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1. Disaster Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic for Patients with Kidney Disease in New York City

Author

Pietro A. Canetta, Irina Y. Baramidze, Krzysztof Kiryluk, Sean Kalloo, Syeda B. Ahmad, Bessie N. Craig, Maya K. Rao, Jason Zheng, Jonathan Barasch, Jane Akomeah, Syed A. Husain, Vaqar H. Shah, Gail Williams, Jordann Lewis, Robin Ferrer, Maria M. Morban, Shayan Shirazian, Andrew S. Bomback, Andrew A. Moses, Meeran Lee, Jacob S. Stevens, Piotr Starakiewicz, Andrew Beenken, Bradley Nelson, Qais Al-Awqati, Allyson R. Medina, Maddalena Marasa, Vanna M. Nicasio, Stacy Piva, Emily Daniel, Iman Azam Ghavami, Karla Mehl, Geoffrey K. Dube, Simone Sanna-Cherchi, Rosemary V. Sampogna, Bruno Lovisi, Hilda Fernandez, Anthony M. Valeri, Maria Alejandra Aponte, David J. Cohen, Jung Soo Kim, Katherine Toma, Kathryn Paget, Hector Alvarado Verduzco, Sumit Mohan, Jai Radhakrishnan, Eric Siddall, Pascale Khairallah, Jordan G. Nestor, Nisha Clement, Denzil Douglas, Heather Morris, Gerald B. Appel, Ali G. Gharavi, Yonatan Peleg, Donald W. Landry, Wooin Ahn, Daisy Mathew, Russell J. Crew, Jae Hyung Chang, and Tom Nickolas

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pneumonia, Viral, Disaster Planning, Disasters, Betacoronavirus, Renal Dialysis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Pandemic, Humans, Medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Pandemics, Patient Care Team, Academic Medical Centers, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Disaster response, Kidney Transplantation, Nephrology, Perspective, Emergency medicine, Female, New York City, Coronavirus Infections, business, Kidney disease
Published
2020
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2. Corrigendum to 'Analyzing the national fire incident reporting system to identify carbon monoxide incidents in the U.S. lodging industry' [Prev. Med. Rep. 24 (2021) 101531]

Author

Kristina L. Hauschildt, Benjamin N. Craig, Patrick K. Smith, and Michael D. Larrañaga

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental science, Medicine, Health Informatics, business, Reporting system, Carbon monoxide
Published
2021

3. Inflammation predicts sexual arousability in healthy women

Author

Kirstin Clephane, M. Claire Wilson, Julia R. Heiman, Tierney K. Lorenz, and Amber N. Craig

Subjects
Inflammation, Embryology, business.industry, Sexual function, 030232 urology & nephrology, Physiology, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Cell Biology, Sexual arousal, C-reactive protein, BF1-990, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Psychology, Women, Anatomy, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology, RC321-571
Abstract

Background: Though many women report sexual arousal difficulties, the mechanisms driving these difficulties are unclear. Sexual response relies on a host of psychophysiological processes that have bidirectional relationships with inflammation. Additionally, chronic inflammation may impair genital blood flow, which in turn may impact sexual arousal. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase marker of inflammation produced in response to cytokine signaling throughout the body, which makes it a useful marker of systemic inflammation. Aim: The present study examined interactions between inflammation and women's sexual arousal. Methods: CRP, self-reported frequency of partnered sexual activity, and subjective and vaginal arousal were assessed in 91 healthy, pre-menopausal women. Data were collected during a single laboratory session. Main outcome measures: Subjective sexual arousal and vaginal pulse amplitude (a measure of vaginal arousal) were the main outcome measures. Results: Change in subjective sexual arousal in response to a sexual film was unaffected by baseline CRP and sexual frequency. However, there were significant interactions between inflammation and sexual frequency in predicting vaginal arousal during the sexual film. Among women reporting more frequent sexual activity, higher CRP predicted lower magnitude arousal response and longer time to maximum vaginal arousal. Among women reporting less frequent sex, higher CRP predicted shorter time to maximum arousal and greater magnitude of arousal response. Controlling for cortisol strengthened the effects seen for time to maximum vaginal arousal but weakened those observed for percent change. Conclusions: Among healthy young women, higher CRP may be associated with vaginal arousal, but not subjective sexual arousal. Specifically, our results suggest that higher baseline CRP is associated with lower genital sexual arousal for women who have sex frequently, which is consistent with clinical evidence that elevated inflammation can be detrimental to sexual function.

Published
2021

4. Implementation and Usage of Telemedicine in General Pediatrics During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Stacy Clinton, Crystal N. Craig, and Lisa Pomeroy

Subjects
Service (business), medicine.medical_specialty, Telemedicine, business.industry, Public health, education, Psychological intervention, Telehealth, medicine.disease, Phone, Intervention (counseling), Pandemic, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, Medical emergency, business, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Problem: With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many public health measures were put into place todecrease the spread of the illness Initiation of these recommendations resulted in the shutting down of manybusinesses and the large majority of the public wanting confine at home Our community noted an increase inpatient anxiety about coming into clinic for in-person visits which led to decreased clinic productivity anddecreased access to care, as telehealth services were not currently being offered by the general pediatricsdepartment Goal: Our general pediatrics clinics rapidly initiated the use of telehealth services via phone and avideo telecommunication platform in order to increase access to care for our patients and promote continuedclinical productivity Our goal was to increase telehealth services to account for at least 25% of total visits overa 6-week period Interventions: Telehealth was initiated institution wide after the state of Texas providedrelaxed restrictions on services An initial email was provided by Texas Tech Physicians regardingimplementation of telehealth services and was complete with “cheat sheets” for using these services Our department also created generic email accounts for each clinic to aid in the scheduling of visits Our residentclinic was also included and the residents were provided with a specific lecture regarding workflow oftelehealth visits One general pediatrics clinic also advertised the new services through a generic phonemessage and scheduled a meeting with nurses and patient service specialists to address questions andworkflow regarding telehealth The number of telehealth visits by provider and clinic were measured weekly Results: After initiation of telehealth, all clinics showed an uptake of this service All but one providerparticipated in the use of telehealth The percentage of total telehealth visits across all clinics peaked at 7 8%the week of 4/6/2020 and then plateaued The single largest percentage of telehealth visits reached was 12 9the week of 4/6 by the Pavilion clinic For the resident clinic, there was an increased use in services after theirlecture on telehealth Continued intervention showed sustaining telehealth visit numbers Conclusions: Whilewe were able to quickly initiate telehealth at all of our clinics, the percentage of telehealth visits only reached7 8% of total The advertisement of services did not appear to help with patient access as the number of visitsscheduled slightly decreased the week the phone message was sent Creation of the generic email helped withease in scheduling visits There still appears to be some barriers to implementation and usage of telehealthservices Continued investigation can look at telehealth use between insurance types and patient location aswell as attitudes of patients regarding this service

Published
2021
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5. Marketing's consequences: stakeholder marketing and supply chain corporate social responsibility issues

Author

Smith, N. Craig, Palazzo, Guido, and Bhattacharya, C.B.

Subjects
Corporate social responsibility -- Analysis, Marketing -- Ethical aspects, Stakeholders -- Marketing, Stakeholders -- Ethical aspects, Supply chains -- Ethical aspects, Company marketing practices, Business, Philosophy and religion
Abstract

While considerable attention has been given to the harm done to consumers by marketing, less attention has been given to the harm done by consumers as an indirect effect of marketing activities, particularly in regard to supply chains. The recent development of dramatically expanded global supply chains has resulted in social and environmental problems upstream that are attributable at least in part to downstream marketers and consumers. Marketers have responded mainly by using corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication to counter the critique of CSR practice, but these claims of ethical corporate behavior often lack credibility and can result in a backlash against brands. The article argues that more adequate attention to the harmful upstream effects of downstream marketing and consumption decisions requires greater attention to stakeholder marketing and marketer efforts to help create responsible consumers. It concludes by identifying implications for further research in this important emergent area of marketing ethics.

Published
2010

6. Corporate Responsibility Meets the Digital Economy

Author

N. Craig Smith and Leena Lankoski

Subjects
Core (game theory), business.industry, Field (Bourdieu), Political science, Perspective (graphical), Big data, Digital transformation, Corporate social responsibility, Environmental ethics, Digital economy, Business ethics, business
Abstract

We examine how digital transformation of the economy may affect the field of corporate responsibility (CR) and whether some of its foundational assumptions need to be re-examined. Grounding our analysis in the relevant theory, we identify five key digital economic phenomena from a CR-relevant perspective, outline their associated ethical opportunities and threats, and map those opportunities and threats against three core questions that define the domain of the CR field: responsible for what, responsible towards whom, and who is responsible? We find that while there are foreseeable changes required of the field in relation to all three questions, it is the third one that poses the biggest challenges, questioning foundational assumptions on the allocation of responsibility (notably, that responsible entities are clearly identifiable and are human agents only). We develop a research agenda to address the concerns raised and conclude with a discussion of our contribution and its implications.

Published
2021
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7. Marketing Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility

Author

Sofia López-Rodríguez and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Market research, Market segmentation, business.industry, Stakeholder, Corporate social responsibility, Position (finance), Face (sociological concept), Business, Marketing, Marketing strategy, Marketing myopia
Abstract

This chapter examines the multi-faceted and reciprocal influence of marketing on corporate social responsibility strategy and practice, especially in light of consumer concern about company social and environmental impacts. As well as potential harmful consequences of marketing to consumers, we highlight that society and the natural environment can also be significantly impacted negatively by consumers and their consumption practices. More positively, we illustrate how marketing, through consumer demand for responsible products and services, can also be a key driver for companies to create beneficial social and environmental impacts. We propose that the marketing function should avoid marketing myopia by adopting a broad stakeholder orientation that acknowledges its role in engaging with multiple company stakeholders as well as customers. We suggest that by using marketing methodologies and expertise (e.g., market research, market segmentation), it occupies a privileged organizational position in helping companies respond to the diverse social and environmental challenges they face.

