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Background: Increased lipase activity can increase the amount of monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the body, this is what affects obesity. If pancreatic lipase activity is inhibited, the production of fatty acids will decrease, consequently the level of fat in the blood will also decrease. Objective: To study anti obesity potential of a single herb or a mixture of green tea and other herbs (Syzygium polyanthum. Lv, Artocarpus communis.Lv, Cinnamomum verum..Lv, Manilkara zapota.Lv, Tectona grandis.Lv) by the in vitro inhibition assay of the lipase enzyme activity Method : A single (8 herbs) or a mixture of three herbs powder (12 formulas) was put into a tea bag with a total weight of 1.5 g to be brewed in 100 mL bottled mineral water at 70⁰-90⁰C for 10 minutes. In vitro lipase enzyme inhibition assay were conducted to measure the ability of these samples as lipase inhibitor. Orlistat used as positive lipase inhibitor. Results : There wa s a difference results of lipase inhibition activity between the sample of a single and a mixture of herbs. I nterestingly, the results shows that formula 3 (mixture of green tea, Manilkara zapota and cinnamon) . has 53.942 % inhibition , formula 9 ( a mixture of green tea, Syzygium polyanthum and cinnamon) has 67.322 % inhibition and formula 12 ( a mixture of green tea, Tectona grandis and cinnamon) has 56.612 % inhibition which close to lipase inhibitory activity by standard Orlistat. Conclusion: The mixture of green tea and two other herbs has a lipase inhibitory activity similar to Orlistat , when compared to the single herb. The highest lipase inhibitory activity is found in formula 9 .

The aim of this study is to make a formula of green tea that is enriched by other herbs. Green tea drinks are made using the basic ingredients of gambung (THG) green tea enriched with sapodilla leaves ( Manilkara zapota (Aw) bay leaves ( Syzygium polyanthum (Am), Artocarpus communis (Un) breadfruit leaves, and cinnamon leaves ( Cinnamomum verum (K)). The composition of gambung herbal green tea is made by reference to the antidiabetic activity of each herb. All the samples were tested for inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes and toxicity using the lethality test method for brine shrimp. All samples showed good inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme barriers of gamboeng green tea (THG) 82.05%, sapodilla leaves (Aw) 97.81%, breadfruit leaves (Un) 73.34%, bay leaves (Am) 93.80%, cinnamon leaves (K) 91.24 %. The inhibition value of α-glucoside enzymes in the formulation of gamboeng herbal green tea drinks: 96.203% (GKUn) is higher when compared to the GKAm formula (94.78%) and GKAw (62.487%).

Use of I±-glucosidase inhibitorsis one of the therapeutic approaches for decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia. Sulochrin (1) from Aspergillus terreus as well as two synthetic sulochrin derivatives were assessed for antidiabetic activity against yeast and rat intestine I±-glucosidase. Sulochrin showed potential inhibition against yeast I±-glucosidase, through a non-competitive mode with an IC50 value of 133.79 µM, and rat intestine I±-glucosidase by uncompetitive mode with an IC50 value of 144.59 µM.. Two synthetic derivatives of sulochrin were also prepared by bromination which resulted in dibromo-sulochrin (2) and tribromo-sulochrin (3). Preliminary SAR studies of sulochrin derivatives revealed that the yeast I±-glucosidase inhibitory activity of compound 2 and 3 increased than 1 due to substitution of hydrogen atom with bromine with IC50 values of 122.65 and 49.08 µM, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity against rat intestine I±-glucosidase of 2 and 3 was decreased compared to 1. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report of structure-activity relationship of sulochrin and its derivatives as I±-glucosidase inhibitors. These results suggested that sulochrin can potentially be used as a lead compound to develop new I±-glucosidase inhibitor from microorganisms. Keywords: Aspergillus terreus, I±-glucosidase inhibitory activity, sulochrin, bromination

Kombucha is a fermented beverage product using SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). This beverage has several health effects such as antioxidants and antibacterial. Aim of this study was to produce Kombucha probiotic drinks made from beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) and can be used to prevent natural digestive infections and free radicals. Beet extract Kombucha fermentation was conducted for 12 days at room temperature. The results showed that fermentation for 12 days produced Kombucha beet with total composition of 0.30% polyphenols, 1.73% total acid, 10.07% total solids, 15.36 mg/mL dissolved protein, pH 3.64, antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) of 15 mm with an index activity value of 53.57% compared to Streptomycin sulfate at concentration of 1% and potentially prevention of free radicals of 86.29%.

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.

