meat which includes lamb, beef, pork can pose cardiac threat and vascular dysfunction but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that a diet rich in methionine can malfunction the cardiovascular system in three ways: (1) by augmenting oxidative stress; (2) by inflammatory manifestations; and (3) by matrix/vascular remodeling. To test this hypothesis we used four groups of mice: (1) WT; (2) WT + methionine; (3) CBS(+/-) ; (4) CBS(+/-) +methionine. We observed high oxidative stress in mice fed with methionine which was even higher in CBS(+/-) and CBS(+/-) +methionine. Higher oxidative stress was indicated by high levels of SOD-1 in methionine fed mouse hearts whereas IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and TLR4 showed high inflammatory manifestations. The upregulated levels of eNOS/iNOS and upregulated levels of MMP2/MMP9 along with high collagen deposition indicated vascular and matrix remodeling in methionine fed mouse. We evaluated the cardiac function which was dysregulated in the mice fed with HMD. These mice had decreased ejection fraction and left ventricular dysfunction which subsequently leads to adverse cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, our study clearly shows that HMD poses a cardiac threat by increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory manifestations, matrix/vascular remodeling, and decreased cardiac function.

Published
2016

31. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Ilya Chernyavskiy, Utpal Sen, and Sudhakar Veeranki

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease_cause, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, History and Philosophy of Science, Internal medicine, Genetic predisposition, Medicine, biology, Mechanism (biology), business.industry, General Neuroscience, Paraoxonase, medicine.disease, PON1, 030104 developmental biology, Aryldialkylphosphatase, Endocrinology, chemistry, Immunology, biology.protein, business, Oxidative stress
Abstract

Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.

Published
2016

32. High‐Fat Induces Cardiac Remodeling via Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome

Author

Dragana Stanisic, Mahavir Singh, Carissa J. Malonee, Jack Molnar, Akash K. George, Rubens P Homme, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Immunology, Genetics, medicine, High fat, Biology, medicine.disease, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Dysbiosis, Gut microbiome, Biotechnology
Published
2020

33. Probiotic Mitigates High Fat Diet‐Induced Mammary Gland Inflammation and Matrix Remodeling

Author

Akash K. George, Suresh C. Tyagi, Carissa Jo Mallonee, Irina A. Smolenkova, Rubens P Homme, Mahavir Singh, John Christian Molnar, and Dragana Stanisic

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Matrix remodeling, Mammary gland, Inflammation, High fat diet, Biology, Biochemistry, law.invention, Probiotic, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, law, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, medicine.symptom, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology
Published
2020

34. Hydrogen sulfide improves postischemic neoangiogenesis in the hind limb of cystathionine‐β‐synthase mutant mice via PPAR‐γ/VEGF axis

Author

Avisek Majumder, Akash K. George, Neetu Tyagi, Mahavir Singh, Jyotirmaya Behera, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, medicine.medical_specialty, Skeletal Muscle, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III, Physiology, Angiogenesis, Genetic Conditions Disorders and Treatments, hydrogen sulfide, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Hindlimb, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Downregulation and upregulation, Ischemia, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Receptor, Muscle, Skeletal, Original Research, biology, Chemistry, Skeletal muscle, stress response, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, Cystathionine beta synthase, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Mice, Inbred C57BL, PPAR gamma, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Regulatory Pathways, Mutation, biology.protein, Endocrine and Metabolic Conditons, Disorders and Treatments, Wound healing, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Neoangiogenesis is a fundamental process which helps to meet energy requirements, tissue growth, and wound healing. Although previous studies showed that Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR‐γ) regulates neoangiogenesis via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and both VEGF and PPAR‐γ expressions were inhibited during hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy), whether these two processes could trigger pathological effects in skeletal muscle via compromising neoangiogenesis has not been studied yet. Unfortunately, there are no treatment options available to date for ameliorating HHcy‐mediated neoangiogenic defects. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gasotransmitter that can induce PPAR‐γ levels. However, patients with cystathionine‐β‐synthase (CBS) mutation(s) cannot produce a sufficient amount of H2S. We hypothesized that exogenous supplementation of H2S might improve HHcy‐mediated poor neoangiogenesis via the PPAR‐γ/VEGF axis. To examine this, we created a hind limb femoral artery ligation (FAL) in CBS +/− mouse model and treated them with GYY4137 (a long‐acting H2S donor compound) for 21 days. To evaluate neoangiogenesis, we used barium sulfate angiography and laser Doppler blood flow measurements in the ischemic hind limbs of experimental mice post‐FAL to assess blood flow. Proteins and mRNAs levels were studied by Western blots and qPCR analyses. HIF1‐α, VEGF, PPAR‐γ and p‐eNOS expressions were attenuated in skeletal muscle of CBS +/− mice after 21 days of FAL in comparison to wild‐type (WT) mice, that were improved via GYY4137 treatment. We also found that the collateral vessel density and blood flow were significantly reduced in post‐FAL CBS +/− mice compared to WT mice and these effects were ameliorated by GYY4137. Moreover, we found that plasma nitrite levels were decreased in post‐FAL CBS +/− mice compared to WT mice, which were mitigated by GYY4137 supplementation. These results suggest that HHcy can inhibit neoangiogenesis via antagonizing the angiogenic signal pathways encompassing PPAR‐γ/VEGF axis and that GYY4137 could serve as a potential therapeutic to alleviate the harmful metabolic effects of HHcy conditions.

Published
2018

35. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy via mitigation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress injury

Author

Jyotirmaya Behera, Nicholas T. Theilen, Naira Metreveli, Neetu Tyagi, Suresh C. Tyagi, Akash K. George, Mahavir Singh, and Avisek Majumder

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Physiology, MAP Kinase Kinase 4, Muscle Proteins, Antioxidants, Tripartite Motif Proteins, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP, Heat-Shock Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Chemistry, Forkhead Box Protein O1, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Muscle atrophy, Muscular Atrophy, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine.symptom, Research Article, Hyperhomocysteinemia, medicine.medical_specialty, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Inflammation, Oxidative phosphorylation, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, Endoribonucleases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Sulfites, Muscle Strength, Muscle, Skeletal, Reactive oxygen species, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases, Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Endoplasmic reticulum, Skeletal muscle, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Cystathionine beta synthase, Activating Transcription Factor 6, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Gene Expression Regulation, biology.protein, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) occurs because of the deficiency in cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) causing skeletal muscle dysfunction, it is still unclear whether this effect is mediated through oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, or both. Nevertheless, there is no treatment option available to improve HHcy-mediated muscle injury. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an antioxidant compound, and patients with CBS mutation do not produce H2S. In this study, we hypothesized that H2S mitigates HHcy-induced redox imbalance/ER stress during skeletal muscle atrophy via JNK phosphorylation. We used CBS+/−mice to study HHcy-mediated muscle atrophy, and treated them with sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; an H2S donor). Proteins and mRNAs were examined by Western blots and quantitative PCR. Proinflammatory cytokines were also measured. Muscle mass and strength were studied via fatigue susceptibility test. Our data revealed that HHcy was detrimental to skeletal mass, particularly gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle weight. We noticed that oxidative stress was reversed by NaHS in homocysteine (Hcy)-treated C2C12 cells. Interestingly, ER stress markers (GRP78, ATF6, pIRE1α, and pJNK) were elevated in vivo and in vitro, and NaHS mitigated these effects. Additionally, we observed that JNK phosphorylation was upregulated in C2C12 after Hcy treatment, but NaHS could not reduce this effect. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in plasma from CBS as compared with wild-type mice. FOXO1-mediated Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 upregulation were attenuated by NaHS. Functional studies revealed that NaHS administration improved muscle fatigability in CBS+/−mice. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that NaHS is beneficial in mitigating HHcy-mediated skeletal injury incited by oxidative/ER stress responses.

Published
2018

36. Exercise mitigates the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on adverse muscle remodeling†

Author

Sudhakar Veeranki, Lee J. Winchester, Sathnur Pushpakumar, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cardiovascular Conditions, Disorders and Treatments, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Skeletal Muscle, Physiology, muscle, Immunology, Inflammation, Myostatin, Hindlimb, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Muscular Conditions, Disorders and Treatments, Skeletal muscle fibrosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Fibrosis, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Physical Conditioning, Animal, medicine, Animals, Muscle, Skeletal, Original Research, biology, exercise, business.industry, MMP9, Endurance and Performance, fibrosis, Skeletal muscle, homocysteine, Hypoxia (medical), medicine.disease, Artery, 3. Good health, Mice, Inbred C57BL, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, biology.protein, Cellular Physiology, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known for causing inflammation and vascular remodeling, particularly through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) activation. Although its effect on the skeletal muscle is unclear, HHcy can cause skeletal muscle weakness and functional impairment by induction of inflammatory mediators and macrophage mediated injury. Exercise has been shown to reduce homocysteine levels and therefore, could serve as a promising intervention for HHcy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis through induction of inflammation and determine whether exercise can mitigate these effects. C57BL/6J (WT) and CBS+/− (HHcy) mice were administered a 6 weeks treadmill exercise protocol. Hindlimb perfusion was measured via laser Doppler. Measurement of skeletal muscle protein expression was done by western blot. Levels of skeletal muscle MMP‐9 mRNA were determined by qPCR. Collagen deposition in the skeletal muscle was measured using Masson's trichrome staining. In CBS+/− mice, HHcy manifested with decreased body weight and femoral artery lumen diameter, as well as a trend of lower hindlimb perfusion. These mice displayed increased wall to lumen ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, collagen deposition, and elevated myostatin protein expression. Exercise mitigated the effects above in CBS+/− mice. Skeletal muscle from CBS+/− mice had elevated markers of remodeling and hypoxia: iNOS, EMMPRIN, and MMP‐9. We conclude that HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis possibly through induction of EMMPRIN/MMP‐9 and exercise is capable of mitigating the pathologies associated with HHcy.

Published
2018

37. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a missing link to dysfunctional HDL via paraoxanase-1

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Sathnur Pushpakumar, Naira Metreveli, Srikanth Givvimani, Vivian Doyle, Lee J. Winchester, Sudhakar Veeranki, Sourav Kundu, and Nithya Narayanan

Subjects
Male, Cardiac function curve, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III, Homocysteine, Physiology, Blood Pressure, Inflammation, Arginine, Connexins, Amidohydrolases, Mice, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enos, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Protein kinase B, Mice, Knockout, Pharmacology, biology, Aryldialkylphosphatase, General Medicine, Atherosclerosis, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Fibrosis, PON1, Endocrinology, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, chemistry, Knockout mouse, Diet, Atherogenic, Endothelium, Vascular, medicine.symptom, Lipoproteins, HDL, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
Abstract

Paraoxanase-1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme that contributes to the antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic properties of HDL. Lack of PON1 results in dysfunctional HDL. HHcy is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, and instigates vascular dysfunction and ECM remodeling. Although studies have reported HHcy during atherosclerosis, the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we hypothesize that dysfunctional HDL due to lack of PON1 contributes to endothelial impairment and atherogenesis through HHcy-induced ECM re-modeling. To verify this hypothesis, we used C57BL6/J and PON1 knockout mice (KO) and fed them an atherogenic diet. The expression of Akt, ADMA, and DDAH, as well as endothelial gap junction proteins such as Cx-37 and Cx-40 and eNOS was measured for vascular dysfunction and inflammation. We observed that cardiac function was decreased and plasma Hcy levels were increased in PON1 KO mice fed the atherogenic diet compared with the controls. Expression of Akt, eNOS, DDAH, Cx-37, and Cx-40 was decreased, and the expression of MMP-9 and ADMA was increased in PON1 KO mice fed an atherogenic diet compared with the controls. Our results suggest that HHcy plays an intricate role in dysfunctional HDL, owing to the lack of PON1. This contributes to vascular endothelial impairment and atherosclerosis through MMP-9-induced vascular remodeling.

Published
2015

38. Epigenetic revival of a dead cardiomyocyte through mitochondrial interventions

Author

George H. Kunkel, Pankaj Chaturvedi, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Mitochondrial DNA, Proteases, QH301-705.5, cardiomyocytes, Mitochondrion, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mitochondrial Proteins, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Animals, Humans, Myocyte, Gene silencing, Myocytes, Cardiac, Epigenetics, Biology (General), Heart Failure, epigenetics, biology, Smoking, Calpain, General Medicine, Mitochondria, Cell biology, revival, mitochondrial fusion, Cardiovascular Diseases, Genome, Mitochondrial, biology.protein
Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to underline heart failure, and our earlier report suggests that mitochondrial fusion and fission contributes significantly to volume overload heart failure. Although ample studies highlight mitochondrial dysfunction to be a major cause, studies are lacking to uncover the role of mitochondrial epigenetics, i.e. epigenetic modifications of mtDNA in cardiomyocyte function. Additionally, mitochondrial proteases like calpain and Lon proteases are underexplored. Cardiomyopathies are correlated to mitochondrial damage via increased reactive oxygen species production and free calcium within cardiomyocytes. These abnormalities drive increased proteolytic activity from matrix metalloproteinases and calpains, respectively. These proteases degrade the cytoskeleton of the cardiomyocyte and lead to myocyte death. mtDNA methylation is another factor that can lead to myocyte death by silencing several genes of mitochondria or upregulating the expression of mitochondrial proteases by hypomethylation. Cardiomyocyte resuscitation can occur through mitochondrial interventions by decreasing the proteolytic activity and reverting back the epigenetic changes in the mtDNA which lead to myocyte dysfunction. Epigenetic changes in the mtDNA are triggered by environmental factors like pollution and eating habits with cigarette smoking. An analysis of mitochondrial epigenetics in cigarette-smoking mothers will reveal an underlying novel mechanism leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually heart failure. This review is focused on the mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms that can be reverted back to resuscitate cardiomyocytes.

Published
2015

39. Hyperhomocysteinemia inhibits satellite cell regenerative capacity through p38 alpha/beta MAPK signaling

Author

Sudhakar Veeranki, David Lominadze, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Sarcopenia, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Physiology, Cell, Cystathionine beta-Synthase, Alpha (ethology), Biology, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Cell Line, Physiology (medical), medicine, Animals, Regeneration, Phosphorylation, Muscle, Skeletal, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Knockout, Cell growth, Regeneration (biology), Muscle weakness, Skeletal muscle, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Enzyme Activation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, Oxidative Stress, medicine.anatomical_structure, Immunology, Signaling and Stress Response, medicine.symptom, Reactive Oxygen Species, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

Chronic failure in maintenance and regeneration of skeletal muscles leads to lower muscle mass (sarcopenia), muscle weakness, and poor response to injury. Evidence suggests that aberrant p38 MAPK signaling undermines the repair process after injury in aged mice. Previous studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been associated with muscle weakness and lower than normal body weights. However, whether or not HHcy condition also compromises skeletal muscle regenerative capabilities is not clear. In the current study, we show that CBS−/+ mice, a model for HHcy condition, exhibited compromised regenerative function and cell proliferation upon injury. However, there was no significant difference in Pax7 expression levels in the satellite cells from CBS−/+ mouse skeletal muscles. Interestingly, the satellite cells from CBS−/+ mice not only exhibited diminished in vitro proliferative capabilities, but also there was heightened oxidative stress. In addition, there was enhanced p38 MAPK activation as well as p16 and p21 expression in the CBS−/+ mouse satellite cells. Moreover, the C2C12 myoblasts also exhibited higher p38 MAPK activation and p16 expression upon treatment with homocysteine in addition to enhanced ROS presence. Tissue engraftment potential and regeneration after injury were restored to some extent upon treatment with the p38-MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 , in the CBS−/+ mice. These results together suggest that HHcy-induced diminished satellite cell proliferation involves excessive oxidative stress and p38 MAPK signaling. Our study further proposes that HHcy is a potential risk factor for elderly frailty, and need to be considered as a therapeutic target while designing the alleviation interventions/postinjury rehabilitation measures for adults with HHcy.

Published
2015

40. Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Srikanth Givvimani, Sudhakar Veeranki, and Lee J. Winchester

Subjects
Physiology, Blotting, Western, Cell Culture Techniques, Biology, Matrix metalloproteinase, Cell Line, Extracellular matrix, Mice, Physiology (medical), Animals, Macrophage, CD40 Antigens, Homocysteine, Pharmacology, Metalloproteinase, CD40, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Cluster of differentiation, Macrophages, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Cell Differentiation, General Medicine, Immunohistochemistry, Molecular biology, Blot, Nitric oxide synthase, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Basigin, biology.protein, Reactive Oxygen Species, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Introduction: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with inflammatory diseases and is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and to decrease endothelial nitric oxide production. However, the impact of HHcy on macrophage phenotype differentiation is not well-established. It has been documented that macrophages have 2 distinct phenotypes: the “classically activated/destructive” (M1), and the “alternatively activated/constructive” (M2) subtypes. We hypothesize that HHcy increases M1 macrophage differentiation through extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a known inducer of matrix metalloproteinases. Methods: murine J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 and 500 μmol/L Hcy, respectively, for 24 h. Samples were analyzed using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Homocysteine treatment increased cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40; M1 marker) in J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages. MMP-9 was induced in both cell lines. EMMPRIN protein expression was also increased in both cell lines. Blocking EMMPRIN function by pre-treating cells with anti-EMMPRIN antibody, with or without Hcy, resulted in significantly lower expression of CD40 in both cell lines by comparison with the controls. A DCFDA assay demonstrated increased ROS production in both cell lines with Hcy treatment when compared with the controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HHcy results in an increase of the M1 macrophage phenotype. This effect seems to be at least partially mediated by EMMPRIN induction.

Published
2015

41. Hyperhomocysteinemia associated skeletal muscle weakness involves mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic modifications

Author

Lee J. Winchester, Sudhakar Veeranki, and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Male, MFN2, Gene Expression, Mitochondrion, DNA Methyltransferase 3A, Epigenesis, Genetic, Dystrophin, Adenosine Triphosphate, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases, NRF1, Mice, Knockout, Muscle Weakness, Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Creatine Kinase, MM Form, MicroRNA, Mitochondria, DNA-Binding Proteins, Molecular Medicine, Epigenetics, Female, mtTFA, medicine.symptom, Muscle Contraction, Muscle contraction, medicine.medical_specialty, Blotting, Western, Hyperhomocysteinemia, In Vitro Techniques, Biology, Article, Cell Line, Mitochondrial Proteins, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Muscle, Skeletal, Exercise, Molecular Biology, Swimming, NRF-1, Muscle weakness, DNA Methylation, TFAM, Mice, Inbred C57BL, MicroRNAs, Endocrinology, biology.protein, Transcription Factors
Abstract

HHcy has been implicated in elderly frailty, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using C57 and CBS+/− mice and C2C12 cell line, we investigated mechanisms behind HHcy induced skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability. Possible alterations in metabolic capacity (levels of LDH, CS, MM-CK and COX-IV), in structural proteins (levels of dystrophin) and in mitochondrial function (ATP production) were examined. An exercise regimen was employed to reverse HHcy induced changes. CBS+/− mice exhibited more fatigability, and generated less contraction force. No significant changes in muscle morphology were observed. However, there is a corresponding reduction in large muscle fiber number in CBS+/− mice. Excess fatigability was not due to changes in key enzymes involved in metabolism, but was due to reduced ATP levels. A marginal reduction in dystrophin levels along with a decrease in mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) were observed. There was also an increase in the mir-31, and mir-494 quantities that were implicated in dystrophin and mtTFA regulation respectively. The molecular changes elevated during HHcy, with the exception of dystrophin levels, were reversed after exercise. In addition, the amount of NRF-1, one of the transcriptional regulators of mtTFA, was significantly decreased. Furthermore, there was enhancement in mir-494 levels and a concomitant decline in mtTFA protein quantity in homocysteine treated cells. These changes in C2C12 cells were also accompanied by an increase in DNMT3a and DNMT3b proteins and global DNA methylation levels. Together, these results suggest that HHcy plays a causal role in enhanced fatigability through mitochondrial dysfunction which involves epigenetic changes.

Published
2015

42. Role of hydrogen sulfide in skeletal muscle biology and metabolism

Author

Sudhakar Veeranki and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Skeletal muscle, Endogeny, Metabolism, Mitochondrion, Biology, equipment and supplies, Biochemistry, Article, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Downregulation and upregulation, Internal medicine, Mitophagy, medicine, Animals, Humans, Hydrogen Sulfide, medicine.symptom, Muscle, Skeletal, Myopathy, Anaerobic exercise
Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel endogenous gaseous signal transducer (gasotransmitter). Its emerging role in multiple facets of inter- and intra-cellular signaling as a metabolic, inflammatory, neuro and vascular modulator has been increasingly realized. Although H2S is known for its effects as an anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant molecule, the relevance of these effects in skeletal muscle biology during health and during metabolic syndromes is unclear. H2S has been implicated in vascular relaxation and vessel tone enhancement, which might lead to mitigation of vascular complications caused by the metabolic syndromes. Metabolic complications may also lead to mitochondrial remodeling by interfering with fusion and fission, therefore, leading to mitochondrial mitophagy and skeletal muscle myopathy. Mitochondrial protection by H2S enhancing treatments may mitigate deterioration of muscle function during metabolic syndromes. In addition, H2S might upregulate uncoupling proteins and might also cause browning of white fat, resulting in suppression of imbalanced cytokine signaling caused by abnormal fat accumulation. Likewise, as a source for H+ ions, it has the potential to augment anaerobic ATP synthesis. However, there is a need for studies to test these putative H2S benefits in different patho-physiological scenarios before its full-fledged usage as a therapeutic molecule. The present review highlights current knowledge with regard to exogenous and endogenous H2S roles in skeletal muscle biology, metabolism, exercise physiology and related metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, and also provides future directions.