Published
2020
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8. Training using a simulation-based workshop reduces inaccuracies in estimations of testicular volume

Author

Dominic Wigg, Joe Langley, Ellen E. Wilkinson, Charlotte Elder, Neil Wright, Megan R. Sharman, Beth S. Williams, Jessica N. Craig, and Ciara G. Fitzgerald

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Students, Medical, 020205 medical informatics, Testicular volume, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, education, 030232 urology & nephrology, 02 engineering and technology, Manikins, Dreyfus model of skill acquisition, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Testis, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Endocrinology diabetology, Orchidometer, Medicine, Humans, Child, Simulation based, Physical Examination, Simulation Training, Reliability (statistics), business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, Organ Size, Patient Simulation, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Physical therapy, business, Education, Medical, Undergraduate
Abstract

Objectives Measuring testicular volume (TV) by orchidometer is routine in the clinic when staging male puberty. We have developed a simulation model for TV estimation and investigated whether training medical students, using a workshop with simulation models, could improve the accuracy and reliability of TV estimation. Methods All participating medical students watched a video representing standard undergraduate training in male pubertal assessment. Volunteers were then randomised directly to assessment or to attend a workshop consisting of a further video and four stations contextualising and practising the skills required for TV estimation, prior to assessment. Three child mannequins displaying testes of 3 mL, 4 mL (twice), 5, 10 and 20 mL were used for assessment. Participants were asked to return a fortnight later for repeat assessment to assess intra-observer reliability, the effect of repeated examinations on accuracy and time on skill retention. Results Ninety students participated (55F), 46 attended the workshop and were considered “trained”. There was no difference between the groups in numbers of correct estimations (29% trained, 27% untrained, p=0.593). However, the trained group’s estimations were closer to the true volume, with more from the trained group one bead away (p=0.002) and fewer more than three beads away from the true volume (p Conclusions Overall TV estimation accuracy was poor. Workshop-style training improved accuracy, reliability and retention of skill acquisition and could be considered as a useful learning tool.

Published
2020

9. Why managers fail to do the right thing: an empirical study of unethical and illegal conduct

Author

Smith, N. Craig, Simpson, Sally S., and Huang, Chun-Yao

Subjects
Rational choice theory -- Analysis, Business ethics -- Analysis, Supervisors -- Ethical aspects, Business, Philosophy and religion
Abstract

We combine prior research on ethical decision-making in organizations with a rational choice theory of corporate crime from criminology to develop a model of corporate offending that is tested with a sample of U.S. managers. Despite demands for increased sanctioning of corporate offenders, we find that the threat of legal action does not directly affect the likelihood of misconduct. Managers' evaluations of the ethics of the act, measured using a multidimensional ethics scale, have a significant effect, as do outcome expectancies that result from being associated with the misconduct but not facing formal sanctions. The threat of formal sanctions appears to operate indirectly, influencing ethical evaluations and outcome expectancies. Obedience to authority also affects illegal intentions, with managers reporting higher prospective offending when they are ordered to engage in misconduct by a supervisor.

Published
2007

10. Analyzing the national fire incident reporting system to identify carbon monoxide incidents in the U.S. lodging industry

Author

Kristina L. Hauschildt, Benjamin N. Craig, Michael D. Larrañaga, and Patrick K. Smith

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Regular Article, Health Informatics, Article, Hotels, Exposure, Carbon monoxide alarms, NFIRS, Environmental health, medicine, Medicine, Business, Co exposure, Carbon monoxide, Reporting system, News media
Abstract

Highlights • NFIRS data identified 3405 CO incidents in the U.S. lodging industry. • Lodging industry CO incidents occur at far greater rates than previously realized. • There is a larger public health risk associated with lodging industry CO exposure., Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisonings in the U.S. lodging industry have become a regular occurrence, however there is no current mandatory national reporting, tracking, or surveillance mechanism for CO incidents in the U.S. lodging industry. As such, the problem is largely invisible. The objective of this study was to utilize the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) data to better understand the public health risk from Carbon Monoxide (CO) incidents in the U.S. lodging industry. The NFIRS datasets for years 1999 through 2018 were assessed to identify CO incidents occurring at U.S. hotels and motels. The results of the analysis identified 3405 incidents. Incidents were strongly correlated with increased fire department participation in NFIRS (R = 0.82). The number and frequency of CO incidents in the U.S. lodging industry are underreported. Previous efforts relying on news media identified only 10% of the incidents reported in the NFIRS data. This indicates a greater public health risk associated with CO exposure in the U.S. lodging industry than previously realized.

Published
2021
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11. Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Author