Butyrolactone I (BL-I) has been reported as inhibitor of α-glucosidase and antioxidant compound isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus terreus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various liquid media compositions on production of BL-I from A. terreus LS07. Fermentation was conducted in four liquid medium: potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato malt peptone (PMP), malt extract (ME), and Czapek-Dox broth (CDB), which were incubated for seven days at room temperature, with agitation of 70 rpm. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was used to extract the active metabolite from each broth. Glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured by the inhibition of yeast α-glucosidase, while antioxidants measured by testing the total phenol and DPPH free radical scavenger activity. The results showed that the EtOAc extract on CDB had strong inhibition activity against the enzyme α-glucosidase and strong antioxidant with IC50 values 6.45 and 24.05 μg/mL, respectively. The CDB extract also showed the highest content of total phenols (349.66 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g extract) and BL-I (58.5% w/w). Based on these results, among the four kinds of medium used, Czapek-Dox broth is an ideal culture medium of A. terreus LS07 that could be applied for increase production of BL-I as natural antidiabetic source from terestrial fungi

Our previous studies on screening of antioxidant activities from various endophytic fungi isolated from marine bioata showed that A. elegans PTF9 isolated from sea weed is one of the fungus that has good antioxidant activity. In current study we reported the effect of medium salinity (0, 3 and 10% salt in PDB medium) on antioxidant and antidiabetes activity of mycelium and filtrate ethyl acetate extracts of A. elegans Ptf 9. The antioxidant assay was conducted using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. The antidiabetes assay was conducted using a-glucosidase inhibitory activity method. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus cultures with 0% salt (IC50=1.56 ppm), whereas the best antidiabetes activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus culture with 10% salt (IC50= 3.64 ppm). Addition of salt reduced the antioxidant activity, but not the antidiabetes activity. The results suggest that A. elegans PTF9 showed potential for further studies on isolation of antioxidant and antidiabetes lead compounds that could be use for further development of new drugs.

High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. According to result, extract of bacteria in pH 8.0 exhibited the greatest antioxidant (19.27% inhibition), antidiabetic (63.95% inhibition) and anticancer activity of T47D cell line (44.62% cell viability) compared to other extracts. However, effect of addition of sugar sources (such as: glucose, sucrose, and soluble starch) and effect of addition of water/sea water exhibited less influence on their bioactivities. In conclusion, Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from sponge have potential a source of bioactive compound in drug discovery field.High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. Accord...

The antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens has become a serious health concern and encouragement to search for novel and efficient antimicrobial metabolites. On the other hand, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to isolation antibacterial compound from endophytic fungi of A.elegans SweF9. The fungus was stationarily cultured at 30°C for 12 days in potato malt peptone (PMP) medium, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The antibacterial activities of the extract were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against Gram-poitive ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacterial strains. The broth extract was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli , S. aureus and B. subtilis with antibacterial activity index compared to streptomycin sulfate were 84.6%, 91.6%, and 90% respectively. The active compound (1) was purified to yield amorphous white and identified using FTIR, NMR, and EI-MS analyses, revealed identified as (+) - epi-Epoformin. The compound showed an antibacterial activity index of E. coli , S. aureus and B. subtilis bacterial were 38%, 45%, and 47%, respectively. Based on these results endophytic fungi A. elegans SweF9 can be used as a new source of potential antibacterial compounds

Lovastatin is an anti-cholesterol agent that was produced by Aspergillus terreus using solid state fermentation (SSF). During this fermentation process, sulochrin is also produced as an unwanted co-metabolite. However, our previous result showed that sulochrin had potential as antidiabetes because it is an inhibitor agent of α-glucosidase. In this paper, we reported our observation on lovastatin and sulochrin production pattern in relation with inhibitor α-glucosidase activity during eleven days fermentation of A. terreus koji (SSF) ethyl acetate extract. Koji obtained from solid state fermentation with rice as the substrate and incubated at room temperature, sample is taken daily for eleven day (D-1 to D-11). Lovastatin and sulochrin production was measured by Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer based on their molecular weight m/z 404.5 and 332.3 respectively. The inibitory activity is measured by inhibition model of koji extract against α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from Saccharomyces cereviceae. The results show that lovastatin production was started on the day 2 (0.04 mg/g) and achieving the optimal production on day 7 (11.46 mg/g), while sulochrin production was started on day 4 (0.60 mg/g) and keep produced until the end of fermentation period at Day 11 (3.11 mg/g). Koji extract was started to show inhibitory to α-glucosidase activity on Day 5 (IC50= 23.34 μg/mL) and keep showed activity until Day 11 (IC50=3.33 μg/mL). These results suggest that inhibitory activity of koji extract to α- glucosidase activity have relation with sulochrin biosynthesis production.

A crude peroxidase biocatalyst extracted from sawi hijau ( Brassica juncea ) was used to produce dimerization phenolic synthesized from eugenol. The result from MS and NMR analysis showed that the reaction between eugenol substrate and H 2 O 2 with crude extract enzyme produced a new chemical compound. The chemical structure of new compound showed coupled result in ortho-ortho position with C-C coupled derivative, dehydrodieugenol. It was obtained as brownish white crystal needles with yield 10%. This compound displayed higher cytotoxicity effect on T47D breast cancer cell compared to the eugenol monomer.