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Thirteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: one treated with ethanol and the other of untreated. Four newborns from each mother were selected and weighed, measured, and evaluated for physical characteristics. From these neonates, chondrocytes were extracted from the articular cartilages of the femur and tibia, and cultivated in a chondrogenic medium at 37oC and 5% CO2. At 7, 14, and 21 days of cultivation, alkaline phosphatase activity tests, MTT conversion to formazan, and percentage area covered by cells per field were performed. At 21 days, the percentage of PAS+ areas in 3D cultures was performed, as well as the evaluation of gene transcript expression for aggrecan, SOX-9, collagen type II, collagen X, Runx-2, and VEGF by real-time RT-PCR. The means were compared by Student’s t-test. The weight of the ethanol group neonates was significantly lower than that of the controls. Chondrocyte cultures from the ethanol group showed significantly higher AP activity, MTT conversion, and cell percentage. There was higher expression of collagen type II and lower expression of SOX-9 in the ethanol group. There was no difference in the percentage of PAS+ areas in pellets and in expression of aggrecan, collagen X, Runx-2, or VEGF between groups. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to ethanol alters the phenotype and activity of offspring chondrocytes, which may be mechanisms by which endochondral bone formation is compromised by maternal ethanol consumption.

Summary Histopathological changes in tooth structures in dogs with calculus have not been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of various histopathological changes in the dentine of teeth that had been surgically extracted from dogs with calculus. Data including breed, sex, age, reason for tooth extraction and dental history were obtained for each animal. A total of 158 teeth (45 incisors, 31 canines, 35 premolars and 47 molars) with calculus were extracted from 74 dogs of various ages and breeds. The teeth were decalcified, processed in paraffin wax and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological analysis. Of the 158 analysed teeth, 71 had dentinal changes, including 45 with external resorption cavities, 11 with osteodentine, six with internal resorption cavities, four with tertiary dentine, four with dentinal degeneration or fragmentation, and one with predentine degeneration or fragmentation. Canine teeth were the least commonly affected. Areas of dentinal degeneration or fragmentation unrelated to resorption cavities were only seen in the incisor and molar teeth. Dentinal changes and their frequencies were similar among the incisor, premolar and molar teeth. The presence or extension of dental calculus was not associated with the type or frequency of dentinal changes.

In forensic toxicology, the detection of toxic chemicals from human bone marrow is often used in cases with an extended post mortem interval; however, in veterinary medicine, this practice is not used. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the suitability of bone marrow for toxicological analysis in dogs and cats. Six animals with suspected poisoning were selected; the carcasses were sent for necropsy, and the organs were collected and preserved in buffered formalin and processed routinely for histological examination. In addition, bone marrow samples from the femur, humerus, and tibia were collected for toxicological analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS). This analysis confirmed the presence of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, asulam, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, thifensulfuron methyl and trifloxysulfuron-sodium and associated with clinical symptoms and anatomo-histopathological alterations it was recognized the poisonings. It is expected that this study will promote the toxicological investigation of bone marrow and open avenues for the use of this tissue as an option for the detection of toxic chemicals in cases of forensic pathology. RESUMO: Na toxicologia forense, a detecção de substâncias químicas tóxicas provenientes da medula óssea humana é frequentemente usada em casos com intervalo post mortem prolongado; no entanto, na medicina veterinária, essa prática não é utilizada. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para investigar a utilização da medula óssea nas análises toxicológicas em cães e gatos. Seis animais com suspeita de intoxicação foram selecionados; as carcaças foram enviadas para necropsia e os órgãos foram coletados e preservados em formalina tamponada e processados rotineiramente para exame histológico. Amostras de medula óssea de fêmur, úmero e tíbia foram coletadas para análise toxicológica por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa-massa (LC-MS). A análise por LC-MS confirmou a presença dos agrotóxicos aldicarbe, aldicarbe sulfona, asulam, carbendazim, clorpirifós, diclorvós, tifensulfuron metil e trifloxisulfuron-sódico, e em associação com sinais clínicos e achados anatomo-histopatológicos comprovou-se as intoxicações. Espera-se que este estudo promova a utilização da medula óssea como uma opção na investigação toxicológica para a detecção de produtos químicos tóxicos em casos de patologia forense.