Published
2015

43. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio Aguirre Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait Si Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig U. Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine K. Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M. Backer, Dong Hun Bae, Jae sung Bae, Ok Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D. Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg MN Behrens, Kevin E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A. Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze Battaglia, Lawrence H. Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M. Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sebastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José M. Bravo San Pedro, Lisa A. Brennan, Emery H. Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti Pierri, Robert J. Bryson Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, CETRULLO, SILVIA, Hassan Chaachouay, Han Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S. L. Chen, Wei Chen, Wei Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau Hung Chen, Ye Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu Jen Chen, Yue Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong Hyung Cho, Ssang Goo Cho, William C. Cho, Yong Yeon Cho, Young Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui Ju Choi, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung Il Choi, Tsui Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen Li Chung, Yong Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, J. Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria F. Czyzyk Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M. Darley Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Matteis, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz Araya, Ines Díaz Laviada, Maria T. Diaz Meco, Javier Diaz Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P. Dinesh Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X. Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue Jr, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El Deiry, Victoria El Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, Francois B. Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernandez Barrena, Jose C. Fernandez Checa, Arsenio Fernández López, Martin E. Fernandez Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira Halder, Laszlo Fesus, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo C. Filippi Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, FLAMIGNI, FLAVIO, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francois, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K. Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia Macía, Carmen Garcia Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J. Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Ligia C. Gomes, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez Manzano, Rubén Gómez Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalves, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez Cabo, Rosa Ana González Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E. Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun Lin Guan, Kun Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Ho Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R. Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong Rong He, Xian Hui He, You Wen He, Yu Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P. Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William D. Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin Yuan Hsu, Li Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu Chen Hu, Zhuo Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey Lan Huang, Kuo How Huang, Kuo Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei Pang Huang, Yi Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L. Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J. Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Po Yuan Ke, Zun Ji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo Youl Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S. King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C. Koch, Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya V. Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka wai Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G. Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung Hoon Lee, Che Hsin Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung Jae Lee, Shiow Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young H. Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Jinzhi Lei, Qun Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I. Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P. Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang Shen Lin, Chiou Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang Huei Lin, Pei Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan Wan Lin, Yee Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M. Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing Jing Liu, Jing Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loos, Carlos López Otín, Cristina López Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Los, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M. Machado Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, MARTELLI, ALBERTO MARIA, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Seamus J. Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A. Martin Acebes, Paloma Martín Sanz, Camille Martinand Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez Velázquez, Marta Martinez Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D. Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C. McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J. McMahon, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menendez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna Barreto, Manoj B. Menon, Marco A. Meraz Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Man tian Mi, Chao Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, FRANCO MIGLIACCIO, ANNA RITA, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller Fleming, Gordon B. Mills, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, Paula I. Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L. Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel E. H. Moussa, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz Moreno, Cristina Muñoz Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C. Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea Maier, Bruno M. Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K. Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J. O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J. O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L. Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pages, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C. Pak, Karolina Pakos Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R. Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K. Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B. Parys, Katherine R. Parzych, Jean Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J. Peña, Miguel A. Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M. Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C. Pereira, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez Pérez, Diego Pérez Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H. Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib Pervaiz, Maija Pesonen, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Godefridus J. Peters, Morten Petersen, Irina Petrache, Basil J. Petrof, Goran Petrovski, James M. Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Marina Pierdominici, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite Carle, Federico Pietrocola, Felipe X. Pimentel Muiños, Mario Pinar, Benjamin Pineda, Ronit Pinkas Kramarski, Marcello Pinti, Paolo Pinton, Bilal Piperdi, James M. Piret, Leonidas C. Platanias, Harald W. Platta, Edward D. Plowey, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Peter Polčic, Angelo Poletti, Audrey H. Poon, Hana Popelka, Blagovesta Popova, Izabela Poprawa, Shibu M. Poulose, Joanna Poulton, Scott K. Powers, Ted Powers, Mercedes Pozuelo Rubio, Krisna Prak, Reinhild Prange, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Sharon Prince, Richard L. Proia, Tassula Proikas Cezanne, Holger Prokisch, Vasilis J. Promponas, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wen bin Qian, Zheng Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J. Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V. Ashutosh Rao, Blake B. Rasmussen, Tobias M. Rasse, Edward A. Ratovitski, Pierre Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K. Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S. Reichert, Theo Rein, David J. Reiner, Eric Reits, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane EB Reusch, Jose L. Revuelta, Leticia Reyes, Alireza R. Rezaie, Robert I. Richards, Des R. Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A. Riehle, Bertrand H. Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E. Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Ritis, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J. Roach, Jeffrey Robbins, Michel Roberge, Gabriela Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Sonia Rocha, Cecilia MP Rodrigues, Clara I. Rodríguez, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Natalia Rodriguez Muela, Jeroen Roelofs, Vladimir V. Rogov, Troy T. Rohn, Bärbel Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M. Isabel G. Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V. Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost Roszkowska, Kevin A. Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Rouis, Kasper M. Rouschop, Daniel T. Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C. Rubinsztein, Edmund B. Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A. Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W. Russ, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M. Ryan, Stefan W. Ryter, David M. Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N. Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K. Saluja, Paul M. Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A. Sánchez Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A. Sanjuan, Stefano Santaguida, Laura Santambrogio, Giorgio Santoni, Claudia Nunes dos Santos, Shweta Saran, Marco Sardiello, Graeme Sargent, Pallabi Sarkar, Sovan Sarkar, Maria Rosa Sarrias, Minnie M. Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Motoko Sasaki, Miklos Sass, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Joseph Satriano, Niramol Savaraj, Svetlana Saveljeva, Liliana Schaefer, Ulrich E. Schaible, Michael Scharl, Hermann M. Schatzl, Randy Schekman, Wiep Scheper, Alfonso Schiavi, Hyman M. Schipper, Hana Schmeisser, Jens Schmidt, Ingo Schmitz, Bianca E. Schneider, E. Marion Schneider, Jaime L. Schneider, Eric A. Schon, Miriam J. Schönenberger, Axel H. Schönthal, Daniel F. Schorderet, Bernd Schröder, Sebastian Schuck, Ryan J. Schulze, Melanie Schwarten, Thomas L. Schwarz, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Kathleen Scotto, A. Ivana Scovassi, Robert A. Screaton, Mark Screen, Hugo Seca, Simon Sedej, Laura Segatori, Nava Segev, Per O. Seglen, Jose M. Seguí Simarro, Juan Segura Aguilar, Ekihiro Seki, Iban Seiliez, Christian Sell, Clay F. Semenkovich, Gregg L. Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L. Serra, Ana Serrano Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J. Shacka, Ayesha N. Shajahan Haq, Irving M. Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C. K. James Shen, Chiung Chyi Shen, Han Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu Hang Sheng, Trevor G. Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng Jer Shieh, Chwen Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L. Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C. Shore, Chih Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A. Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J. Sigurdson, Einar M. Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A. Silveira, Sandrine Silvente Poirot, Gary A. Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simons, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V. Singh, Shrawan K. Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A. Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M. Siu, Efthimios Sivridis, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S. Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R. Smith, Stefaan J. Soenen, Scott A. Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H. Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y. Soo, Anil K. Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R. Soto Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P. Spaink, Paul N. Span, Anne Spang, Janet D. Sparks, Peter G. Speck, Stephen A. Spector, Claudia D. Spies, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Staels, Michael T. Stang, Daniel T. Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W. Steele, Leonidas Stefanis, Joan Steffan, Christine M. Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M. Stepkowski, Stęphan T. Stern, Craig Stevens, Brent R. Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulias, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S. Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M. Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T. Sweeney, Paul W. Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W. Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takáts, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J. Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A. Tannous, Jose A. Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset Cuevas, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Allen Taylor, Graham S. Taylor, Gregory A. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Mark J. Taylor, Elena V. Tchetina, Andrew R. Tee, Fatima Teixeira Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba Bie Teng, Ru Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L. Theiss, Anne E. Theron, Kelly Jean Thomas, Marcos P. Thomé, Paul G. Thomes, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan yun Ting, Vladimir I. Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A. Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Towns, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H. Travassos, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P. Trougakos, Anita C. Truttmann, Kuen Jer Tsai, Mario P. Tschan, Yi Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S. Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A. Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A. Tveita, Suresh C. Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya Shirafuji, Benjamin R. Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N. Uversky, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I. Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M. Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R. van den Brink, F. Gisou van der Goot, Ida J. van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G. van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L. van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela Nieto, M. Helena Vasconcelos, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G. Vavvas, Ignacio Vega Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D. Velentzas, Panagiotis D. Velentzas, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Veras, Mireille Verdier, Beata G. Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D. Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H. Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindis, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T. Vogl, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E. Voth, Valérie Vouret Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M. Vyas, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J. Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei Qing Wang, Pei Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C. Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao jia Wang, Xiao Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warnes, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E. Full Terms, Conditions of access, use can be found at h.t.t.p.:././.w.w.w. t.a.n.d.f.o.n.l.i.n.e. com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D. Weekes, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C. Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Weis, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M. Weyand, Anthony R. White, Eileen White, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Joëlle Wiels, Franziska Wild, Manon E. Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris Williams, Katherine Williams, Peter R. Williamson, Konstanze F. Winklhofer, Steven S. Witkin, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G. William Wong, Richard W. Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Karen L. Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J. Xavier, Gui Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun Sheng Yang, Jin Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng Chao Yao, Pamela J. Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S. Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S. Yeh, Patricia L. Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao Ming Yin, Calvin K. Yip, Yeong Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung Yong Yoon, Ken Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H. Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J. Yu, Jin Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W. Haung Yu, Xiao Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S. Zervos, Donna D. Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G. Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu Feng Zhou, Xu jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E. Zois, Teresa Zoladek, Wei Xing Zong, Antonio Zorzano, Susu M. Zughaier, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Tokyo Medical University, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Partenaires INRAE, University of Toronto, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Vienna [Vienna], Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Georgetown University, Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Cleveland Clinic, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Osaka University, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, University of Barcelona, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Physiopathologie de la survie et de la mort cellulaire et infection virale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Experimental Virology - Department of Medical Microbiology [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam - CINIMA [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang - Hôpital Kirchberg, China University of Petroleum, Unilever R&D, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Institute for Advanced Study [Tsinghua], Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Nanayang Technological University (NTU), Nanayang Technological University, Institute of Microelectronics [Beijing] (IMETU), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], City University of Hong Kong (CityU), Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang University, University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète - U 1011 (RNMCD), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, including Public Health Service grant GM053396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this article have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this article. I also note that two of our colleagues on this manuscript have passed away: Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud and Wouter van Doorn., Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France., Amelio, Ivano [0000-0002-9126-5391], Beale, Rupert [0000-0002-6705-8560], Floto, Andres [0000-0002-2188-5659], Frezza, Christian [0000-0002-3293-7397], Ktistakis, Nicholas [0000-0001-9397-2914], Melino, Gerry [0000-0001-9428-5972], Narita, Masashi [0000-0001-7764-577X], Rubinsztein, David [0000-0001-5002-5263], Underwood, Benjamin [0000-0003-3427-9487], Whitworth, Alex [0000-0002-1154-6629], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Université Catholique de Louvain, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Tsinghua University [Beijing], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Klionsky, D., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C., Adams, P., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P., Adler, S., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A., Amessou, M., Amon, A., An, Z., Anania, F., Andersen, S., Andley, U., Andreadi, C., Andrieu-Abadie, N., Anel, A., Ann, D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., Antonioli, M., Aoki, H., Apostolova, N., Aquila, S., Aquilano, K., Araki, K., Arama, E., Aranda, A., Araya, J., Arcaro, A., Arias, E., Arimoto, H., Ariosa, A., Armstrong, J., Arnould, T., Arsov, I., Asanuma, K., Askanas, V., Asselin, E., Atarashi, R., Atherton, S., Atkin, J., Attardi, L., Auberger, P., Auburger, G., Aurelian, L., Autelli, R., Avagliano, L., Avantaggiati, M., Avrahami, L., Awale, S., Azad, N., Bachetti, T., Backer, J., Bae, D., Bae, J., Bae, O., Bae, S., Baehrecke, E., Baek, S., Baghdiguian, S., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Bai, H., Bai, J., Bai, X., Bailly, Y., Balaji, K., Balduini, W., Ballabio, A., Balzan, R., Banerjee, R., Bánhegyi, G., Bao, H., Barbeau, B., Barrachina, M., Barreiro, E., Bartel, B., Bartolomé, A., Bassham, D., Bassi, M., Bast, R., Basu, A., Batista, M., Batoko, H., Battino, M., Bauckman, K., Baumgarner, B., Bayer, K., Beale, R., Beaulieu, J., Beck, G., Becker, C., Beckham, J., Bédard, P., Bednarski, P., Begley, T., Behl, C., Behrends, C., Behrens, G., Behrns, K., Bejarano, E., Belaid, A., Belleudi, F., Bénard, G., Berchem, G., Bergamaschi, D., Bergami, M., Berkhout, B., Berliocchi, L., Bernard, A., Bernard, M., Bernassola, F., Bertolotti, A., Bess, A., Besteiro, S., Bettuzzi, S., Bhalla, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Bhutia, S., Biagosch, C., Bianchi, M., Biard-Piechaczyk, M., Billes, V., Bincoletto, C., Bingol, B., Bird, S., Bitoun, M., Bjedov, I., Blackstone, C., Blanc, L., Blanco, G., Blomhoff, H., Boada-Romero, E., Böckler, S., Boes, M., Boesze-Battaglia, K., Boise, L., Bolino, A., Boman, A., Bonaldo, P., Bordi, M., Bosch, J., Botana, L., Botti, J., Bou, G., Bouché, M., Bouchecareilh, M., Boucher, M., Boulton, M., Bouret, S., Boya, P., Boyer-Guittaut, M., Bozhkov, P., Brady, N., Braga, V., Brancolini, C., Braus, G., Bravo-San Pedro, J., Brennan, L., Bresnick, E., Brest, P., Bridges, D., Bringer, M., Brini, M., Brito, G., Brodin, B., Brookes, P., Brown, E., Brown, K., Broxmeyer, H., Bruhat, A., Brum, P., Brumell, J., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Bryson-Richardson, R., Buch, S., Buchan, A., Budak, H., Bulavin, D., Bultman, S., Bultynck, G., Bumbasirevic, V., Burelle, Y., Burke, R., Burmeister, M., Bütikofer, P., Caberlotto, L., Cadwell, K., Cahova, M., Cai, D., Cai, J., Cai, Q., Calatayud, S., Camougrand, N., Campanella, M., Campbell, G., Campbell, M., Campello, S., Candau, R., Caniggia, I., Cantoni, L., Cao, L., Caplan, A., Caraglia, M., Cardinali, C., Cardoso, S., Carew, J., Carleton, L., Carlin, C., Carloni, S., Carlsson, S., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Carneiro, L., Carnevali, O., Carra, S., Carrier, A., Carroll, B., Casas, C., Casas, J., Cassinelli, G., Castets, P., Castro-Obregon, S., Cavallini, G., Ceccherini, I., Cecconi, F., Cederbaum, A., Ceña, V., Cenci, S., Cerella, C., Cervia, D., Cetrullo, S., Chaachouay, H., Chae, H., Chagin, A., Chai, C., Chakrabarti, G., Chamilos, G., Chan, E., Chan, M., Chandra, D., Chandra, P., Chang, C., Chang, R., Chang, T., Chatham, J., Chatterjee, S., Chauhan, S., Che, Y., Cheetham, M., Cheluvappa, R., Chen, C., Chen, G., Chen, H., Chen, J., Chen, M., Chen, P., Chen, Q., Chen, S., Chen, W., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheng, A., Cheng, C., Cheng, H., Cheong, H., Cherry, S., Chesney, J., Cheung, C., Chevet, E., Chi, H., Chi, S., Chiacchiera, F., Chiang, H., Chiarelli, R., Chiariello, M., Chieppa, M., Chin, L., Chiong, M., Chiu, G., Cho, D., Cho, S., Cho, W., Cho, Y., Choi, A., Choi, E., Choi, J., Choi, M., Choi, S., Chou, T., Chouaib, S., Choubey, D., Choubey, V., Chow, K., Chowdhury, K., Chu, C., Chuang, T., Chun, T., Chung, H., Chung, T., Chung, Y., Chwae, Y., Cianfanelli, V., Ciarcia, R., Ciechomska, I., Ciriolo, M., Cirone, M., Claerhout, S., Clague, M., Clària, J., Clarke, P., Clarke, R., Clementi, E., Cleyrat, C., Cnop, M., Coccia, E., Cocco, T., Codogno, P., Coers, J., Cohen, E., Colecchia, D., Coletto, L., Coll, N., Colucci-Guyon, E., Comincini, S., Condello, M., Cook, K., Coombs, G., Cooper, C., Cooper, J., Coppens, I., Corasaniti, M., Corazzari, M., Corbalan, R., Corcelle-Termeau, E., Cordero, M., Corral-Ramos, C., Corti, O., Cossarizza, A., Costelli, P., Costes, S., Cotman, S., Coto-Montes, A., Cottet, S., Couve, E., Covey, L., Cowart, L., Cox, J., Coxon, F., Coyne, C., Cragg, M., Craven, R., Crepaldi, T., Crespo, J., Criollo, A., Crippa, V., Cruz, M., Cuervo, A., Cuezva, J., Cui, T., Cutillas, P., Czaja, M., Czyzyk-Krzeska, M., Dagda, R., Dahmen, U., Dai, C., Dai, W., Dai, Y., Dalby, K., Dalla