1. Modulation of Brain Dead Induced Inflammation by Vagus Nerve Stimulation
- Author
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Grietje Beck, Carsten Sticht, Ruediger Waldherr, Rainer Birck, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, Johann Fontana, Simone Hoeger, Rutger J. Ploeg, Benito A. Yard, C. Bergstraesser, Peter Schnuelle, J. Selhorst, van Willem Son, M. A. Seelen, Groningen Institute for Organ Transplantation (GIOT), and Groningen Kidney Center (GKC)
- Subjects
Male ,HMGB1 RELEASE ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Down-Regulation ,kidney transplantation ,Stimulation ,Inflammation ,CARDIAC VAGAL TONE ,EXPERIMENTAL SEPSIS ,EXPRESSION PROFILES ,Electrocardiography ,GENERAL-ANESTHESIA ,Parasympathetic nervous system ,Heart Rate ,Internal medicine ,Heart rate ,INJURY ,medicine ,Animals ,DOPAMINE TREATMENT ,Immunology and Allergy ,Anesthesia ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Intestinal Mucosa ,DONOR KIDNEYS ,Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ,Transplantation ,Kidney ,Brain death ,HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,business.industry ,vagus nerve stimulation ,Vagus Nerve ,cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,Vagus nerve ,rats ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Rats, Inbred Lew ,CHOLINERGIC ANTIINFLAMMATORY PATHWAY ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Vagus nerve stimulation - Abstract
Because the vagus nerve is implicated in control of inflammation, we investigated if brain death (BD) causes impairment of the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby contributing to inflammation. BD was induced in rats. Anaesthetised ventilated rats (NBD) served as control. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed by ECG. The vagus nerve was electrically stimulated (BD + STIM) during BD. Intestine, kidney, heart and liver were recovered after 6 hours. Affymetrix chip-analysis was performed on intestinal RNA. Quantitative PCR was performed on all organs. Serum was collected to assess TNF alpha concentrations. Renal transplantations were performed to address the influence of vagus nerve stimulation on graft outcome. HRV was significantly lower in BD animals. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibited the increase in serum TNF alpha concentrations and resulted in down-regulation of a multiplicity of pro-inflammatory genes in intestinal tissue. In renal tissue vagal stimulation significantly decreased the expression of E-selectin, IL1 beta and ITGA6. Renal function was significantly better in recipients that received a graft from a BD + STIM donor. Our study demonstrates impairment of the parasympathetic nervous system during BD and inhibition of serum TNF alpha through vagal stimulation. Vagus nerve stimulation variably affected gene expression in donor organs and improved renal function in recipients.
- Published
- 2010
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