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India faces the burden of under-nutrition, especially among children under five years of age. The gap in nutritional needs and intake, point to the inadequacies in the food and nutrition security of India. This study examines data at the district level to identify vulnerable populations across the geographical expanse of the country. In order to identify districts appropriate for improving the food and nutrition security, a statistical approach was developed to prioritize areas for public health interventions. We used ranking based on two indices: Vulnerability Index of agriculture to climate change (VI), as a relative measure of risk to agriculture due to climate change severity, and a Child Health Index (CHI), based on key health parameters such as stunting, wasting, underweight, anaemia, and diarrhoea in the most vulnerable age group (

Background High-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) and magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) are considered complementary to clinical and neurophysiological assessment for neuropathies. Aims The aim of our study was to compare the accuracy of HRUS and MRN for detecting various peripheral nerve pathologies, to choose the correct investigation to facilitate prompt patient management. Materials and Methods This prospective study was done using HRUS with 14 MHz linear-transducer and 3 or 1.5T MR in cases referred for the assessment of peripheral nerve pathologies. Image interpretation was done using a scoring system (score 0–3 confidence level) to assess for nerve continuity/discontinuity, increased nerve signal/edema, fascicular change, caliber change, and neuroma/mass lesion. We determined the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of these modalities compared with the diagnostic standard determined by surgical and/or histopathological, if not performed then clinical and/or electrodiagnostic evaluation. Results The overall accuracy of MRN was 89.3% (specificity: 66.6%, sensitivity: 92.6%, negative predictive value [NPV]: 57.1%, positive predictive value [PPV]: 95%) and that of HRUS was 82.9% (specificity: 100%, sensitivity: 80.4%, NPV: 42.8, PPV: 100). The confidence level for detecting nerve discontinuity and change in nerve caliber was found to be higher on ultrasonography than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (100 vs. 70% and 100 vs. 50%, respectively). Pathology of submillimeter caliber nerves was accurately detected by HRUS and these could not be well-visualized on MRI. Conclusion HRUS is a powerful tool that may be used as the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of peripheral nerve pathologies, and a better means of evaluation of peripheral nerves with submillimeter caliber.

Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a heterogeneous group of bacteria (eg- Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus etc.) that are associated and colonized with root surface of plant. The rhizosphere of plant, contains different type of bacteria but only 2-5% of bacteria act as a PGPR (Antoun and Prevost, 2005). Bashan 1998; Gupta et al. 2000; Lucy et al. 2004 revealed that growth promoting ability of some rhizospheric bacteria is highly specific with plant species. In present scenario, PGPR plays an important tool for sustainable agriculture and trend for the future. The increasing demand for crop production with consequential reduction of synthetic fertilizers and pesticide use a big challenge. PGPR is a new alternative practice in Indian agriculture and it is an eco-friendly approach which can help by directly and indirectly mechanism to facilitating the growth and yield of the plant. The direct mechanisms likes nitrogen fixation, phosphate solublization, potassium solublization, siderophore production, phytoharmone production (i.e. IAA, Cytokinin, GA, Ethylene) etc. while indirect mechanisms likes Antibiotic production, Hydrolytic enzyme production, Induced systemic resistance (ISR), Exopolysaccharide production etc. The mechanisms of PGPR include regulating hormonal and nutritional balance, inducing resistance against plant pathogens and solubilizing nutrients for easy uptake by plants.