Valle, L., Dalmasso, G., D'Amelio, M., Damme, M., Darfeuille-Michaud, A., Dargemont, C., Darley-Usmar, V., Dasarathy, S., Dasgupta, B., Dash, S., Dass, C., Davey, H., Davids, L., Dávila, D., Davis, R., Dawson, T., Dawson, V., Daza, P., de Belleroche, J., de Figueiredo, P., de Figueiredo, R., de la Fuente, J., De Martino, L., De Matteis, A., De Meyer, G., De Milito, A., De Santi, M., de Souza, W., De Tata, V., De Zio, D., Debnath, J., Dechant, R., Decuypere, J., Deegan, S., Dehay, B., Del Bello, B., Del Re, D., Delage-Mourroux, R., Delbridge, L., Deldicque, L., Delorme-Axford, E., Deng, Y., Dengjel, J., Denizot, M., Dent, P., Der, C., Deretic, V., Derrien, B., Deutsch, E., Devarenne, T., Devenish, R., Di Bartolomeo, S., Di Daniele, N., Di Domenico, F., Di Nardo, A., Di Paola, S., Di Pietro, A., Di Renzo, L., Diantonio, A., Díaz-Araya, G., Díaz-Laviada, I., Diaz-Meco, M., Diaz-Nido, J., Dickey, C., Dickson, R., Diederich, M., Digard, P., Dikic, I., Dinesh-Kumar, S., Ding, C., Ding, W., Ding, Z., Dini, L., Distler, J., Diwan, A., Djavaheri-Mergny, M., Dmytruk, K., Dobson, R., Doetsch, V., Dokladny, K., Dokudovskaya, S., Donadelli, M., Dong, X., Dong, Z., Donohue, T., Doran, K., D'Orazi, G., Dorn, G., Dosenko, V., Dridi, S., Drucker, L., Du, J., Du, L., du Toit, A., Dua, P., Duan, L., Duann, P., Dubey, V., Duchen, M., Duchosal, M., Duez, H., Dugail, I., Dumit, V., Duncan, M., Dunlop, E., Dunn, W., Dupont, N., Dupuis, L., Durán, R., Durcan, T., Duvezin-Caubet, S., Duvvuri, U., Eapen, V., Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D., Echard, A., Eckhart, L., Edelstein, C., Edinger, A., Eichinger, L., Eisenberg, T., Eisenberg-Lerner, A., Eissa, N., El-Deiry, W., El-Khoury, V., Elazar, Z., Eldar-Finkelman, H., Elliott, C., Emanuele, E., Emmenegger, U., Engedal, N., Engelbrecht, A., Engelender, S., Enserink, J., Erdmann, R., Erenpreisa, J., Eri, R., Eriksen, J., Erman, A., Escalante, R., Eskelinen, E., Espert, L., Esteban-Martínez, L., Evans, T., Fabri, M., Fabrias, G., Fabrizi, C., Facchiano, A., Færgeman, N., Faggioni, A., Fairlie, W., Fan, C., Fan, D., Fan, J., Fang, S., Fanto, M., Fanzani, A., Farkas, T., Faure, M., Favier, F., Fearnhead, H., Federici, M., Fei, E., Felizardo, T., Feng, H., Feng, Y., Ferguson, T., Fernández, Á., Fernandez-Barrena, M., Fernandez-Checa, J., Fernández-López, A., Fernandez-Zapico, M., Feron, O., Ferraro, E., Ferreira-Halder, C., Fesus, L., Feuer, R., Fiesel, F., Filippi-Chiela, E., Filomeni, G., Fimia, G., Fingert, J., Finkbeiner, S., Finkel, T., Fiorito, F., Fisher, P., Flajolet, M., Flamigni, F., Florey, O., Florio, S., Floto, R., Folini, M., Follo, C., Fon, E., Fornai, F., Fortunato, F., Fraldi, A., Franco, R., Francois, A., François, A., Frankel, L., Fraser, I., Frey, N., Freyssenet, D., Frezza, C., Friedman, S., Frigo, D., Fu, D., Fuentes, J., Fueyo, J., Fujitani, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Fujiya, M., Fukuda, M., Fulda, S., Fusco, C., Gabryel, B., Gaestel, M., Gailly, P., Gajewska, M., Galadari, S., Galili, G., Galindo, I., Galindo, M., Galliciotti, G., Galluzzi, L., Galy, V., Gammoh, N., Gandy, S., Ganesan, A., Ganesan, S., Ganley, I., Gannagé, M., Gao, F., Gao, J., García Nannig, L., García Véscovi, E., Garcia-Macía, M., Garcia-Ruiz, C., Garg, A., Garg, P., Gargini, R., Gassen, N., Gatica, D., Gatti, E., Gavard, J., Gavathiotis, E., Ge, L., Ge, P., Ge, S., Gean, P., Gelmetti, V., Genazzani, A., Geng, J., Genschik, P., Gerner, L., Gestwicki, J., Gewirtz, D., Ghavami, S., Ghigo, E., Ghosh, D., Giammarioli, A., Giampieri, F., Giampietri, C., Giatromanolaki, A., Gibbings, D., Gibellini, L., Gibson, S., Ginet, V., Giordano, A., Giorgini, F., Giovannetti, E., Girardin, S., Gispert, S., Giuliano, S., Gladson, C., Glavic, A., Gleave, M., Godefroy, N., Gogal, R., Gokulan, K., Goldman, G., Goletti, D., Goligorsky, M., Gomes, A., Gomes, L., Gomez, H., Gomez-Manzano, C., Gómez-Sánchez, R., Gonçalves, D., Goncu, E., Gong, Q., Gongora, C., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez-Alegre, P., Gonzalez-Cabo, P., González-Polo, R., Goping, I., Gorbea, C., Gorbunov, N., Goring, D., Gorman, A., Gorski, S., Goruppi, S., Goto-Yamada, S., Gotor, C., Gottlieb, R., Gozes, I., Gozuacik, D., Graba, Y., Graef, M., Granato, G., Grant, G., Grant, S., Gravina, G., Green, D., Greenhough, A., Greenwood, M., Grimaldi, B., Gros, F., Grose, C., Groulx, J., Gruber, F., Grumati, P., Grune, T., Guan, J., Guan, K., Guerra, B., Guillen, C., Gulshan, K., Gunst, J., Guo, C., Guo, L., Guo, M., Guo, W., Guo, X., Gust, A., Gustafsson, Å., Gutierrez, E., Gutierrez, M., Gwak, H., Haas, A., Haber, J., Hadano, S., Hagedorn, M., Hahn, D., Halayko, A., Hamacher-Brady, A., Hamada, K., Hamai, A., Hamann, A., Hamasaki, M., Hamer, I., Hamid, Q., Hammond, E., Han, F., Han, W., Handa, J., Hanover, J., Hansen, M., Harada, M., Harhaji-Trajkovic, L., Harper, J., Harrath, A., Harris, A., Harris, J., Hasler, U., Hasselblatt, P., Hasui, K., Hawley, R., Hawley, T., He, C., He, F., He, G., He, R., He, X., He, Y., Heath, J., Hébert, M., Heinzen, R., Helgason, G., Hensel, M., Henske, E., Her, C., Herman, P., Hernández, A., Hernandez, C., Hernández-Tiedra, S., Hetz, C., Hiesinger, P., Higaki, K., Hilfiker, S., Hill, B., Hill, J., Hill, W., Hino, K., Hofius, D., Hofman, P., Höglinger, G., Höhfeld, J., Holz, M., Hong, Y., Hood, D., Hoozemans, J., Hoppe, T., Hsu, C., Hsu, L., Hu, D., Hu, G., Hu, H., Hu, M., Hu, Y., Hu, Z., Hua, F., Hua, Y., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huang, K., Huang, S., Huang, W., Huang, Y., Huber, T., Huebbe, P., Huh, W., Hulmi, J., Hur, G., Hurley, J., Husak, Z., Hussain, S., Hwang, J., Hwang, S., Hwang, T., Ichihara, A., Imai, Y., Imbriano, C., Inomata, M., Into, T., Iovane, V., Iovanna, J., Iozzo, R., Ip, N., Irazoqui, J., Iribarren, P., Isaka, Y., Isakovic, A., Ischiropoulos, H., Isenberg, J., Ishaq, M., Ishida, H., Ishii, I., Ishmael, J., Isidoro, C., Isobe, K., Isono, E., Issazadeh-Navikas, S., Itahana, K., Itakura, E., Ivanov, A., Iyer, A., Izquierdo, J., Izumi, Y., Izzo, V., Jäättelä, M., Jaber, N., Jackson, D., Jackson, W., Jacob, T., Jacques, T., Jagannath, C., Jain, A., Jana, N., Jang, B., Jani, A., Janji, B., Jannig, P., Jansson, P., Jean, S., Jendrach, M., Jeon, J., Jessen, N., Jeung, E., Jia, K., Jia, L., Jiang, H., Jiang, L., Jiang, T., Jiang, X., Jiang, Y., Jiménez, A., Jin, C., Jin, H., Jin, L., Jin, M., Jin, S., Jinwal, U., Jo, E., Johansen, T., Johnson, D., Johnson, G., Johnson, J., Jonasch, E., Jones, C., Joosten, L., Jordan, J., Joseph, A., Joseph, B., Joubert, A., Ju, D., Ju, J., Juan, H., Juenemann, K., Juhász, G., Jung, H., Jung, J., Jung, Y., Jungbluth, H., Justice, M., Jutten, B., Kaakoush, N., Kaarniranta, K., Kaasik, A., Kabuta, T., Kaeffer, B., Kågedal, K., Kahana, A., Kajimura, S., Kakhlon, O., Kalia, M., Kalvakolanu, D., Kamada, Y., Kambas, K., Kaminskyy, V., Kampinga, H., Kandouz, M., Kang, C., Kang, R., Kang, T., Kanki, T., Kanneganti, T., Kanno, H., Kanthasamy, A., Kantorow, M., Kaparakis-Liaskos, M., Kapuy, O., Karantza, V., Karim, M., Karmakar, P., Kaser, A., Kaushik, S., Kawula, T., Kaynar, A., Ke, P., Ke, Z., Kehrl, J., Keller, K., Kemper, J., Kenworthy, A., Kepp, O., Kern, A., Kesari, S., Kessel, D., Ketteler, R., Kettelhut, I., Khambu, B., Khan, M., Khandelwal, V., Khare, S., Kiang, J., Kiger, A., Kihara, A., Kim, A., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, E., Kim, H., Kim, J., Kim, K., Kim, M., Kim, P., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kimchi, A., Kimmelman, A., Kimura, T., King, J., Kirkegaard, K., Kirkin, V., Kirshenbaum, L., Kishi, S., Kitajima, Y., Kitamoto, K., Kitaoka, Y., Kitazato, K., Kley, R., Klimecki, W., Klinkenberg, M., Klucken, J., Knævelsrud, H., Knecht, E., Knuppertz, L., Ko, J., Kobayashi, S., Koch, J., Koechlin-Ramonatxo, C., Koenig, U., Koh, Y., Köhler, K., Kohlwein, S., Koike, M., Komatsu, M., Kominami, E., Kong, D., Kong, H., Konstantakou, E., Kopp, B., Korcsmaros, T., Korhonen, L., Korolchuk, V., Koshkina, N., Kou, Y., Koukourakis, M., Koumenis, C., Kovács, A., Kovács, T., Kovacs, W., Koya, D., Kraft, C., Krainc, D., Kramer, H., Kravic-Stevovic, T., Krek, W., Kretz-Remy, C., Krick, R., Krishnamurthy, M., Kriston-Vizi, J., Kroemer, G., Kruer, M., Kruger, R., Ktistakis, N., Kuchitsu, K., Kuhn, C., Kumar, A., Kumar, D., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kundu, M., Kung, H., Kuno, A., Kuo, S., Kuret, J., Kurz, T., Kwok, T., Kwon, T., Kwon, Y., Kyrmizi, I., La Spada, A., Lafont, F., Lahm, T., Lakkaraju, A., Lam, T., Lamark, T., Lancel, S., Landowski, T., Lane, D., Lane, J., Lanzi, C., Lapaquette, P., Lapierre, L., Laporte, J., Laukkarinen, J., Laurie, G., Lavandero, S., Lavie, L., Lavoie, M., Law, B., Law, H., Law, K., Layfield, R., Lazo, P., Le Cam, L., Le Roch, K., Le Stunff, H., Leardkamolkarn, V., Lecuit, M., Lee, B., Lee, C., Lee, E., Lee, G., Lee, H., Lee, J., Lee, M., Lee, P., Lee, S., Lee, Y., Leeuwenburgh, C., Lefort, S., Legouis, R., Lei, J., Lei, Q., Leib, D., Leibowitz, G., Lekli, I., Lemaire, S., Lemasters, J., Lemberg, M., Lemoine, A., Leng, S., Lenz, G., Lenzi, P., Lerman, L., Lettieri Barbato, D., Leu, J., Leung, H., Levine, B., Lewis, P., Lezoualc'H, F., Li, C., Li, F., Li, J., Li, K., Li, L., Li, M., Li, Q., Li, R., Li, S., Li, W., Li, X., Li, Y., Lian, J., Liang, C., Liang, Q., Liao, Y., Liberal, J., Liberski, P., Lie, P., Lieberman, A., Lim, H., Lim, K., Lima, R., Lin, C., Lin, F., Lin, K., Lin, P., Lin, T., Lin, W., Lin, Y., Linden, R., Lindholm, D., Lindqvist, L., Lingor, P., Linkermann, A., Liotta, L., Lipinski, M., Lira, V., Lisanti, M., Liton, P., Liu, B., Liu, C., Liu, F., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, K., Liu, L., Liu, Q., Liu, R., Liu, S., Liu, W., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Liuzzi, J., Lizard, G., Ljujic, M., Lodhi, I., Logue, S., Lokeshwar, B., Long, Y., Lonial, S., Loos, B., López-Otín, C., López-Vicario, C., Lorente, M., Lorenzi, P., Lõrincz, P., Los, M., Lotze, M., Lovat, P., Lu, B., Lu, J., Lu, Q., Lu, S., Lu, Y., Luciano, F., Luckhart, S., Lucocq, J., Ludovico, P., Lugea, A., Lukacs, N., Lum, J., Lund, A., Luo, H., Luo, J., Luo, S., Luparello, C., Lyons, T., Ma, J., Ma, Y., Ma, Z., Machado, J., Machado-Santelli, G., Macian, F., Macintosh, G., Mackeigan, J., Macleod, K., Macmicking, J., MacMillan-Crow, L., Madeo, F., Madesh, M., Madrigal-Matute, J., Maeda, A., Maeda, T., Maegawa, G., Maellaro, E., Maes, H., Magariños, M., Maiese, K., Maiti, T., Maiuri, L., Maiuri, M., Maki, C., Malli, R., Malorni, W., Maloyan, A., Mami-Chouaib, F., Man, N., Mancias, J., Mandelkow, E., Mandell, M., Manfredi, A., Manié, S., Manzoni, C., Mao, K., Mao, Z., Marambaud, P., Marconi, A., Marelja, Z., Marfe, G., Margeta, M., Margittai, E., Mari, M., Mariani, F., Marin, C., Marinelli, S., Mariño, G., Markovic, I., Marquez, R., Martelli, A., Martens, S., Martin, K., Martin, S., Martin-Acebes, M., Martín-Sanz, P., Martinand-Mari, C., Martinet, W., Martinez, J., Martinez-Lopez, N., Martinez-Outschoorn, U., Martínez-Velázquez, M., Martinez-Vicente, M., Martins, W., Mashima, H., Mastrianni, J., Matarese, G., Matarrese, P., Mateo, R., Matoba, S., Matsumoto, N., Matsushita, T., Matsuura, A., Matsuzawa, T., Mattson, M., Matus, S., Maugeri, N., Mauvezin, C., Mayer, A., Maysinger, D., Mazzolini, G., Mcbrayer, M., Mccall, K., Mccormick, C., Mcinerney, G., Mciver, S., Mckenna, S., Mcmahon, J., Mcneish, I., Mechta-Grigoriou, F., Medema, J., Medina, D., Megyeri, K., Mehrpour, M., Mehta, J., Mei, Y., Meier, U., Meijer, A., Meléndez, A., Melino, G., Melino, S., de Melo, E., Mena, M., Meneghini, M., Menendez, J., Menezes, R., Meng, L., Meng, S., Menghini, R., Menko, A., Menna-Barreto, R., Menon, M., Meraz-Ríos, M., Merla, G., Merlini, L., Merlot, A., Meryk, A., Meschini, S., Meyer, J., Mi, M., Miao, C., Micale, L., Michaeli, S., Michiels, C., Migliaccio, A., Mihailidou, A., Mijaljica, D., Mikoshiba, K., Milan, E., Miller-Fleming, L., Mills, G., Mills, I., Minakaki, G., Minassian, B., Ming, X., Minibayeva, F., Minina, E., Mintern, J., Minucci, S., Miranda-Vizuete, A., Mitchell, C., Miyamoto, S., Miyazawa, K., Mizushima, N., Mnich, K., Mograbi, B., Mohseni, S., Moita, L., Molinari, M., Møller, A., Mollereau, B., Mollinedo, F., Mongillo, M., Monick, M., Montagnaro, S., Montell, C., Moore, D., Moore, M., Mora-Rodriguez, R., Moreira, P., Morel, E., Morelli, M., Moreno, S., Morgan, M., Moris, A., Moriyasu, Y., Morrison, J., Morrison, L., Morselli, E., Moscat, J., Moseley, P., Mostowy, S., Motori, E., Mottet, D., Mottram, J., Moussa, C., Mpakou, V., Mukhtar, H., Mulcahy Levy, J., Muller, S., Muñoz-Moreno, R., Muñoz-Pinedo, C., Münz, C., Murphy, M., Murray, J., Murthy, A., Mysorekar, I., Nabi, I., Nabissi, M., Nader, G., Nagahara, Y., Nagai, Y., Nagata, K., Nagelkerke, A., Nagy, P., Naidu, S., Nair, S., Nakano, H., Nakatogawa, H., Nanjundan, M., Napolitano, G., Naqvi, N., Nardacci, R., Narendra, D., Narita, M., Nascimbeni, A., Natarajan, R., Navegantes, L., Nawrocki, S., Nazarko, T., Nazarko, V., Neill, T., Neri, L., Netea, M., Netea-Maier, R., Neves, B., Ney, P., Nezis, I., Nguyen, H., Nicot, A., Nilsen, H., Nilsson, P., Nishimura, M., Nishino, I., Niso-Santano, M., Niu, H., Nixon, R., Njar, V., Noda, T., Noegel, A., Nolte, E., Norberg, E., Norga, K., Noureini, S., Notomi, S., Notterpek, L., Nowikovsky, K., Nukina, N., Nürnberger, T., O'Donnell, V., O'Donovan, T., O'Dwyer, P., Oehme, I., Oeste, C., Ogawa, M., Ogretmen, B., Ogura, Y., Oh, Y., Ohmuraya, M., Ohshima, T., Ojha, R., Okamoto, K., Okazaki, T., Oliver, F., Ollinger, K., Olsson, S., Orban, D., Ordonez, P., Orhon, I., Orosz, L., O'Rourke, E., Orozco, H., Ortega, A., Ortona, E., Osellame, L., Oshima, J., Oshima, S., Osiewacz, H., Otomo, T., Otsu, K., Ou, J., Outeiro, T., Ouyang, D., Ouyang, H., Overholtzer, M., Ozbun, M., Ozdinler, P., Ozpolat, B., Pacelli, C., Paganetti, P., Page, G., Pages, G., Pagnini, U., Pajak, B., Pak, S., Pakos-Zebrucka, K., Pakpour, N., Palková, Z., Palladino, F., Pallauf, K., Pallet, N., Palmieri, M., Paludan, S., Palumbo, C., Palumbo, S., Pampliega, O., Pan, H., Pan, W., Panaretakis, T., Pandey, A., Pantazopoulou, A., Papackova, Z., Papademetrio, D., Papassideri, I., Papini, A., Parajuli, N., Pardo, J., Parekh, V., Parenti, G., Park, J., Park, O., Parker, R., Parlato, R., Parys, J., Parzych, K., Pasquet, J., Pasquier, B., Pasumarthi, K., Patschan, D., Patterson, C., Pattingre, S., Pattison, S., Pause, A., Pavenstädt, H., Pavone, F., Pedrozo, Z., Peña, F., Peñalva, M., Pende, M., Peng, J., Penna, F., Penninger, J., Pensalfini, A., Pepe, S., Pereira, G., Pereira, P., Pérez-de la Cruz, V., Pérez-Pérez, M., Pérez-Rodríguez, D., Pérez-Sala, D., Perier, C., Perl, A., Perlmutter, D., Perrotta, I., Pervaiz, S., Pesonen, M., Pessin, J., Peters, G., Petersen, M., Petrache, I., Petrof, B., Petrovski, G., Phang, J., Piacentini, M., Pierdominici, M., Pierre, P., Pierrefite-Carle, V., Pietrocola, F., Pimentel-Muiños, F., Pinar, M., Pineda, B., Pinkas-Kramarski, R., Pinti, M., Pinton, P., Piperdi, B., Piret, J., Platanias, L., Platta, H., Plowey, E., Pöggeler, S., Poirot, M., Polčic, P., Poletti, A., Poon, A., Popelka, H., Popova, B., Poprawa, I., Poulose, S., Poulton, J., Powers, S., Powers, T., Pozuelo-Rubio, M., Prak, K., Prange, R., Prescott, M., Priault, M., Prince, S., Proia, R., Proikas-Cezanne, T., Prokisch, H., Promponas, V., Przyklenk, K., Puertollano, R., Pugazhenthi, S., Puglielli, L., Pujol, A., Puyal, J., Pyeon, D., Qi, X., Qian, W., Qin, Z., Qiu, Y., Qu, Z., Quadrilatero, J., Quinn, F., Raben, N., Rabinowich, H., Radogna, F., Ragusa, M., Rahmani, M., Raina, K., Ramanadham, S., Ramesh, R., Rami, A., Randall-Demllo, S., Randow, F., Rao, H., Rao, V., Rasmussen, B., Rasse, T., Ratovitski, E., Rautou, P., Ray, S., Razani, B., Reed, B., Reggiori, F., Rehm, M., Reichert, A., Rein, T., Reiner, D., Reits, E., Ren, J., Ren, X., Renna, M., Reusch, J., Revuelta, J., Reyes, L., Rezaie, A., Richards, R., Richardson, D., Richetta, C., Riehle, M., Rihn, B., Rikihisa, Y., Riley, B., Rimbach, G., Rippo, M., Ritis, K., Rizzi, F., Rizzo, E., Roach, P., Robbins, J., Roberge, M., Roca, G., Roccheri, M., Rocha, S., Rodrigues, C., Rodríguez, C., de Cordoba, S., Rodriguez-Muela, N., Roelofs, J., Rogov, V., Rohn, T., Rohrer, B., Romanelli, D., Romani, L., Romano, P., Roncero, M., Rosa, J., Rosello, A., Rosen, K., Rosenstiel, P., Rost-Roszkowska, M., Roth, K., Roué, G., Rouis, M., Rouschop, K., Ruan, D., Ruano, D., Rubinsztein, D., Rucker, E., Rudich, A., Rudolf, E., Rudolf, R., Ruegg, M., Ruiz-Roldan, C., Ruparelia, A., Rusmini, P., Russ, D., Russo, G., Russo, R., Rusten, T., Ryabovol, V., Ryan, K., Ryter, S., Sabatini, D., Sacher, M., Sachse, C., Sack, M., Sadoshima, J., Saftig, P., Sagi-Eisenberg, R., Sahni, S., Saikumar, P., Saito, T., Saitoh, T., Sakakura, K., Sakoh-Nakatogawa, M., Sakuraba, Y., Salazar-Roa, M., Salomoni, P., Saluja, A., Salvaterra, P., Salvioli, R., Samali, A., Sanchez, A., Sánchez-Alcázar, J., Sanchez-Prieto, R., Sandri, M., Sanjuan, M., Santaguida, S., Santambrogio, L., Santoni, G., Dos Santos, C., Saran, S., Sardiello, M., Sargent, G., Sarkar, P., Sarkar, S., Sarrias, M., Sarwal, M., Sasakawa, C., Sasaki, M., Sass, M., Sato, K., Sato, M., Satriano, J., Savaraj, N., Saveljeva, S., Schaefer, L., Schaible, U., Scharl, M., Schatzl, H., Schekman, R., Scheper, W., Schiavi, A., Schipper, H., Schmeisser, H., Schmidt, J., Schmitz, I., Schneider, B., Schneider, E., Schneider, J., Schon, E., Schönenberger, M., Schönthal, A., Schorderet, D., Schröder, B., Schuck, S., Schulze, R., Schwarten, M., Schwarz, T., Sciarretta, S., Scotto, K., Scovassi, A., Screaton, R., Screen, M., Seca, H., Sedej, S., Segatori, L., Segev, N., Seglen, P., Seguí-Simarro, J., Segura-Aguilar, J., Seki, E., Sell, C., Selliez, I., Semenkovich, C., Semenza, G., Sen, U., Serra, A., Serrano-Puebla, A., Sesaki, H., Setoguchi, T., Settembre, C., Shacka, J., Shajahan-Haq, A., Shapiro, I., Sharma, S., She, H., Shen, C., Shen, H., Shen, S., Shen, W., Sheng, R., Sheng, X., Sheng, Z., Shepherd, T., Shi, J., Shi, Q., Shi, Y., Shibutani, S., Shibuya, K., Shidoji, Y., Shieh, J., Shih, C., Shimada, Y., Shimizu, S., Shin, D., Shinohara, M., Shintani, M., Shintani, T., Shioi, T., Shirabe, K., Shiri-Sverdlov, R., Shirihai, O., Shore, G., Shu, C., Shukla, D., Sibirny, A., Sica, V., Sigurdson, C., Sigurdsson, E., Sijwali, P., Sikorska, B., Silveira, W., Silvente-Poirot, S., Silverman, G., Simak, J., Simmet, T., Simon, A., Simon, H., Simone, C., Simons, M., Simonsen, A., Singh, R., Singh, S., Sinha, D., Sinha, S., Sinicrope, F., Sirko, A., Sirohi, K., Sishi, B., Sittler, A., Siu, P., Sivridis, E., Skwarska, A., Slack, R., Slaninová, I., Slavov, N., Smaili, S., Smalley, K., Smith, D., Soenen, S., Soleimanpour, S., Solhaug, A., Somasundaram, K., Son, J., Sonawane, A., Song, C., Song, F., Song, H., Song, J., Song, W., Soo, K., Sood, A., Soong, T., Soontornniyomkij, V., Sorice, M., Sotgia, F., Soto-Pantoja, D., Sotthibundhu, A., Sousa, M., Spaink, H., Span, P., Spang, A., Sparks, J., Speck, P., Spector, S., Spies, C., Springer, W., Clair, D., Stacchiotti, A., Staels, B., Stang, M., Starczynowski, D., Starokadomskyy, P., Steegborn, C., Steele, J., Stefanis, L., Steffan, J., Stellrecht, C., Stenmark, H., Stepkowski, T., Stern, S., Stevens, C., Stockwell, B., Stoka, V., Storchova, Z., Stork, B., Stratoulias, V., Stravopodis, D., Strnad, P., Strohecker, A., Ström, A., Stromhaug, P., Stulik, J., Su, Y., Su, Z., Subauste, C., Subramaniam, S., Sue, C., Suh, S., Sui, X., Sukseree, S., Sulzer, D., Sun, F., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Y., Sundaramoorthy, V., Sung, J., Suzuki, H., Suzuki, K., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, Y., Swanson, M., Swanton, C., Swärd, K., Swarup, G., Sweeney, S., Sylvester, P., Szatmari, Z., Szegezdi, E., Szlosarek, P., Taegtmeyer, H., Tafani, M., Taillebourg, E., Tait, S., Takacs-Vellai, K., Takahashi, Y., Takáts, S., Takemura, G., Takigawa, N., Talbot, N., Tamagno, E., Tamburini, J., Tan, C., Tan, L., Tan, M., Tan, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tang, D., Tang, G., Tanida, I., Tanji, K., Tannous, B., Tapia, J., Tasset-Cuevas, I., Tatar, M., Tavassoly, I., Tavernarakis, N., Taylor, A., Taylor, G., Taylor, J., Taylor, M., Tchetina, E., Tee, A., Teixeira-Clerc, F., Telang, S., Tencomnao, T., Teng, B., Teng, R., Terro, F., Tettamanti, G., Theiss, A., Theron, A., Thomas, K., Thomé, M., Thomes, P., Thorburn, A., Thorner, J., Thum, T., Thumm, M., Thurston, T., Tian, L., Till, A., Ting, J., Titorenko, V., Toker, L., Toldo, S., Tooze, S., Topisirovic, I., Torgersen, M., Torosantucci, L., Torriglia, A., Torrisi, M., Tournier, C., Towns, R., Trajkovic, V., Travassos, L., Triola, G., Tripathi, D., Trisciuoglio, D., Troncoso, R., Trougakos, I., Truttmann, A., Tsai, K., Tschan, M., Tseng, Y., Tsukuba, T., Tsung, A., Tsvetkov, A., Tu, S., Tuan, H., Tucci, M., Tumbarello, D., Turk, B., Turk, V., Turner, R., Tveita, A., Tyagi, S., Ubukata, M., Uchiyama, Y., Udelnow, A., Ueno, T., Umekawa, M., Umemiya-Shirafuji, R., Underwood, B., Ungermann, C., Ureshino, R., Ushioda, R., Uversky, V., Uzcátegui, N., Vaccari, T., Vaccaro, M., Váchová, L., Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H., Valdor, R., Valente, E., Vallette, F., Valverde, A., Van den Berghe, G., Van Den Bosch, L., van den Brink, G., van der Goot, F., van der Klei, I., van der Laan, L., van Doorn, W., van Egmond, M., van Golen, K., Van Kaer, L., van Lookeren Campagne, M., Vandenabeele, P., Vandenberghe, W., Vanhorebeek, I., Varela-Nieto, I., Vasconcelos, M., Vasko, R., Vavvas, D., Vega-Naredo, I., Velasco, G., Velentzas, A., Velentzas, P., Vellai, T., Vellenga, E., Vendelbo, M., Venkatachalam, K., Ventura, N., Ventura, S., Veras, P., Verdier, M., Vertessy, B., Viale, A., Vidal, M., Vieira, H., Vierstra, R., Vigneswaran, N., Vij, N., Vila, M., Villar, M., Villar, V., Villarroya, J., Vindis, C., Viola, G., Viscomi, M., Vitale, G., Vogl, D., Voitsekhovskaja, O., von Haefen, C., von Schwarzenberg, K., Voth, D., Vouret-Craviari, V., Vuori, K., Vyas, J., Waeber, C., Walker, C., Walker, M., Walter, J., Wan, L., Wan, X., Wang, B., Wang, C., Wang, D., Wang, F., Wang, G., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, M., Wang, P., Wang, R., Wang, S., Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wappner, P., Ward, C., Ward, D., Warnes, G., Watada, H., Watanabe, Y., Watase, K., Weaver, T., Weekes, C., Wei, J., Weide, T., Weihl, C., Weindl, G., Weis, S., Wen, L., Wen, X., Wen, Y., Westermann, B., Weyand, C., White, A., White, E., Whitton, J., Whitworth, A., Wiels, J., Wild, F., Wildenberg, M., Wileman, T., Wilkinson, D., Wilkinson, S., Willbold, D., Williams, C., Williams, K., Williamson, P., Winklhofer, K., Witkin, S., Wohlgemuth, S., Wollert, T., Wolvetang, E., Wong, E., Wong, G., Wong, R., Wong, V., Woodcock, E., Wright, K., Wu, C., Wu, D., Wu, G., Wu, J., Wu, M., Wu, S., Wu, W., Wu, Y., Wu, Z., Xavier, C., Xavier, R., Xia, G., Xia, T., Xia, W., Xia, Y., Xiao, H., Xiao, J., Xiao, S., Xiao, W., Xie, C., Xie, Z., Xilouri, M., Xiong, Y., Xu, C., Xu, F., Xu, H., Xu, J., Xu, L., Xu, X., Xu, Y., Xu, Z., Xue, Y., Yamada, T., Yamamoto, A., Yamanaka, K., Yamashina, S., Yamashiro, S., Yan, B., Yan, X., Yan, Z., Yanagi, Y., Yang, D., Yang, J., Yang, L., Yang, M., Yang, P., Yang, Q., Yang, W., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Yao, M., Yao, P., Yao, X., Yao, Z., Yasui, L., Ye, M., Yedvobnick, B., Yeganeh, B., Yeh, E., Yeyati, P., Yi, F., Yi, L., Yin, X., Yip, C., Yoo, Y., Yoon, S., Yoshida, K., Yoshimori, T., Young, K., Yu, H., Yu, J., Yu, L., Yu, W., Yu, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, J., Yuan, Z., Yue, B., Yue, J., Yue, Z., Zacks, D., Zacksenhaus, E., Zaffaroni, N., Zaglia, T., Zakeri, Z., Zecchini, V., Zeng, J., Zeng, M., Zeng, Q., Zervos, A., Zhang, D., Zhang, F., Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, M., Zhao, W., Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z., Zheng, D., Zheng, X., Zhivotovsky, B., Zhong, Q., Zhou, G., Zhou, H., Zhou, S., Zhou, X., Zhu, H., Zhu, W., Zhu, X., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, S., Zhuang, X., Ziparo, E., Zois, C., Zoladek, T., Zong, W., Zorzano, A., Zughaier, S., Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdelmohsen, Kotb, Abe, Akihisa, Abedin, Md Joynal, Abeliovich, Hagai, Acevedo Arozena, Abraham, Adachi, Hiroaki, Adams, Christopher M, Adams, Peter D, Adeli, Khosrow, Adhihetty, Peter J, Adler, Sharon G, Agam, Galila, Agarwal, Rajesh, Aghi, Manish K, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguilar, Patricia V, Aguirre Ghiso, Julio, Airoldi, Edoardo M, Ait Si Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akporiaye, Emmanuel T, Al Rubeai, Mohamed, Albaiceta, Guillermo M, Albanese, Chri, Albani, Diego, Albert, Matthew L, Aldudo, Jesu, Algül, Hana, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Alloza, Iraide, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte Beceril, Maylin, Alnemri, Emad S, Alonso, Covadonga, Altan Bonnet, Nihal, Altieri, Dario C, Alvarez, Silvia, Alvarez Erviti, Lydia, Alves, Sandro, Amadoro, Giuseppina, Amano, Atsuo, Amantini, Consuelo, Ambrosio, Santiago, Amelio, Ivano, Amer, Amal O, Amessou, Mohamed, Amon, Angelika, An, Zhenyi, Anania, Frank A, Andersen, Stig U, Andley, Usha P, Andreadi, Catherine K, Andrieu Abadie, Nathalie, Anel, Alberto, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar Dukie, Shailendra, Antonioli, Manuela, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Aquila, Saveria, Aquilano, Katia, Araki, Koichi, Arama, Eli, Aranda, Agustin, Araya, Jun, Arcaro, Alexandre, Arias, Esperanza, Arimoto, Hirokazu, Ariosa, Aileen R, Armstrong, Jane