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Percutaneous penetration of chemicals from clothing can result in both acute and chronic toxicities. Although personal protective equipment composed of nonwoven material can provide thorough protection, it is often uncomfortable under normal occupational conditions. Certain everyday textiles are often utilized as protective clothing due to their cost, comfort, and convenience. Although common textiles may cover most skin, certain regions remain exposed by such outfits. The body areas covered by the fabric are at risk for fabric permeation and percutaneous penetration of chemical, either immediately or over time, dependent on the fabric composition and the characteristics of the chemical used. in vitro and in vivo publications studied percutaneous penetration of chemicals from contaminated fabric and show that everyday textiles are superior to bare skin. The increased protection offered can be attributed to properties of the fabric such as weave, thickness, fabric finish, absorbency, and the overall barrier provided. Although common textiles do offer some protection, they remain inferior to nonwoven personal protective equipment. Much remains unknown regarding percutaneous penetration and protection offered by everyday textiles.

Highlights • 2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. • Humane exposure to DTBBA is possible via oral and dermal routes. • DTBBA is well-absorbed in rodents following oral and dermal administration. • Absorbed DTBBA was extensively metabolized and excreted mainly via urine. • N-(2-mercaptophenyl)benzamide accounted for more than 50% of radioactivity in urine., 2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a high-production-volume chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. The disposition and metabolism of [14C]DTBBA were determined in male and female rats and mice following oral (4, 40, or 400 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV) (4 mg/kg) administration and dermal application (0.4 or 4 mg/kg). [14C]DTBBA was well absorbed following oral administration (> 60%) and dermal application (∼40–50%) in rats and mice. Following oral administration, the majority of radioactivity was excreted in urine (29 − 70%) and feces (16 − 45%). Unlike rats, mice excreted ∼1-5% of the dose as exhaled CO2. The residual radioactivity in tissues was

Objective: There is general concern regarding environmental chemical exposure and the impact it may have on human health. This is particularly important for vulnerable populations such as infants and children during critical periods of development. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical used worldwide over the last 30 years in many consumer products. Evidence points to widespread human exposure to BPA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of Turkish preschool children to BPA. Methods: This study was conducted as a preliminary investigation of BPA in urine, collected from 3-6 year old children living in Ankara. After spot urine samples were taken from preschool children, free BPA, β-D-glucuronide and total BPA were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted by creatinine concentration. Results: Preschool children from Ankara (n=125; males n=70, females n=55; mean age: 4.50±1.26) were recruited. BPA was detected in 76.8% of children from Ankara city, with urinary concentrations ranging from < limit of quantification to 18.36 μg/g creatinine. Total BPA levels were not statistically different between boys (1.26 μg/g creatinine) and girls (2.24 μg/g creatinine) (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study is an important contribution to the limited information about childhood exposure to BPA. The estimated daily BPA intake in this study is substantially lower than the European Food Safety Authority derived tolerable daily intake of 4 μg/kg BW/day.

Nitrosamine is a carcinogenic chemical used as a preservative in red meat whose identification is an ordeal. This paper presents a computer vision-based non-destructive method for identifying quality disparities between preservative treated and untreated (control) red meat. To access the discrepancy in the quality of red meat, both traditional machine learning and deep learning-based methods have been used. Support vector machine (SVM) classifier and artificial neural network (ANN) models have been used to detect the presence of nitrosamine in test samples. The paper also made use of different pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) with transfer learning approach such as ResNet-34, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, VGG-16, VGG-19, AlexNet and MobileNetv2 to examine the presence of nitrosamine in the food samples. While the ANN classifier performed better in comparison to the SVM classifier, the highest testing accuracy and F1-score were obtained using the deep learning model, ResNet-101 with 95.45% and 96.54%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate an improved performance in comparison to the existing methods; indicating the feasibility of the proposed work for food quality control in real-time applications.

Purpose The steady development of biotechnology-derived therapeutic biologics over the last few decades has generated drugs that are now standard medical treatments for a range of indications. While the development of protein products has surged in recent years, the formulation and delivery of these complex molecules have relied on drug-specific studies and, in some instances, data from non-proteinaceous drug products. The commonalities, trends, and gaps in excipient technologies used to support the development of therapeutic proteins largely remain unexplored due to the drug-specific nature of many formulations. Methods Using a comprehensive and relational database approach, we aimed to provide a scientific survey of all approved or licensed biotechnology-derived drug products with the goal of providing evidence-based information on common attributes and trending features in protein product excipients. We examined 665 formulations, and 395 unique formulations based on having unique excipients within them, that supported 211 therapeutic proteins as of June 2020. Results We report the prevalence of each excipient class and excipient chemical used in eight different drug types including monoclonal antibodies, antibody conjugates, cytokines and growth factors, enzymes, polypeptide hormones, pulmonary surfactants, recombinant fusion proteins, and toxins. We also report the prevalence by excipient type among all therapeutic proteins, in the context of each drug’s recommended pH range, concentration ranges for excipients, and route of administration. Conclusions The results of our analyses indicate certain excipients common to monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and polypeptide hormones. We also report on excipients unique to protein drug products, such as amino acids, solubilizers, and lyoprotectants. Overall, our report summarizes the current landscape of excipients used in marketed biotechnology-derived therapeutic biologic products.