Kirmeier E. a, Eriksson L. I. c, Lewald H. a, Jonsson Fagerlund, M. c Hoeft, A. f Hollmann, M. g Meistelman, C. e Hunter, J. M. d Ulm, K. b Blobner, M. aEmail Author, Abad Gurumeta, A. Abernethy, C. Abigail, P. Achaibar, K. Adam, E. Afshari, Agudelo Montoya, M. E. Akgün, F. N. Aletti, G. Alkış, N. Allan, K. Allan, A. Allaouchiche, B. Allcock, C. Almasy, E. Amey, I. Amigoni, M. Andersen, E. Andersson, P. Anipchenko, N. Antunes, P. Armstrong, E. Aslam, T. N. Aslin, B. Assunção, J. P. Ausserer, J. Avvai, M. Awad, Ayas Montero, B. Ayuso, M. Azevedo, P. Badarau, V. Badescu, Baiardo Redaelli, M. Baird, C. Baird, Y. Baker, T. Balaji, P. Bălan, C. Balandin, A. Balescu-Arion, C. Baliuliene, Baltasar Isabel, J. Baluch, S. N. Bandrabur, D. Bankewitz, C. Barber, K. Barbera, F. Barcraft-Barnes, H. Barletti, V. Barnett, G. Baron, K. Barros, A. Barsan, V. Bartlett, P. Batistaki, C. Baumgarten, G. Baytas, V. Beauchamp, Becerra Cayetano, I. A. Bell, S. Bellandi, M. Belletti, Belmonte Cuenca, J. Benitez-Cano, A. Beretta, L. Berger, M. Bergmann, N. Bergmark, Bermudez Lopez, M. Bernotaite, M. Beurskens, C. Bidd, H. Bifulco, F. Bignami, E. Bilic, A. Bilskiene, D. Bischoff, P. Bishop, L. Bjonness, T. Blaylock, H. Blethyn, K. Blincoe, T. Blokhin, I. Blunt, N. Boer, C. Bois, G. Bonicolini, E. Booth, J. Borecka-Kedzierska, M. Borstnar, K. Borys, M. Boselli, E. Bouvet, L. Bouwman, A. Bowen, L. Bowrey, S. Boxall, L. Božić, T. Bradley, T. Branco, T. Brazzi, L. Brazzoni, M. Brear, T. Brogly, N. Brohi, F. Broms, J. Bubliauskas, A. Bucolo, G. E. Buerkle, H. Buggy, D. Buhre, W. Bukauskas, T. Butturini, F. Byttner, Cabrera Díaz, I. Calderon, A. Calhau, R. Callejo, A. Cammu, G. Campesato, M. Can, Ö. S. Candeias, M. Cantor, A. Carise, E. Carmona, C. Carreteiro, J. Carrieri, C. Carter, A. Casal, M. Casanova, I. Cascella, M. Casero, L. M. Casiraghi, G. M. Castelo-Branco, Castro Arranz, C. Cernea, D. D. Cervantes, J. Chandler, B. Charnock, R. Chatzimicali, A. Chinery, E. Chishti, A. Chondhury, P. Christie, E. Christodoudiles, G. Ciardo, S. Cimpeanu, L. Cindea, I. Cinnella, G. Clark, S. Clayton, M. Cocu, S. Collyer, T. Colvin, C. Cope, S. Copeta, F. Copotoiu, S. -M., Correia de Barros, F. Corso, R. M. Cortegiani, A. Costa, G. Cowton, A. Cox, N. Craig, J. Cricca, V. Cronin, J. Cunha, M. Cuomo, A. Curley, K. Czuczwar, M. Dabrowska, D. Damster, Danguy des Déserts, M. Daniliuc, A. Danninger, T. Darwish, I. Dascalu, C. Davies, K. Davies, De Boer, De Flaviis, De Selincourt, G. Deana, C. Debaene, B. Debreceni, G. Dedhia, Delgado Garcia, Della Rocca, G. Delroy-Buelles, L. Desai, T. Dhillon, Di Giacinto, Di Mauro, Diaz Gomez, T. V. Dimitrovski, A. Dinic, V. Dîrzu, D. -S., Divander M. B., Dolinar J., Domingues S., Doolan J., Downes C., Dragoescu N. A., Droc G., Dum E., Dumitrescu A., Duncan L., Dzurňáková P., Eberl S., Edwards J., Edwards M., Ekelund K., Ekengren P., Elghouty E., Ellerkmann R., Ellis H., Elme A., Ernst T., Errando C. L., Estenes S., Ewaldsson C., Farid N., Featherstone J., Febres D., Fedorov S., Feggeler J., Feijten P., Fellmann T., Fernandez Candil, Fernandez Castineira, Fernández Castineira, J. Fernando, A. Ferrando, C. Ferreira, L. Ferreira, P. Feyling, A. Filipescu, D. Fleischer, A. Floris, L. Foerster, U. Fox, B. Franke, U. Frasca, D. Frey, C. Frost, V. Fullin, G. Fumagalli, J. Furneval, J. Fusari, M. Gallacher, S. Galushka, S. Gambale, G. Gambino, I. Garcia-Perez, M. L. Garg, S. Garlak, J. Gavranovic, Z. Gavrilov, R. Gaynor, Gecaj Gashi, A. Georghiou, M. Gerjevic, B. Gferer, G. Giarratano, A. Gibson, A. Gievski, V. Giles, J. Gillberg, L. Gilowska, Gilsanz Rodriguez, F. Gioia, A. Giovannoni, C. Girotra, V. Gkinas, D. Gkiokas, G. Godoroja, D. Goebel, U. Goel, V. Gonzalez, M. Goranovic, T. Gornik-Wlaszczuk, E. Gosavi, S. Gottfridsson, P. Gottschalk, A. Granell, M. Granstrom, A. Grassetto, A. Greenwood, A. Grigoras, I. Grintescu, I. Gritsan, A. Gritsan, G. Grynyuk, A. Guadagnin, G. M. Guarnieri, M. Güçlü, Guerrero Diez, M. Gunenc, F. Günther, U. Gupta, P. Guttenthaler, V. Hack, Y. Hafisayena, A. Hagau, N. Haldar, J. Hales, D. Hancı, V. Hanna-Jumma, S. Harazim, H. Harlet, P. Harper, D. Harris, B. Harvey, O. Hashimi, M. Hawkins, L. Hayes, C. Heaton, J. Heier, T. Helliwell, L. Hemmes, S. Henderson, K. Hermanides, J. Hermanns, Herrera Hueso, B. Hestenes, S. Hettiarachchi, R. Highgate, J. Hodgson, K. Hoelbling, D. Holland, J. Horhota, L. Hormis, A. Hribar, R. Hua, A. Humphreys, S. Humphries, R. Humpliková, S. Hunt, J. Husnain, A. Hussein, A. Hyams, B. Iannuccelli, F. Ilette, K. Ilyas, C. Inan, T. India, I. Ionițăv, V. Irwin, F. Jain, V. Janez, B. Jankovic, R. Jenkins, S. Jenko, M. Jimenez, Jiménez Gomez, B. Joachim, S. Joelsson-Alm, E. John, J. Jonikaite, L. Jovic, M. Jungwirth, B. Junke, E. Kabakov, B. Kadaoui, S. -D., Kanski A., Karadag S., Karbonskiene A., Karjagin J., Kasnik D., Katanolli F., Katsika E., Kaufmann K., Keane H., Kelly M., Kent M., Keraitiene G., Khudhur A., Khuenl-Brady K., Kidd L., King S., Kirchgäßner K., Klancir T., Klucniks A., Knotzer J., Knowlden P., Koers L., Kompan J., Koneti K. K., Kooij F., Koolen E., Koopman - van Gemert, A. W. M. M. Kopp, K. Korfiotis, D. Korolkov, O. Kosinová, M. Köstenberger, M. Kotzinger, O. Kovačević, M. Kranke, P. Kranke, E. Kraus, C. Kraus, S. Kubitzek, C. Kucharski, R. Kucukguclu, S. Kudrashou, A. Kumar, V. Kummen, L. Kunit, C. Kushakovsky, V. Kuvaki, B. Kuzmanovska, B. Kyttari, A. Landoni, G. Lau, G. Lazarev, K. Legett, S. Legrottaglie, A. M. Leonardi, S. Leong, M. Lercher, H. Leuvrey, M. Leva, B. Levstek, M. Limb, J. Lindholm, E. Linton, F. Liperi, C. Lipski, F. Lirk, P. Lisi, A. Lišková, Lluch Oltra, A. Loganathan, V. Lombardi, S. Lopez, Lopez Rodríguez, M. Lorenzini, L. Lowicka, M. Lugovoy, A. Luippold, M. Lumb, A. Macas, A. Macgregor, M. Machado, H. Maciariello, M. Madeira, I. Maitan, S. Majewski, J. Maldini, B. Malewski, G. Manfredini, L. Männer, O. Marchand, B. Marcu, A. Margalef, J. Margarson, M. Marinheiro, L. Markic, Markovic Bozic, J. Marrazzo, F. Martin, Martin Ayuso, M. Martinez, E. Martino, E. A. Martinson, V. Marusic-Gaser, K. Mascarenhas, C. Mathis, C. Matsota, P. Mavrommati, Mazul Sunko, B. McCourt, K. McGill, N. McKee, R. Meço, B. C. Meier, S. Melbourne, S. Melbybråthen, G. Meli, A. Melia, A. Melotti, R. M. Menga, M. R. Mercer, P. Merotra, S. Mescolini, S. Metterlein, T. Michalov, M. Michlig, S. Midgley, S. Milić, M. Milojevic, M. Miñana, A. Minto, G. Mirabella, L. Mirea, L. Mittelstädt, L. Moeglen, A. Moise, A. Mokini, Z. Molin, A. Moltó, L. Monea, M. C. Montalto, F. Montgomery, J. Montgomery, C. Montillo, G. Moore, S. Moore, F. Moreira, Z. Moreno, T. Moreno, R. Moret, E. Moreton, S. Morgan, Moro Velasco, C. Morri, D. Moull, A. Moura, F. Mráz, P. Mrozek, K. Mukhtar, K. Muniyappa, S. Murray, H. Murthy, B. V. Mushambi, M. Nadolski, M. Nardelli, P. Nardin, Navarro Pérez, R. Naveiro, A. Negri, Nesek Adam, V. Neskovic, V. Neuwersch, S. Neves, M. Nguyen, Ní Eochagáin, A. Nicholas, C. Nightingale, J. Norrie, K. Novak-Jankovic, V. Novakova, A. Novillo, M. Numan, S. Oduro-Dominah, L. Oldner, A. Oliveira, I. Ologoiu, D. Oloktsidou, I. O'Reilly, R. Orlando, A. Ovezov, A. Ozbilgin, S. Paal, Padin Barreiro, L. Palugniok, R. Papaioannou, A. Papapostolou, K. Paranthaman, Pardey Bracho, G. Parente, S. Parfeni, A. Pasin, L. Passey, S. Pastor, E. Patch, S. Patil, A. Paunescu, M. -A., Pehboeck D., Pereira M., Pereira C., Perez Caballero, Pérez García, Pérez Soto, Perez Tejero, G. Perez-Cerda, F. Pesenti, A. Petta, R. Philippe, S. Pickering, Pico Veloso, J. Pina, P. Pinho-Oliveira, V. Pinol, S. Pinto, R. Pistidda, L. Pitterle, M. Piwowarczyk, P. Plotnikova, O. Pohl, H. Poldermann, J. Polkovicová, L. Pompei, L. Popescu, M. Popović, Pota V, Potocnik M., Potręć B., Potter A., Pramod N., Prchalova M., Preckel B., Pugh R., Pulletz M., Radoeshki A., Rafi A., Ragazzi R., Raineri Santi, M. Rajamanickam, T. Rajput, Z. Ramachandran, R. Ramasamy, R. Ramessur, S. Rao, R. Rasmussen, A. Rato, A. Razaque, Real Navacerrada, M. I. Reavley, C. Reid, J. Reschreiter, H. Rial, Ribas Carrasco, P. Ribeiro, S. Rich, N. Richardson, L. Rimaitis, K. Rimaitis, M. Ringvold, E. -M., Ripke F., Ristescu I., Ritchie K., Ródenas F., Rodrigues P., Rogers E., Rogerson D., Romagnoli S., Romero E., Rondovic G., Rose B. O., Roth W., Rotter, M. -T., Rousseau G., Rudjord A., Rueffert H., Rundgren M., Rupprecht K., Rushton A., Russotto V., Rypulak E., Ryszka M., Sà J., Sà Couto, P. Saby, S. Sagic, J. Saleh, O. Sales, Sánchez Sánchez, Y. Sanghera, Şanli Karip, Santiveri Papiol, F. J. Santos, S. Sarno, S. Saul, D. Saunders, D. Savic, N. Scalco, L. Scanlon, D. Schaller, S. Schax, C. Scheffer, G. J. Schening, A. Schiavone, V. Schmidt-Ehrenberg, F. 