L, Arnould, Thierry, Arsov, Ivica, Asanuma, Katsuhiko, Askanas, Valerie, Asselin, Eric, Atarashi, Ryuichiro, Atherton, Sally S, Atkin, Julie D, Attardi, Laura D, Auberger, Patrick, Auburger, Georg, Aurelian, Laure, Autelli, Riccardo, Avagliano, Laura, Avantaggiati, Maria Laura, Avrahami, Limor, Awale, Suresh, Azad, Neelam, Bachetti, Tiziana, Backer, Jonathan M, Bae, Dong Hun, Bae, Jae Sung, Bae, Ok Nam, Bae, Soo Han, Baehrecke, Eric H, Baek, Seung Hoon, Baghdiguian, Stephen, Bagniewska Zadworna, Agnieszka, Bai, Hua, Bai, Jie, Bai, Xue Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Balaji, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Balzan, Rena, Banerjee, Rajkumar, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bao, Haijun, Barbeau, Benoit, Barrachina, Maria D, Barreiro, Esther, Bartel, Bonnie, Bartolomé, Alberto, Bassham, Diane C, Bassi, Maria Teresa, Bast, Robert C, Basu, Alakananda, Batista, Maria Teresa, Batoko, Henri, Battino, Maurizio, Bauckman, Kyle, Baumgarner, Bradley L, Bayer, K. Ulrich, Beale, Rupert, Beaulieu, Jean Françoi, Beck, George R, Becker, Christoph, Beckham, J. David, Bédard, Pierre André, Bednarski, Patrick J, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Behrens, Georg Mn, Behrns, Kevin E, Bejarano, Eloy, Belaid, Amine, Belleudi, Francesca, Bénard, Giovanni, Berchem, Guy, Bergamaschi, Daniele, Bergami, Matteo, Berkhout, Ben, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernard, Amélie, Bernard, Monique, Bernassola, Francesca, Bertolotti, Anne, Bess, Amanda S, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bettuzzi, Saverio, Bhalla, Savita, Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli, Bhutia, Sujit K, Biagosch, Caroline, Bianchi, Michele Wolfe, Biard Piechaczyk, Martine, Billes, Viktor, Bincoletto, Claudia, Bingol, Bari, Bird, Sara W, Bitoun, Marc, Bjedov, Ivana, Blackstone, Craig, Blanc, Lionel, Blanco, Guillermo A, Blomhoff, Heidi Kiil, Boada Romero, Emilio, Böckler, Stefan, Boes, Marianne, Boesze Battaglia, Kathleen, Boise, Lawrence H, Bolino, Alessandra, Boman, Andrea, Bonaldo, Paolo, Bordi, Matteo, Bosch, Jürgen, Botana, Luis M, Botti, Joelle, Bou, German, Bouché, Marina, Bouchecareilh, Marion, Boucher, Marie Josée, Boulton, Michael E, Bouret, Sebastien G, Boya, Patricia, Boyer Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan, Braga, Vania Mm, Brancolini, Claudio, Braus, Gerhard H, Bravo San Pedro, José M, Brennan, Lisa A, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bringer, Marie Agnè, Brini, Marisa, Brito, Glauber C, Brodin, Bertha, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brown, Karen, Broxmeyer, Hal E, Bruhat, Alain, Brum, Patricia Chakur, Brumell, John H, BRUNETTI PIERRI, Nicola, Bryson Richardson, Robert J, Buch, Shilpa, Buchan, Alastair M, Budak, Hikmet, Bulavin, Dmitry V, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Bumbasirevic, Vladimir, Burelle, Yan, Burke, Robert E, Burmeister, Margit, Bütikofer, Peter, Caberlotto, Laura, Cadwell, Ken, Cahova, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jingjing, Cai, Qian, Calatayud, Sara, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campbell, Grant R, Campbell, Matthew, Campello, Silvia, Candau, Robin, Caniggia, Isabella, Cantoni, Lavinia, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Caraglia, Michele, Cardinali, Claudio, Cardoso, Sandra Morai, Carew, Jennifer S, Carleton, Laura A, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carloni, Silvia, Carlsson, Sven R, Carmona Gutierrez, Didac, Carneiro, Leticia Am, Carnevali, Oliana, Carra, Serena, Carrier, Alice, Carroll, Bernadette, Casas, Caty, Casas, Josefina, Cassinelli, Giuliana, Castets, Perrine, Castro Obregon, Susana, Cavallini, Gabriella, Ceccherini, Isabella, Cecconi, Francesco, Cederbaum, Arthur I, Ceña, Valentín, Cenci, Simone, Cerella, Claudia, Cervia, Davide, Cetrullo, Silvia, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han Jung, Chagin, Andrei S, Chai, Chee Yin, Chakrabarti, Gopal, Chamilos, Georgio, Chan, Edmond Yw, Chan, Matthew Tv, Chandra, Dhyan, Chandra, Pallavi, Chang, Chih Peng, Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung, Chang, Ta Yuan, Chatham, John C, Chatterjee, Saurabh, Chauhan, Santosh, Che, Yongsheng, Cheetham, Michael E, Cheluvappa, Rajkumar, Chen, Chun Jung, Chen, Gang, Chen, Guang Chao, Chen, Guoqiang, Chen, Hongzhuan, Chen, Jeff W, Chen, Jian Kang, Chen, Min, Chen, Mingzhou, Chen, Peiwen, Chen, Qi, Chen, Quan, Chen, Shang Der, Chen, Si, Chen, Steve S. L, Chen, Wei, Chen, Wei Jung, Chen, Wen Qiang, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Yau Hung, Chen, Ye Guang, Chen, Yin, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongshun, Chen, Yu Jen, Chen, Yue Qin, Chen, Yujie, Chen, Zhen, Chen, Zhong, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher Hk, Cheng, Hua, Cheong, Heesun, Cherry, Sara, Chesney, Jason, Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio, Chevet, Eric, Chi, Hsiang Cheng, Chi, Sung Gil, Chiacchiera, Fulvio, Chiang, Hui Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiariello, Mario, Chieppa, Marcello, Chin, Lih Shen, Chiong, Mario, Chiu, Gigi Nc, Cho, Dong Hyung, Cho, Ssang Goo, Cho, William C, Cho, Yong Yeon, Cho, Young Seok, Choi, Augustine Mk, Choi, Eui Ju, Choi, Eun Kyoung, Choi, Jayoung, Choi, Mary E, Choi, Seung Il, Chou, Tsui Fen, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chow, Kuan Chih, Chowdhury, Kamal, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung Hsien, Chun, Taehoon, Chung, Hyewon, Chung, Taijoon, Chung, Yuen Li, Chwae, Yong Joon, Cianfanelli, Valentina, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciechomska, Iwona A, Ciriolo, Maria Rosa, Cirone, Mara, Claerhout, Sofie, Clague, Michael J, Clària, Joan, Clarke, Peter Gh, Clarke, Robert, Clementi, Emilio, Cleyrat, Cédric, Cnop, Miriam, Coccia, Eliana M, Cocco, Tiziana, Codogno, Patrice, Coers, Jörn, Cohen, Ezra Ew, Colecchia, David, Coletto, Luisa, Coll, Núria S, Colucci Guyon, Emma, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Cook, Katherine L, Coombs, Graham H, Cooper, Cynthia D, Cooper, J. Mark, Coppens, Isabelle, Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana, Corazzari, Marco, Corbalan, Ramon, Corcelle Termeau, Elisabeth, Cordero, Mario D, Corral Ramos, Cristina, Corti, Olga, Cossarizza, Andrea, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Cotman, Susan L, Coto Montes, Ana, Cottet, Sandra, Couve, Eduardo, Covey, Lori R, Cowart, L. Ashley, Cox, Jeffery S, Coxon, Fraser P, Coyne, Carolyn B, Cragg, Mark S, Craven, Rolf J, Crepaldi, Tiziana, Crespo, Jose L, Criollo, Alfredo, Crippa, Valeria, Cruz, Maria Teresa, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cuezva, Jose M, Cui, Taixing, Cutillas, Pedro R, Czaja, Mark J, Czyzyk Krzeska, Maria F, Dagda, Ruben K, Dahmen, Uta, Dai, Chunsun, Dai, Wenjie, Dai, Yun, Dalby, Kevin N, Dalla Valle, Luisa, Dalmasso, Guillaume, D'Amelio, Marcello, Damme, Marku, Darfeuille Michaud, Arlette, Dargemont, Catherine, Darley Usmar, Victor M, Dasarathy, Srinivasan, Dasgupta, Biplab, Dash, Srikanta, Dass, Crispin R, Davey, Hazel Marie, Davids, Lester M, Dávila, David, Davis, Roger J, Dawson, Ted M, Dawson, Valina L, Daza, Paula, de Belleroche, Jackie, de Figueiredo, Paul, de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz, de la Fuente, José, DE MARTINO, Luisa, De Matteis, Antonella, De Meyer, Guido Ry, De Milito, Angelo, De Santi, Mauro, de Souza, Wanderley, De Tata, Vincenzo, De Zio, Daniela, Debnath, Jayanta, Dechant, Reinhard, Decuypere, Jean Paul, Deegan, Shane, Dehay, Benjamin, Del Bello, Barbara, Del Re, Dominic P, Delage Mourroux, Régi, Delbridge, Lea Md, Deldicque, Louise, Delorme Axford, Elizabeth, Deng, Yizhen, Dengjel, Joern, Denizot, Melanie, Dent, Paul, Der, Channing J, Deretic, Vojo, Derrien, Benoît, Deutsch, Eric, Devarenne, Timothy P, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Bartolomeo, Sabrina, Di Daniele, Nicola, Di Domenico, Fabio, Di Nardo, Alessia, Di Paola, Simone, Di Pietro, Antonio, Di Renzo, Livia, Diantonio, Aaron, Díaz Araya, Guillermo, Díaz Laviada, Ine, Diaz Meco, Maria T, Diaz Nido, Javier, Dickey, Chad A, Dickson, Robert C, Diederich, Marc, Digard, Paul, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh Kumar, Savithrama P, Ding, Chan, Ding, Wen Xing, Ding, Zufeng, Dini, Luciana, Distler, Jörg Hw, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri Mergny, Mojgan, Dmytruk, Kostyantyn, Dobson, Renwick Cj, Doetsch, Volker, Dokladny, Karol, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Donadelli, Massimo, Dong, X. Charlie, Dong, Xiaonan, Dong, Zheng, Donohue, Terrence M, Doran, Kelly S, D'Orazi, Gabriella, Dorn, Gerald W, Dosenko, Victor, Dridi, Sami, Drucker, Liat, Du, Jie, Du, Li Lin, Du, Lihuan, du Toit, André, Dua, Priyamvada, Duan, Lei, Duann, Pu, Dubey, Vikash Kumar, Duchen, Michael R, Duchosal, Michel A, Duez, Helene, Dugail, Isabelle, Dumit, Verónica I, Duncan, Mara C, Dunlop, Elaine A, Dunn, William A, Dupont, Nicola, Dupuis, Luc, Durán, Raúl V, Durcan, Thomas M, Duvezin Caubet, Stéphane, Duvvuri, Umamaheswar, Eapen, Vinay, Ebrahimi Fakhari, Dariu, Echard, Arnaud, Eckhart, Leopold, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eisenberg, Tobia, Eisenberg Lerner, Avital, Eissa, N. Tony, El Deiry, Wafik S, El Khoury, Victoria, Elazar, Zvulun, Eldar Finkelman, Hagit, Elliott, Chris Jh, Emanuele, Enzo, Emmenegger, Urban, Engedal, Nikolai, Engelbrecht, Anna Mart, Engelender, Simone, Enserink, Jorrit M, Erdmann, Ralf, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Eri, Rajaraman, Eriksen, Jason L, Erman, Andreja, Escalante, Ricardo, Eskelinen, Eeva Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Esteban Martínez, Lorena, Evans, Thomas J, Fabri, Mario, Fabrias, Gemma, Fabrizi, Cinzia, Facchiano, Antonio, Færgeman, Nils J, Faggioni, Alberto, Fairlie, W. Dougla, Fan, Chunhai, Fan, Daping, Fan, Jie, Fang, Shengyun, Fanto, Manoli, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thoma, Faure, Mathia, Favier, Francois B, Fearnhead, Howard, Federici, Massimo, Fei, Erkang, Felizardo, Tania C, Feng, Hua, Feng, Yibin, Feng, Yuchen, Ferguson, Thomas A, Fernández, Álvaro F, Fernandez Barrena, Maite G, Fernandez Checa, Jose C, Fernández López, Arsenio, Fernandez Zapico, Martin E, Feron, Olivier, Ferraro, Elisabetta, Ferreira Halder, Carmen Veríssima, Fesus, Laszlo, Feuer, Ralph, Fiesel, Fabienne C, Filippi Chiela, Eduardo C, Filomeni, Giuseppe, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingert, John H, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Flamigni, Flavio, Florey, Oliver, Florio, Salvatore, Floto, R. Andre, Folini, Marco, Follo, Carlo, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fraldi, Alessandro, Franco, Rodrigo, Francois, Arnaud, François, Aurélie, Frankel, Lisa B, Fraser, Iain Dc, Frey, Norbert, Freyssenet, Damien G, Frezza, Christian, Friedman, Scott L, Frigo, Daniel E, Fu, Dongxu, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujitani, Yoshio, Fujiwara, Yuuki, Fujiya, Mikihiro, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Fulda, Simone, Fusco, Carmela, Gabryel, Bozena, Gaestel, Matthia, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galadari, Sehamuddin, Galili, Gad, Galindo, Inmaculada, Galindo, Maria F, Galliciotti, Giovanna, Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Galluzzi, Luca, Galy, Vincent, Gammoh, Noor, Gandy, Sam, Ganesan, Anand K, Ganesan, Swamynathan, Ganley, Ian G, Gannagé, Monique, Gao, Fen Biao, Gao, Feng, Gao, Jian Xin, García Nannig, Lorena, García Véscovi, Eleonora, Garcia Macía, Marina, Garcia Ruiz, Carmen, Garg, Abhishek D, Garg, Pramod Kumar, Gargini, Ricardo, Gassen, Nils Christian, Gatica, Damián, Gatti, Evelina, Gavard, Julie, Gavathiotis, Evripidi, Ge, Liang, Ge, Pengfei, Ge, Shengfang, Gean, Po Wu, Gelmetti, Vania, Genazzani, Armando A, Geng, Jiefei, Genschik, Pascal, Gerner, Lisa, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghigo, Eric, Ghosh, Debabrata, Giammarioli, Anna Maria, Giampieri, Francesca, Giampietri, Claudia, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra, Gibbings, Derrick J, Gibellini, Lara, Gibson, Spencer B, Ginet, Vanessa, Giordano, Antonio, Giorgini, Flaviano, Giovannetti, Elisa, Girardin, Stephen E, Gispert, Suzana, Giuliano, Sandy, Gladson, Candece L, Glavic, Alvaro, Gleave, Martin, Godefroy, Nelly, Gogal, Robert M, Gokulan, Kuppan, Goldman, Gustavo H, Goletti, Delia, Goligorsky, Michael S, Gomes, Aldrin V, Gomes, Ligia C, Gomez, Hernando, Gomez Manzano, Candelaria, Gómez Sánchez, Rubén, Gonçalves, Dawit Ap, Goncu, Ebru, Gong, Qingqiu, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Carlos B, Gonzalez Alegre, Pedro, Gonzalez Cabo, Pilar, González Polo, Rosa Ana, Goping, Ing Swie, Gorbea, Carlo, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Goring, Daphne R, Gorman, Adrienne M, Gorski, Sharon M, Goruppi, Sandro, Goto Yamada, Shino, Gotor, Cecilia, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozes, Illana, Gozuacik, Devrim, Graba, Yacine, Graef, Martin, Granato, Giovanna E, Grant, Gary Dean, Grant, Steven, Gravina, Giovanni Luca, Green, Douglas R, Greenhough, Alexander, Greenwood, Michael T, Grimaldi, Benedetto, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charle, Groulx, Jean Francoi, Gruber, Florian, Grumati, Paolo, Grune, Tilman, Guan, Jun Lin, Guan, Kun Liang, Guerra, Barbara, Guillen, Carlo, Gulshan, Kailash, Gunst, Jan, Guo, Chuanyong, Guo, Lei, Guo, Ming, Guo, Wenjie, Guo, Xu Guang, Gust, Andrea A, Gustafsson, Åsa B, Gutierrez, Elaine, Gutierrez, Maximiliano G, Gwak, Ho Shin, Haas, Albert, Haber, James E, Hadano, Shinji, Hagedorn, Monica, Hahn, David R, Halayko, Andrew J, Hamacher Brady, Anne, Hamada, Kozo, Hamai, Ahmed, Hamann, Andrea, Hamasaki, Maho, Hamer, Isabelle, Hamid, Qutayba, Hammond, Ester M, Han, Feng, Han, Weidong, Handa, James T, Hanover, John A, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Masaru, Harhaji Trajkovic, Ljubica, Harper, J. Wade, Harrath, Abdel Halim, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, Jame, Hasler, Udo, Hasselblatt, Peter, Hasui, Kazuhisa, Hawley, Robert G, Hawley, Teresa S, He, Congcong, He, Cynthia Y, He, Fengtian, He, Gu, He, Rong Rong, He, Xian Hui, He, You Wen, He, Yu Ying, Heath, Joan K, Hébert, Marie Josée, Heinzen, Robert A, Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir, Hensel, Michael, Henske, Elizabeth P, Her, Chengtao, Herman, Paul K, Hernández, Agustín, Hernandez, Carlo, Hernández Tiedra, Sonia, Hetz, Claudio, Hiesinger, P. Robin, Higaki, Katsumi, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Bradford G, Hill, Joseph A, Hill, William D, Hino, Keisuke, Hofius, Daniel, Hofman, Paul, Höglinger, Günter U, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holz, Marina K, Hong, Yonggeun, Hood, David A, Hoozemans, Jeroen Jm, Hoppe, Thorsten, Hsu, Chin, Hsu, Chin Yuan, Hsu, Li Chung, Hu, Dong, Hu, Guochang, Hu, Hong Ming, Hu, Hongbo, Hu, Ming Chang, Hu, Yu Chen, Hu, Zhuo Wei, Hua, Fang, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Huey Lan, Huang, Kuo How, Huang, Kuo Yang, Huang, Shile, Huang, Shiqian, Huang, Wei Pang, Huang, Yi Ran, Huang, Yong, Huang, Yunfei, Huber, Tobias B, Huebbe, Patricia, Huh, Won Ki, Hulmi, Juha J, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James H, Husak, Zvenyslava, Hussain, Sabah Na, Hussain, Salik, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Hwang, Thomas I, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Imai, Yuzuru, Imbriano, Carol, Inomata, Megumi, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Iozzo, Renato V, Ip, Nancy Y, Irazoqui, Javier E, Iribarren, Pablo, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Isakovic, Aleksandra J, Ischiropoulos, Harry, Isenberg, Jeffrey S, Ishaq, Mohammad, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Ishii, Isao, Ishmael, Jane E, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken Ichi, Isono, Erika, Issazadeh Navikas, Shohreh, Itahana, Koji, Itakura, Eisuke, Ivanov, Andrei I, Iyer, Anand Krishnan V, Izquierdo, José M, Izumi, Yotaro, Izzo, Valentina, Jäättelä, Marja, Jaber, Nadia, Jackson, Daniel John, Jackson, William T, Jacob, Tony George, Jacques, Thomas S, Jagannath, Chinnaswamy, Jain, Ashish, Jana, Nihar Ranjan, Jang, Byoung Kuk, Jani, Alkesh, Janji, Bassam, Jannig, Paulo Roberto, Jansson, Patric J, Jean, Steve, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju Hong, Jessen, Niel, Jeung, Eui Bae, Jia, Kailiang, Jia, Lijun, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Liwen, Jiang, Teng, Jiang, Xiaoyan, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Yongjun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Cheng, Jin, Hongchuan, Jin, Lei, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Jinwal, Umesh Kumar, Jo, Eun Kyeong, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail Vw, Johnson, James D, Jonasch, Eric, Jones, Chri, Joosten, Leo Ab, Jordan, Joaquin, Joseph, Anna Maria, Joseph, Bertrand, Joubert, Annie M, Ju, Dianwen, Ju, Jingfang, Juan, Hsueh Fen, Juenemann, Katrin, Juhász, Gábor, Jung, Hye Seung, Jung, Jae U, Jung, Yong Keun, Jungbluth, Heinz, Justice, Matthew J, Jutten, Barry, Kaakoush, Nadeem O, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kaeffer, Bertrand, Kågedal, Katarina, Kahana, Alon, Kajimura, Shingo, Kakhlon, Or, Kalia, Manjula, Kalvakolanu, Dhan V, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kambas, Konstantino, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kandouz, Mustapha, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Rui, Kang, Tae Cheon, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kantorow, Marc, Kaparakis Liaskos, Maria, Kapuy, Orsolya, Karantza, Vassiliki, Karim, Md Razaul, Karmakar, Parimal, Kaser, Arthur, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawula, Thoma, Kaynar, A. Murat, Ke, Po Yuan, Ke, Zun Ji, Kehrl, John H, Keller, Kate E, Kemper, Jongsook Kim, Kenworthy, Anne K, Kepp, Oliver, Kern, Andrea, Kesari, Santosh, Kessel, David, Ketteler, Robin, Kettelhut, Isis do Carmo, Khambu, Bilon, Khan, Muzamil Majid, Khandelwal, Vinoth Km, Khare, Sangeeta, Kiang, Juliann G, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Arianna L, Kim, Cheol Hyeon, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do Hyung, Kim, Eung Kweon, Kim, Hye Young, Kim, Hyung Ryong, Kim, Jae Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, Jin Hyoung, Kim, Kwang Woon, Kim, Michael D, Kim, Moon Moo, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Soo Youl, Kim, Yong Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, Kimura, Tomonori, King, Jason S, Kirkegaard, Karla, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kishi, Shuji, Kitajima, Yasuo, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitaoka, Yasushi, Kitazato, Kaio, Kley, Rudolf A, Klimecki, Walter T, Klinkenberg, Michael, Klucken, Jochen, Knævelsrud, Helene, Knecht, Erwin, Knuppertz, Laura, Ko, Jiunn Liang, Kobayashi, Satoru, Koch, Jan C, Koechlin Ramonatxo, Christelle, Koenig, Ulrich, Koh, Young Ho, Köhler, Katja, Kohlwein, Sepp D, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Dexin, Kong, Hee Jeong, Konstantakou, Eumorphia G, Kopp, Benjamin T, Korcsmaros, Tama, Korhonen, Laura, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Koshkina, Nadya V, Kou, Yanjun, Koukourakis, Michael I, Koumenis, Constantino, Kovács, Attila L, Kovács, Tibor, Kovacs, Werner J, Koya, Daisuke, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Kramer, Helmut, Kravic Stevovic, Tamara, Krek, Wilhelm, Kretz Remy, Carole, Krick, Roswitha, Krishnamurthy, Malathi, Kriston Vizi, Jano, Kroemer, Guido, Kruer, Michael C, Kruger, Rejko, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki, Kuhn, Christian, Kumar, Addanki Pratap, Kumar, Anuj, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Deepak, Kumar, Dhiraj, Kumar, Rakesh, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing Jien, Kuno, Atsushi, Kuo, Sheng Han, Kuret, Jeff, Kurz, Tino, Kwok, Terry, Kwon, Taeg Kyu, Kwon, Yong Tae, Kyrmizi, Irene, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lahm, Tim, Lakkaraju, Aparna, Lam, Truong, Lamark, Trond, Lancel, Steve, Landowski, Terry H, Lane, Darius J. R, Lane, Jon D, Lanzi, Cinzia, Lapaquette, Pierre, Lapierre, Louis R, Laporte, Jocelyn, Laukkarinen, Johanna, Laurie, Gordon W, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavie, Lena, Lavoie, Matthew J, Law, Betty Yuen Kwan, Law, Helen Ka Wai, Law, Kelsey B, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le Cam, Laurent, Le Roch, Karine G, Le Stunff, Hervé, Leardkamolkarn, Vijittra, Lecuit, Marc, Lee, Byung Hoon, Lee, Che Hsin, Lee, Erinna F, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, He Jin, Lee, Hsinyu, Lee, Jae Keun, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju Hyun, Lee, Jun Hee, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung Shik, Lee, Patty J, Lee, Sam W, Lee, Seung Jae, Lee, Shiow Ju, Lee, Stella Y, Lee, Sug Hyung, Lee, Sung Sik, Lee, Sung Joon, Lee, Sunhee, Lee, Ying Ray, Lee, Yong J, Lee, Young H, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Lefort, Sylvain, Legouis, Renaud, Lei, Jinzhi, Lei, Qun Ying, Leib, David A, Leibowitz, Gil, Lekli, Istvan, Lemaire, Stéphane D, Lemasters, John J, Lemberg, Marius K, Lemoine, Antoinette, Leng, Shuilong, Lenz, Guido, Lenzi, Paola, Lerman, Lilach O, Lettieri Barbato, Daniele, Leu, Julia I. Ju, Leung, Hing Y, Levine, Beth, Lewis, Patrick A, Lezoualc'H, Frank, Li, Chi, Li, Faqiang, Li, Feng Jun, Li, Jun, Li, Ke, Li, Lian, Li, Min, Li, Qiang, Li, Rui, Li, Sheng, Li, Wei, Li, Xiaotao, Li, Yumin, Lian, Jiqin, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yulin, Liberal, Joana, Liberski, Pawel P, Lie, Pearl, Lieberman, Andrew P, Lim, Hyunjung Jade, Lim, Kah Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lima, Raquel T, Lin, Chang Shen, Lin, Chiou Feng, Lin, Fang, Lin, Fangming, Lin, Fu Cheng, Lin, Kui, Lin, Kwang Huei, Lin, Pei Hui, Lin, Tianwei, Lin, Wan Wan, Lin, Yee Shin, Lin, Yong, Linden, Rafael, Lindholm, Dan, Lindqvist, Lisa M, Lingor, Paul, Linkermann, Andrea, Liotta, Lance A, Lipinski, Marta M, Lira, Vitor A, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chong, Liu, Chun Feng, Liu, Fei, Liu, Hung Jen, Liu, Jianxun, Liu, Jing Jing, Liu, Jing Lan, Liu, Ke, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Liang, Liu, Quentin, Liu, Rong Yu, Liu, Shiming, Liu, Shuwen, Liu, Wei, Liu, Xian De, Liu, Xiangguo, Liu, Xiao Hong, Liu, Xinfeng, Liu, Xu, Liu, Xueqin, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yule, Liu, Zexian, Liu, Zhe, Liuzzi, Juan P, Lizard, Gérard, Ljujic, Mila, Lodhi, Irfan J, Logue, Susan E, Lokeshwar, Bal L, Long, Yun Chau, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, López Otín, Carlo, López Vicario, Cristina, Lorente, Mar, Lorenzi, Philip L, Lõrincz, Péter, Los, Marek, Lotze, Michael T, Lovat, Penny E, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bo, Lu, Jiahong, Lu, Qing, Lu, She Min, Lu, Shuyan, Lu, Yingying, Luciano, Frédéric, Luckhart, Shirley, Lucocq, John Milton, Ludovico, Paula, Lugea, Aurelia, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lum, Julian J, Lund, Anders H, Luo, Honglin, Luo, Jia, Luo, Shouqing, Luparello, Claudio, Lyons, Timothy, Ma, Jianjie, Ma, Yi, Ma, Yong, Ma, Zhenyi, Machado, Juliano, Machado Santelli, Glaucia M, Macian, Fernando, Macintosh, Gustavo C, Mackeigan, Jeffrey P, Macleod, Kay F, Macmicking, John D, MacMillan Crow, Lee Ann, Madeo, Frank, Madesh, Muniswamy, Madrigal Matute, Julio, Maeda, Akiko, Maeda, Tatsuya, Maegawa, Gustavo, Maellaro, Emilia, Maes, Hannelore, Magariños, Marta, Maiese, Kenneth, Maiti, Tapas K, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, MARIA CHIARA, Maki, Carl G, Malli, Roland, Malorni, Walter, Maloyan, Alina, Mami Chouaib, Fathia, Man, Na, Mancias, Joseph D, Mandelkow, Eva Maria, Mandell, Michael A, Manfredi, Angelo A, Manié, Serge N, Manzoni, Claudia, Mao, Kai, Mao, Zixu, Mao, Zong Wan, Marambaud, Philippe, Marconi, Anna Maria, Marelja, Zvonimir, Marfe, Gabriella, Margeta, Marta, Margittai, Eva, Mari, Muriel, Mariani, Francesca V, Marin, Concepcio, Marinelli, Sara, Mariño, Guillermo, Markovic, Ivanka, Marquez, Rebecca, Martelli, Alberto M, Martens, Sascha, Martin, Katie R, Martin, Seamus J, Martin, Shaun, Martin Acebes, Miguel A, Martín Sanz, Paloma, Martinand Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez, Jennifer, Martinez Lopez, Nuria, Martinez Outschoorn, Ubaldo, Martínez Velázquez, Moisé, Martinez Vicente, Marta, Martins, Waleska Kerllen, Mashima, Hirosato, Mastrianni, James A, Matarese, Giuseppe, Matarrese, Paola, Mateo, Roberto, Matoba, Satoaki, Matsumoto, Naomichi, Matsushita, Takehiko, Matsuura, Akira, Matsuzawa, Takeshi, Mattson, Mark P, Matus, Soledad, Maugeri, Norma, Mauvezin, Caroline, Mayer, Andrea, Maysinger, Dusica, Mazzolini, Guillermo D, Mcbrayer, Mary Kate, Mccall, Kimberly, Mccormick, Craig, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mciver, Skye C, Mckenna, Sharon, Mcmahon, John J, Mcneish, Iain A, Mechta Grigoriou, Fatima, Medema, Jan Paul, Medina, Diego L, Megyeri, Klara, Mehrpour, Maryam, Mehta, Jawahar L, Mei, Yide, Meier, Ute Christiane, Meijer, Alfred J, Meléndez, Alicia, Melino, Gerry, Melino, Sonia, de Melo, Edesio Jose Tenorio, Mena, Maria A, Meneghini, Marc D, Menendez, Javier A, Menezes, Regina, Meng, Liesu, Meng, Ling Hua, Meng, Songshu, Menghini, Rossella, Menko, A. Sue, Menna Barreto, Rubem F, Menon, Manoj B, Meraz Ríos, Marco A, Merla, Giuseppe, Merlini, Luciano, Merlot, Angelica M, Meryk, Andrea, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Joel N, Mi, Man Tian, Miao, Chao