There is perhaps no endocrine disrupting chemical more controversial than bisphenol A (BPA). Comprising a high-volume production chemical used in a variety of applications, BPA has been linked to a litany of adverse health-related outcomes, including effects on brain sexual differentiation and behaviour. Risk assessors preferentially rely on classical guideline-compliant toxicity studies over studies published by academic scientists, and have generally downplayed concerns about the potential risks that BPA poses to human health. It has been argued, however, that, because traditional toxicity studies rarely contain neural endpoints, and only a paucity of endocrine-sensitive endpoints, they are incapable of fully evaluating harm. To address current controversies on the safety of BPA, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Food and Drug Administration established the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA). CLARITY-BPA performed a classical regulatory-style toxicology study (Core study) in conjunction with multiple behavioural, molecular and cellular studies conducted by academic laboratories (grantee studies) using a collaboratively devised experimental framework and the same animals and tissues. This review summarises the results from the grantee studies that focused on brain and behaviour. Evidence of altered neuroendocrine development, including age- and sex-specific expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ, and the abrogation of brain and behavioural sexual dimorphisms, supports the conclusion that developmental BPA exposure, even at doses below what regulatory agencies regard as "safe" for humans, contribute to brain and behavioural change. The consistency and the reproducibility of the effects across CLARITY-BPA and prior studies using the same animal strain and almost identical experimental conditions are compelling. Combined analysis of all of the data from the CLARITY-BPA project is underway at the NTP and a final report expected in late 2019.

Asthma, one of the leading chronic diseases, has a high prevalence among young adults or adolescents. Students with the asthmatic attack have been reported to miss several days in school which often leads to an increasing rate of absenteeism in school, hospital visitation, morbidity, and mortality. Asthma attacks have also been revealed to have some psychological effect on those having them. There are many things that do trigger asthma attacks and one of them is formaldehyde that is the chief embalming chemical used in many medical schools. One major problem is how to handle a situation when the choice of one's career is being surrounded by triggers that can lead to an asthma attack. This paper discusses some of the measures to be taken to avoid any form of an asthma attack in the course of study, especially in the human anatomy dissecting hall.

An antiseptic is a chemical used in medicine to prevent wound infection and, subsequently, sepsis. They are used in wound care as a therapeutic as well as a preventive measure. Unlike antimicrobial therapeutics (antibiotics), antiseptics are applied to the surface of nonliving objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.

Cyclohexanone is a chemical used in various industries and many workers are exposed to it. Therefore, in this study, we determined the toxicity of cyclohexanone in inhalation-exposed F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, so as to apply the findings in hazard and risk assessments.Ten male and 10 female rats and mice per test group were exposed to cyclohexanone vapors at 0, 100, 250, and 625 ppm concentrations for 6 h per day, 5 d per week, and for 13 weeks. All rats and mice were killed after the exposure period. Clinical signs, body weight, feed intake, and ophthalmoscopy findings were recorded during the exposure period, and hematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, gross findings, and histopathology were evaluated thereafter.The following findings were noted in cyclohexanone-exposed F344 rats: increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, increased liver weight, and bile duct hyperplasia in the males exposed to 250 and 625 ppm cyclohexanone, increased ALT levels and bile duct hyperplasia in the females exposed to 625 ppm cyclohexanone, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and tubular basophilia in the renal cortex in the males exposed to 625 ppm cyclohexanone. On the other hand, B6C3F1 mice exposed to cyclohexanone showed no obvious exposure-related effects.Based on the findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 100 ppm in F344 rats and625 ppm in B6C3F1 mice. Therefore, 2 ppm was revealed as the derived no-effect level (DNEL) for cyclohexanone.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in the production of numerous consumer products resulting in potential daily human exposure to this chemical. The FDA previously evaluated the body of BPA toxicology data and determined that BPA is safe at current exposure levels. Although consistent with the assessment of some other regulatory agencies around the world, this determination of BPA safety continues to be debated in scientific and popular publications, resulting in conflicting messages to the public. Thus, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a consortium-based research program to link more effectively a variety of hypothesis-based research investigations and guideline-compliant safety testing with BPA. This collaboration is known as the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA). This paper provides a detailed description of the conduct of the study and a midterm update on progress of the CLARITY-BPA research program.