Introduction: Use of Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) has increased in recent past. It has become method of choice in Day Care Surgery practice. G.A. with inhalational agents requires specific vaporizers for different inhalational agents. These vaporisers require costly periodic maintenance and calibration. Material and Methods Total 100 patients between age of 30 and 65 years belonging to ASA grade I and II under- going surgery up to 90 min duration were included. The patients were divided into two groups each of 50 patients. Patients in group A received Nalbuphine 0.2mg/Kg body weight IV and patients in group B received Inj. Fentanyl 2μg/Kg body weight IV, 5 min before induction. Patients were induced with Propofol 2mg/ kg body weight and Inj. Vecuronium 0.1mg/kg body weight. All patients were intubated. Maintenance of Anaesthesia was done with Propofol infusion. Patients were ventilated with controlled ventilation, breathing circuit attached to circle absorber. Vital parameters were monitored. Residual neuro-muscular paralysis was reversed with Inj. Neostigmine and Inj. Glycopyrolate intravenously. Results Initially reduction was observed in pulse rate and blood pressure in both groups followed by elevation. Rise from basic level was similar in both groups. Subsequent rise was more in Fentanyl group throughout the procedure while it came down to near base level in Nalbuphine group. At the end of procedure elevation of SBP and DBP was seen more in Fentanyl group. The First rescue analgesic requirement was earlier in Fentanyl group. Nausea, Shivering, Respiratory Depression and Sedation were more in Fentanyl group in postoperative period. Conclusion Nalbuphine provided comparatively better hemodynamic stability and excellent post operative analgesia. Nausea, vomiting and sedation were less with Nalbuphine. The induction was found to be smooth in both groups. Recovery from anaesthesia was early in Nalbuphine group.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between various Intelligent Quotient tests as proposed by different researcher and reduce the gap present in the process of Intelligence evaluation of a student. To carry out this research, we conducted a survey on the students of Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology, Patna (Bihar). The first Step of IQ analysis was performed on the students from different streams of Engineering and Polytechnic of NSIT, Patna. Initially, the data size was 70. In the second Stage we collected and conducted the test on 300 students from different colleges from various disciplines and performed thorough analysis using the model. We have used Machine Learning algorithm to develop the robust model that can reduce the conceptual gap and evaluate the Intelligent Quotient of students in a very effective way

With a critical need for faster and more accurate diagnosis in medical image analysis, artificial intelligence plays a critical role. Precise artery segmentation and faster diagnosis in retinal blood vessel segmentation can be beneficial for the early detection of acute diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Recent advancements in deep learning have led to some exciting improvements in the field of medical image segmentation. However, one common problem faced by such methods is the limited availability of labelled data to train a suitable deep learning model. The publicly available dataset for retinal vessel segmentation contains less than 50 images. On the other hand, deep learning is a data-hungry process. We propose a method to generate synthetic images to augment the training needs of the deep learning model. Specifically, we propose a blending and enhancement-based strategy to learn a conditional generative adversarial model. The network synthesizes high-quality fundus images used along with the real images to learn a convolutional neural network-based segmentation model. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed synthetic generation method improves segmentation performance on the real test images of the vascular extraction (DRIVE) dataset achieving 97.01% segmentation accuracy.

Aim: to compare the results of operative fixation of acute scaphoid fractures with those of non-operative treatment. Materials & Method: This clinical study was carried out among 26 patients with an acute nondisplaced or minimally displaced scaphoid fracture reported to the OPD of Orthopedics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. Patients were non-randomly allocated to group A (non-operative treatment with a cast) and group B (internal fixation with a Herbert screw). Results: mean age of the study population was 41.23 years. Majority of them were male 21 (80.7%) and rest 5 (19.3%) were female. Out of total 26 scaphoid fracture cases 16 (61.5%) were of right hand and rest 10 (38.5%) found on the left hand. Most common location of fracture was waist fracture (B2) 10 cases. 100% union was observed in group B. Conclusions: study proves that Cast treatment has the disadvantages of longer immobilisation time, joint stiffness, reduced grip strength, and longer time to return to work whereas the operative fixation of acute scaphoid fractures results in predictable satisfactory union rate and good functional outcome. Keywords: cast treatment, scaphoid fracture

Aim: assessment of primary and secondary outcome among patients treated with PFNA and hemiarthroplasty. Materials and Methods: 20 patients each were included in PFNA group and hemiarthroplasty Patient followed. Patients were evaluated with multiple variables, complications and Harris hip score. The statistical test applied for the independent sample analysis was student t-test using SPSS version 20. Results: PFNA groups had significantly less blood loss, less surgery time, less hospital stay as compared to hemiarthroplasty group. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding to the Harris Hip Score. Conclusion: From the present investigation it seems that intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFNA may achieve better functional results than treated with hemiarthroplasty. It can definitely be a better option than replacement in elderly intertrochanteric fracture. Keywords: Harris hip score, Hemiarthroplasty, PFNA, Intertrochanteric fracture