Yu, Micale, Lucia, Michaeli, Simon, Michiels, Carine, Migliaccio, Anna Rita, Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko, Milan, Enrico, Miller Fleming, Leonor, Mills, Gordon B, Mills, Ian G, Minakaki, Georgia, Minassian, Berge A, Ming, Xiu Fen, Minibayeva, Farida, Minina, Elena A, Mintern, Justine D, Minucci, Saverio, Miranda Vizuete, Antonio, Mitchell, Claire H, Miyamoto, Shigeki, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mnich, Katarzyna, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Moita, Luis Ferreira, Molinari, Marco, Molinari, Maurizio, Møller, Andreas Buch, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Mongillo, Marco, Monick, Martha M, Montagnaro, Serena, Montell, Craig, Moore, Darren J, Moore, Michael N, Mora Rodriguez, Rodrigo, Moreira, Paula I, Morel, Etienne, Morelli, Maria Beatrice, Moreno, Sandra, Morgan, Michael J, Moris, Arnaud, Moriyasu, Yuji, Morrison, Janna L, Morrison, Lynda A, Morselli, Eugenia, Moscat, Jorge, Moseley, Pope L, Mostowy, Serge, Motori, Elisa, Mottet, Deni, Mottram, Jeremy C, Moussa, Charbel E. H, Mpakou, Vassiliki E, Mukhtar, Hasan, Mulcahy Levy, Jean M, Muller, Sylviane, Muñoz Moreno, Raquel, Muñoz Pinedo, Cristina, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Maureen E, Murray, James T, Murthy, Aditya, Mysorekar, Indira U, Nabi, Ivan R, Nabissi, Massimo, Nader, Gustavo A, Nagahara, Yukitoshi, Nagai, Yoshitaka, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nagelkerke, Anika, Nagy, Péter, Naidu, Samisubbu R, Nair, Sreejayan, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Napolitano, Gennaro, Naqvi, Naweed I, Nardacci, Roberta, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Nascimbeni, Anna Chiara, Natarajan, Ramesh, Navegantes, Luiz C, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nazarko, Volodymyr Y, Neill, Thoma, Neri, Luca M, Netea, Mihai G, Netea Maier, Romana T, Neves, Bruno M, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Hang Tt, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nicot, Anne Sophie, Nilsen, Hilde, Nilsson, Per, Nishimura, Mikio, Nishino, Ichizo, Niso Santano, Mireia, Niu, Hua, Nixon, Ralph A, Njar, Vincent Co, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nolte, Elsie Magdalena, Norberg, Erik, Norga, Koenraad K, Noureini, Sakineh Kazemi, Notomi, Shoji, Notterpek, Lucia, Nowikovsky, Karin, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, O'Donnell, Valerie B, O'Donovan, Tracey, O'Dwyer, Peter J, Oehme, Ina, Oeste, Clara L, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ogretmen, Besim, Ogura, Yuji, Oh, Young J, Ohmuraya, Masaki, Ohshima, Takayuki, Ojha, Rani, Okamoto, Koji, Okazaki, Toshiro, Oliver, F. Javier, Ollinger, Karin, Olsson, Stefan, Orban, Daniel P, Ordonez, Paulina, Orhon, Idil, Orosz, Laszlo, O'Rourke, Eyleen J, Orozco, Helena, Ortega, Angel L, Ortona, Elena, Osellame, Laura D, Oshima, Junko, Oshima, Shigeru, Osiewacz, Heinz D, Otomo, Takanobu, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing Hsiung Jame, Outeiro, Tiago F, Ouyang, Dong Yun, Ouyang, Hongjiao, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozbun, Michelle A, Ozdinler, P. Hande, Ozpolat, Bulent, Pacelli, Consiglia, Paganetti, Paolo, Page, Guylène, Pages, Gille, Pagnini, Ugo, Pajak, Beata, Pak, Stephen C, Pakos Zebrucka, Karolina, Pakpour, Nazzy, Palková, Zdena, Palladino, Francesca, Pallauf, Kathrin, Pallet, Nicola, Palmieri, Marta, Paludan, Søren R, Palumbo, Camilla, Palumbo, Silvia, Pampliega, Olatz, Pan, Hongming, Pan, Wei, Panaretakis, Theochari, Pandey, Aseem, Pantazopoulou, Areti, Papackova, Zuzana, Papademetrio, Daniela L, Papassideri, Issidora, Papini, Alessio, Parajuli, Nirmala, Pardo, Julian, Parekh, Vrajesh V, Parenti, Giancarlo, Park, Jong In, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parker, Roy, Parlato, Rosanna, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Pasquet, Jean Max, Pasquier, Benoit, Pasumarthi, Kishore B, Patschan, Daniel, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pattison, Scott, Pause, Arnim, Pavenstädt, Hermann, Pavone, Flaminia, Pedrozo, Zully, Peña, Fernando J, Peñalva, Miguel A, Pende, Mario, Peng, Jianxin, Penna, Fabio, Penninger, Josef M, Pensalfini, Anna, Pepe, Salvatore, Pereira, Gustavo J, Pereira, Paulo C, Pérez de la Cruz, Verónica, Pérez Pérez, María Esther, Pérez Rodríguez, Diego, Pérez Sala, Dolore, Perier, Celine, Perl, Andra, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Pervaiz, Shazib, Pesonen, Maija, Pessin, Jeffrey E, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrache, Irina, Petrof, Basil J, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierdominici, Marina, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite Carle, Valérie, Pietrocola, Federico, Pimentel Muiños, Felipe X, Pinar, Mario, Pineda, Benjamin, Pinkas Kramarski, Ronit, Pinti, Marcello, Pinton, Paolo, Piperdi, Bilal, Piret, James M, Platanias, Leonidas C, Platta, Harald W, Plowey, Edward D, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Polčic, Peter, Poletti, Angelo, Poon, Audrey H, Popelka, Hana, Popova, Blagovesta, Poprawa, Izabela, Poulose, Shibu M, Poulton, Joanna, Powers, Scott K, Powers, Ted, Pozuelo Rubio, Mercede, Prak, Krisna, Prange, Reinhild, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Prince, Sharon, Proia, Richard L, Proikas Cezanne, Tassula, Prokisch, Holger, Promponas, Vasilis J, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Pugazhenthi, Subbiah, Puglielli, Luigi, Pujol, Aurora, Puyal, Julien, Pyeon, Dohun, Qi, Xin, Qian, Wen Bin, Qin, Zheng Hong, Qiu, Yu, Qu, Ziwei, Quadrilatero, Joe, Quinn, Frederick, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Radogna, Flavia, Ragusa, Michael J, Rahmani, Mohamed, Raina, Komal, Ramanadham, Sasanka, Ramesh, Rajagopal, Rami, Abdelhaq, Randall Demllo, Sarron, Randow, Felix, Rao, Hai, Rao, V. Ashutosh, Rasmussen, Blake B, Rasse, Tobias M, Ratovitski, Edward A, Rautou, Pierre Emmanuel, Ray, Swapan K, Razani, Babak, Reed, Bruce H, Reggiori, Fulvio, Rehm, Marku, Reichert, Andreas S, Rein, Theo, Reiner, David J, Reits, Eric, Ren, Jun, Ren, Xingcong, Renna, Maurizio, Reusch, Jane Eb, Revuelta, Jose L, Reyes, Leticia, Rezaie, Alireza R, Richards, Robert I, Richardson, Des R, Richetta, Clémence, Riehle, Michael A, Rihn, Bertrand H, Rikihisa, Yasuko, Riley, Brigit E, Rimbach, Gerald, Rippo, Maria Rita, Ritis, Konstantino, Rizzi, Federica, Rizzo, Elizete, Roach, Peter J, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Gabriela, Roccheri, Maria Carmela, Rocha, Sonia, Rodrigues, Cecilia Mp, Rodríguez, Clara I, de Cordoba, Santiago Rodriguez, Rodriguez Muela, Natalia, Roelofs, Jeroen, Rogov, Vladimir V, Rohn, Troy T, Rohrer, Bärbel, Romanelli, Davide, Romani, Luigina, Romano, Patricia Silvia, Roncero, M. Isabel G, Rosa, Jose Lui, Rosello, Alicia, Rosen, Kirill V, Rosenstiel, Philip, Rost Roszkowska, Magdalena, Roth, Kevin A, Roué, Gael, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M, Ruan, Daniel T, Ruano, Diego, Rubinsztein, David C, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Rudolf, Ruediger, Ruegg, Markus A, Ruiz Roldan, Carmen, Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok, Rusmini, Paola, Russ, David W, Russo, Gian Luigi, Russo, Giuseppe, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryabovol, Victoria, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sacher, Michael, Sachse, Carsten, Sack, Michael N, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saftig, Paul, Sagi Eisenberg, Ronit, Sahni, Sumit, Saikumar, Pothana, Saito, Tsunenori, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakakura, Koichi, Sakoh Nakatogawa, Machiko, Sakuraba, Yasuhito, Salazar Roa, María, Salomoni, Paolo, Saluja, Ashok K, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvioli, Rosa, Samali, Afshin, Sanchez, Anthony Mj, Sánchez Alcázar, José A, Sanchez Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sanjuan, Miguel A, Santaguida, Stefano, Santambrogio, Laura, Santoni, Giorgio, Dos Santos, Claudia Nune, Saran, Shweta, Sardiello, Marco, Sargent, Graeme, Sarkar, Pallabi, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarrias, Maria Rosa, Sarwal, Minnie M, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasaki, Motoko, Sass, Miklo, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Satriano, Joseph, Savaraj, Niramol, Saveljeva, Svetlana, Schaefer, Liliana, Schaible, Ulrich E, Scharl, Michael, Schatzl, Hermann M, Schekman, Randy, Scheper, Wiep, Schiavi, Alfonso, Schipper, Hyman M, Schmeisser, Hana, Schmidt, Jen, Schmitz, Ingo, Schneider, Bianca E, Schneider, E. Marion, Schneider, Jaime L, Schon, Eric A, Schönenberger, Miriam J, Schönthal, Axel H, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schröder, Bernd, Schuck, Sebastian, Schulze, Ryan J, Schwarten, Melanie, Schwarz, Thomas L, Sciarretta, Sebastiano, Scotto, Kathleen, Scovassi, A. Ivana, Screaton, Robert A, Screen, Mark, Seca, Hugo, Sedej, Simon, Segatori, Laura, Segev, Nava, Seglen, Per O, Seguí Simarro, Jose M, Segura Aguilar, Juan, Seki, Ekihiro, Sell, Christian, Seiliez, Iban, Semenkovich, Clay F, Semenza, Gregg L, Sen, Utpal, Serra, Andreas L, Serrano Puebla, Ana, Sesaki, Hiromi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shajahan Haq, Ayesha N, Shapiro, Irving M, Sharma, Shweta, She, Hua, Shen, C. K. Jame, Shen, Chiung Chyi, Shen, Han Ming, Shen, Sanbing, Shen, Weili, Sheng, Rui, Sheng, Xianyong, Sheng, Zu Hang, Shepherd, Trevor G, Shi, Junyan, Shi, Qiang, Shi, Qinghua, Shi, Yuguang, Shibutani, Shusaku, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng Jer, Shih, Chwen Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shin, Dong Wook, Shinohara, Mari L, Shintani, Michiko, Shintani, Takahiro, Shioi, Tetsuo, Shirabe, Ken, Shiri Sverdlov, Ronit, Shirihai, Orian, Shore, Gordon C, Shu, Chih Wen, Shukla, Deepak, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sica, Valentina, Sigurdson, Christina J, Sigurdsson, Einar M, Sijwali, Puran Singh, Sikorska, Beata, Silveira, Wilian A, Silvente Poirot, Sandrine, Silverman, Gary A, Simak, Jan, Simmet, Thoma, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simons, Matia, Simonsen, Anne, Singh, Rajat, Singh, Shivendra V, Singh, Shrawan K, Sinha, Debasish, Sinha, Sangita, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Sirohi, Kapil, Sishi, Balindiwe Jn, Sittler, Annie, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimio, Skwarska, Anna, Slack, Ruth, Slaninová, Iva, Slavov, Nikolai, Smaili, Soraya S, Smalley, Keiran Sm, Smith, Duncan R, Soenen, Stefaan J, Soleimanpour, Scott A, Solhaug, Anita, Somasundaram, Kumaravel, Son, Jin H, Sonawane, Avinash, Song, Chunjuan, Song, Fuyong, Song, Hyun Kyu, Song, Ju Xian, Song, Wei, Soo, Kai Y, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Soontornniyomkij, Virawudh, Sorice, Maurizio, Sotgia, Federica, Soto Pantoja, David R, Sotthibundhu, Areechun, Sousa, Maria João, Spaink, Herman P, Span, Paul N, Spang, Anne, Sparks, Janet D, Speck, Peter G, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Clair, Daret St, Stacchiotti, Alessandra, Staels, Bart, Stang, Michael T, Starczynowski, Daniel T, Starokadomskyy, Petro, Steegborn, Clemen, Steele, John W, Stefanis, Leonida, Steffan, Joan, Stellrecht, Christine M, Stenmark, Harald, Stepkowski, Tomasz M, Stern, Stęphan T, Stevens, Craig, Stockwell, Brent R, Stoka, Veronika, Storchova, Zuzana, Stork, Björn, Stratoulias, Vassili, Stravopodis, Dimitrios J, Strnad, Pavel, Strohecker, Anne Marie, Ström, Anna Lena, Stromhaug, Per, Stulik, Jiri, Su, Yu Xiong, Su, Zhaoliang, Subauste, Carlos S, Subramaniam, Srinivasa, Sue, Carolyn M, Suh, Sang Won, Sui, Xinbing, Sukseree, Supawadee, Sulzer, David, Sun, Fang Lin, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Jun, Sun, Shi Yong, Sun, Yang, Sun, Yi, Sun, Yingjie, Sundaramoorthy, Vinod, Sung, Joseph, Suzuki, Hidekazu, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Naoki, Suzuki, Tadashi, Suzuki, Yuichiro J, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charle, Swärd, Karl, Swarup, Ghanshyam, Sweeney, Sean T, Sylvester, Paul W, Szatmari, Zsuzsanna, Szegezdi, Eva, Szlosarek, Peter W, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Taillebourg, Emmanuel, Tait, Stephen Wg, Takacs Vellai, Krisztina, Takahashi, Yoshinori, Takáts, Szabolc, Takemura, Genzou, Takigawa, Nagio, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tamagno, Elena, Tamburini, Jerome, Tan, Cai Ping, Tan, Lan, Tan, Mei Lan, Tan, Ming, Tan, Yee Joo, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Masaki, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tang, Guomei, Tanida, Isei, Tanji, Kunikazu, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tapia, Jose A, Tasset Cuevas, Inmaculada, Tatar, Marc, Tavassoly, Iman, Tavernarakis, Nektario, Taylor, Allen, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J. Paul, Taylor, Mark J, Tchetina, Elena V, Tee, Andrew R, Teixeira Clerc, Fatima, Telang, Sucheta, Tencomnao, Tewin, Teng, Ba Bie, Teng, Ru Jeng, Terro, Faraj, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Theiss, Arianne L, Theron, Anne E, Thomas, Kelly Jean, Thomé, Marcos P, Thomes, Paul G, Thorburn, Andrew, Thorner, Jeremy, Thum, Thoma, Thumm, Michael, Thurston, Teresa Lm, Tian, Ling, Till, Andrea, Ting, Jenny Pan Yun, Titorenko, Vladimir I, Toker, Lilach, Toldo, Stefano, Tooze, Sharon A, Topisirovic, Ivan, Torgersen, Maria Lyngaa, Torosantucci, Liliana, Torriglia, Alicia, Torrisi, Maria Rosaria, Tournier, Cathy, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Triola, Gemma, Tripathi, Durga Nand, Trisciuoglio, Daniela, Troncoso, Rodrigo, Trougakos, Ioannis P, Truttmann, Anita C, Tsai, Kuen Jer, Tschan, Mario P, Tseng, Yi Hsin, Tsukuba, Takayuki, Tsung, Allan, Tsvetkov, Andrey S, Tu, Shuiping, Tuan, Hsing Yu, Tucci, Marco, Tumbarello, David A, Turk, Bori, Turk, Vito, Turner, Robin Fb, Tveita, Anders A, Tyagi, Suresh C, Ubukata, Makoto, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Udelnow, Andrej, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya Shirafuji, Rika, Underwood, Benjamin R, Ungermann, Christian, Ureshino, Rodrigo P, Ushioda, Ryo, Uversky, Vladimir N, Uzcátegui, Néstor L, Vaccari, Thoma, Vaccaro, Maria I, Váchová, Libuše, Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, Helin, Valdor, Rut, Valente, Enza Maria, Vallette, Francoi, Valverde, Angela M, Van den Berghe, Greet, Van Den Bosch, Ludo, van den Brink, Gijs R, van der Goot, F. Gisou, van der Klei, Ida J, van der Laan, Luc Jw, van Doorn, Wouter G, van Egmond, Marjolein, van Golen, Kenneth L, Van Kaer, Luc, van Lookeren Campagne, Menno, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Varela Nieto, Isabel, Vasconcelos, M. Helena, Vasko, Radovan, Vavvas, Demetrios G, Vega Naredo, Ignacio, Velasco, Guillermo, Velentzas, Athanassios D, Velentzas, Panagiotis D, Vellai, Tibor, Vellenga, Edo, Vendelbo, Mikkel Holm, Venkatachalam, Kartik, Ventura, Natascia, Ventura, Salvador, Veras, Patrícia St, Verdier, Mireille, Vertessy, Beata G, Viale, Andrea, Vidal, Michel, Vieira, Helena L. A, Vierstra, Richard D, Vigneswaran, Nadarajah, Vij, Neeraj, Vila, Miquel, Villar, Margarita, Villar, Victor H, Villarroya, Joan, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Vitale, Giovanni, Vogl, Dan T, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, von Haefen, Clarissa, von Schwarzenberg, Karin, Voth, Daniel E, Vouret Craviari, Valérie, Vuori, Kristina, Vyas, Jatin M, Waeber, Christian, Walker, Cheryl Lyn, Walker, Mark J, Walter, Jochen, Wan, Lei, Wan, Xiangbo, Wang, Bo, Wang, Caihong, Wang, Chao Yung, Wang, Chengshu, Wang, Chenran, Wang, Chuangui, Wang, Dong, Wang, Fen, Wang, Fuxin, Wang, Guanghui, Wang, Hai Jie, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Hong Gang, Wang, Hongmin, Wang, Horng Dar, Wang, Jing, Wang, Junjun, Wang, Mei, Wang, Mei Qing, Wang, Pei Yu, Wang, Peng, Wang, Richard C, Wang, Shuo, Wang, Ting Fang, Wang, Xian, Wang, Xiao Jia, Wang, Xiao Wei, Wang, Xin, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Yan, Wang, Yanming, Wang, Ying, Wang, Ying Jan, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Yu, Wang, Yu Tian, Wang, Yuqing, Wang, Zhi Nong, Wappner, Pablo, Ward, Carl, Ward, Diane McVey, Warnes, Gary, Watada, Hirotaka, Watanabe, Yoshihisa, Watase, Kei, Weaver, Timothy E, Weekes, Colin D, Wei, Jiwu, Weide, Thoma, Weihl, Conrad C, Weindl, Günther, Weis, Simone Nardin, Wen, Longping, Wen, Xin, Wen, Yunfei, Westermann, Benedikt, Weyand, Cornelia M, White, Anthony R, White, Eileen, Whitton, J. Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J, Wiels, Joëlle, Wild, Franziska, Wildenberg, Manon E, Wileman, Tom, Wilkinson, Deepti Sriniva, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Chri, Williams, Katherine, Williamson, Peter R, Winklhofer, Konstanze F, Witkin, Steven S, Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E, Wollert, Thoma, Wolvetang, Ernst J, Wong, Esther, Wong, G. William, Wong, Richard W, Wong, Vincent Kam Wai, Woodcock, Elizabeth A, Wright, Karen L, Wu, Chunlai, Wu, Defeng, Wu, Gen Sheng, Wu, Jian, Wu, Junfang, Wu, Mian, Wu, Min, Wu, Shengzhou, Wu, William Kk, Wu, Yaohua, Wu, Zhenlong, Xavier, Cristina Pr, Xavier, Ramnik J, Xia, Gui Xian, Xia, Tian, Xia, Weiliang, Xia, Yong, Xiao, Hengyi, Xiao, Jian, Xiao, Shi, Xiao, Wuhan, Xie, Chuan Ming, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xilouri, Maria, Xiong, Yuyan, Xu, Chuanshan, Xu, Congfeng, Xu, Feng, Xu, Haoxing, Xu, Hongwei, Xu, Jian, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Jinxian, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Xu, Yangqing, Xu, Ye, Xu, Zhi Xiang, Xu, Ziheng, Xue, Yu, Yamada, Takahiro, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamanaka, Koji, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashiro, Shigeko, Yan, Bing, Yan, Bo, Yan, Xianghua, Yan, Zhen, Yanagi, Yasuo, Yang, Dun Sheng, Yang, Jin Ming, Yang, Liu, Yang, Minghua, Yang, Pei Ming, Yang, Peixin, Yang, Qian, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Xuesong, Yang, Yi, Yang, Ying, Yang, Zhifen, Yang, Zhihong, Yao, Meng Chao, Yao, Pamela J, Yao, Xiaofeng, Yao, Zhenyu, Yao, Zhiyuan, Yasui, Linda S, Ye, Mingxiang, Yedvobnick, Barry, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yeh, Elizabeth S, Yeyati, Patricia L, Yi, Fan, Yi, Long, Yin, Xiao Ming, Yip, Calvin K, Yoo, Yeong Min, Yoo, Young Hyun, Yoon, Seung Yong, Yoshida, Ken Ichi, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Young, Ken H, Yu, Huixin, Yu, Jane J, Yu, Jin Tai, Yu, Jun, Yu, Li, Yu, W. Haung, Yu, Xiao Fang, Yu, Zhengping, Yuan, Junying, Yuan, Zhi Min, Yue, Beatrice Yjt, Yue, Jianbo, Yue, Zhenyu, Zacks, David N, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zaglia, Tania, Zakeri, Zahra, Zecchini, Vincent, Zeng, Jinsheng, Zeng, Min, Zeng, Qi, Zervos, Antonis S, Zhang, Donna D, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Guo, Zhang, Guo Chang, Zhang, Hao, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hongbing, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Jiangwei, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing Pu, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming Yong, Zhang, Xiangnan, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhang, Yan, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yanjin, Zhang, Yingmei, Zhang, Yunjiao, Zhao, Mei, Zhao, Wei Li, Zhao, Xiaonan, Zhao, Yan G, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Yongchao, Zhao, Yu Xia, Zhao, Zhendong, Zhao, Zhizhuang J, Zheng, Dexian, Zheng, Xi Long, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Bori, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Guang Zhou, Zhou, Guofei, Zhou, Huiping, Zhou, Shu Feng, Zhou, Xu Jie, Zhu, Hongxin, Zhu, Hua, Zhu, Wei Guo, Zhu, Wenhua, Zhu, Xiao Feng, Zhu, Yuhua, Zhuang, Shi Mei, Zhuang, Xiaohong, Ziparo, Elio, Zois, Christos E, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zughaier, Susu M., MEDINA SANABRIA, Diego Luis, RS: GROW - R2 - Basic and Translational Cancer Biology, RS: NUTRIM - R2 - Gut-liver homeostasis, Molecular Genetics, Beeldvorming, Genetica & Celbiologie, Medical oncology laboratory, CCA - Target Discovery & Preclinial Therapy Development, Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, CCA - Clinical Therapy Development, Human genetics, Surgery, Molecular cell biology and Immunology, Klionsky, Dj, Abdelmohsen, K, Abe, A, Abedin, Mj, Abeliovich, H, Acevedo Arozena, A, Adachi, H, Adams, Cm, Adams, Pd, Adeli, K, Adhihetty, Pj, Adler, Sg, Agam, G, Agarwal, R, Aghi, Mk, Agnello, M, Agostinis, P, Aguilar, Pv, Aguirre Ghiso, J, Airoldi, Em, Ait Si Ali, S, Akematsu, T, Akporiaye, Et, Al Rubeai, M, Albaiceta, Gm, Albanese, C, Albani, D, Albert, Ml, Aldudo, J, Algül, H, Alirezaei, M, Alloza, I, Almasan, A, Almonte Beceril, M, Alnemri, E, Alonso, C, Altan Bonnet, N, Altieri, Dc, Alvarez, S, Alvarez Erviti, L, Alves, S, Amadoro, G, Amano, A, Amantini, C, Ambrosio, S, Amelio, I, Amer, Ao, Amessou, M, Amon, A, An, Z, Anania, Fa, Andersen, Su, Andley, Up, Andreadi, Ck, Andrieu Abadie, N, Anel, A, Ann, Dk, Anoopkumar Dukie, S, Antonioli, M, Aoki, H, Apostolova, N, Aquila, S, Aquilano, K, Araki, K, Arama, E, Aranda, A, Araya, J, Arcaro, A, Arias, E, Arimoto, H, Ariosa, Ar, Armstrong, Jl, Arnould, T, Arsov, I, Asanuma, K, Askanas, V, Asselin, E, Atarashi, R, Atherton, S, Atkin, Jd, Attardi, Ld, Auberger, P, Auburger, G, Aurelian, L, Autelli, R, Avagliano, L, Avantaggiati, Ml, Avrahami, L, Awale, S, Azad, N, Bachetti, T, Backer, Jm, Bae, Dh, Bae, J, Bae, On, Bae, Sh, Baehrecke, Eh, Baek, Sh, Baghdiguian, S, Bagniewska Zadworna, A, Bai, H, Bai, J, Bai, Xy, Bailly, Y, Balaji, Kn, Balduini, W, Ballabio, A, Balzan, R, Banerjee, R, Bánhegyi, G, Bao, H, Barbeau, B, Barrachina, Md, Barreiro, E, Bartel, B, Bartolomé, A, Bassham, Dc, Bassi, Mt, Bast RC, Jr, Basu, A, Batista, Mt, Batoko, H, Battino, M, Bauckman, K, Baumgarner, Bl, Bayer, Ku, Beale, R, Beaulieu, Jf, Beck GR, Jr, Becker, C, Beckham, Jd, Bédard, Pa, Bednarski, Pj, Begley, Tj, Behl, C, Behrends, C, Behrens, Gm, Behrns, Ke, Bejarano, E, Belaid, A, Belleudi, F, Bénard, G, Berchem, G, Bergamaschi, D, Bergami, M, Berkhout, B, Berliocchi, L, Bernard, A, Bernard, M, Bernassola, F, Bertolotti, A, Bess, A, Besteiro, S, Bettuzzi, S, Bhalla, S, Bhattacharyya, S, Bhutia, Sk, Biagosch, C, Bianchi, Mw, Biard Piechaczyk, M, Billes, V, Bincoletto, C, Bingol, B, Bird, Sw, Bitoun, M, Bjedov, I, Blackstone, C, Blanc, L, Blanco, Ga, Blomhoff, Hk, Boada Romero, E, Böckler, S, Boes, M, Boesze Battaglia, K, Boise, Lh, Bolino, A, Boman, A, Bonaldo, P, Bordi, M, Bosch, J, Botana, Lm, Botti, J, Bou, G, Bouché, M, Bouchecareilh, M, Boucher, Mj, Boulton, Me, Bouret, Sg, Boya, P, Boyer Guittaut, M, Bozhkov, Pv, Brady, N, Braga, Vm, Brancolini, C, Braus, Gh, Bravo San Pedro, Jm, Brennan, La, Bresnick, Eh, Brest, P, Bridges, D, Bringer, Ma, Brini, M, Brito, Gc, Brodin, B, Brookes, P, Brown, Ej, Brown, K, Broxmeyer, He, Bruhat, A, Brum, Pc, Brumell, Jh, Brunetti Pierri, N, Bryson Richardson, Rj, Buch, S, Buchan, Am, Budak, H, Bulavin, Dv, Bultman, Sj, Bultynck, G, Bumbasirevic, V, Burelle, Y, Burke, Re, Burmeister, M, Bütikofer, P, Caberlotto, L, Cadwell, K, Cahova, M, Cai, D, Cai, J, Cai, Q, Calatayud, S, Camougrand, N, Campanella, M, Campbell, Gr, Campbell, M, Campello, S, Candau, R, Caniggia, I, Cantoni, L, Cao, L, Caplan, Ab, Caraglia, M, Cardinali, C, Cardoso, Sm, Carew, J, Carleton, La, Carlin, Cr, Carloni, S, Carlsson, Sr, Carmona Gutierrez, D, Carneiro, La, Carnevali, O, Carra, S, Carrier, A, Carroll, B, Casas, C, Casas, J, Cassinelli, G, Castets, P, Castro Obregon, S, Cavallini, G, Ceccherini, I, Cecconi, F, Cederbaum, Ai, Ceña, V, Cenci, S, Cerella, C, Cervia, D, Cetrullo, S, Chaachouay, H, Chae, Hj, Chagin, A, Chai, Cy, Chakrabarti, G, Chamilos, G, Chan, Ey, Chan, Mt, Chandra, D, Chandra, P, Chang, Cp, Chang, Rc, Chang, Ty, Chatham, Jc, Chatterjee, S, Chauhan, S, Che, Y, Cheetham, Me, Cheluvappa, R, Chen, Cj, Chen, G, Chen, Gc, Chen, H, Chen, Jw, Chen, Jk, Chen, M, Chen, P, Chen, Q, Chen, Sd, Chen, S, Chen, W, Chen, Wj, Chen, Wq, Chen, X, Chen, Yh, Chen, Yg, Chen, Y, Chen, Yj, Chen, Yq, Chen, Z, Cheng, A, Cheng, Ch, Cheng, H, Cheong, H, Cherry, S, Chesney, J, Cheung, Ch, Chevet, E, Chi, Hc, Chi, Sg, Chiacchiera, F, Chiang, Hl, Chiarelli, R, Chiariello, M, Chieppa, M, Chin, L, Chiong, M, Chiu, Gn, Cho, Dh, Cho, Sg, Cho, Wc, Cho, Yy, Cho, Y, Choi, Am, Choi, Ej, Choi, Ek, Choi, J, Choi, Me, Choi, Si, Chou, Tf, Chouaib, S, Choubey, D, Choubey, V, Chow, Kc, Chowdhury, K, Chu, Ct, Chuang, Th, Chun, T, Chung, H, Chung, T, Chung, Yl, Chwae, Yj, Cianfanelli, V, Ciarcia, R, Ciechomska, Ia, Ciriolo, Mr, Cirone, M, Claerhout, S, Clague, Mj, Clària, J, Clarke, Pg, Clarke, R, Clementi, E, Cleyrat, C, Cnop, M, Coccia, Em, Cocco, T, Codogno, P, Coers, J, Cohen, Ee, Colecchia, D, Coletto, L, Coll, N, Colucci Guyon, E, Comincini, S, Condello, M, Cook, Kl, Coombs, Gh, Cooper, Cd, Cooper, Jm, Coppens, I, Corasaniti, Mt, Corazzari, M, Corbalan, R, Corcelle Termeau, E, Cordero, Md, Corral Ramos, C, Corti, O, Cossarizza, A, Costelli, P, Costes, S, Cotman, Sl, Coto Montes, A, Cottet, S, Couve, E, Covey, Lr, Cowart, La, Cox, J, Coxon, Fp, Coyne, Cb, Cragg, M, Craven, Rj, Crepaldi, T, Crespo, Jl, Criollo, A, Crippa, V, Cruz, Mt, Cuervo, Am, Cuezva, Jm, Cui, T, Cutillas, Pr, Czaja, Mj, Czyzyk Krzeska, Mf, Dagda, Rk, Dahmen, U, Dai, C, Dai, W, Dai, Y, Dalby, Kn, Dalla Valle, L, Dalmasso, G, D'Amelio, M, Damme, M, Darfeuille Michaud, A, Dargemont, C, Darley Usmar, Vm, Dasarathy, S, Dasgupta, B, Dash, S, Dass, Cr, Davey, Hm, Davids, Lm, Dávila, D, Davis, Rj, Dawson, Tm, Dawson, Vl, Daza, P, de Belleroche, J, de