Many chemicals used as medical treatments can cause chemical burns as an untoward side effect. One of such chemicals is potassium permanganate. It is a caustic chemical used as a disinfectant. The most common sites of burn by potassium permanganate are exposed sites like the face and hands. Chemical burns in the perianal and anal region are rare in clinical practice and even sparser in the pediatric age group. In this article, we report a case of perianal and anal chemical burn in an 18-month-old, male child, caused by potassium permanganate crystal applied wrongly for the treatment of pinworm infestation. As a chemical burn in this region can have serious complications, it is necessary to be vigilant when using such chemicals in these cases. Early and timely management in such cases leads to good outcomes. This is the first of such cases of chemical burn caused by potassium permanganate in the anal and perianal region.

Background/Aim: Triclosan, an antimicrobial chemical used in some consumer products, is ubiquitous among pregnant women. Gestational exposure may reduce the levels of thyroid hormones important for...

White ledger usually includes white office paper, computer paper, and copy machine paper. Because these grades need high optical properties, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are widely used in the papermaking process. FWAs are the most powerful and effective chemical used to obtain high CIE whiteness and ISO brightness in papers. The rising demand for white or ultra-white papers has increased the use of FWAs. However, FWAs used in white ledger can restrict its use, even though white ledger is widely used as a raw material in paperboard mills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to control FWAs from white ledger to increase its use in paperboard mills. In this study, the behaviors of disulpho fluorescent whitening agent (D-FWA), tetrasulpo fluorescent whitening agent (T-FWA), and hexasulpho fluorescent whitening agent (H-FWA) during the recycling process were identified as a first step to remove FWAs from white ledger. We prepared four types of pa-pers (dyed with D-FWA, T-FWA, and H-FWA), disintegrated these papers, and made handsheets. This recycling process was carried out three times in a laboratory. After each round of recycling, the hand-sheets' CIE whiteness and fluorescence index were measured, and the distribution of FWAs in the Z-di

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in plastic bottles and inner coating of beverage cans, and its exposure is almost ubiquitous. BPA has been associated with hypertension and decreased heart rate variability in the previous studies. The aim of the present study was to determine whether increased BPA exposure from consumption of canned beverage actually affects blood pressure and heart rate variability. We conducted a randomized crossover trial with noninstitutionalized adults, who were aged ≥60 years and recruited from a local community center. A total of 60 participants visited the study site 3 times, and they were provided the same beverage in 2 glass bottles, 2 cans, or 1 can and 1 glass bottle at a time. The sequence of the beverage was randomized. We then measured urinary BPA concentration, blood pressure, and heart rate variability 2 hours after the consumption of each beverage. The paired t test and mixed model were used to compare the differences. The urinary BPA concentration increased after consuming canned beverages by >1600% compared with that after consuming glass bottled beverages. Systolic blood pressure adjusted for daily variance increased by ≈4.5 mm Hg after consuming 2 canned beverages compared with that after consuming 2 glass bottled beverages, and the difference was statistically significant. The parameters of the heart rate variability did not show statistically significant differences.The present study demonstrated that consuming canned beverage and consequent increase of BPA exposure increase blood pressure acutely.

To investigate the association between urinary triclosan concentrations and antral follicle count (AFC), a well-accepted marker of ovarian reserve, among women from a fertility center.Prospective cohort study.Hospital fertility center.A total of 109 women.Urinary triclosan concentrations quantified by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.AFC through transvaginal ultrasonography on the third day of an unstimulated menstrual cycle or on the third day of a progesterone withdrawal bleed.The geometric mean of the specific gravity-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations for the 225 samples provided by the 109 women was 13.0 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9, 19.1). Women had median (with interquartile range) AFC of 13 (8, 18). The specific gravity-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations were inversely associated with AFC (-4%; 95% CI, -7%, -1%). Women with triclosan concentrations above the median had lower AFC compared with those whose triclosan concentrations were equal to or below the median, with an adjusted difference of -3.2 (95% CI, -3.9, -1.6) among those with a body mass index25 kg/mSpecific gravity-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations were inversely associated with AFC in women seeking care at a fertility center. This association was modified by age and body mass index, with the younger and leaner women showing larger decreases in AFC.