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Ewa, Gosavi, Smita, Gottfridsson, peter, Gottschalk, André, Granell, Manuel, Granstrom, Anna, Grassetto, Alberto, Greenwood, Anna, Grigoras, Ioana, Grintescu, Ioana, Gritsan, Alexey, Gritsan, Galina, Grynyuk, Andriy, Guadagnin, Giovanni Maria, Guarnieri, Marcello, Güçlü, Çiğdem, Guerrero Diez, Maria, Gunenc, Ferim, Günther, Ulf, Gupta, Pawan, Guttenthaler, Vera, Hack, Yvonne, Hafisayena, Ade, Hagau, Natalia, Haldar, Jagannath, Hales, Dawn, Hancı, Volkan, Hanna-Jumma, Sameer, Harazim, Hana, Harlet, Pierre, Harper, Daniel, Harris, Benjamin, Harvey, Orla, Hashimi, Medita, Hawkins, Lesley, Hayes, Conrad, Heaton, Jame, Heier, Tom, Helliwell, Laurence, Hemmes, Sabrine, Henderson, Kate, Hermanides, Jeroen, Hermanns, Henning, Herrera Hueso, Berta, Hestenes, Siv, Hettiarachchi, Roshane, Highgate, Judith, Hodgson, Keith, Hoelbling, Daniel, Holland, Jonathan, Horhota, Lucian, Hormis, Anil, Hribar, Renata, Hua, Alina, Humphreys, Sally, Humphries, Ryan, Humpliková, Simona, Hunt, Janez, Husnain, Ali, Hussein, Ahmed, Hyams, Benjamin, Iannuccelli, Fabrizio, Ilette, Katie, Ilyas, Carl, Inan, Turgay, India, Immaculada, Ionițăv, Victor, Irwin, Foo, Jain, Vipul, Janez, Benedikt, Jankovic, Radmilo, Jenkins, Sarah, Jenko, Matej, Jimenez, Raquel, Jiménez Gomez, Bárbara, Joachim, Sugganthi, Joelsson-Alm, Eva, John, John, Jonikaite, Lina, Jovic, Miomir, Jungwirth, Bettina, Junke, Etienne, Kabakov, Bory, Kadaoui, Salah-Din, Kanski, Andrzej, Karadag, Süheyla, Karbonskiene, Aurika, Karjagin, Juri, Kasnik, Darja, Katanolli, Fato, Katsika, Eleni, Kaufmann, Kai, Keane, Helen, Kelly, Martin, Kent, Melanie, Keraitiene, Grazina, Khudhur, Ahmed, Khuenl-Brady, Karin, Kidd, Laurie, King, Siobhan, Kirchgäßner, Katharina, Klancir, Tino, Klucniks, Andri, Knotzer, Johann, Knowlden, Peter, Koers, Lena, Kompan, Janez, Koneti, Kiran K, Kooij, Fabian, Koolen, Eric, Koopman - van Gemert, Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria, Kopp, Kristen, Korfiotis, Dimitrio, Korolkov, Oleg, Kosinová, Martina, Köstenberger, Marku, Kotzinger, Oskar, Kovačević, Marko, Kranke, Peter, Kranke, Eva, Kraus, Christiane, Kraus, Stephanie, Kubitzek, Christiane, Kucharski, Rafal, Kucukguclu, Semih, Kudrashou, Allaksandr, Kumar, Vinayak, Kummen, Live, Kunit, Cornelia, Kushakovsky, Vlad, Kuvaki, Bahar, Kuzmanovska, Biljana, Kyttari, Aikaterina, Landoni, Giovanni, Lau, Gary, Lazarev, Konstantin, Legett, Samantha, Legrottaglie, Anna Maria, Leonardi, Silvia, Leong, Maria, Lercher, Helene, Leuvrey, Matthieu, Leva, Brigitte, Levstek, Meta, Limb, Jame, Lindholm, Espen, Linton, Fiona, Liperi, Corradero, Lipski, Fabian, Lirk, Philipp, Lisi, Alberto, Lišková, Katarina, Lluch Oltra, Aitana, Loganathan, Vinothan, Lombardi, Stefania, Lopez, Eloisa, Lopez Rodríguez, Maria, Lorenzini, Laura, Lowicka, Malgorzata, Lugovoy, Alexander, Luippold, Madeleine, Lumb, Andrew, Macas, Andriu, Macgregor, Mark, Machado, Humberto, Maciariello, Maria, Madeira, Isabel, Maitan, Stefan, Majewski, Jacek, Maldini, Branka, Malewski, Georgia, Manfredini, Livia, Männer, Olja, Marchand, Bahareh, Marcu, Alexandra, Margalef, Jordi, Margarson, Michael, Marinheiro, Lucia, Markic, Ana, Markovic Bozic, Jasmina, Marrazzo, Francesco, Martin, Jane, Martin Ayuso, Maria, Martinez, Esteher, Martino, Enrico Antonio, Martinson, Victoria, Marusic-Gaser, Katarina, Mascarenhas, Catia, Mathis, Cindy, Matsota, Paraskevi, Mavrommati, Eleni, Mazul Sunko, Branka, McCourt, Killian, McGill, Neil, McKee, Raymond, Meço, Başak Ceyda, Meier, Sonja, Melbourne, Susan, Melbybråthen, Grethe, Meli, Andrea, Melia, Aiden, Melotti, Rita Maria, Menga, Maria Rosaria, Mercer, Pauline, Merotra, Susan, Mescolini, Silvia, Metterlein, Thoma, Michalov, Martin, Michlig, Sam, Midgley, Susan, Milić, Morena, Milojevic, Milan, Miñana, Amanda, Minto, Gary, Mirabella, Lucia, Mirea, Liliana, Mittelstädt, Ludger, Moeglen, Aude, Moise, Alida, Mokini, Zhirajr, Molin, Anna, Moltó, Lui, Monea, Maria Concetta, Montalto, Francesca, Montgomery, Jane, Montgomery, Claire, Montillo, Gerardo, Moore, Sally, Moore, Faye, Moreira, Zelia, Moreno, Tania, Moreno, Ricardo, Moret, Enrique, Moreton, Sarah, Morgan, Marianne, Moro Velasco, Concepción, Morri, Davide, Moull, Alice, Moura, Fernando, Mráz, Peter, Mrozek, Katarzyna, Mukhtar, Karim, Muniyappa, Sudeshkumar, Murray, Heather, Murthy, Burra VS, Mushambi, Mary, Nadolski, Maria, Nardelli, Pasquale, Nardin, Giordano, Navarro Pérez, Rosalía, Naveiro, Andrea, Negri, Manuela, Nesek Adam, Visnja, Neskovic, Vojislava, Neuwersch, Stefan, Neves, Miriam, Nguyen, Bavinh, Ní Eochagáin, Aisling, Nicholas, Caroline, Nightingale, Jeremy, Norrie, Kylie, Novak-Jankovic, Vesna, Novakova, Andrea, Novillo, Marta, Numan, Sandra, Oduro-Dominah, Louise, Oldner, Ander, Oliveira, Isabel, Ologoiu, Daniela, Oloktsidou, Irini, O'Reilly, Rosalind, Orlando, Alessandro, Ovezov, Alexey, Ozbilgin, Sule, Paal, Peter, Padin Barreiro, Lidia, Palugniok, Ryszard, Papaioannou, Alexandra, Papapostolou, Konstantino, Paranthaman, Prabhakar, Pardey Bracho, Gilda, Parente, Suzana, Parfeni, Alexandru, Pasin, Laura, Passey, Samuel, Pastor, Ernesto, Patch, Sarah, Patil, Andan, Paunescu, Marilena-Alina, Pehboeck, Daniel, Pereira, Manuela, Pereira, Carla, Perez Caballero, Paula, Pérez García, Aníbal, Pérez Soto, Antonia, Perez Tejero, Gisela, Perez-Cerda, Francisco, Pesenti, Antonio, Petta, Rocco, Philippe, Simon, Pickering, David, Pico Veloso, Jandro, Pina, Pedro, Pinho-Oliveira, Vítor, Pinol, Santiago, Pinto, Rita, Pistidda, Laura, Pitterle, Manuela, Piwowarczyk, Paweł, Plotnikova, Olga, Pohl, Holger, Poldermann, Jorinde, Polkovicová, Lucia, Pompei, Livia, Popescu, Mihai, Popović, Radmila, Pota, Vincenzo, Potocnik, Miriam, Potręć, Beata, Potter, Alison, Pramod, Nalwaya, Prchalova, Martina, Preckel, Benedikt, Pugh, Richard, Pulletz, Mark, Radoeshki, Aleksandar, Rafi, Amir, Ragazzi, Riccardo, Raineri Santi, Maurizio, Rajamanickam, Tamiselvan, Rajput, Zahra, Ramachandran, Rajeskar, Ramasamy, Radhika, Ramessur, Suneil, Rao, Roshan, Rasmussen, Ander, Rato, André, Razaque, Usman, Real Navacerrada, M. Isabel, Reavley, Caroline, Reid, Jame, Reschreiter, Henrik, Rial, Erick, Ribas Carrasco, Patricia, Ribeiro, Sandy, Rich, Nathalie, Richardson, Lydia, Rimaitis, Kestuti, Rimaitis, Mariu, Ringvold, Else-Marie, Ripke, Fabian, Ristescu, Irina, Ritchie, Keith, Ródenas, Frederic, Rodrigues, Patrícia, Rogers, Emma, Rogerson, David, Romagnoli, Stefano, Romero, Esther, Rondovic, Goran, Rose, Bernd Oliver, Roth, Winfried, Rotter, Marie-Therese, Rousseau, Guy, Rudjord, Ander, Rueffert, Henrik, Rundgren, Malin, Rupprecht, Korbinian, Rushton, Andrew, Russotto, Vincenzo, Rypulak, Elżbieta, Ryszka, Maciej, Sà, Jacinta, Sà Couto, Paula, Saby, Sandrine, Sagic, Jelena, Saleh, Omar, Sales, Gabriele, Sánchez Sánchez, Yván, Sanghera, Sumayer, Şanli Karip, Ceren, Santiveri Papiol, Francisco Javier, Santos, Sofia, Sarno, Stephen, Saul, Daniel, Saunders, David, Savic, Nenad, Scalco, Loïc, Scanlon, Deborah, Schaller, Stefan, Schax, Christoph, Scheffer, Gert Jan, Schening, Anna, Schiavone, Vincenzo, Schmidt-Ehrenberg, Florian, Schmidt-Mutter, Catherine, Schönberg, Christina, Schopflin, Christian, Schreiber, Jan-Uwe, Schultz, Marcu, Schurig, Marlen, Scott, Carmen, Sebestian, Siby, Sehgal, Selena, Sem, Victoria, Semenas, Egidiju, Serafini, Elena, Serchan, Pashalitsa, Shields, Martin, Shobha, Ramakrishnan, Shosholcheva, Mirjana, Siamansour, Tanja, Siddaiah, Narendra, Siddiqi, Khalid, Sinclair, Rhona, Singh, Permendra, Singh, Rajendra, Sinha, Aneeta, Sinha, Ashok, Skinner, Amanda, Smee, Elizabeth, Smekalova, Olga, Smith, Neil, Smith, Thoma, Smitz, Carine, Smole, Daniel, Sojčić, Nataša, Soler Pedrola, Maria, Somanath, Sameer, Sonksen, Julian, Sorella, Maria Christina, Sörmus, Alar, Soro, Marina, Soto, Carmen, Spada, Anna, Spadaro, Savino, Spaeth, Johanne, Sparr, Harald, Spielmann, Annika, Spindler-Vesel, Alenka, Stamelos, Matthaio, Stancombe L, Liucia, Stanculescu, Andreea, Standl, Thoma, Standley, Tom, Stanek, Ondrej, Stanisavljević, Snežana, Starczewska, Malgorzata, Stäuble, Christiane, Steen, Julie, Stefan, Oana Maria, Stell, Elizabeth, Stera, Caterina, Stevens, Marku, Stoerckel, Marlène, Stošić, Biljana, Stourac, Petr, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Struck, Rafael, Suarez de la Rica, Alejandro, Sultanpori, Altaf, Sundara Rajan, Rajinikanth, Suying, Ong, Svensen, Christer, Swan, Louise, Syrogianni, Paulina, Sysiak, Justyna, Szederjesi, Jano, Taddei, Stefania, Tan Hao, Ern, Tanou, Virginia, Tarabová, Katarina, Tardaguila Sancho, Paula, Tarroso, Maria, Tartaglione, Marco, Taylor, Emma, Tbaily, Lee, Telford, Richard, Terenzoni, Massimo, Theodoraki, Kassiani, Thornley, Helen, Tiganiuc, Liviu, Toim, Hardo, Tomescu, Dana, Tommasino, Concezione, Toni, Jessica, Toninelli, Arturo, Toretti, Ilaria, Townley, Stephen, Trepenaitis, Dariu, Trethowan, Brian, Tsaousi, Georgia, Tsiftsi, Aikaterini, Tudor, Adrada, Turan, Güldem, Turhan, Sanem Çakar, Unic-Stojanovic, Dragana, Unterbuchner, Christoph, Unzueta, Carmen, Uranjek, Jasna, Ursic, Tomaz, Vaida, Simona, Valldeperas Ferrer, Silvia, Valldeperas Hernandez, Maria Inmaculada, Valsamidis, Dimitri, Van Beek, Rienk, Van dasselaer, Nick, Van Der Beek, Tim, Van Duivenvoorde, Yoni, van Klei, Wilton A., Van Poorter, Fran, Van Zaane, Ba, Van Zundert, Tom, Van Zyl, Rebekka, Vargas Munoz, Ana Milena, Varsani, Nimu, Vasconcelos, Pedro, Vassilakis, Georgio, Vecchiatini, Tommaso, Vecera, Lubomir, Vercauteren, Marcel, Verdouw, Ba, Verheyen, Veerle, Verri, Marco, Vicari Sottosanti, Luigi Giancarlo, Vico, Manuel, Vidal Mitjans, Patricia, Vilardi, Anna, Vissicchio, Daniela, Vitale, Giovanni, Vitković, Bibiana, Vizcaychipi, Marcela Paola, Voicu, Alexandra, Voje, Minca, Volfová, Ivana, Volta, Carlo Alberto, Von Lutterotti, Theresa, von Tiesenhausen, Anna, Vrecic-Slabe, Simona, Vukcevic, Dejan, Vukovic, Rade, Vullo, P. Agostina, Wade, Andrew, Wallberg, Hanna, Wallden, Jakob, Wallner, Johann, Walther Sturesson, Louise, Watson, Davina, Weber, Stefan, Wegiel Leskiewiq, Anna, Weller, Debbie, Wensing, Carine, Werkmann, Marku, Westberg, Henrik, Wikström, Erik, Williams, Benedict, Wilson, Robin, Wirth, Steffen, Wittmann, Maria, Wood, Laura, Wright, Stella, Zachoval, Christian, Zambon, Massimo, Zampieri, Silvia, Zampone, Salvatore, Zangrillo, Alberto, Zani, Gianluca, Zavackiene, Asta, Zieglerder, Raphael, Zonneveldt, Harry, Zsisku, Lajo, Zucker, Tom-Philipp, Żukowski, Maciej, Zuleika, Mehrun, and Zupanĕiĕ, Darja