The present study was conducted over Jharkhand state (India) for assessing the drought condition and corresponding yield of paddy (district-level) during Kharif 2018. Vegetation drought indices, namely Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), and vegetation indices (VI) anomaly, were derived from different VI (i.e., NDVI, EVI) to assess the paddy health condition during drought year (2018) and non-drought year (2017). Later, the correlation between the DES-based yield data and derived drought indices (for the year 2017) were made to develop the district-level paddy yield model for the drought year 2018. The key results of the study shown that VCI derived from EVI data was found to be more reasonable to depict the drought condition, wherein ~21% area was under severe drought condition, 43% area under moderate drought condition, and 36% area under no drought condition. In addition, the yield prediction model derived from VCI (EVI-based) was found to be promising for predicting the paddy yield for Kharif 2018 with fair R2 of 0.53.

An evaluation system to measure the performance of the students is uncertain. Normally, analytical techniques could not hold good result and evaluation may be skewed on certain human attributes. Moreover, examinations and periodic evaluation and other assessment techniques could not measure student performance in totality. Therefore, fuzzy rules which measure uncertainty may be applied in such cases to measure student’s performance in a range of particular attributes. So, researchers adapted soft computing techniques to measure uncertainty in human knowledge and their overall assessments. The aim of this paper is to use hybrid system by fusion of concepts of fuzzy with genetic algorithm to evaluate the performance module. Such a module can be helpful for evaluation imprecision in the knowledge adopting and decision-making system. The number of rules generated by fuzzy rule-based system increase exponentially. As a result, it increases the time and space complexity. This approach works in three phases’ knowledge base, coding and optimization. The analysis of this method with other traditional system showed that the optimized rule-based system is dynamic, adaptive and more responsive than that of only fuzzy rule-based system.

Post-hemorrhoidectomy pain is significantly associated with a hypertonicity of the internal anal sphincter. We evaluated the effects of topical diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, in reducing pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Purpose of our study was to determine difference in extent of pain control by application of topical calcium channel blocker (diltiazem 2%) versus placebo ointment. This was a prospective randomized double-blind clinical study conducted at Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, from May 2016 to May 2017. Sixty patients, who had undergone hemorrhoid, were randomly assigned to receive 2% diltiazem ointment (n = 30) or a placebo ointment (n = 30) postoperatively. Ointments were applied to the perianal region three times daily for 7 days. Pain scores were recorded using visual analog scale at 6, 24, and 48 h and seventh day postoperatively and number of analgesic doses consumed by patients in the first 3 days. Patients using the diltiazem ointment had significantly less pain and greater benefit than those in the placebo group throughout the first postoperative week (p

A new voltage-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator (QSO) using two voltage differencing-differential input buffered amplifiers (VD-DIBAs) and only three passive components (two capacitors and a resistor) is presented. The proposed QSO circuit offers advantages of independent electronic control of both oscillation frequency and condition of oscillation, availability of two quadrature voltage outputs and low active and passive sensitivities. SPICE simulation results have been included using 0.35 μm MIETEC technology to confirm the validity of the proposed QSO oscillator.

This quantitative study proposes and validates the Hybrid force model by analysing the challenges and opportunities in online education during COVID-19 through an online survey from students and teachers of Indian higher education institutions. The proposed model considers the learner as a system of study and talks about the amalgamation of knowledge, human force (teacher), and techno-logical force for better online learning opportunities and experience. The results show Google Meet, Zoom, and Microsoft Team as the main online platforms for imparting the classes while almost 80% of the students prefer a non-traditional teaching method (online and hybrid). The results highlight that more than 88% of the students prefer to have a personal teaching assistant in their learning trajectory.

Each learner has unique learning style in which one learns easily. It is aimed to individualize the learning experiences for each learner in e-learning. Therefore, it is important to diagnose complete learners’ learning style and behaviour to provide suitable learning paths and automated personalized contents as per their choices. This paper proposes some new dimensions of adaptivity like automatic and dynamic detection of learning styles and provides personalization accordingly. It has advantages in terms of precision and time spent. It is a literature-based approach in which a personalized adaptive learner model (PALM) was constructed. This proposed learner model mines learner’s navigational accesses data and finds learner’s behavioural patterns which individualize each learner and provide personalization according to their learning styles in the learning process. Fuzzy cognitive maps and fuzzy inference system a soft computing techniques were introduced to implement PALM. Result shows that personalized adaptive e-learning system is better and promising than the non-adaptive in terms of benefits to the learners and improvement in overall learning process. Thus, providing adaptivity as per learner’s needs is an important factor for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire learning process.