Ticks cause great economic losses to livestock in the world and have adverse effect on livestock host in several ways and parasitize a wide range of vertebrate hosts, and transmit a wider variety of pathogenic agents than any other group of arthropods. A complex of problems related to ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle created a demand for methods to control ticks and reduce losses of cattle. In this paper, dipping is the only control method used to eradicate cattle ticksin the area of Mukore and only Mashona cows are examined. However, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), an experimental method, confirms that Blue Ticks are resistant to dipping in this area. Four different parts of a cow (blocks) are of interest in this research during the experiment.The results show that the most affected area is the udder followed by the belly, tail and lastly the ear.Tickbuster (EC) cattle Dip is the chemical used in the plunge dipping tank. A supplementary method such as spraying the cows on critical areas after dipping should be adopted rather than relying on dipping only.

West Virginia Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin gave the 300,000 residents of Charleston unwanted and unexpected news on Jan. 9. Their water was tainted with an obscure chemical used in coal processing. He ord...

Acrylamide is a toxic, cancer-causing, industrial chemical used primarily in the preparation of polyacrylamide, which is used principally in water and wastewater treatment and in pulp and paper processing. A significant source of dietary acrylamide is foods cooked at high temperature. Till recently, only known human health effect is neurotoxicity at relatively high doses occurring through occupational exposures. Numerous gaps in knowledge concerning the formation, dietary exposure, and potential for adverse health risks of acrylamide were identified, and the resulting recommendations called for additional research on these topics. Hence the objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary acrylamide at different doses on tissues and blood of Wistar rats. The results showed no evidence of carcinogenic effect of acrylamide on any of the vital organs, but the main features were growth depression and pathological changes on the liver, kidneys and intestines sufficient to impose significant haematological changes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v7i1.8018 International Journal of Life Sciences 7(1): 2013; 21-25

Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical used in different industrial and laboratory processes. ACR monomer is neurotoxic in humans and laboratory animals. Subchronic exposure to this chemical causes neuropathies, hands and feet numbness, gait abnormalities, muscle weakness, ataxia, skin and in some cases, cerebellar alterations. ACR neurotoxicity involves mostly the peripheral but also the central nervous system, because of damage to the nerve terminal through membrane fusion mechanisms and tubulovescicular alterations. Nevertheless, the exact action mechanism is not completely elucidated. In this paper we have reviewed the current literature on its neurotoxicity connected to work-related ACR exposure. We have analyzed not only the different pathogenetic hypotheses focusing on possible neuropathological targets, but also the critical behavior of ACR poisoning. In addition we have evaluated the ACR-exposed workers case studies. Despite all the amount of work which have being carried out on this topic more studies are necessary to fully understand the pathogenetic mechanisms, in order to propose suitable therapies.

This study examined the factors influencing technical efficiency of cocoa production in Ondo State, Nigeria using a stochastic frontier production function. Using the random sampling technique, well-structured questionnaire were used to elicit information from 120 cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. The mean technical efficiency rate attained was at 0.9869 and the elasticity of cocoa production is 1.2134 which indicated that a 1% increase input use will lead to more than one percent proportion change in the output of cocoa. This implies an increasing return to scale in variable inputs use among the farmers. Consequently, the result showed that quantity of chemical used, labour, amount of capital fixed input (naira) and farm size (hectares) significantly influence cocoa production output of farmers.The variables that influenced cocoa farmer inefficiency were age, education levels, secondary occupation, sex and marital status of the farmers.The study recommended that younger farmers be encouraged on the need to take cocoa farming as a business and also be educated to cultivate more hectares of cocoa with which they can grow in age and improve their livelihood.Keywords: technical efficiency, stochastic frontier functions, and cocoa farming in Nigeria

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic and is found in many consumer products. Some studies using animal models have suggested that BPA exposures may have adverse health effects. However, research gaps have precluded a full understanding of the effects of BPA in humans and engendered controversies surrounding the chemical’s potential toxicity. Objectives: The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) have developed an integrated, multipronged, consortium-based approach to optimize BPA-focused research investments to more effectively address data gaps and inform decision making. Discussion: NIEHS/NTP BPA research investments made over the past 4 years include extramural research grants, establishment of a BPA Grantee Consortium, intramural research activities on BPA’s mechanisms of action, the launch of two clinical studies and an occupational study, development of a round-robin experiment to validate BPA measurements in human serum, and, in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formation of a consortium to design and execute a chronic toxicity study of BPA in rats. The NIEHS’s new consortium-based approach has led to more integrated, collaborative efforts and should improve our ability to resolve controversies over the potential human health effects of exposures to low levels of endocrine-active agents.