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, pulmonary complications, muscle relaxants, Post-anaesthesia complications, Neuromuscular Blockade, pulmonary complication, muscle relaxant, neuromuscular block, postoperative pulmonary complication, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, post-operative pulmonary complications, Neuromuscular monitoring, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Sugammadex, NO, Anaesthesia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, Anesthesia, Medicine, General anaesthesia, Neuromuscular Agents, 030212 general & internal medicine, MED/41 - ANESTESIOLOGIA, Prospective cohort study, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background: Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients' preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings: Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22 803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21 694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj −4·4%, 95% CI −5·5 to −3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj −2·6%, 95% CI −3·9 to −1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; −1·9%, −3·2 to −0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj −0·3%, 95% CI −2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; −0·4%, −3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation: We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Funding: European Society of Anaesthesiology.

Published
2019
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12. The new marketing myopia

Author

Smith, N. Craig, Drumwright, Minette E., and Gentile, Mary C.

Subjects
Corporate social responsibility -- Management, Stakeholders -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Company business management, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business, Government
Published
2010

13. Turning Board Sustainability Aspirations into Action

Author

Ron Soonieus and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Good corporate governance, Action (philosophy), business.industry, Political science, Sustainability, Survey research, Public relations, business, Archetype, Research evidence
Abstract

Boards are key to unlocking substantive action by firms on sustainability. We clarify their potential role and show how and why they are failing to deliver on that role and what can be done about it. We start by highlighting the importance of board engagement as a driver of sustainability and then report research evidence of limited board attention to the topic. This is short-sighted given the significance of sustainability but also as a matter of good corporate governance. Nonetheless, recent survey research provides encouraging evidence to suggest that many boards have the right aspirations when it comes to sustainability—they are convinced it is a strategic necessity. Often, however, they do not have what is required in terms of the people, knowledge and tools to turn those aspirations into meaningful action. Our in-depth interviews with board directors examined the obstacles to board attention to sustainability from inside the boardroom, including the characteristics of board members themselves. We identified five board sustainability archetypes: The Deniers, The Hard-headed, The Well-Meaning, The Complacent, and The True Believers. We characterize each archetype and explain how they can be identified by executives or consultants working with the board or by board members themselves. We offer recommendations for how to respond to the different archetypes and how more generally boards can advance the sustainability agenda.

Published
2020
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14. Variant of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy with Co-Existent Severe Coronary Artery Disease – A Case Report

Author

A Venkataraman, S Krishnamoorthy, M Halim, and N Craig

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Apical ballooning, business.industry, Cardiomyopathy, Coronary angiogram, Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy, medicine.disease, Coronary artery disease, Road traffic accident, Internal medicine, Cardiology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, business, General Environmental Science, Sudden onset
Abstract

A 73 year old hypertensive female admitted with sudden onset intermittent chest pains and shortness of breath (< 24 hours after the death of her granddaughters in a road traffic accident).

Published
2019
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15. Commercializing social interaction: the ethics of stealth marketing

Author

Martin, Kelly D. and Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Marketing -- Ethical aspects, Consumer protection -- Ethical aspects, Interpersonal relations -- Ethical aspects, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business, Government
Abstract

The ethical implications of stealth marketing are investigated using three case studies. Consumer protection measures against stealth marketing should be prioritized to preserve the sanctity of social relationships and reduce the commercialization of human interaction.

Published
2008

16. A strategic approach to managing product recalls

Author

Smith, N. Craig, Thomas, Robert J., and Quelch, John A.

Subjects
Product recalls -- Management, Customer service -- Management, Business, Business, general
Abstract

Companies should be prepared to deal with the impact of a product recall across all departments. Companies who have a plan in place to deal with the possibility of a recall can react quickly and earn praise for excellent customer service rather than criticism. Saturn Corp already had a recall plan in place when many of their car seats developed problems, so they reacted quickly and turned the situation into a advertisement of their concern for customers. Harsh and extensive product testing in real life situations can reveal flaws and avoid recalls.

Published
1996

17. Marketing strategies for the ethics era

Author

Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Business ethics -- Analysis, Marketing management -- Ethical aspects -- Analysis, Marketing -- Ethical aspects -- Analysis, Business, Analysis, Ethical aspects
Abstract

Marketing strategies are increasingly subject to public scrutiny and are being held to higher standards. Caveat emptor is no longer acceptable as a basis for justifying marketing practices. The author's [...]