A universal biquadratic filter using single universal voltage conveyor (UVC), two resistors and two capacitors is presented in this paper. The proposed structure has three inputs and one output and can realize all the five standard biquadratic filters: low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), band-pass (BP), band-reject (BR) and all-pass (AP) from the same circuit configuration. The presented universal filter offers low active and passive sensitivities. SPICE (Version 16.5) simulation results using 0.18 μm TSMC technology have been included.

Two new electronically controllable sinusoidal oscillators each employing two Voltage Differencing Inverting Buffered Amplifiers (VDIBAs), two capacitors, and a single resistor have been proposed. The presented oscillators offer independent electronic control of Condition of Oscillation (CO) and Frequency of Oscillation (FO), and low active and passive sensitivities. The effect of non-idealities of the VDIBAs on the proposed oscillators is also investigated. The validity of the proposed structures has been confirmed by SPICE simulation with TSMC 0.18 µm process parameters.

In this communication, a new single-resistance controlled sinusoidal oscillator (SRCO) has been presented. The presented SRCO uses two voltage differencing inverting buffered amplifiers (VDIBAs), one resistor and two capacitors in which one is grounded (GC) and the other one is floating (FC). The proposed structure offers the following advantageous features: 1) independent control of oscillation condition (OC) and oscillation frequency (OF); 2) low passive and active sensitivities and 3) very good frequency stability. The non-ideal effects of the VDIBA on the proposed oscillator have also been investigated. The proposed SRCO has been tested for its robustness using Monte-Carlo simulations. The check of the validity of the presented SRCO has been established by SPICE simulations using 0.18 μm TSMC technology.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma tumours are less common and approximately 5% of tumours of salivary glands. They are slow growing usually asymptomatic at beginning which cause delay in diagnosis. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma tumours commonly occur predominantly in women in fourth to fifth decades of age and their occurrence in the upper lip area is extremely rare. Tumours of upper lip pose difficulty to airway management team due to their proximity to airway, wide resection surgery and repair. Care should be taken to avoid any kind of pressure on swelling during intubation to avoid tumour rupture or tumour bleed. The prognosis of low-grade Mucoepidermoid carcinoma depends upon its clinical stage and histological grade. Low-grade MEC has better 5-year survival rate in comparison to intermediate and high grade tumours. Cure rate of MEC is excellent after wide local resection.

Now a days, healthcare and its related issues are very common worldwide. And the most common complication is related to heart. These days Computer technology holds an essential importance in the fields of medical science including diagnosis, performance of illness, suitable supervising of patients etc. The objective of my paper is to provide a fuzzy skilled system for forecast of cardiovascular syndrome. We had used seven input attributes for our proposed system. The Data sets are taken from UCI (Machine learning repository). Seven important attributes are used and one output is processed. We get our result from the system design which is obtained from the fuzzy based algorithm. The seven inputs attributes are: Age, Blood pressure, Cholesterol, Heart Rate, Blood sugar, E.C.G, Thallium scan. In our projected paper all the inputs range, its membership function and its graphs are properly shown. In the later section we had successfully tested and compared our result using testing data sets performance with other algorithm which is neural networks. A proposed new and innovative Graphic user interface (GUI) for our proposed system which can compare our results with both these algorithms and display the results is also given.

The paper proposes a high gain narrow band array of rectangular microstrip patch antennas. Each element of the array is rectangular in shape. A high dielectric and low lossy material Rogers-3006 with dielectric constant 6.51, loss tangent of 0.002 and thickness 1 mm have been used as a substrate. 50 Ω microstrip line feed is used to exit the microstrip antenna. We cannot achieve high gain and directivity with single element so 8 × 1 patch antenna array designed to achieve high gain and directivity for intrusion detection application at precise operating frequency of X-Band. The patch array has been targeted for the application of “Intrusion Detection”, where high gain, narrow bandwidth and higher directivity are needed.