The Chemical Terrorism Risk Assessment (CTRA) and Chemical Infrastructure Risk Assessment (CIRA) are programs that estimate the risk of chemical terrorism attacks to help inform and improve the US defense posture against such events. One aspect of these programs is the development and advancement of a Medical Mitigation Model—a mathematical model that simulates the medical response to a chemical terrorism attack and estimates the resulting number of saved or benefited victims. At the foundation of the CTRA/CIRA Medical Mitigation Model is the concept of stock-and-flow modeling; “stocks” are states that individuals progress through during the event, while “flows” permit and govern movement from one stock to another. Using this approach, the model is able to simulate and track individual victims as they progress from exposure to an end state. Some of the considerations in the model include chemical used, type of attack, route and severity of exposure, response-related delays, detailed treatment regimens with efficacy defined as a function of time, medical system capacity, the influx of worried well individuals, and medical countermeasure availability. As will be demonstrated, the output of the CTRA/CIRA Medical Mitigation Model makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the existing public health response system and develop and examine potential improvement strategies. Such a modeling and analysis capability can be used to inform first-responder actions/training, guide policy decisions, justify resource allocation, and direct knowledge-gap studies.

Food safety is a concern for parents of infants, and healthcare professionals are often questioned by them about this topic. Baby food European regulation ensures high levels of safety and is more rigorous than common food regulation. Maximal limit for pesticides in baby food demonstrates the high level of requirements. This limit must be below the 10 ppb detection threshold, whatever the chemical used. Other contaminants such as nitrates are also the subject of greater expectations in baby food. Food safety risks control needs a specific know-how that baby food manufacturers have acquired and experienced, more particularly by working with producers of high quality raw material.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume chemical used in a wide variety of products, including plastic bottles and canned goods. Based on widespread human exposure and endocrine effects observed first in animal studies and now in humans, this chemical is being extensively studied. Most physicians have not had formal teaching regarding human risks from environmental exposures such as BPA. This article aims to provide: 1) a basis for learning about BPA as an environmental exposure and 2) practical advice for healthcare providers to share with concerned families.Human exposure to BPA is nearly universal. Animal studies have documented a variety of endocrine effects of this chemical and recent studies involving humans are resulting in growing concerns. These studies suggest that increased exposure to BPA is correlated with diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Based on the metabolism of BPA and its endocrine effects, scientists hypothesize that the impact on children will be magnified. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue; funding has increased dramatically in recent years and scientists are hopeful that many of the currently unanswered questions will be addressed.The evidence for harmful health effects on humans from BPA exposure is incomplete, but is sufficient to suggest that limiting exposure is warranted. Further studies involving pregnant women and young children are needed to clarify the endocrine effects of BPA on this vulnerable population.

4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is a chemical used in manufacturing and insulation processes and is a well-known hepatotoxin. We report the case of a 42-year-old construction-site worker who was accidentally exposed to large amounts of MDA and developed acute liver damage. The clinical course is described, with particular emphasis on the timely identification of the underlying cause and prompt management that led to an uneventful recovery. We review the relevant literature and discuss the safety measures necessary to minimize similar occupational hazards in industrial workers.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical used in the production of plastics since the 1950s and a known endocrine disruptor, is a ubiquitous component of the material environment and human body. New research on very-low-dose exposure to BPA suggests an association with adverse health effects, including breast and prostate cancer, obesity, neurobehavioral problems, and reproductive abnormalities. These findings challenge the long-standing scientific and legal presumption of BPA's safety. The history of how BPA's safety was defined and defended provides critical insight into the questions now facing lawmakers and regulators: is BPA safe, and if not, what steps must be taken to protect the public's health? Answers to both questions involve reforms in chemical policy, with implications beyond BPA.

Recently, worker exposures to diacetyl, a chemical used in the production of butter popcorn, has been linked to bronchiolitis obliterans, a severe lung disease. This chemical is also used in the flavor industry to confer a buttery flavor to many food products, with more than 228,000 pounds used in 2005. Diacetyl exposures were monitored at 16 small-to medium-sized flavor facilities to determine potential diacetyl exposures. A total of 181 diacetyl samples (both personal and area samples) were obtained, and a number of real-time samples were collected using an IR spectrometer. Samples were obtained during liquid and powder compounding operations at the facilities as well as during laboratory and QC operations. The personal and area samples ranged from non-detectable (0.02 ppm) to as high as 60 ppm. Ninety-two (51%) of the samples were below the limit of detection, and the mean diacetyl concentration for all processes was 1.80 ppm. Mean diacetyl levels during powder operations were generally higher (4.24 ppm) than mean diacetyl levels during liquid operations (2.02 ppm). Maximum real-time diacetyl exposures during powder operations could reach as high as 525 ppm. These results are similar to exposures measured by NIOSH in popcorn facilities where lung disease was found; however, the duration of use and frequency of use may be significantly lower.