Published
1995

18. From Corporate Philanthropy to Creating Shared Value: Big Pharma’s New Business Models in Developing Markets

Author

N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Value (ethics), Social business, business.industry, lcsh:Marketing. Distribution of products, 05 social sciences, Creating shared value, Public relations, Business model, Unit (housing), Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, Shared Value, Pharma Industry, General partnership, 0502 economics and business, 050211 marketing, Parent company, lcsh:HF5410-5417.5, Marketing, Emerging markets, business, 050203 business & management, Emerging Markets
Abstract

Some big companies have discovered opportunities to bolster their bottom line in emerging and developing markets by creating social value at the same time as generating economic returns. In the pharma industry some have taken the lead in using this concept of shared value to innovate and grow their business, especially in developing markets. Eli Lilly launched the NCD partnership to combat diabetes in underserved areas around the globe. The partnership improves awareness of the disease and access to treatment and drugs, among other things. But the initiative is also intended to help its emerging-markets business units meet ambitious growth targets. Novartis has established the Social Business Group, a unit within the parent company to develop the initiative Arogya Parivar, dedicated to getting much-needed medicines to some of India’s most remote villages. Its impact translates to providing 42 million people with improved access to healthcare across an estimated 33,000 villages, according to Novartis. It has surpassed company expectations by breaking even in its 31st month of operations. Both cases offer valuable insight into challenges that companies aiming for shared value need to overcome.

Published
2016

19. Stakeholder Judgments of Value

Author

N. Craig Smith, Luk N. Van Wassenhove, and Leena Lankoski

Subjects
Value (ethics), Economics and Econometrics, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Stakeholder, Public relations, Business value, General Business, Management and Accounting, Philosophy, Prospect theory, 0502 economics and business, Stakeholder analysis, Normative, 050211 marketing, Business ethics, business, Stakeholder theory, 050203 business & management
Abstract

Although central to stakeholder theory, stakeholder value is surprisingly neglected in the literature. We draw upon prospect theory to show how stakeholder judgments of value depend crucially on the reference state, how there are several alternative reference states that may be operative when stakeholders judge value, how the choice of reference state for stakeholders’ value judgments can occur intuitively or deliberately, and how the level of the operant reference state may change with time and may also be incorrectly perceived by stakeholders or managers. Our theorizing results in a fundamentally different way of perceiving the value of corporate actions to stakeholders and shifts understanding of the avenues available for companies and others to influence stakeholder judgments of value. This novel perspective has implications both for theory and management practice, and not least for normative business ethics, if business is about stakeholder value creation.

Published
2016
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20. The case of the high-risk safety product

Author

Chew, W. Bruce, Blodgett, Timothy B., Wallin, Winston R., Meyers, Gerald C., Holden, Betsy, Johnson, Elmer W., Smith, N. Craig, and Ducker, William

Subjects
Marketing -- Ethical aspects, Corporate social responsibility -- Analysis, Business ethics -- Analysis, Business, Business, general
Abstract

Companies may have to decide between profitability and social responsibility. A case study of a firm is presented in which the company must decide whether to sell Smoke-Safe, a new and possibly safer wallboard technology. Six marketing and ethics experts provide solutions to this problem. The recommendations include proving the technology before entering the market and evaluating both the profitability and the social value of the product before making a decision.

Published
1992

21. Pharmaceutical marketing practices in the Third World

Author

Smith, N. Craig and Quelch, John A.

Subjects
Developing countries -- Health aspects, Pharmaceutical policy -- International aspects, Business ethics -- International aspects, Corporate social responsibility -- International aspects, Pharmaceutical industry -- Ethical aspects, Business, Business, general
Published
1991

22. Fairness in consumer pricing

Author

Kaufmann, Patrick J., Ortmeyer, Gwen, and Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
May D and F (Denver, Colorado) -- Cases, General Development Corp. -- Cases, Pricing -- Case studies, Department stores -- Cases, False advertising -- Cases, Housing developers -- Cases, Business, Consumer news and advice, Social sciences
Published
1991

23. Walmart: Love, Earth (A)

Author

Robert J. Crawford and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Political economy, Perspective (graphical), Sustainability, Liberian dollar, Corporate social responsibility, Business
Abstract

This case is about Walmart’s launch of Love, Earth—a one billion dollar line of sustainable jewellery—told from the perspective of an NGO activist. Perhaps uniquely among sustainability cases to date, it offers the opportunity to explore strategic CSR and sustainability by a large MNC from the perspective of the firm and the NGO activists.

Published
2018
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24. How GAP Engaged with Its Stakeholders

Author

Sean Ansett, Lior Erez, and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
business.industry, Launched, Stakeholder engagement, Public relations, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Back when protesters were targeting the company, the Gap realized that it needed to overhaul the way it interacted with its critics. So the company launched a strategy of stakeholder engagement.

Published
2018
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25. Wal-Mart’s Sustainable Product Index

Author

Robert J. Crawford and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Index (economics), Plan (drawing), Product (category theory), Business, Marketing, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

On 16 July 2009, Wal-Mart CEO Mike Duke announced an ambitious plan to develop a “Sustainable Product Index” that would enable customers to access reliable, standardised information on where its products came from, what resources they required for manufacture and delivery, and how they should be disposed of and/or re-cycled. He went on to explain –

Published
2018
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26. Barrick Gold: A Perfect Storm at Pascua Lama

Author

N. Craig Smith and Erin McCormick

Subjects
Gold mining, biology, business.industry, Political science, Opposition (politics), Stakeholder, Storm, Glacial period, Pascua, biology.organism_classification, business, Archaeology, Corporation
Abstract

This case is about a gold mining company that sought to practice “responsible mining” by addressing environmental and stakeholder concerns, but which nevertheless attracted protests. Barrick Gold Corporation invested $4.8 billion developing the Pascua Lama gold mine in a glacial region of South America, but opposition has blocked the project.

Published
2018
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27. INEOS ChlorVinyls: A Positive Vision for PVC (A)

Author

N. Craig Smith and Dawn Jarisch

Subjects
Boycott, Natural resource economics, Yield (finance), Business opportunity, Sustainability, Business
Abstract

A Greenpeace campaign to boycott PVC products because of environmental concerns boded disaster for Hydro Polymers. Rather than adopt a defensive strategy, Hydro Polymers embraced the challenge and embarked on a sustainability journey using The Natural Step framework. This journey continued when Hydro was acquired by INEOS, ultimately leading to significant changes within the entire European PVC industry. The INEOS case examines whether positioning sustainability as a business opportunity, rather than a threat, can potentially yield substantial business results while also addressing environmental impacts.

Published
2018
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28. GSK: Profits, Patents and Patients: Access to Medicines

Author

N. Craig Smith and Dawn Jarisch

Subjects
Finance, Restructuring, business.industry, TRIPS Agreement, Malpractice, Health care, Business, China, Shareholder value, Pharmaceutical industry, Economies of scale
Abstract

On April 22nd 2014, after a difficult year in which GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) had been accused of bribery in China and fined $3 billion by American regulators for marketing malpractice in the US, the pharmaceutical company announced a complex three-part restructuring deal with Swiss giant Novartis. The deal, one of a slew of multibillion-dollar deals in the global pharmaceutical industry, would allow GSK to focus on four key business areas – HIV, vaccines, respiratory conditions and consumer healthcare. It was seen as a win-win deal, offering both companies economies of scale that were increasingly vital for ‘big pharma’. Analysts believed it would ‘unlock significant shareholder value’, not least because it would allow GSK to return £4 billion to investors through a B share scheme.

Published
2018
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29. IBM and Sustainability: Creating a Smarter Planet

Author

N. Craig Smith and Gilbert G. Lenssen

Subjects
Process management, business.industry, Sustainability, Health care, Change management, Evolutionary learning, Business, IBM, Business model, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, Business environment
Abstract

The IBM story has been one of rise, fall and subsequent recovery through self re-invention. It is a case of evolutionary learning in a constantly shifting business environment. It has embarked on, and succeeded in, major strategic transformations. Today it’s looking to provide other organisations with the capabilities to do the same, equipping them with smarter technology and systems to create change for the firm and its customers. The Smarter Planet initiative is specifically designed to help customers like local authorities, energy companies, utilities, health care and other companies manage their operations in a more sustainable way by reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing positive impacts on efficiency and throughput. “Creating a Smarter Planet” is itself a smart and successful business model which contributes to the sustainable profitable development of IBM and its customers and clients. As such it is exemplary business model transformation with all the risks and huge change management challenges that go with such a transformation.

Published
2018
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30. Ziqitza Health Care Limited: Responding to Corruption

Author

Robert J. Crawford and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Service (business), Officer, Government, Payroll, Corruption, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Law, Health care, Business, media_common, Ethical code, Reputation
Abstract

After a monthly staff meeting, a young employee approached Sweta Mangal, CEO of Ziqitza Health Care Limited (ZHL). Sanjay Rafati had been hired as a financial officer the previous month, in November 2011. In view of the company’s strict ethical code, he was nervous about expressing his point of view, which was why he wanted to see Ms. Mangal in private: The situation in one of the states where ZHL operates is getting critical. Unless the government pays what it owes us immediately, we will not be able to make payroll. We won’t be able to service our new ambulances, which will open us up to more accusations of negligence. Lives may be lost. This will devastate our morale and ruin our reputation. That bureaucrat will never stop.

Published
2018
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31. Uber and the Ethics of Sharing: Exploring the Societal Promises and Responsibilities of the Sharing Economy

Author

Erin McCormick and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Goods and services, Sharing economy, business.industry, Sustainability, The Internet, Marketing, Business model, business, Raising (linguistics)
Abstract

This case explores the changes wrought on society via the “sharing economy” by examining the innovations and controversies surrounding Uber. It provides a unique overview of the challenges posed by new business models, like Uber’s, which use the internet to link individual providers of goods and services to customers. Raising significant economic, social and environmental sustainability issues, it asks: what are the responsibilities of “sharing economy” companies like Uber? Are they merely “technological platforms” facilitating transactions for private, individual business people, or are they real-world companies, with the same responsibilities as transportation companies, hotels and employment agencies?