This paper provides with the exposition of how robotics can offer to various places of agriculture. As we know that agriculture is the backbone of our country. We can make improvement in agriculture by replacing man’s power by using latest technologies like robots. The main motive of our prototype is to help farmers in various agricultural operations like spraying of pesticides and fertilizers by using the solar energy. As we know that pesticides and fertilizers contain harmful chemicals which affects human body. This prototype will provide safety to farmers, precision agriculture and high speed. The cost of our prototype is effective as it works on the solar energy (Renewable energy) and it is based on the wireless technology (RF communication) by using Embedded system.

In this paper, a path planning algorithm is presented in a dynamic environment with moving and deforming irregularly shaped obstacles using the concept of collision cones. A method to determine the collision cone of an irregularly shaped obstacle using radar signal return is introduced. No restrictions are placed either on the obstacle shape or on its velocity. Simulation results are given to validate the guidance law.

As the education system moves from print to digital classrooms, learning products will change rapidly, so academic institutions and policies must respond accordingly. Learning methods are shifting from instructor-oriented to learner-oriented-Learning, referring to learning via the Internet, provides learner with an efficient, flexible and personalized way to learn. It offers learning-on-fly and reduces overall learning cost. This paper describes the demands for e-Learning and related research, and presents a variety of data mining technologies that can integrate with elearning system to explore the problems faced by Higher Education system and discovering underlying knowledge from Educational Data base. The aim of this paper is to describe how to make a system able to minimize learning gap from education system.

A universal voltage-mode filter configuration employing a voltage differencing inverting buffered amplifier (VDIBA), two capacitors and a resistor is proposed. The presented structure can realize all the five standard biquadratic filters: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject and all-pass, without changing the circuit topology. The proposed filter circuit also provides the following advantageous features, not available simultaneously in any of the single active element/device based universal biquad realizing all the five filter responses known earlier so far: (i) independent electronic tuning of natural angular frequency (ω 0) and bandwidth (BW), (ii) no requirement of any element matching condition or inversion of input signal(s) (as needed in most of the earlier reported structures), and (iii) low active and passive sensitivities. Moreover, even the internal structure of the new building block is possibly the simplest among all recently introduced new building blocks. The workability of the proposed filter has been confirmed by SPICE simulations using 0.18 μm technology.

New Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA) based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit employs a single VD-DIBA, one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor. The floating simulated inductance (FI) circuits employ two VD-DIBAs with two passive components (one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor). The circuit for grounded inductance does not require any realization conditions where as in case of floating inductance circuits, a single matching condition is needed. Simulation results demonstrating the applications of the new simulated inductors using CMOS VD-DIBAs have been included to confirm the workability of the new circuits.

The energy crisis is a major issue and a constraint for the developing and under developing countries. Various schemes all over the world are launched to solve the energy problems and to support renewable energy. Due to preferable location and favourable economic policies, various schemes for renewable energy are launched in India. India has an abundant source of solar energy. The cost and technology of Photovoltaic (PV) system are still in early stage and it is essential to do proper analysis of the PV system. In this paper, the analysis is performed to choose the optimal grid-PV system for commercial load. The comparison among PV-grid, PV-battery and grid base system are performed to find the optimal system, based upon various constraints like fuel cost, grid electricity, payback period etc. The analysis is performed using HOMER.

This paper analyses the status of food security in selected South Pacific Island countries, namely Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu at the national and household levels during the period 1991-2002. Due to narrow resource base and production conditions, Pacific Islands concentrate on a few primary commodities for production and exports. During recent years import dependency for food items has increased mainly due to a decline in per capita food production and a rapid rate of rural-urban migration. Currently, export earnings can finance food imports but earnings could fall short of the requirements needed after the expiry of some commodity preferential price agreements with importing countries. National food security is dependent on the continuation of subsistence farming and tapping ocean resources in conjunction with the on-going commercial farming of those crops in which Pacific Islands have a comparative advantage. Increased productivity is crucial for improving agricultural performance through government investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension, irrigation and appropriate price incentives. This would also help alleviate poverty for improvement in economic accessibility of food by households. There is also a need to design appropriate disaster risk management programmes to minimize any adverse effects on the food supply.