CONSUMER PRODUCTS containing bisphenol A (BPA), a high-production-volume chemical used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy-based resins, have been on the market for more than 50 years. T...

Of the approximately 85,000 chemicals in use, 1000 have been identified as having the ability to disrupt normal endocrine function. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical period in brain differentiation (prenatal and neonatal life) via the mother can alter the course of the development of sexually dimorphic behaviors. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a very high volume chemical used in plastic, resins and other products, and virtually everyone examined has detectable BPA. BPA has estrogenic activity and is one of the most studied EDCs. We review evidence from studies in rodents using dose levels relevant to human exposure. BPA alters behavior and eliminates or in some cases reverses sexually dimorphic behaviors observed in unexposed animals.

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used extensively worldwide in the manufacture of plastic polymers. The environmental obesogen hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to endocrine...

A young female suffered burns to her hand after the ignition of gas from a compressed air duster. After debridement and dressing, the patient continued to have pain out of proportion to injury that was refractory to intravenous morphine. The material safety data sheet revealed that the chemical used was 1,1-difluoroethane. High temperatures can cause decompensation to form hydrofluoric acid. Calcium gluconate gel was applied topically to the patient's burns, which caused prompt and complete relief of her pain. A review of different compressed air duster products revealed that the main ingredient in each was a halogenated hydrocarbon. Although not considered flammable, all products have warnings regarding the possibility of ignition under various circumstances. Ignition of the gas in compressed air cleaners not only can cause flame burns, it can also cause chemical damage from exposure to hydrogen and fluoride ions. Prompt recognition and treatment is necessary to prevent severe injury.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high -production-volume chemical used in the manufacture of some plastics and epoxy resins that are found in many consumer products. Widespread exposure to BPA has created a ...

Seed cotton from producers in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas was ginned at either the Stoneville or Mesilla Park USDA, ARS Cotton Ginning Laboratories. Particulate emissions during ginning were sampled from the exhausts of the unloader separator and the first lint cleaner. The gin external emission particulate sampled from both exhausts was analyzed for crop protection products/agricultural chemicals. DEF (a chemical used for defoliation of cotton plants just prior to harvest) is the only substance found routinely in gin external emissions. Exposure at the boundary line (100 m from the gin exhaust) to any of the substances detected was fractions of ppb, or in the case of DEF, an average of less than 1 ppb (1 ng/m3). The air concentrations 100 m from the gin exhaust are well below levels that would produce any health concerns. Also, none of the substances detected occurred at levels of any concern for meeting either EPA or OSHA regulations.

Densified Basic magnesium carbonate (DBMC) is an important chemical used widely in military for smoke generation, such as in M18/M83 smoke grenades, M8 smoke pot, battlefield effect simulator, and other miscellaneous pyrotechnic sub-components. However, its domestic production had long ceased, and the US Army currently relies on a sole foreign source, Dead Sea Bromide of Israeli, for the supply of the material. The aim of this work is to identify, evaluate and establish alternative source suppliers of DBMC. Among six supply sources identified for assessment, the DBMC samples from Lehmann and Voss of Germany and Melox Chemicals of India more closely resemble the material currently used in the Army in terms of their physiochemical and thermal properties as outlined in military spec MIL-DIL-11361E. The heavy metals and other trace constituents were also assessed with satisfactory results. These two DBMC source supplies are, therefore, down selected for further evaluation in complete smoke devices for performance data.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used extensively to manufacture commonly used plastics and epoxy resin liners for food and beverage cans. BPA, with properties similar to diethylstilbestrol, has been shown to exert endocrine-disrupting effects and result in behavioral changes, altered growth, and early secondary sexual maturation. In 2008, legislation was introduced at the state and federal level to ban the use of BPA in children's products. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with the weight of evidence, current federal regulatory stance, and proposed legislation regarding the safe use of BPA.

Details of planning and implementing the switch from an ozone depleting chemical used for cleaning of printed circuit board assemblies to a terpene based semi-aqueous process demonstrate that environmentally and economically sound manufacturing methods are achievable in the production of extremely high performance systems. Significant process, product quality, and workforce problems can be overcome with the commitment of top management and persistence of all stakeholders.