Figueiredo, P, de Figueiredo, Rc, de la Fuente, J, De Martino, L, De Matteis, A, De Meyer, Gr, De Milito, A, De Santi, M, de Souza, W, De Tata, V, De Zio, D, Debnath, J, Dechant, R, Decuypere, Jp, Deegan, S, Dehay, B, Del Bello, B, Del Re, Dp, Delage Mourroux, R, Delbridge, Lm, Deldicque, L, Delorme Axford, E, Deng, Y, Dengjel, J, Denizot, M, Dent, P, Der, Cj, Deretic, V, Derrien, B, Deutsch, E, Devarenne, Tp, Devenish, Rj, Di Bartolomeo, S, Di Daniele, N, Di Domenico, F, Di Nardo, A, Di Paola, S, Di Pietro, A, Di Renzo, L, Diantonio, A, Díaz Araya, G, Díaz Laviada, I, Diaz Meco, Mt, Diaz Nido, J, Dickey, Ca, Dickson, Rc, Diederich, M, Digard, P, Dikic, I, Dinesh Kumar, Sp, Ding, C, Ding, Wx, Ding, Z, Distler, Jh, Diwan, A, Djavaheri Mergny, M, Dmytruk, K, Dobson, Rc, Doetsch, V, Dokladny, K, Dokudovskaya, S, Donadelli, M, Dong, Xc, Dong, X, Dong, Z, Donohue TM, Jr, Doran, K, D'Orazi, G, Dorn GW, 2nd, Dosenko, V, Dridi, S, Drucker, L, Du, J, Du, Ll, Du, L, du Toit, A, Dua, P, Duan, L, Duann, P, Dubey, Vk, Duchen, Mr, Duchosal, Ma, Duez, H, Dugail, I, Dumit, Vi, Duncan, Mc, Dunlop, Ea, Dunn WA, Jr, Dupont, N, Dupuis, L, Durán, Rv, Durcan, Tm, Duvezin Caubet, S, Duvvuri, U, Eapen, V, Ebrahimi Fakhari, D, Echard, A, Eckhart, L, Edelstein, Cl, Edinger, Al, Eichinger, L, Eisenberg, T, Eisenberg Lerner, A, Eissa, Nt, El Deiry, W, El Khoury, V, Elazar, Z, Eldar Finkelman, H, Elliott, Cj, Emanuele, E, Emmenegger, U, Engedal, N, Engelbrecht, Am, Engelender, S, Enserink, Jm, Erdmann, R, Erenpreisa, J, Eri, R, Eriksen, Jl, Erman, A, Escalante, R, Eskelinen, El, Espert, L, Esteban Martínez, L, Evans, Tj, Fabri, M, Fabrias, G, Fabrizi, C, Facchiano, A, Færgeman, Nj, Faggioni, A, Fairlie, Wd, Fan, C, Fan, D, Fan, J, Fang, S, Fanto, M, Fanzani, A, Farkas, T, Faure, M, Favier, Fb, Fearnhead, H, Federici, M, Fei, E, Felizardo, Tc, Feng, H, Feng, Y, Ferguson, Ta, Fernández, Áf, Fernandez Barrena, Mg, Fernandez Checa, Jc, Fernández López, A, Fernandez Zapico, Me, Feron, O, Ferraro, E, Ferreira Halder, Cv, Fesus, L, Feuer, R, Fiesel, Fc, Filippi Chiela, Ec, Filomeni, G, Fingert, Jh, Finkbeiner, S, Finkel, T, Fiorito, F, Fisher, Pb, Flajolet, M, Flamigni, F, Florey, O, Florio, S, Floto, Ra, Folini, M, Follo, C, Fon, Ea, Fornai, F, Fortunato, F, Fraldi, A, Franco, R, Francois, A, François, A, Frankel, Lb, Fraser, Id, Frey, N, Freyssenet, Dg, Frezza, C, Friedman, Sl, Frigo, De, Fu, D, Fuentes, Jm, Fueyo, J, Fujitani, Y, Fujiwara, Y, Fujiya, M, Fukuda, M, Fulda, S, Fusco, C, Gabryel, B, Gaestel, M, Gailly, P, Gajewska, M, Galadari, S, Galili, G, Galindo, I, Galindo, Mf, Galliciotti, G, Galluzzi, L, Galy, V, Gammoh, N, Gandy, S, Ganesan, Ak, Ganesan, S, Ganley, Ig, Gannagé, M, Gao, Fb, Gao, F, Gao, Jx, García Nannig, L, García Véscovi, E, Garcia Macía, M, Garcia Ruiz, C, Garg, Ad, Garg, Pk, Gargini, R, Gassen, Nc, Gatica, D, Gatti, E, Gavard, J, Gavathiotis, E, Ge, L, Ge, P, Ge, S, Gean, Pw, Gelmetti, V, Genazzani, Aa, Geng, J, Genschik, P, Gerner, L, Gestwicki, Je, Gewirtz, Da, Ghavami, S, Ghigo, E, Ghosh, D, Giammarioli, Am, Giampieri, F, Giampietri, C, Giatromanolaki, A, Gibbings, Dj, Gibellini, L, Gibson, Sb, Ginet, V, Giordano, A, Giorgini, F, Giovannetti, E, Girardin, Se, Gispert, S, Giuliano, S, Gladson, Cl, Glavic, A, Gleave, M, Godefroy, N, Gogal RM, Jr, Gokulan, K, Goldman, Gh, Goletti, D, Goligorsky, M, Gomes, Av, Gomes, Lc, Gomez, H, Gomez Manzano, C, Gómez Sánchez, R, Gonçalves, Da, Goncu, E, Gong, Q, Gongora, C, Gonzalez, Cb, Gonzalez Alegre, P, Gonzalez Cabo, P, González Polo, Ra, Goping, I, Gorbea, C, Gorbunov, Nv, Goring, Dr, Gorman, Am, Gorski, Sm, Goruppi, S, Goto Yamada, S, Gotor, C, Gottlieb, Ra, Gozes, I, Gozuacik, D, Graba, Y, Graef, M, Granato, Ge, Grant, Gd, Grant, S, Gravina, Gl, Green, Dr, Greenhough, A, Greenwood, Mt, Grimaldi, B, Gros, F, Grose, C, Groulx, Jf, Gruber, F, Grumati, P, Grune, T, Guan, Jl, Guan, Kl, Guerra, B, Guillen, C, Gulshan, K, Gunst, J, Guo, C, Guo, L, Guo, M, Guo, W, Guo, Xg, Gust, Aa, Gustafsson, Åb, Gutierrez, E, Gutierrez, Mg, Gwak, H, Haas, A, Haber, Je, Hadano, S, Hagedorn, M, Hahn, Dr, Halayko, Aj, Hamacher Brady, A, Hamada, K, Hamai, A, Hamann, A, Hamasaki, M, Hamer, I, Hamid, Q, Hammond, Em, Han, F, Han, W, Handa, Jt, Hanover, Ja, Hansen, M, Harada, M, Harhaji Trajkovic, L, Harper, Jw, Harrath, Ah, Harris, Al, Harris, J, Hasler, U, Hasselblatt, P, Hasui, K, Hawley, Rg, Hawley, T, He, C, He, Cy, He, F, He, G, He, Rr, He, Xh, He, Yw, He, Yy, Heath, Jk, Hébert, Mj, Heinzen, Ra, Helgason, Gv, Hensel, M, Henske, Ep, Her, C, Herman, Pk, Hernández, A, Hernandez, C, Hernández Tiedra, S, Hetz, C, Hiesinger, Pr, Higaki, K, Hilfiker, S, Hill, Bg, Hill, Ja, Hill, Wd, Hino, K, Hofius, D, Hofman, P, Höglinger, Gu, Höhfeld, J, Holz, Mk, Hong, Y, Hood, Da, Hoozemans, Jj, Hoppe, T, Hsu, C, Hsu, Cy, Hsu, Lc, Hu, D, Hu, G, Hu, Hm, Hu, H, Hu, Mc, Hu, Yc, Hu, Zw, Hua, F, Hua, Y, Huang, C, Huang, Hl, Huang, Kh, Huang, Ky, Huang, S, Huang, Wp, Huang, Yr, Huang, Y, Huber, Tb, Huebbe, P, Huh, Wk, Hulmi, Jj, Hur, Gm, Hurley, Jh, Husak, Z, Hussain, Sn, Hussain, S, Hwang, Jj, Hwang, S, Hwang, Ti, Ichihara, A, Imai, Y, Imbriano, C, Inomata, M, Into, T, Iovane, V, Iovanna, Jl, Iozzo, Rv, Ip, Ny, Irazoqui, Je, Iribarren, P, Isaka, Y, Isakovic, Aj, Ischiropoulos, H, Isenberg, J, Ishaq, M, Ishida, H, Ishii, I, Ishmael, Je, Isidoro, C, Isobe, Ki, Isono, E, Issazadeh Navikas, S, Itahana, K, Itakura, E, Ivanov, Ai, Iyer, Ak, Izquierdo, Jm, Izumi, Y, Izzo, V, Jäättelä, M, Jaber, N, Jackson, Dj, Jackson, Wt, Jacob, Tg, Jacques, T, Jagannath, C, Jain, A, Jana, Nr, Jang, Bk, Jani, A, Janji, B, Jannig, Pr, Jansson, Pj, Jean, S, Jendrach, M, Jeon, Jh, Jessen, N, Jeung, Eb, Jia, K, Jia, L, Jiang, H, Jiang, L, Jiang, T, Jiang, X, Jiang, Y, Jiménez, A, Jin, C, Jin, H, Jin, L, Jin, M, Jin, S, Jinwal, Uk, Jo, Ek, Johansen, T, Johnson, De, Johnson, Gv, Johnson, Jd, Jonasch, E, Jones, C, Joosten, La, Jordan, J, Joseph, Am, Joseph, B, Joubert, Am, Ju, D, Ju, J, Juan, Hf, Juenemann, K, Juhász, G, Jung, H, Jung, Ju, Jung, Yk, Jungbluth, H, Justice, Mj, Jutten, B, Kaakoush, No, Kaarniranta, K, Kaasik, A, Kabuta, T, Kaeffer, B, Kågedal, K, Kahana, A, Kajimura, S, Kakhlon, O, Kalia, M, Kalvakolanu, Dv, Kamada, Y, Kambas, K, Kaminskyy, Vo, Kampinga, Hh, Kandouz, M, Kang, C, Kang, R, Kang, Tc, Kanki, T, Kanneganti, Td, Kanno, H, Kanthasamy, Ag, Kantorow, M, Kaparakis Liaskos, M, Kapuy, O, Karantza, V, Karim, Mr, Karmakar, P, Kaser, A, Kaushik, S, Kawula, T, Kaynar, Am, Ke, Py, Ke, Zj, Kehrl, Jh, Keller, Ke, Kemper, Jk, Kenworthy, Ak, Kepp, O, Kern, A, Kesari, S, Kessel, D, Ketteler, R, Kettelhut, Id, Khambu, B, Khan, Mm, Khandelwal, Vk, Khare, S, Kiang, Jg, Kiger, Aa, Kihara, A, Kim, Al, Kim, Ch, Kim, Dr, Kim, Dh, Kim, Ek, Kim, Hy, Kim, Hr, Kim, J, Kim, Jh, Kim, Jc, Kim, Kw, Kim, Md, Kim, Mm, Kim, Pk, Kim, Sw, Kim, Sy, Kim, Y, Kimchi, A, Kimmelman, Ac, Kimura, T, King, J, Kirkegaard, K, Kirkin, V, Kirshenbaum, La, Kishi, S, Kitajima, Y, Kitamoto, K, Kitaoka, Y, Kitazato, K, Kley, Ra, Klimecki, Wt, Klinkenberg, M, Klucken, J, Knævelsrud, H, Knecht, E, Knuppertz, L, Ko, Jl, Kobayashi, S, Koch, Jc, Koechlin Ramonatxo, C, Koenig, U, Koh, Yh, Köhler, K, Kohlwein, Sd, Koike, M, Komatsu, M, Kominami, E, Kong, D, Kong, Hj, Konstantakou, Eg, Kopp, Bt, Korcsmaros, T, Korhonen, L, Korolchuk, Vi, Koshkina, Nv, Kou, Y, Koukourakis, Mi, Koumenis, C, Kovács, Al, Kovács, T, Kovacs, Wj, Koya, D, Kraft, C, Krainc, D, Kramer, H, Kravic Stevovic, T, Krek, W, Kretz Remy, C, Krick, R, Krishnamurthy, M, Kriston Vizi, J, Kroemer, G, Kruer, Mc, Kruger, R, Ktistakis, Nt, Kuchitsu, K, Kuhn, C, Kumar, Ap, Kumar, A, Kumar, D, Kumar, R, Kumar, S, Kundu, M, Kung, Hj, Kuno, A, Kuo, Sh, Kuret, J, Kurz, T, Kwok, T, Kwon, Tk, Kwon, Yt, Kyrmizi, I, La Spada, Ar, Lafont, F, Lahm, T, Lakkaraju, A, Lam, T, Lamark, T, Lancel, S, Landowski, Th, Lane, Dj, Lane, Jd, Lanzi, C, Lapaquette, P, Lapierre, Lr, Laporte, J, Laukkarinen, J, Laurie, Gw, Lavandero, S, Lavie, L, Lavoie, Mj, Law, By, Law, Hk, Law, Kb, Layfield, R, Lazo, Pa, Le Cam, L, Le Roch, Kg, Le Stunff, H, Leardkamolkarn, V, Lecuit, M, Lee, Bh, Lee, Ch, Lee, Ef, Lee, Gm, Lee, Hj, Lee, H, Lee, Jk, Lee, J, Lee, Jh, Lee, M, Lee, Pj, Lee, Sw, Lee, Sj, Lee, Sy, Lee, Sh, Lee, S, Lee, Yr, Lee, Yj, Lee, Yh, Leeuwenburgh, C, Lefort, S, Legouis, R, Lei, J, Lei, Qy, Leib, Da, Leibowitz, G, Lekli, I, Lemaire, Sd, Lemasters, Jj, Lemberg, Mk, Lemoine, A, Leng, S, Lenz, G, Lenzi, P, Lerman, Lo, Lettieri Barbato, D, Leu, Ji, Leung, Hy, Levine, B, Lewis, Pa, Lezoualc'H, F, Li, C, Li, F, Li, Fj, Li, J, Li, K, Li, L, Li, M, Li, Q, Li, R, Li, S, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Lian, J, Liang, C, Liang, Q, Liao, Y, Liberal, J, Liberski, Pp, Lie, P, Lieberman, Ap, Lim, Hj, Lim, Kl, Lim, K, Lima, Rt, Lin, C, Lin, Cf, Lin, F, Lin, Fc, Lin, K, Lin, Kh, Lin, Ph, Lin, T, Lin, Ww, Lin, Y, Linden, R, Lindholm, D, Lindqvist, Lm, Lingor, P, Linkermann, A, Liotta, La, Lipinski, Mm, Lira, Va, Lisanti, Mp, Liton, Pb, Liu, B, Liu, C, Liu, Cf, Liu, F, Liu, Hj, Liu, J, Liu, Jj, Liu, Jl, Liu, K, Liu, L, Liu, Q, Liu, Ry, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, Xd, Liu, X, Liu, Xh, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Liuzzi, Jp, Lizard, G, Ljujic, M, Lodhi, Ij, Logue, Se, Lokeshwar, Bl, Long, Yc, Lonial, S, Loos, B, López Otín, C, López Vicario, C, Lorente, M, Lorenzi, Pl, Lõrincz, P, Los, M, Lotze, Mt, Lovat, Pe, Lu, B, Lu, J, Lu, Q, Lu, Sm, Lu, S, Lu, Y, Luciano, F, Luckhart, S, Lucocq, Jm, Ludovico, P, Lugea, A, Lukacs, Nw, Lum, Jj, Lund, Ah, Luo, H, Luo, J, Luo, S, Luparello, C, Lyons, T, Ma, J, Ma, Y, Ma, Z, Machado, J, Machado Santelli, Gm, Macian, F, Macintosh, Gc, Mackeigan, Jp, Macleod, Kf, Macmicking, Jd, MacMillan Crow, La, Madeo, F, Madesh, M, Madrigal Matute, J, Maeda, A, Maeda, T, Maegawa, G, Maellaro, E, Maes, H, Magariños, M, Maiese, K, Maiti, Tk, Maiuri, L, Maiuri, Mc, Maki, Cg, Malli, R, Malorni, W, Maloyan, A, Mami Chouaib, F, Man, N, Mancias, Jd, Mandelkow, Em, Mandell, Ma, Manfredi, Aa, Manié, Sn, Manzoni, C, Mao, K, Mao, Z, Mao, Zw, Marambaud, P, Marconi, Am, Marelja, Z, Marfe, G, Margeta, M, Margittai, E, Mari, M, Mariani, Fv, Marin, C, Marinelli, S, Mariño, G, Markovic, I, Marquez, R, Martelli, Am, Martens, S, Martin, Kr, Martin, Sj, Martin, S, Martin Acebes, Ma, Martín Sanz, P, Martinand Mari, C, Martinet, W, Martinez, J, Martinez Lopez, N, Martinez Outschoorn, U, Martínez Velázquez, M, Martinez Vicente, M, Martins, Wk, Mashima, H, Mastrianni, Ja, Matarese, G, Matarrese, P, Mateo, R, Matoba, S, Matsumoto, N, Matsushita, T, Matsuura, A, Matsuzawa, T, Mattson, Mp, Matus, S, Maugeri, N, Mauvezin, C, Mayer, A, Maysinger, D, Mazzolini, Gd, Mcbrayer, Mk, Mccall, K, Mccormick, C, Mcinerney, Gm, Mciver, Sc, Mckenna, S, Mcmahon, Jj, Mcneish, Ia, Mechta Grigoriou, F, Medema, Jp, Medina, Dl, Megyeri, K, Mehrpour, M, Mehta, Jl, Mei, Y, Meier, Uc, Meijer, Aj, Meléndez, A, Melino, G, Melino, S, de Melo, Ej, Mena, Ma, Meneghini, Md, Menendez, Ja, Menezes, R, Meng, L, Meng, Lh, Meng, S, Menghini, R, Menko, A, Menna Barreto, Rf, Menon, Mb, Meraz Ríos, Ma, Merla, G, Merlini, L, Merlot, Am, Meryk, A, Meschini, S, Meyer, Jn, Mi, Mt, Miao, Cy, Micale, L, Michaeli, S, Michiels, C, Migliaccio, Ar, Mihailidou, A, Mijaljica, D, Mikoshiba, K, Milan, E, Miller Fleming, L, Mills, Gb, Mills, Ig, Minakaki, G, Minassian, Ba, Ming, Xf, Minibayeva, F, Minina, Ea, Mintern, Jd, Minucci, S, Miranda Vizuete, A, Mitchell, Ch, Miyamoto, S, Miyazawa, K, Mizushima, N, Mnich, K, Mograbi, B, Mohseni, S, Moita, Lf, Molinari, M, Møller, Ab, Mollereau, B, Mollinedo, F, Mongillo, M, Monick, Mm, Montagnaro, S, Montell, C, Moore, Dj, Moore, Mn, Mora Rodriguez, R, Moreira, Pi, Morel, E, Morelli, Mb, Moreno, S, Morgan, Mj, Moris, A, Moriyasu, Y, Morrison, Jl, Morrison, La, Morselli, E, Moscat, J, Moseley, Pl, Mostowy, S, Motori, E, Mottet, D, Mottram, Jc, Moussa, Ce, Mpakou, Ve, Mukhtar, H, Mulcahy Levy, Jm, Muller, S, Muñoz Moreno, R, Muñoz Pinedo, C, Münz, C, Murphy, Me, Murray, Jt, Murthy, A, Mysorekar, Iu, Nabi, Ir, Nabissi, M, Nader, Ga, Nagahara, Y, Nagai, Y, Nagata, K, Nagelkerke, A, Nagy, P, Naidu, Sr, Nair, S, Nakano, H, Nakatogawa, H, Nanjundan, M, Napolitano, G, Naqvi, Ni, Nardacci, R, Narendra, Dp, Narita, M, Nascimbeni, Ac, Natarajan, R, Navegantes, Lc, Nawrocki, St, Nazarko, Ty, Nazarko, Vy, Neill, T, Neri, Lm, Netea, Mg, Netea Maier, Rt, Neves, Bm, Ney, Pa, Nezis, Ip, Nguyen, Ht, Nguyen, Hp, Nicot, A, Nilsen, H, Nilsson, P, Nishimura, M, Nishino, I, Niso Santano, M, Niu, H, Nixon, Ra, Njar, Vc, Noda, T, Noegel, Aa, Nolte, Em, Norberg, E, Norga, Kk, Noureini, Sk, Notomi, S, Notterpek, L, Nowikovsky, K, Nukina, N, Nürnberger, T, O'Donnell, Vb, O'Donovan, T, O'Dwyer, Pj, Oehme, I, Oeste, Cl, Ogawa, M, Ogretmen, B, Ogura, Y, Oh, Yj, Ohmuraya, M, Ohshima, T, Ojha, R, Okamoto, K, Okazaki, T, Oliver, Fj, Ollinger, K, Olsson, S, Orban, Dp, Ordonez, P, Orhon, I, Orosz, L, O'Rourke, Ej, Orozco, H, Ortega, Al, Ortona, E, Osellame, Ld, Oshima, J, Oshima, S, Osiewacz, Hd, Otomo, T, Otsu, K, Ou, Jj, Outeiro, Tf, Ouyang, Dy, Ouyang, H, Overholtzer, M, Ozbun, Ma, Ozdinler, Ph, Ozpolat, B, Pacelli, C, Paganetti, P, Page, G, Pages, G, Pagnini, U, Pajak, B, Pak, Sc, Pakos Zebrucka, K, Pakpour, N, Palková, Z, Palladino, F, Pallauf, K, Pallet, N, Palmieri, M, Paludan, Sr, Palumbo, C, Palumbo, S, Pampliega, O, Pan, H, Pan, W, Panaretakis, T, Pandey, A, Pantazopoulou, A, Papackova, Z, Papademetrio, Dl, Papassideri, I, Papini, A, Parajuli, N, Pardo, J, Parekh, Vv, Parenti, G, Park, Ji, Park, J, Park, Ok, Parker, R, Parlato, R, Parys, Jb, Parzych, Kr, Pasquet, Jm, Pasquier, B, Pasumarthi, Kb, Patschan, D, Patterson, C, Pattingre, S, Pattison, S, Pause, A, Pavenstädt, H, Pavone, F, Pedrozo, Z, Peña, Fj, Peñalva, Ma, Pende, M, Peng, J, Penna, F, Penninger, Jm, Pensalfini, A, Pepe, S, Pereira, Gj, Pereira, Pc, Pérez de la Cruz, V, Pérez Pérez, Me, Pérez Rodríguez, D, Pérez Sala, D, Perier, C, Perl, A, Perlmutter, Dh, Perrotta, I, Pervaiz, S, Pesonen, M, Pessin, Je, Peters, Gj, Petersen, M, Petrache, I, Petrof, Bj, Petrovski, G, Phang, Jm, Piacentini, M, Pierdominici, M, Pierre, P, Pierrefite Carle, V, Pietrocola, F, Pimentel Muiños, Fx, Pinar, M, Pineda, B, Pinkas Kramarski, R, Pinti, M, Pinton, P, Piperdi, B, Piret, Jm, Platanias, Lc, Platta, Hw, Plowey, Ed, Pöggeler, S, Poirot, M, Polčic, P, Poletti, A, Poon, Ah, Popelka, H, Popova, B, Poprawa, I, Poulose, Sm, Poulton, J, Powers, Sk, Powers, T, Pozuelo Rubio, M, Prak, K, Prange, R, Prescott, M, Priault, M, Prince, S, Proia, Rl, Proikas Cezanne, T, Prokisch, H, Promponas, Vj, Przyklenk, K, Puertollano, R, Pugazhenthi, S, Puglielli, L, Pujol, A, Puyal, J, Pyeon, D, Qi, X, Qian, Wb, Qin, Zh, Qiu, Y, Qu, Z, Quadrilatero, J, Quinn, F, Raben, N, Rabinowich, H, Radogna, F, Ragusa, Mj, Rahmani, M, Raina, K, Ramanadham, S, Ramesh, R, Rami, A, Randall Demllo, S, Randow, F, Rao, H, Rao, Va, Rasmussen, Bb, Rasse, Tm, Ratovitski, Ea, Rautou, Pe, Ray, Sk, Razani, B, Reed, Bh, Reggiori, F, Rehm, M, Reichert, A, Rein, T, Reiner, Dj, Reits, E, Ren, J, Ren, X, Renna, M, Reusch, Je, Revuelta, Jl, Reyes, L, Rezaie, Ar, Richards, Ri, Richardson, Dr, Richetta, C, Riehle, Ma, Rihn, Bh, Rikihisa, Y, Riley, Be, Rimbach, G, Rippo, Mr, Ritis, K, Rizzi, F, Rizzo, E, Roach, Pj, Robbins, J, Roberge, M, Roca, G, Roccheri, Mc, Rocha, S, Rodrigues, Cm, Rodríguez, Ci, de Cordoba, Sr, Rodriguez Muela, N, Roelofs, J, Rogov, Vv, Rohn, Tt, Rohrer, B, Romanelli, D, Romani, L, Romano, P, Roncero, Mi, Rosa, Jl, Rosello, A, Rosen, Kv, Rosenstiel, P, Rost Roszkowska, M, Roth, Ka, Roué, G, Rouis, M, Rouschop, Km, Ruan, Dt, Ruano, D, Rubinsztein, Dc, Rucker EB, 3rd, Rudich, A, Rudolf, E, Rudolf, R, Ruegg, Ma, Ruiz Roldan, C, Ruparelia, Aa, Rusmini, P, Russ, Dw, Russo, Gl, Russo, G, Russo, R, Rusten, Te, Ryabovol, V, Ryan, Km, Ryter, Sw, Sabatini, Dm, Sacher, M, Sachse, C, Sack, Mn, Sadoshima, J, Saftig, P, Sagi Eisenberg, R, Sahni, S, Saikumar, P, Saito, T, Saitoh, T, Sakakura, K, Sakoh Nakatogawa, M, Sakuraba, Y, Salazar Roa, M, Salomoni, P, Saluja, Ak, Salvaterra, Pm, Salvioli, R, Samali, A, Sanchez, Am, Sánchez Alcázar, Ja, Sanchez Prieto, R, Sandri, M, Sanjuan, Ma, Santaguida, S, Santambrogio, L, Santoni, G, Dos Santos, Cn, Saran, S, Sardiello, M, Sargent, G, Sarkar, P, Sarkar, S, Sarrias, Mr, Sarwal, Mm, Sasakawa, C, Sasaki, M, Sass, M, Sato, K, Sato, M, Satriano, J, Savaraj, N, Saveljeva, S, Schaefer, L, Schaible, Ue, Scharl, M, Schatzl, Hm, Schekman, R, Scheper, W, Schiavi, A, Schipper, Hm, Schmeisser, H, Schmidt, J, Schmitz, I, Schneider, Be, Schneider, Em, Schneider, Jl, Schon, Ea, Schönenberger, Mj, Schönthal, Ah, Schorderet, Df, Schröder, B, Schuck, S, Schulze, Rj, Schwarten, M, Schwarz, Tl, Sciarretta, S, Scotto, K, Scovassi, Ai, Screaton, Ra, Screen, M, Seca, H, Sedej, S, Segatori, L, Segev, N, Seglen, Po, Seguí Simarro, Jm, Segura Aguilar, J, Seki, E, Sell, C, Selliez, I, Semenkovich, Cf, Semenza, Gl, Sen, U, Serra, Al, Serrano Puebla, A, Sesaki, H, Setoguchi, T, Settembre, C, Shacka, Jj, Shajahan Haq, An, Shapiro, Im, Sharma, S, She, H, Shen, Cj, Shen, Cc, Shen, Hm, Shen, S, Shen, W, Sheng, R, Sheng, X, Sheng, Zh, Shepherd, Tg, Shi, J, Shi, Q, Shi, Y, Shibutani, S, Shibuya, K, Shidoji, Y, Shieh, Jj, Shih, Cm, Shimada, Y, Shimizu, S, Shin, Dw, Shinohara, Ml, Shintani, M, Shintani, T, Shioi, T, Shirabe, K, Shiri Sverdlov, R, Shirihai, O, Shore, Gc, Shu, Cw, Shukla, D, Sibirny, Aa, Sica, V, Sigurdson, Cj, Sigurdsson, Em, Sijwali, P, Sikorska, B, Silveira, Wa, Silvente Poirot, S, Silverman, Ga, Simak, J, Simmet, T, Simon, Ak, Simon, Hu, Simone, C, Simons, M, Simonsen, A, Singh, R, Singh, Sv, Singh, Sk, Sinha, D, Sinha, S, Sinicrope, Fa, Sirko, A, Sirohi, K, Sishi, Bj, Sittler, A, Siu, Pm, Sivridis, E, Skwarska, A, Slack, R, Slaninová, I, Slavov, N, Smaili, S, Smalley, K, Smith, Dr, Soenen, Sj, Soleimanpour, Sa, Solhaug, A, Somasundaram, K, Son, Jh, Sonawane, A, Song, C, Song, F, Song, Hk, Song, Jx, Song, W, Soo, Ky, Sood, Ak, Soong, Tw, Soontornniyomkij, V, Sorice, M, Sotgia, F, Soto Pantoja, Dr, Sotthibundhu, A, Sousa, Mj, Spaink, Hp, Span, Pn, Spang, A, Sparks, Jd, Speck, Pg, Spector, Sa, Spies, Cd, Springer, W, Clair, D, Stacchiotti, A, Staels, B, Stang, Mt, Starczynowski, Dt, Starokadomskyy, P, Steegborn, C, Steele, Jw, Stefanis, L, Steffan, J, Stellrecht, Cm, Stenmark, H, Stepkowski, Tm, Stern, St, Stevens, C, Stockwell, Br, Stoka, V, Storchova, Z, Stork, B, Stratoulias, V, Stravopodis, Dj, Strnad, P, Strohecker, Am, Ström, Al, Stromhaug, P, Stulik, J, Su, Yx, Su, Z, Subauste, C, Subramaniam, S, Sue, Cm, Suh, Sw, Sui, X, Sukseree, S, Sulzer, D, Sun, Fl, Sun, J, Sun, Sy, Sun, Y, Sundaramoorthy, V, Sung, J, Suzuki, H, Suzuki, K, Suzuki, N, Suzuki, T, Suzuki, Yj, Swanson, M, Swanton, C, Swärd, K, Swarup, G, Sweeney, St, Sylvester, Pw, Szatmari, Z, Szegezdi, E, Szlosarek, Pw, Taegtmeyer, H, Tafani, M, Taillebourg, E, Tait, Sw, Takacs Vellai, K, Takahashi, Y, Takáts, S, Takemura, G, Takigawa, N, Talbot, Nj, Tamagno, E, Tamburini, J, Tan, Cp, Tan, L, Tan, Ml, Tan, M, Tan, Yj, Tanaka, K, Tanaka, M, Tang, D, Tang, G, Tanida, I, Tanji, K, Tannous, Ba, Tapia, Ja, Tasset Cuevas, I, Tatar, M, Tavassoly, I, Tavernarakis, N, Taylor, A, Taylor, G, Taylor, Ga, Taylor, Jp, Taylor, Mj, Tchetina, Ev, Tee, Ar, Teixeira Clerc, F, Telang, S, Tencomnao, T, Teng, Bb, Teng, Rj, Terro, F, Tettamanti, G, Theiss, Al, Theron, Ae, Thomas, Kj, Thomé, Mp, Thomes, Pg, Thorburn, A, Thorner, J, Thum, T, Thumm, M, Thurston, Tl, Tian, L, Till, A, Ting, Jp, Titorenko, Vi, Toker, L, Toldo, S, Tooze, Sa, Topisirovic, I, Torgersen, Ml, Torosantucci, L, Torriglia, A, Torrisi, Mr, Tournier, C, Towns, R, Trajkovic, V, Travassos, Lh, Triola, G, Tripathi, Dn, Trisciuoglio, D, Troncoso, R, Trougakos, Ip, Truttmann, Ac, Tsai, Kj, Tschan, Mp, Tseng, Yh, Tsukuba, T, Tsung, A, Tsvetkov, A, Tu, S, Tuan, Hy, Tucci, M, Tumbarello, Da, Turk, B, Turk, V, Turner, Rf, Tveita, Aa, Tyagi, Sc, Ubukata, M, Uchiyama, Y, Udelnow, A, Ueno, T, Umekawa, M, Umemiya Shirafuji, R, Underwood, Br, Ungermann, C, Ureshino, Rp, Ushioda, R, Uversky, Vn, Uzcátegui, Nl, Vaccari, T, Vaccaro, Mi, Váchová, L, Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, H, Valdor, R, Valente, Em, Vallette, F, Valverde, Am, Van den Berghe, G, Van Den Bosch, L, van den Brink, Gr, van der Goot, Fg, van der Klei, Ij, van der Laan, Lj, van Doorn, Wg, van Egmond, M, van Golen, Kl, Van Kaer, L, van Lookeren Campagne, M, Vandenabeele, P, Vandenberghe, W, Vanhorebeek, I, Varela Nieto, I, Vasconcelos, Mh, Vasko, R, Vavvas, Dg, Vega Naredo, I, Velasco, G, Velentzas, Ad, Velentzas, Pd, Vellai, T, Vellenga, E, Vendelbo, Mh, Venkatachalam, K, Ventura, N, Ventura, S, Veras, P, Verdier, M, Vertessy, Bg, Viale, A, Vidal, M, Vieira, H, Vierstra, Rd, Vigneswaran, N, Vij, N, Vila, M, Villar, M, Villar, Vh, Villarroya, J, Vindis, C, Viola, G, Viscomi, Mt, Vitale, G, Vogl, Dt, Voitsekhovskaja, Ov, von Haefen, C, von Schwarzenberg, K, Voth, De, Vouret Craviari, V, Vuori, K, Vyas, Jm, Waeber, C, Walker, Cl, Walker, Mj, Walter, J, Wan, L, Wan, X, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, Cy, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, Hj, Wang, H, Wang, Hg, Wang, Hd, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, Mq, Wang, Py, Wang, P, Wang, Rc, Wang, S, Wang, Tf, Wang, X, Wang, Xj, Wang, Xw, Wang, Y, Wang, Yj, Wang, Yt, Wang, Zn, Wappner, P, Ward, C, Ward, Dm, Warnes, G, Watada, H, Watanabe, Y, Watase, K, Weaver, Te, Weekes, Cd, Wei, J, Weide, T, Weihl, Cc, Weindl, G, Weis, Sn, Wen, L, Wen, X, Wen, Y, Westermann, B, Weyand, Cm, White, Ar, White, E, Whitton, Jl, Whitworth, Aj, Wiels, J, Wild, F, Wildenberg, Me, Wileman, T, Wilkinson, D, Wilkinson, S, Willbold, D, Williams, C, Williams, K, Williamson, Pr, Winklhofer, Kf, Witkin, S, Wohlgemuth, Se, Wollert, T, Wolvetang, Ej, Wong, E, Wong, Gw, Wong, Rw, Wong, Vk, Woodcock, Ea, Wright, Kl, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, G, Wu, J, Wu, M, Wu, S, Wu, Wk, Wu, Y, Wu, Z, Xavier, Cp, Xavier, Rj, Xia, Gx, Xia, T, Xia, W, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xiao, J, Xiao, S, Xiao, W, Xie, Cm, Xie, Z, Xilouri, M, Xiong, Y, Xu, C, Xu, F, Xu, H, Xu, J, Xu, L, Xu, X, Xu, Y, Xu, Zx, Xu, Z, Xue, Y, Yamada, T, Yamamoto, A, Yamanaka, K, Yamashina, S, Yamashiro, S, Yan, B, Yan, X, Yan, Z, Yanagi, Y, Yang, D, Yang, Jm, Yang, L, Yang, M, Yang, Pm, Yang, P, Yang, Q, Yang, W, Yang, Wy, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yao, Mc, Yao, Pj, Yao, X, Yao, Z, Yasui, L, Ye, M, Yedvobnick, B, Yeganeh, B, Yeh, E, Yeyati, Pl, Yi, F, Yi, L, Yin, Xm, Yip, Ck, Yoo, Ym, Yoo, Yh, Yoon, Sy, Yoshida, Ki, Yoshimori, T, Young, Kh, Yu, H, Yu, Jj, Yu, Jt, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, Wh, Yu, Xf, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, Zm, Yue, By, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Zacks, Dn, Zacksenhaus, E, Zaffaroni, N, Zaglia, T, Zakeri, Z, Zecchini, V, Zeng, J, Zeng, M, Zeng, Q, Zervos, A, Zhang, Dd, Zhang, F, Zhang, G, Zhang, Gc, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, Jp, Zhang, L, Zhang, My, Zhang, X, Zhang, Xd, Zhang, Y, Zhao, M, Zhao, Wl, Zhao, X, Zhao, Yg, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Yx, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Zj, Zheng, D, Zheng, Xl, Zheng, X, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, Gz, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, Sf, Zhou, Xj, Zhu, H, Zhu, Wg, Zhu, W, Zhu, Xf, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, Sm, Zhuang, X, Ziparo, E, Zois, Ce, Zoladek, T, Zong, Wx, Zorzano, A, Zughaier, Sm, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Other departments, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Radiotherapy, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Medical Biochemistry, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Biology and Histology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Daniel J Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M Adam, Peter D Adam, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J Adhihetty, Sharon G Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostini, Patricia V Aguilar, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, Edoardo M Airoldi, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T Akporiaye, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez- Erviti, Sandro Alve, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A Anania, Stig U Andersen, Usha P Andley, Catherine K Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu- Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Aria, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Jane L Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askana, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S Atherton, Julie D Atkin, Laura D Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M Backer, Dong- Hun Bae, Jae-sung Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Seung-Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L Baumgarner, K Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean-François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J David Beckham, Pierre-André Bédard, Patrick J Bednarski, Thomas J Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrend, Georg MN Behren, Kevin E Behrn, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S Be, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Bille, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boe, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Lawrence H Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie- Josée Boucher, Michael E Boulton, Sebastien G Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Peter V Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H