Published
2018
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32. A Review of Marketing Ethics: An International Perspective

Author

Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
A Review of Marketing Ethics: An International Perspective (Book) -- Book reviews, Books -- Book reviews, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Business, international
Published
1999

33. Ethics and target marketing: the role of product harm and consumer vulnerability

Author

Smith, N. Craig and Cooper-Martin, Elizabeth

Subjects
Target marketing -- Ethical aspects, Market segmentation -- Ethical aspects, Business ethics -- Research, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business
Abstract

Target marketing might be the epitome of the marketing concept. However, in certain instances it has been criticized as unethical. The authors identify explanations for the ethical concern and controversy that can arise over targeting. An empirical study confirms public disquiet over consumer vulnerability and product harmfulness, identifies which targeting strategies are evaluated as less ethical, and highlights the likelihood of consumer boycotts and other disapproving behaviors. Evidence of ethical concern arises when both 'sin' and 'non-sin' products are involved, and it increases for consumers perceived to be more vulnerable. The authors discuss implications for marketing managers, researchers, and public policy.

Published
1997

36. Effect of Preoperative Counseling on Hospital Length of Stay and Readmissions after Total Laryngectomy

Author

Jennifer N. Craig, Sarah L. Rohde, and Jared A. Shenson

Subjects
Adult, Counseling, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Preoperative counseling, Salvage therapy, Length of hospitalization, Laryngectomy, Patient Readmission, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health care, Preoperative Care, medicine, Humans, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Head and neck cancer, Emergency department, Length of Stay, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, United States, Surgery, Hospitalization, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Neoplasms, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Emergency medicine, Female, business, Inpatient rehabilitation
Abstract

Objective Total laryngectomy (TL) is a high-cost procedure with patients at risk for significant postoperative health care use. Face-to-face preoperative counseling provided by speech-language pathologists is a relatively inexpensive intervention that may improve care quality and decrease costs. We evaluated if preoperative counseling for patients undergoing TL was associated with differences in length of stay (LOS), use of the emergency department (ED), or unplanned readmissions within 30 days of discharge. A secondary analysis identified predictors of these 3 outcomes. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Academic medical center in the United States. Subjects and Methods Patients were included if they underwent TL from 2011 to 2015. Patient demographics and comorbidities, surgical characteristics, and perioperative care data were retrieved and analyzed for 116 patients. Univariate and multivariate models were constructed for 3 outcomes. Results LOS was significantly lower for patients receiving counseling (-3.0 days, P = .02). No differences were observed in rates of 30-day ED visits or unplanned readmissions. Care provided by high-volume surgeons was associated with decreased LOS ( P = .005), while having postoperative complications increased LOS ( P < .001). High rates of ED visits (12.1%) and readmissions (20.6%) were observed. Discharge to inpatient rehabilitation and the patient's home distance from the institution were predictors of ED visits. TL as salvage therapy and occurrence of postoperative complications were risk factors for readmission. Conclusion Preoperative counseling was associated with marked reduction in LOS following TL without increased readmissions, which suggests that it may promote safe, earlier patient readiness for discharge.

Published
2016

37. Bounded goodness: marketing implications of Drucker on corporate responsibility

Author

Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Corporate social responsibility -- Research, Business consultants -- Works, Business consultants -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Marketing research, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business
Abstract

A study was conducted to examine the implications of Peter Drucker's corporate social responsibility (CSR) 'principles' for marketing practice, given trends in marketing research and practice. The study also considers Drucker's views on the limits of social responsibility, referred to as 'bounded goodness.'

Published
2009

38. Plasmon Enhanced Raman from Ag Nanopatterns Made Using Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate and Periodically Proton Exchanged Template Methods

Author

James H. Rice, Signe Damm, N. Craig Carville, Katia Gallo, Michele Manzo, and Brian J. Rodriguez

Subjects
Ferroelectric lithography, Materials science, Proton, SERS, business.industry, Lithium niobate, Signal, Ferroelectricity, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Periodically proton exchanged, chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, General Energy, Optics, chemistry, symbols, Optoelectronics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, business, Raman spectroscopy, Lithography, Plasmon, Raman scattering, Periodically poled lithium niobate
Abstract

We study Ag nanopattern arrays formed using ferroelectric lithography based on two separate approaches, i.e., periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and periodically proton exchanged (PPE) template methods. We demonstrate that such nanoarrays are plasmon active. Raman spectroscopy was applied to study molecular probe 4-aminothiophenol (4-ABT) absorbed onto a silver nanostructured array. The observed Raman spectra show peaks arising from b2 modes, which occur for plasmon enhanced Raman from 4-ABT in place of a1 modes, which occur in normal Raman scattering. We demonstrate that the PPLN and PPE substrates possess different plasmonic properties with PPE creating a stronger SERS signal relative to PPLN substrates. Author has checked copyright 7/8/2013 SB.

Published
2012
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39. PROTOCOL: Corporate Crime Deterrence

Author

Sally S. Simpson, N. Craig Smith, Natalie Schell-Busey, William S. Laufer, and Melissa Rorie

Subjects
lcsh:Social Sciences, lcsh:H, Protocol (science), Deterrence (psychology), General Social Sciences, Corporate crime, Business, Criminology
Published
2012
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40. Socially responsible distribution: strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid

Author

Vachani, Sushil and Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Distribution of goods -- Social aspects, Rural poor -- Economic aspects, Social responsibility -- Planning, Social responsibility -- Economic aspects, Social responsibility -- Methods, Company business planning, Business, Business, general
Abstract

Strategies for achieving socially responsible distribution that reduce costs, devise new distribution channels, or incorporate a long-term approach to investment are identified. Socially responsible distribution allows poor producers and consumers to benefit from the economic activity generated by a physical link to markets.

Published
2008

41. Marketing’s Consequences: Stakeholder Marketing and Supply Chain Corporate Social Responsibility Issues

Author

Guido Palazzo, C. B. Bhattacharya, and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Business-to-government, Return on marketing investment, business.industry, Public relations, General Business, Management and Accounting, Marketing mix, Marketing strategy, Philosophy, Marketing ethics, Marketing management, Marketing, business, Marketing research, Relationship marketing
Abstract

While considerable attention has been given to the harm donetoconsumers by marketing, less attention has been given to the harm donebyconsumers as an indirect effect of marketing activities, particularly in regard to supply chains. The recent development of dramatically expanded global supply chains has resulted in social and environmental problems upstream that are attributable at least in part to downstream marketers and consumers. Marketers have responded mainly by using corporate social responsibility (CSR)communicationto counter the critique of CSRpractice, but these claims of ethical corporate behavior often lack credibility and can result in a backlash against brands. The article argues that more adequate attention to the harmful upstream effects of downstream marketing and consumption decisions requires greater attention to stakeholder marketing and marketer efforts to help create responsible consumers. It concludes by identifying implications for further research in this important emergent area of marketing ethics.

Published
2010
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42. Reduction in myocardial infarct size at 48 hours after brief intravenous infusion of ATL-146e, a highly selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist

Author

Denis J. Meerdink, David K. Glover, N. Craig Goodman, Joel Linden, George A. Beller, Rajan A. G. Patel, Alexis Broisat, Mirta Ruiz, Hasan K. Kabul, and Christopher M. Kramer

Subjects
Male, Agonist, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids, Neutrophils, Physiology, medicine.drug_class, Myocardial Infarction, Adenosine A2A receptor, Blood Pressure, Myocardial Reperfusion, Pharmacology, Coronary circulation, Dogs, Coronary Circulation, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Myocardial infarction, Infusions, Intravenous, Metoprolol, business.industry, Troponin I, Articles, medicine.disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Myocarditis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Purines, Ventricular Fibrillation, Circulatory system, Ventricular fibrillation, Cardiology, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Reperfusion injury, medicine.drug
Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine whether the myocardial infarct-sparing effect of ATL-146e, a selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist, persists without a rebound effect for at least 48 h and to determine the optimal duration of ATL-146e treatment in anesthetized dogs. Reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with inflammation lasting 24–48 h that contributes to ongoing myocyte injury. We previously showed that an ATL-146e infusion, starting just before reperfusion, decreased inflammation and infarct size in dogs examined 2 h after MI without increasing coronary blood flow. In the present study, adult dogs underwent 90 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Thirty minutes before reperfusion, ATL-146e (0.01 μg·kg−1·min−1; n = 21) or vehicle ( n = 12) was intravenously infused and continued for 2.5 h ( protocol 1) or 24 h ( protocol 2). At 48 h after reperfusion hearts were excised and assessed for histological risk area and infarct size. Infarct size based on triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining as a percentage of risk area was significantly smaller in ATL-146e-treated vs. control dogs (16.7 ± 3.7% vs. 33.3 ± 6.2%, P < 0.05; protocol 1). ATL-146e reduced neutrophil accumulation into infarcted myocardium of ATL-146e-treated vs. control dogs (30 ± 7 vs. 88 ± 16 cells/high-power field, P < 0.002). ATL-146e infusion for 24 h ( protocol 2) conferred no significant additional infarct size reduction compared with 2.5 h of infusion. A 2.5-h ATL-146e infusion initiated 30 min before reperfusion results in marked, persistent (48 h) reduction in infarct size as a percentage of risk area in dogs with a reduction in infarct zone neutrophil infiltration. No significant further benefit was seen with a 24-h infusion.