Pursuant to section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), and Executive Order 13148, Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management, the US Department of Energy has prepared and submitted a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory for the Hanford Site covering activities performed during calendar year 2001. EPCRA Section 313 requires facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use listed toxic chemicals in quantities exceeding established threshold levels to report total annual releases of those chemicals. During calendar year 2001, Hanford Site activities resulted in one chemical used in amounts exceeding an activity threshold. Accordingly, the Hanford Site 2001 Toxic Chemical Release Inventory, DOE/RL-2002-37, includes total annual amount of lead released to the environment, transferred to offsite locations, and otherwise managed as waste.

In an unprecedented seaborne operation, U.S. military and civilian engineers successfully neutralized the deadliest components of Syria’s declared chemical weapons stockpile this summer aboard a government cargo ship. While sailing in international waters in the Mediterranean Sea, the crew eliminated 581.5 metric tons of methylphosphonyl difluoride, a chemical used to make the nerve agent sarin, and 19.8 tons of liquid sulfur mustard, a blistering agent. The mission began after Syrian President Bashar al-Assad agreed in September 2013 to a United Nations-led disarmament plan. The U.S. had threatened air strikes after Western leaders blamed the Assad regime for a chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held Damascus suburb the previous month. The plan for destruction at sea was hatched after experts concluded that neutralizing the agents in a country engulfed in civil war was impractical. When several European nations refused to accept the chemicals for destruction, the U.S. offered a specially retrofitted ...

The chemical used during leather tanning Dimethylene Sulphate (DMS) is nitrosated, perhaps, by Oxides of Nitrogen in air, to produce N-Dimethyl-nitosamine (NDMA) which has been proved to be carcinogenic to various body organs including nasal cavity. This study was aimed at finding the incidence of nasal tumuors in leather tanning workers and to campare with that of general population to ascertain if nitrosamines are significant occupational hazardous agents.

BisphenolA (BPA) is a widespread industrial chemical used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Recent epidemiological investigations have disclosed the associations between BPA exposure and some heart diseases. Evidence from experimental animal studies suggests that BPA can

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERSThe chemical industry has proclaimed that a federal advisory panel's ruling last week confirms its contention that bisphenol A, an estrogenlike chemical used to make plastics, is safe. But environmentalists say the report has been tainted by industry and downplays the risks.

An online campaign asking Subway restaurants to stop using a common bread ingredient—azodicarbonamide—demonstrates the power of the Internet to draw negative attention to food additives. Vani Hari, a blogger known as Food Babe, launched an online petition on Feb. 4, asking Subway to stop using azodicarbonamide, a bread conditioner that makes dough elastic. She characterized it as “the same chemical used to make yoga mats and shoe rubber” and said it has been linked to human health concerns. She pointed out that the additive is not allowed in foods in Europe and Australia. Other food companies have found themselves confronted with petitions asking them to discontinue using ingredients. Last year, PepsiCo said it would stop using brominated vegetable oil in Gatorade beverages. And Kraft Foods stopped using the dye Yellow No. 5 in foods marketed to children as a result of a Food Babe campaign. A media storm followed Food ...

Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) requires the annual submittal of toxic chemical release information to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Executive Order 12856, `Federal Compliance With Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements` extends the requirements of EPCRA to all Federal agencies. The following document is the August 1996 submittal of the Hanford Site Toxic Chemical Release Inventory report. Included is a Form R for ethylene glycol, the sole chemical used in excess of the established regulatory thresholds at the Hanford Site by the U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and its contractors during Calendar Year 1995.

The author discusses his company, SKC America/Anacomp. and is micrographics division. He outlines the chemical used in the coating process, provides a technical overview of vesicular and diazo film, and discusses the advantages of micrographics in terms of paper reduction and tree conservation. The article will adress diazo and vesicular duplicate microfilm only, the two main varieties manufactured at SKC America/Anacomp's Sunnyvale duplicta microflm coating facility

1,3-Butadiene, a high-production volume chemical used largely in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, is a multiple organ carcinogen in rats and mice. In inhalation studies conducted in mice by the National Toxicology Program, high rates of early lethal lymphomas occurring at exposure levels of 625 ppm or higher reduced the development and expression of later developing tumors at other sites. Use of survival-adjusted tumor rates to account for competing risk foctors provided a clearer inctication ofthe dose responses for 1,3-butadiene-induced neoplasms. An increase in lung tumors in female mice was observed at exposure concentrations as low as 6.25 ppm, the lowest concentration ever used in a long-term carcinogenici? ty study of this gas. Human exposures to 1,3-butadiene by workers employed at facilities that produce this chemical and at facilities that produce styrene-butadiene rubber have been measured at levels higher than those that cause cancer in animals. Furthermore, epidemiology studies have consistently revealed associations between occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene and excess mortality due to lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. In response to the carcinogenicity find? ings for 1,3-butadiene in animals and in humans, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has proposed lowering the occupational exposure standard for this chemical from 1000 ppm to 2 ppm. Future work is needed to understand the mechanisms of tumor induction by 1,3-butadiene; however, the pursuit of this research should not delay the reduction of human exposure to this chemical.