Brau, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Lisa A Brennan, Emery H Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridge, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S Brooke, Eric J Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V Bulavin, Scott J Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Laura A Carleton, Cathleen R Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R Carlsson, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casa, Josefina Casa, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castet, Susana Castro-Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilo, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun-Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W Chen, Jian-Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang- Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, Wei-Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau-Hung Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu- Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung-Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih-Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong-Hyung Cho, Ssang-Goo Cho, William C Cho, Yong-Yeon Cho, Young-Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui-Ju Choi, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E Choi, Seung-Il Choi, Tsui-Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan-Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T Chu, Tsung-Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Yong-Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coer, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S Coll, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L Cook, Graham H Coomb, Cynthia D Cooper, J Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppen, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau, Mario D Cordero, Cristina Corral-Ramo, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Coste, Susan L Cotman, Ana Coto-Monte, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R Covey, L Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S Cox, Fraser P Coxon, Carolyn B Coyne, Mark S Cragg, Rolf J Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R Cutilla, Mark J Czaja, Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska, Ruben K Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M Darley-Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R Da, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M David, David Dávila, Roger J Davi, Ted M Dawson, Valina L Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Mattei, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P Del Re, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P Devarenne, Rodney J Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Ines Díaz-Laviada, Maria T Diaz-Meco, Javier Diaz-Nido, Chad A Dickey, Robert C Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M Donohue Jr, Kelly S Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li-Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R Duchen, Michel A Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I Dumit, Mara C Duncan, Elaine A Dunlop, William A Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupui, Raúl V Durán, Thomas M Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L Edelstein, Aimee L Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, N Tony Eissa, Wafik S El-Deiry, Victoria El-Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar-Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna-Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva- Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban-Martínez, Thomas J Evan, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabria, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farka, Mathias Faure, Francois B Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A Ferguson, Álvaro F Fernández, Maite G Fernandez-Barrena, Jose C Fernandez-Checa, Arsenio Fernández-López, Martin E Fernandez-Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder, Laszlo Fesu, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C Fiesel, Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Flavio Flamigni, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francoi, Aurélie Françoi, Lisa B Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L Friedman, Daniel E Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M Fuente, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen-Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian-Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia-Macía, Carmen Garcia- Ruiz, Abhishek D Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathioti, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po-Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E Gestwicki, David A Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J Gibbing, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S Goligorsky, Aldrin V Gome, Ligia C Gome, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalve, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo, Rosa Ana González-Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V Gorbunov, Daphne R Goring, Adrienne M Gorman, Sharon M Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto- Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A Gottlieb, Illana Goze, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gro, Charles Grose, Jean-Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun-Lin Guan, Kun-Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu-Guang Guo, Andrea A Gust, Åsa B Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G Gutierrez, Ho-Shin Gwak, Albert Haa, James E Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R Hahn, Andrew J Halayko, Anne Hamacher-Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T Handa, John A Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic, J Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L Harri, James Harri, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G Hawley, Teresa S Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong-Rong He, Xian-Hui He, You-Wen He, Yu- Ying He, Joan K Heath, Marie-Josée Hébert, Robert A Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández-Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G Hill, Joseph A Hill, William D Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofiu, Paul Hofman, Günter U Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozeman, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin-Yuan Hsu, Li-Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong-Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu-Chen Hu, Zhuo-Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey-Lan Huang, Kuo-How Huang, Kuo-Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei-Pang Huang, Yi-Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won-Ki Huh, Juha J Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L Iovanna, Renato V Iozzo, Nancy Y Ip, Javier E Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulo, Jeffrey S Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken-ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh- Navika, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V Iyer, José M Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S Jacque, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju-Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui-Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jone, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna-Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh-Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U Jung, Yong-Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kamba, Vitaliy O Kaminskyy, Harm H Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae-Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala- Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis- Liasko, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A Murat Kaynar, Po-Yuan Ke, Zun-Ji Ke, John H Kehrl, Kate E Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G Kiang, Amy A Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do-Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Jae-Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D Kim, Moon-Moo Kim, Peter K Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo-Youl Kim, Yong-Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A Kley, Walter T Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn-Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C Koch, Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G Konstantakou, Benjamin T Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaro, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I Korolchuk, Nadya V Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I Koukouraki, Constantinos Koumeni, Attila L Kovác, Tibor Kovác, Werner J Kovac, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic-Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz-Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston-Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T Ktistaki, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing-Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng-Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka-wai Law, Kelsey B Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung-Hoon Lee, Che- Hsin Lee, Erinna F Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He-Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung-Shik Lee, Patty J Lee, Sam W Lee, Seung-Jae Lee, Shiow-Ju Lee, Stella Y Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung-Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying- Ray Lee, Yong J Lee, Young H Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legoui, Jinzhi Lei, Qun-Ying Lei, David A Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D Lemaire, John J Lemaster, Marius K Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I-Ju Leu, Hing Y Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A Lewi, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng-Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah-Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T Lima, Chang-Shen Lin, Chiou-Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu-Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang-Huei Lin, Pei-Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan-Wan Lin, Yee-Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A Liotta, Marta M Lipinski, Vitor A Lira, Michael P Lisanti, Paloma B Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun-Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung-Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing-Jing Liu, Jing-Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong-Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian-De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao-Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J Lodhi, Susan E Logue, Bal L Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loo, Carlos López-Otín, Cristina López-Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Lo, Michael T Lotze, Penny E Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She-Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W Lukac, Julian J Lum, Anders H Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyon, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M Machado-Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C MacIntosh, Jeffrey P MacKeigan, Kay F Macleod, John D MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal-Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Mae, Marta Magariño, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami-Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D Mancia, Eva-Maria Mandelkow, Michael A Mandell, Angelo A Manfredi, Serge N Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong-Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, Alberto M Martelli, Sascha Marten, Katie R Martin, Seamus J Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A Martin- Acebe, Paloma Martín-Sanz, Camille Martinand-Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez-Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez-Velázquez, Marta Martinez- Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martin, Hirosato Mashima, James A Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P Mattson, Soledad Matu, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M McInerney, Skye C McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J McMahon, Iain A McNeish, Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute-Christiane Meier, Alfred J Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A Mena, Marc D Meneghini, Javier A Menendez, Regina Meneze, Liesu Meng, Ling-hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna-Barreto, Manoj B Menon, Marco A Meraz-Río, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N Meyer, Man-tian Mi, Chao-Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiel, Anna Rita Migliaccio, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller-Fleming, Gordon B Mill, Ian G Mill, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A Minassian, Xiu-Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A Minina, Justine D Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda-Vizuete, Claire H Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J Moore, Michael N Moore, Rodrigo Mora-Rodriguez, Paula I Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J Morgan, Arnaud Mori, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L Morrison, Lynda A Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C Mottram, Charbel E-H Moussa, Vassiliki E Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz-Moreno, Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E Murphy, James T Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U Mysorekar, Ivan R Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C Navegante, Steffan T Nawrocki, Taras Y Nazarko, Volodymyr Y Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M Neri, Mihai G Netea, Romana T Netea-Maier, Bruno M Neve, Paul A Ney, Ioannis P Nezi, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne-Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso-Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing-hsiung James Ou, Tiago F Outeiro, Dong-yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A Ozbun, P Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Page, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C Pak, Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretaki, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong-In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B Pary, Katherine R Parzych, Jean-Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J Peña, Miguel A Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C Pereira, Verónica Pérez-de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez-Pérez, Diego Pérez-Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez-Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib Pervaiz, Maija Pesonen, Jeffrey E Pessin, Godefridus J Peter, Morten Petersen, Irina Petrache, Basil J Petrof, Goran Petrovski, James M Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Marina Pierdominici, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite-Carle, Federico Pietrocola, Felipe X Pimentel-Muiño, Mario Pinar, Benjamin Pineda, Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski, Marcello Pinti, Paolo Pinton, Bilal Piperdi, James M Piret, Leonidas C Platania, Harald W Platta, Edward D Plowey, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Peter Polčic, Angelo Poletti, Audrey H Poon, Hana Popelka, Blagovesta Popova, Izabela Poprawa, Shibu M Poulose, Joanna Poulton, Scott K Power, Ted Power, Mercedes Pozuelo- Rubio, Krisna Prak, Reinhild Prange, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Sharon Prince, Richard L Proia, Tassula Proikas-Cezanne, Holger Prokisch, Vasilis J Prompona, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wen-bin Qian, Zheng-Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall- Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V Ashutosh Rao, Blake B Rasmussen, Tobias M Rasse, Edward A Ratovitski, Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S Reichert, Theo Rein, David J Reiner, Eric Reit, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane EB Reusch, Jose L Revuelta, Leticia Reye, Alireza R Rezaie, Robert I Richard, Des R Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A Riehle, Bertrand H Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Riti, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J Roach, Jeffrey Robbin, Michel Roberge, Gabriela Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Sonia Rocha, Cecilia MP Rodrigue, Clara I Rodríguez, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Natalia Rodriguez-Muela, Jeroen Roelof, Vladimir V Rogov, Troy T Rohn, Bärbel Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M Isabel G Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska, Kevin A Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Roui, Kasper M Rouschop, Daniel T Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C Rubinsztein, Edmund B Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz-Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W Ru, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M Ryan, Stefan W Ryter, David M Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh-Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar-Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K Saluja, Paul M Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A Sánchez-Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A Sanjuan, Stefano Santaguida, Laura Santambrogio, Giorgio Santoni, Claudia Nunes dos Santo, Shweta Saran, Marco Sardiello, Graeme Sargent, Pallabi Sarkar, Sovan Sarkar, Maria Rosa Sarria, Minnie M Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Motoko Sasaki, Miklos Sa, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Joseph Satriano, Niramol Savaraj, Svetlana Saveljeva, Liliana Schaefer, Ulrich E Schaible, Michael Scharl, Hermann M Schatzl, Randy Schekman, Wiep Scheper, Alfonso Schiavi, Hyman M Schipper, Hana Schmeisser, Jens Schmidt, Ingo Schmitz, Bianca E Schneider, E Marion Schneider, Jaime L Schneider, Eric A Schon, Miriam J Schönenberger, Axel H Schönthal, Daniel F Schorderet, Bernd Schröder, Sebastian Schuck, Ryan J Schulze, Melanie Schwarten, Thomas L Schwarz, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Kathleen Scotto, A Ivana Scovassi, Robert A Screaton, Mark Screen, Hugo Seca, Simon Sedej, Laura Segatori, Nava Segev, Per O Seglen, Jose M Seguí- Simarro, Juan Segura-Aguilar, Ekihiro Seki, Iban Seiliez, Christian Sell, Clay F Semenkovich, Gregg L Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L Serra, Ana Serrano-Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J Shacka, Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq, Irving M Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C-K James Shen, Chiung-Chyi Shen, Han-Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu-Hang Sheng, Trevor G Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng- Jer Shieh, Chwen-Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C Shore, Chih-Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J Sigurdson, Einar M Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A Silveira, Sandrine Silvente-Poirot, Gary A Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans-Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simon, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V Singh, Shrawan K Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M Siu, Efthimios Sivridi, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R Smith, Stefaan J Soenen, Scott A Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju-Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y Soo, Anil K Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R Soto-Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P Spaink, Paul N Span, Anne Spang, Janet D Spark, Peter G Speck, Stephen A Spector, Claudia D Spie, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Stael, Michael T Stang, Daniel T Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W Steele, Leonidas Stefani, Joan Steffan, Christine M Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M Stepkowski, Stęphan T Stern, Craig Steven, Brent R Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulia, Dimitrios J Stravopodi, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna- Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu-Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang-Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi-Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J Suzuki, Michele S Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T Sweeney, Paul W Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs-Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takát, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai-Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee-Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A Tannou, Jose A Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset-Cueva, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernaraki, Allen Taylor, Graham S Taylor, Gregory A Taylor, J Paul Taylor, Mark J Taylor, Elena V Tchetina, Andrew R Tee, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba-Bie Teng, Ru-Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L Thei, Anne E Theron, Kelly Jean Thoma, Marcos P Thomé, Paul G Thome, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan-yun Ting, Vladimir I Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Town, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H Travasso, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P Trougako, Anita C Truttmann, Kuen-Jer Tsai, Mario P Tschan, Yi-Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing-Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A Tveita, Suresh C Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Benjamin R Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N Uversky, Néstor L Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R van den Brink, F Gisou van der Goot, Ida J van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela-Nieto, M Helena Vasconcelo, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G Vavva, Ignacio Vega- Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D Velentza, Panagiotis D Velentza, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Vera, Mireille Verdier, Beata G Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindi, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T Vogl, Olga V Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E Voth, Valérie Vouret-Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M Vya, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao-Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai-jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong-Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng-Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei-Qing Wang, Pei-Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting-Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao-jia Wang, Xiao-Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying-Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi-Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warne, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D Weeke, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Wei, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M Weyand, Anthony R White, Eileen White, J Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J Whitworth, Joëlle Wiel, Franziska Wild, Manon E Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris William, Katherine William, Peter R Williamson, Konstanze F Winklhofer, Steven S Witkin, Stephanie E Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G William Wong, Richard W Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A Woodcock, Karen L Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J Xavier, Gui-Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan-Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun-Sheng Yang, Jin-Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei-Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Pamela J Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S Yeh, Patricia L Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao-Ming Yin, Calvin K Yip, Yeong-Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung-Yong Yoon, Ken-Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J Yu, Jin-Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W Haung Yu, Xiao-Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi-Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N Zack, Eldad Zacksenhau, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S Zervo, Donna D Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing-pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei-Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu-xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi-Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang-Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu-Feng Zhou, Xu-jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei- Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao-Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E Zoi, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, and Antonio Zorzano & Susu M Zughaier