Published
2009
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43. Commercializing Social Interaction: The Ethics of Stealth Marketing

Author

Kelly D. Martin and N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Persuasion, media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Intrusion, Marketing management, Business and International Management, Marketing, Marketing research, media_common, Skepticism, Business-to-government, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, Digital marketing, business.industry, Public relations, Deception, Marketing mix, Influencer marketing, Social relation, Public Sector Marketing, Covert, Business marketing, Social relationship, Business
Abstract

Firms striving to reach consumers through today's swell of marketing clutter frequently are employing novel marketing practices. Although many nontraditional marketing messages are effective through clever, entertaining, and, ultimately, benign means, others rely on deception to reach consumers. In particular, one form of covert marketing, known as stealth marketing, uses surreptitious practices that fail to disclose or reveal the true relationship with the company producing or sponsoring the marketing message. In addition to deception, stealth marketing can involve intrusion and exploitation of social relationships as means of achieving effectiveness. In this article, the authors consider the ethical implications using three stealth marketing case studies. They cast the discussion in the context of consumer defense mechanisms by employing literature on skepticism and persuasion knowledge to help explain the effectiveness of these practices. The authors identify the ethical problems inherent to stealth marketing and conclude their analysis with recommendations for marketers and public policy makers.

Published
2008
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44. Socially Responsible Distribution: Distribution Strategies for Reaching the Bottom of the Pyramid

Author

N. Craig Smith and Sushil Vachani

Subjects
Public economics, Bottom of the pyramid, business.industry, Strategy and Management, Market access, Distribution (economics), Investment (macroeconomics), Bargaining power, Goods and services, Information asymmetry, Multinational corporation, Economics, Business, Marketing, Social responsibility, Industrial organization
Abstract

While management scholars and development economists have provided a compelling case for greater attention to the bottom of the pyramid, few contributions have examined specific strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid. The majority comprising the bottom of the pyramid resides in hundreds of thousands of villages located beyond most multinationals' distribution networks. Its access to essential goods is limited not just by high prices, but also by inadequate rural distribution, which also restricts the poor in distributing its produce. We use the term socially responsible distribution to describe initiatives that provide poor producers and consumers with market access for goods and services that they can benefit from buying or selling, by helping neutralize the disadvantages they suffer from inadequate physical links to markets, information asymmetries, and weak bargaining power. This paper examines three socially responsible distribution case studies of multinational company, government and NGO initiatives. It identifies how socially responsible distribution can be achieved by strategies that take cost out, reinvent the distribution channel or take a long-term perspective that invests for the future. It summarizes procedures and precautions for setting up distribution into the rural bottom of the pyramid, and the payoffs from socially responsible distribution strategies.

Published
2008
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45. Shareholder Primacy as an Impediment to Corporate Social Responsibility

Author

N. Craig Smith and David Rönnegard

Subjects
Shareholder, Shareholder resolution, business.industry, Shareholder primacy, Corporate governance, Corporate social responsibility, Accounting, Norm (social), Business ethics, business, Stakeholder theory, Law and economics
Abstract

This paper examines the Shareholder Primacy Norm (SPN) in light of its widely acknowledged role as an impediment to corporate social responsibility. We start by explaining the SPN and then look at its status under US and UK law and show that it is no longer likely to be legally enforceable. This is in contrast to the assertion that managers are legally constrained from addressing CSR issues if doing so would be inconsistent with the interests of shareholders. Nonetheless, while the SPN might be muted as a legal norm, we argue that it is very much evident as a social norm among managers perpetuated by shareholders’ sole voting rights for the board of directors. We conclude with descriptive research propositions regarding the efficacy and justification of the SPN among managers as well as its implication for prescriptive research directions of both a normative and instrumental nature. By shining light on the hindrance to CSR resulting from the SPN as a social norm, the paper contributes to the “basic debate” in business ethics, regarding whether managers should focus on shareholder interests or the interests of a wider constituency of stakeholders.

Published
2016
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46. Socially responsible pricing: lessons from the pricing of AIDS drugs in developing countries

Author

Vachani, Sushil and Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Prescription pricing -- Social aspects, AIDS vaccines -- Prices and rates, Developing countries -- Economic aspects, Developing countries -- Health policy, Company pricing policy, Business, Business, general
Abstract

Socially responsible pricing implies different prices for different markets. The criteria for such pricing are affordability and well-being of the society. An examination of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome drugs pricing in developing nations indicates that prohibitive prices reduced contribution earnings.

Published
2004

47. Out of Left Field

Author

N. Craig Smith

Subjects
Field (Bourdieu), Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Business, Marketing, Management
Abstract

Major marketing failures grab a lot of attention. But why such failures occur is often over looked. N. Craig Smith tells how society often creates marketing nightmares.

Published
2007
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48. Health Status following Major Trauma in the West of Scotland: Pilot Descriptive Study

Author

Colin A. Graham, Mwg Gordon, and N Craig

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, 0302 clinical medicine, business.industry, Family medicine, Major trauma, Emergency Medicine, medicine, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Descriptive research, medicine.disease, business
Abstract

Background Data on the long-term outcome of major trauma survivors in the United Kingdom (UK) is lacking. This pilot study aimed to investigate the health status of survivors of major trauma without significant head injury in the West of Scotland, and to compare the Short-Form 12 (SF12) questionnaire administered by telephone (TSF12) to the longer Short-Form 36 (SF36) questionnaire. Methods This was a descriptive, comparative, pilot clinical study. Eligible patients had an injury severity score (ISS) >15, sustained their injuries >2 years ago, abbreviated injury score (AIS) Results From 141 eligible patients (85% male, median age 35 years, median ISS 19 and median Ps 0.981), 13 patients completed the study. Despite small numbers, mean SF36 scores were significantly lower in four dimensions compared to UK means. SF36 summary scores were non-significantly below US and UK means. The TSF12 physical summary score was significantly below US and UK means. Correlations between the SF36 and TSF12, and SF12 intra-class correlations were high. One-way ANOVA showed significantly lower mental summary scores for patients with spinal injuries. Conclusions This small study suggests that non-head injured survivors of major trauma have lower health status than the UK average. The TSF12 appears to be a practical alternative to the conventional SF36 and warrants larger scale evaluation.

Published
2007
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49. Corporate social responsibility: whether or how?

Author

Smith, N. Craig

Subjects
Pharmaceutical industry -- Marketing, Pharmaceutical industry -- Public relations, Pharmaceutical industry -- Ethical aspects, Corporate social responsibility -- Comparative analysis, Corporate social responsibility -- Methods, Developing countries -- Health aspects, Developing countries -- International trade, Company public relations, Company marketing practices, Business, Business, general
Abstract

An overview is presented on the origin, history, and development of the concept of corporate social responsibility, and uses as an example the ability of developing countries to obtain access to needed medicines. Topics include reputational risk in consumer, equity, and labor markets, shareholders' interest, and implementation strategy.

Published
2003

50. Cyclic Variation in Ultrasonic Myocardial Integrated Backscatter Is Due to Phasic Changes in the Number of Patent Myocardial Microvessels

Author

Sanjiv Kaul, Marco Pascotto, Ananda R. Jayaweera, N. Craig Goodman, Antonio Micari, and Jiri Sklenar

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Adenosine, Diastole, Contrast Media, Blood volume, Dogs, Coronary Circulation, Internal medicine, Animals, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Systole, Integrated backscatter, Fluorocarbons, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Cardiac cycle, business.industry, Microcirculation, Coronary Stenosis, Models, Cardiovascular, medicine.disease, Myocardial Contraction, Elasticity, Myocardial contrast echocardiography, Stenosis, Echocardiography, Cardiology, Cardiac contraction, Cyclic variation, Myocardial blood volume, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that the cyclic variation in ultrasonic myocardial integrated backscatter (IBS) is due to cardiac contraction-induced changes in the number of patent myocardial microvessels. METHODS We performed experiments in open-chest dogs in which we increased the number of patent myocardial microvessels without changing cardiac contraction. We achieved this either by direct intracoronary administration of adenosine (group 1; n = 10) or by producing a noncritical coronary stenosis (group 2; n = 7). RESULTS At baseline, IBS was lowest in systole and highest in diastole. This cyclic variation in IBS was closely associated with the phasic changes in myocardial blood volume that were measured with myocardial contrast echocardiography. During adenosine administration, the diastolic IBS increased from -18.8 +/- 6.5 to -17.5 +/- 6.1 dB (P = .002), with an associated increase in the difference between the systolic and diastolic IBS from 3.8 +/- 1.1 to 4.6 +/- 1.0 dB (P = .009). After a noncritical stenosis was produced, diastolic IBS also increased from -26.6 +/- 8.3 to -25.2 +/- 7.3 dB (P = .001), with an associated increase in the difference between the systolic and diastolic IBS from 3.7 +/- 1.2 to 5.0 +/- 1.0 dB (P = .02). No change in IBS was noted in the bed that did not receive adenosine or the bed that had a stenosis. CONCLUSIONS The variation in IBS during the cardiac cycle is closely associated with the phasic changes in myocardial blood volume seen during cardiac contraction. When the number of patent myocardial arterioles is increased via adenosine or placement of a noncritical stenosis, diastolic IBS increases with a concomitant increase in IBS cyclic variation. These results may have important clinical applications for the noninvasive diagnosis of noncritical coronary stenosis at rest.

Published
2006
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