Glycerin, a high-volume chemical used in myriad personal care and industrial applications, has long been made via two distinct manufacturing routes. Now, yet another production method is about to go commercial. High Plains Corp., a Wichita, Kan.-based company that calls itself the seventh largest U.S. producer of ethanol, plans to enter the glycerin business by recovering and purifying glycerin it already produces during ethanol fermentation. If High Plains is successful in scaling up its process, so far demonstrated only in a pilot plant, it will enter a U.S. market dominated by several large and established glycerin producers. They include companies such as Procter & Gamble, which obtains glycerin as a by-product of hydrolyzing fats and oils into fatty acids, methyl esters, and soap; and Dow Chemical, which makes glycerin synthetically from epichlorohydrin. High Plains's idea is simple enough. According to Greg Heuer, director of plant operations, glycerin is produced in all facilities that ferment ...

Summary. A model has been fitted to results from experimental application of organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and insect growth regulators to sheep mostly in long wool. The model relates the rate of breakdown of pesticide to the chemical used, the method of application and the length of wool at the time of treatment. A genetic algorithm was used to combine a range of experimental results for each chemical group to determine the rate of breakdown, and also the effect of application method and length of wool on breakdown. Organophosphates break down very quickly when applied to the surface of the wool (initial half-lives of 9–12 days), but the rate of breakdown gradually slows as the proportion of pesticide near the surface of the wool decreases. When the pesticide is applied deep into the wool by hand jetting or dipping, the rate of breakdown is slower (average half-lives of 27–42 days) and more uniform. Synthetic pyrethroids applied by hand jetting or backliner to sheep with 6–9 months wool growth initially break down with half-lives of 32–39 days, but the rate of breakdown decreases to 59–215 days giving average half-lives of 48–103 days over the 3–6 months between application and shearing. Cyromazine applied by hand jetting to sheep with 6–8 months wool growth has an average half-life of 79–96 days, but less if applied by automatic jetting race. The other insect growth regulators have longer half-lives: triflumuron, off-shears backliner, 119 days; and diflubenzuron, long wool jetting on to 7–9 months wool, >119 days. The model allows for different breakdown rates due to the method of application and length of wool and for changes in the rate of breakdown between application and shearing. It can be used to estimate the expected residue on wool at any time after a specified treatment, provided the amount of chemical applied is known. Conversely, the amount applied can be estimated from the residue and treatment details.

Styrene monomer is a high volume chemical used chiefly in production of polystyrene. A clinical survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the U.S. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories. Significant differences between the high and low exposure groups were found with regard to history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, acute lower respiratory symptoms, prevalence of FEV 1/FV less than 75 per cent, and elevated GCTP. Other liver function tests, chest x-ray, FVC less than 80 per cent, and hematological parameters showed no distinct pattern. A concomitant mortality study has been mounted and is in progress.

Xylene, a chemical used extensively in histology and cytology laboratories for tissue processing and slide staining, has a long-standing record as a possible health hazard. Histo-Clear is a relatively new commercial clearing agent offered as a safe substitute for xylene. The author found that the ease of microtomy was improved with certain tissues that were “cleared” in Histo-Clear. Unacceptable results were obtained, however, when Histo-Clear was sed in place of xylene in the routine hematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou staining procedures.

A study was made of the residual effects of gassing with chlorine, mustard, phosgene, and arsenical compounds, in the case of 486 veterans. Of this number 307 were living and 179 had died. One hundred and thirty-three patients had been gassed with chlorine; 142 with mustard; 139 with phosgene, and seventytwo had been gassed with arsenical compounds. During the World War the various chemicals used for warfare gassing affected predominantly the respiratory tract. The character of the lesions found immediately after gassing depended upon the particular chemical substance used. Certain of these, as for instance chlorine, affected the upper portion of the respiratory tract; others, like phosgene and the organic arsenical compounds, affected the finer bronchi; mustard gassing was frequently accompanied by a secondary invasion of the respiratory tract with micro-organisms which resulted in acute suppurative conditions of the bronchi or alveoli. Certain of the warfare chemicals caused traumatic injuries of the eyes. The severity and extent of the eye injuries were dependent upon the chemical used, as well as upon its concentration. Mustard was the most effective of warfare chemicals in that it