Search

The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, remains one of the most tragic catastrophes in the field of structural engineering. This paper first reviews a mathematical model that explains the process of the total collapse of the Twin Towers and shows that the downward collapse progression below the impacted floors was spontaneous. The model is based on a continuum description of the motion of the crush front and captures various types of energy dissipation during the collapse. The predictions of this model match all the observations, including the video records of the first few seconds of motion of both towers, the seismic records of the collapse durations for both towers, the mass and size distributions of comminuted concrete particles, and the fast expansion of dust clouds during collapse with the booms generated. This catastrophe provoked general interest in other types of progressive collapse of buildings. This is the subject of the second part of this paper, in which a three-dimensional stochastic computational model for the collapse of RC frame buildings is presented. The occurrence probabilities of different collapse patterns are predicted. The model is further extended to investigate the delayed collapse behavior of RC frames. The results of the analysis shed light on the emerging trend of probabilistic analysis and design of structures against progressive collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simplified method for evaluating the risk of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The method is formulated based on a recently developed two-scale numerical model for RC structures. In this model, all structural members are modeled by a set of coarse-scale cohesive elements representing the potential damage zones (PDZs). The cohesive constitutive behavior is determined by fine-scale finite element (FE) simulations of the corresponding PDZs. In the present study, a new energy-equivalent linear elastic cohesive model is developed for RC buildings. The damage status of the PDZ is determined by comparing the elastic energy stored in the cohesive element with the actual energy dissipation capacity of the PDZ. This model is applied to analyze the behavior of a two-dimensional frame subassemblage under a column removal scenario, and it is shown the model is capable of capturing the total energy dissipation of the entire failure process. This cohesive model is combined with a sequential analysis method to identify different possible failure paths leading to collapse initiation. The present model is applied to analyze the collapse initiation risk of a prototype RC building, where the randomness in both gravity loads and material properties is taken into account. The results are compared with the recent simulations using a nonlinear dynamic model. It is shown that the present analysis is much more efficient than the conventional nonlinear dynamic analysis, and it yields a reasonable upper bound of the collapse probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collapse of the World Trade Center towers was initiated by the impact of the upper falling part onto the underlying intact story. At the moment of impact, the velocity of the upper part must have decreased. The fact that no velocity decrease can be discerned in the videos of the early motion of the tower top has been recently exploited to claim that the collapse explanation generally accepted within the structural mechanics community was invalid. This claim is here shown to be groundless. Calculations show that the velocity drop is far too small to be perceptible in amateur video records and is much smaller than the inevitable error of such video records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This corrigendum corrects a typographical error in the paper entitled “Simplified energy-based analysis of collapse risk of reinforced concrete buildings” by B. Xue and J.-L. Le (Structural Safety 63 (2016) 47–58). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors present their views in response to a comment on their article related to the claims against the scientific basis for gravity-driven progressive collapse occurred in the towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. As per them, the claims include violation of momentum conservation principles and sustained column heating. They state that structural mechanics without standard simplifying hypothesis made structural analysis feasible.