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], autophagosome, Review Article, ddc:616.07, stress, stre, LC3, MESH: Animals, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, chaperone-mediated autophagy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore BIO/11, Pharmacology. Therapy, Settore BIO/13, standards [Biological Assay], autolysosome, MESH: Autophagy*/physiology, lysosome, methods [Biological Assay], Biological Assay, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, Erratum, Human, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Settore BIO/06, physiology [Autophagy], Chaperonemediated autophagy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, NO, autophagy, guidelines, molecular biology, ultrastructure, flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, vacuole, MESH: Biological Assay/methods, MESH: Computer Simulation, ddc:570, Autolysosome, Autophagosome, Chaperonemediated autophagy, Flux, LC3, Lysosome, Macroautophagy, Phagophore, Stress, Vacuole, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Settore BIO/10, ddc:612, Biology, MESH: Humans, Animal, 0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology, MESH: Biological Assay/standards, Human medicine
Abstract

Seuls les 100 premiers auteurs dont les auteurs INRA ont été entrés dans la notice. La liste complète des auteurs et de leurs affiliations est accessible sur la publication.; International audience; In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Published
2016

44. Mechanisms of TFAM-mediated cardiomyocyte protection

Author

Nicholas Thelian, Pankaj Chaturvedi, George H. Kunkel, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Rohit Nair

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Mitochondrial DNA, Physiology, Regulator, chemistry.chemical_element, Biology, Calcium, MMP9, Cell Line, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases, Mitochondrial Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Physiology (medical), Animals, Myocytes, Cardiac, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Reactive oxygen species, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, NFATC Transcription Factors, Calpain, NFAT, General Medicine, Hydrogen Peroxide, TFAM, Molecular biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Peptide Hydrolases, Transcription Factors
Abstract

Although mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a protective component of mitochondrial DNA and a regulator of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the mechanism remains unclear. In heart failure, TFAM is significantly decreased and cardiomyocyte instability ensues. TFAM inhibits nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which reduces ROS production; additionally, TFAM transcriptionally activates SERCA2a to decrease free calcium. Therefore, decreasing TFAM vastly increases protease expression and hypertrophic factors, leading to cardiomyocyte functional decline. To examine this hypothesis, treatments of 1.0 μg of a TFAM vector and 1.0 μg of a CRISPR-Cas9 TFAM plasmid were administered to HL-1 cardiomyocytes via lipofectamine transfection. Western blotting and confocal microscopy analysis show that CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown of TFAM significantly increased proteases Calpain1, MMP9, and regulators Serca2a, and NFAT4 protein expression. CRISPR knockdown of TFAM in HL-1 cardiomyocytes upregulates degradation factors, leading to cardiomyocyte instability. Hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress decreased TFAM expression and increased Calpain1, MMP9, and NFAT4 protein expression. TFAM overexpression normalizes pathological hypertrophic factor NFAT4 in the presence of oxidative stress.

Published
2017

45. Ablation of toll-like receptor 4 mitigates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemia

Author

Nevena Jeremic, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Gregory J. Weber

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Genotype, Physiology, Biology, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease_cause, Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitochondria, Heart, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Receptor, Pharmacology, Myocardium, General Medicine, Hypertrophy, medicine.disease, Endothelial stem cell, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, mitochondrial fusion, TLR4, Mitochondrial fission, Oxidative stress, Gene Deletion
Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events; however, the mechanism for development of this disease is still unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4) is a molecule involved in the immune response pathway and is quickly becoming a receptor of interest in the field of hypertension. In this study, we hypothesized that ablation of TLR4 mitigates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in a model of HHcy. Five strains of mice (C57BL/6J, CBS+/−, C3H, CBS+/−/C3H, and C3H/HeOuJ) 10–12 weeks old were utilized. We found that HHcy causes heart hypertrophy and promotes oxidative stress while mice with HHcy and inactivated TLR4 showed significant improvement in examined parameters. A dominance of endothelial cell mitochondrial fission over mitochondrial fusion in HHcy and oxidative stress was observed, which may explain the endothelial cell loss and dysfunction that contributes to inward cardiac remodeling.

Published
2017

46. Homocysteine mediates transcriptional changes of the inflammatory pathway signature genes in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Author

Mahavir Singh and Suresh C. Tyagi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Chemokine, macular degeneration, medicine.medical_treatment, Inflammation, choroidal neovascularization, Proinflammatory cytokine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:Ophthalmology, Gene expression, cytokine, medicine, CEBPB, Interleukin 8, hyperhomocysteinemia, biology, business.industry, chemokine, Anatomy, Cell biology, retinal remodeling, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, Cytokine, Basic Research, inflammation, lcsh:RE1-994, Cell culture, gene expression, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, biology.protein, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Aim To test whether homocysteine (Hcy) can influence the transcriptional profile, we hypothesized that Hcy can lead to the induction of proinflammatory molecules in the retinal cells of aging people. Methods An unbiased in vitro inflammatory pathway focused study was designed employing retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line, ARPE-19. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of Hcy to capture target genes' expression profile. Three different concentrations of Hcy were added in the culture medium of confluent monolayers. cRNAs were made from the isolated total RNAs and the labeled cRNA probes were hybridized to microarrays specific for human disease pathway inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptor gene micro-array panels as per manufacture's recommendations. Two Hcy up-regulated molecules: IL6 and CEBPB were further validated via Western blot analysis. Hcy's effect on ARPE-19 cellular morphology and genomic DNA integrity were also evaluated. Results Gene microarray analyses of RPE cells in response to Hcy treatment revealed alterations in the expressions of several inflammatory gene transcripts such as CCL5, CEBPB, IL13RA2, IL15RA, IL6, IL8 and CXCL3 that were up-regulated. The transcripts for C3, CCL2, IL11RA and IL18 genes exhibited down-regulation. The IL6 and CEBPB expressions were subsequently validated at the protein levels. Treatment of the retinal cells with increasing Hcy concentration influenced their density in culture however their morphology and DNA integrity remained unaffected. Conclusion These findings suggest that Hcy can potentially mediate the expression of chemokines, cytokines and interleukins receptors in the retinal cells without having any debilitating effects on their morphology and the genomic DNA integrity.

Published
2017

47. Hydrogen Sulfide Epigenetically Attenuates Homocysteine-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity Mediated Through NMDA Receptor in Mouse Brain Endothelial (bEnd3) Cells

Author

Neetu Tyagi, Anuradha Kalani, Suresh C. Tyagi, and Pradeep Kumar Kamat

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Reactive oxygen species, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Pharmacology, Biology, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Molecular biology, Superoxide dismutase, Mitochondrial toxicity, chemistry, Mitophagy, medicine, biology.protein, Endothelial dysfunction, Oxidative stress, Heart metabolism
Abstract

Previously we have shown that homocysteine (Hcy) caused oxidative stress and altered mitochondrial function. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, in the present study we examined whether H2S ameliorates Hcy-induced mitochondrial toxicity which led to endothelial dysfunction in part, by epigenetic alterations in mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3). The bEnd3 cells were exposed to 100 μM Hcy treatment in the presence or absence of 30 μM NaHS (donor of H2S) for 24 h. Hcy-activate NMDA receptor and induced mitochondrial toxicity by increased levels of Ca2+, NADPH-oxidase-4 (NOX-4) expression, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and decreased the level of nitrate, superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) expression, mitochondria membrane potentials, ATP production. To confirm the role of epigenetic, 5′-azacitidine (an epigenetic modulator) treatment was given to the cells. Pretreatment with NaHS (30 μM) attenuated the Hcy-induced increased expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, Ca2+, and decreased expression of DNMT3b in bEND3 cells. Furthermore, NaHS treatment also mitigated mitochondrial oxidative stress (NOX4, ROS, and NO) and restored ATP that indicates its protective effects against mitochondrial toxicity. Additional, NaHS significantly alleviated Hcy-induced LC3-I/II, CSE, Atg3/7, and low p62 expression which confirm its effect on mitophagy. Likewise, NaHS also restored level of eNOS, CD31, VE-cadherin and ET-1 and maintains endothelial function in Hcy treated cells. Molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor by using small interfering RNA showed protective effect whereas inhibition of H2S production by propargylglycine (PG) (inhibitor of enzyme CSE) showed mitotoxic effect. Taken together, results demonstrate that, administration of H2S protected the cells from HHcy-induced mitochondrial toxicity and endothelial dysfunction. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 378–394, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2014

48. Homocysteine in renovascular complications: Hydrogen sulfide is a modulator and plausible anaerobic ATP generator

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Matthew Amin, Utpal Sen, and Sathnur Pushpakumar

Subjects
Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Inflammation, Transsulfuration, Biology, Kidney, Biochemistry, Article, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Animals, Humans, Anaerobiosis, Hydrogen Sulfide, Vascular Diseases, Methionine, Hypoxia (medical), equipment and supplies, medicine.disease, Rats, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Kidney Diseases, medicine.symptom
Abstract

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein amino acid derived from dietary methionine. High levels of Hcy, known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known to cause vascular complications. In the mammalian tissue, Hcy is metabolized by transsulfuration enzymes to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S, a pungent smelling gas was previously known for its toxic effects in the central nervous system, recent studies however has revealed protective effects in a variety of diseases including hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal disease progression and failure. Interestingly, under stress conditions including hypoxia, H2S can reduce metabolic demand and also act as a substrate for ATP production. This review highlights some of the recent advances in H2S research as a potential therapeutic agent targeting renovascular diseases associated with HHcy.

Published
2014

49. Exercise mitigates the adverse effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on macrophages, MMP-9, skeletal muscle, and white adipocytes

Author

Lee J. Winchester, Suresh C. Tyagi, Srikanth Givvimani, and Sudhakar Veeranki

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Homocysteine, Physiology, Adipocytes, White, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Matrix metalloproteinase, Biology, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, chemistry.chemical_compound, Muscular Diseases, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Macrophage, White Adipocytes, Muscle, Skeletal, Adverse effect, Exercise, Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Macrophages, Skeletal muscle, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, chemistry
Abstract

Regular exercise is a great medicine with its benefits encompassing everything from prevention of cardiovascular risk to alleviation of different muscular myopathies. Interestingly, elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), also known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), antagonizes beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2AR), gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) receptors. HHcy also stimulates an elevation of the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in a more inflammatory profile. In this review we discuss several potential targets altered by HHcy that result in myopathy and excessive fat accumulation. Several of these HHcy mediated changes can be countered by exercise and culminate into mitigation of HHcy induced myopathy and metabolic syndrome. We suggest that exercise directly impacts levels of Hcy, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), macrophages, and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, especially Gs). While HHcy promotes the M1 macrophage phenotype, it appears that exercise may diminish the M1/M2 ratio, resulting in a less inflammatory phenotype. HHcy through its influence on GPCRs, specifically β2AR, PPARγ and GABA receptors, promotes accumulation of white fat, whereas exercise enhances the browning of white fat and counters HHcy-mediated effects on GPCRs. Alleviation of HHcy-associated pathologies with exercise also includes reversal of excessive MMP-9 activation. Moreover, exercise, by reducing plasma Hcy levels, may prevent skeletal muscle myopathy, improve exercise capacity and rescue the obese phenotype. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathological conditions surrounding HHcy and to clarify the importance of regular exercise as a method of disease prevention.

Published
2014

50. Mitochondrial epigenetics in bone remodeling during hyperhomocysteinemia

Author

Suresh C. Tyagi, Neetu Tyagi, Pradip K. Kamat, Michael J. Voor, and Anuradha Kalani

Subjects
Genetics, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Mitochondrial DNA, Bone disease, Clinical Biochemistry, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Biology, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease, Bioinformatics, Article, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mitochondria, Bone remodeling, CpG site, Genome, Mitochondrial, DNA methylation, medicine, Animals, Humans, Bone Remodeling, Epigenetics, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is an independent risk factor of various diseases. Clinical studies report that people born with severe HHcy develop skeletal malformations with weaker bone. Studies also report that altered mitochondrial dynamics and altered epigenetics contribute to weaker bones and bone diseases. Although Hcy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to affect bone metabolism, the role of mitochondrial epigenetics (mito-epigenetics) has not been studied in bones. The epigenetics in mitochondria is interesting as the mitochondrial genome size is small (16 kb) with fewer CpG, and without histones and introns. Recently, fascinating works on epigenetics along with the discovery of histone-like proteins in mitochondria are giving exciting areas for novel studies on mitochondria epigenetics. There are mutual cause and effect relationships between bone, mitochondria, Hcy, and epigenetics but unfortunately, studies are lacking which describe the involvement of all these together in bone disease progression. This review describes the reciprocal relationships and mechanisms of Hcy-bone-mitochondria-epigenetics along with a short discussion of techniques which could be employed to assess Hcy-induced anomaly in bone, mediated through alterations in mitochondrial epigenetics.

Published
2014

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results