Triple-negative tumors are characterized immunohistochemically by the absence of positivity to sex hormone receptors and to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Additionally, they are differentiated into basal-like and non-basal (or null) subtypes, based on the presence of basal cytokeratin expression (CK5/6, 14, and17). Triple-negative subtypes are yet to be characterized in male dogs, to our knowledge. We report herein the clinical and pathologic findings and molecular characterization of carcinoma in the mammary glands of 2 male dogs. Case 1 was diagnosed as a grade II tubulopapillary carcinoma; case 2 was diagnosed as a grade II carcinoma in a mixed tumor. The tumors were characterized phenotypically as triple-negative basal and triple-negative non-basal, respectively.

Caffeine is an alkaloid that is widely consumed due to its presence in drugs, coffee, tea, and chocolate. This compound passes to offspring through the placenta and milk; can cause teratogenic mutations; and reduces the formation, growth, and mass of bone. Because mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are responsible for generating the entire skeleton, we hypothesized that these cells are targets of caffeine. This study evaluated the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs derived from the offspring of rats treated with caffeine during pregnancy and lactation. Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, including one control group and three experimental groups treated with 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of caffeine. At weaning, three 21-day-old pups from each dam in each group were euthanized for extraction of bone marrow cells for in vitro tests. Caffeine doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the activity of alkaline phosphatase at 7, 14, and 21 days and the expression of collagen I at 21 days. However, the expression of gene transcripts for alkaline phosphatase, Runx-2, and bone sialoprotein, as well as the synthesis of mineralization nodules, decreased significantly in all groups treated with caffeine. The expression of osteocalcin was significantly reduced only in the group treated with 50 mg/kg caffeine. The caffeine that passes from the mother to the offspring during pregnancy and lactation reduces the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. We propose that this reduction in the osteogenic potential of MSCs may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteopenia resulting from caffeine consumption.

EnglishThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the treatment of myonecrosis induced by Bothrops alternatus venom in rats. Seventy-five male adult Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups. G1 and G2 were injected in the gastrocnemius muscle with 120μg of B. alternatus venom, while G3 received 200μL of PBS only. Three days after the venom injection, 12 rats from G1 were treated with 5.0 x 106 MSC in PBS, whereas G2 and G3 rats received PBS. Every three days, blood and muscle samples of five animals from each group were taken for serum biochemical and pathological analyses. Histological examinations showed more intense muscle lesions following MSC treatment, characterized by disorganization and loss of muscle fibers, with focal necrosis and inflammatory infiltration by mononuclear cells. In conclusion, the use of MSC for the treatment of local damage caused by inoculation of B. alternatus venom impaired muscle regeneration and interfered in the healing process. Key words: Viperidae envenomation; stem cells; rats; myonecrosis; muscular repair portuguesO objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a utilizacao das celulas tronco mesenquimais (MSC) no tratamento da mionecrose induzida pelo veneno de Bothrops alternatus em ratos. 75 ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuidos em tres grupos experimentais. G1 e G2 receberam 120μg de veneno de B. alternatus, enquanto o G3 recebeu apenas 200μL de PBS. Tres dias apos a administracao do veneno, os ratos do grupo G1 foram tratados com 5.0 x 106 MSC, enquanto G2 e G3 receberam exclusivamente PBS. A cada tres dias, amostras de sangue e tecido muscular foram coletadas de cinco animais de cada grupo para avaliacao bioquimica serica e patologica, respectivamente. A analise histologica revelou lesao muscular mais intensa apos a aplicacao das MSC, caracterizada pela desorganizacao e perdas das fibras musculares, com necrose focal e infiltrado inflamatorio mononuclear. E possivel concluir que a utilizacao das MSC para o tratamento da lesao local causada pela inoculacao do veneno B. alternatus deteriorou a regeneracao muscular e interferiu com o processo de cicatrizacao. Palavras-chave: envenenamento por cobra; celulas tronco; ratos; mionecrose; reparacao muscular

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Clinical studies suggest that obesity ‘protects’ against osteoporosis. However, these studies used only bone densitometry and assessed only one bone site, which is insufficient to enable conclusions to be drawn about the response of the whole skeleton. Furthermore, the effects of exercise on bone responses in obesity have not been explored previously. What is the main finding and what is its importance? We show that obesity causes osteopetrosis. Therefore, the classical perspective of ‘protective effects of obesity’ needs to be reviewed, and exercise is an important tool to avoid these alterations and to maintain the homeostasis of bone. A sedentary lifestyle and obesity induce systemic inflammatory responses. Although the effects of physical inactivity on osseous tissue have been well established, the effects of obesity on bone tissue remain controversial. Furthermore, the effects of physical training on bone tissue responses in the presence of diet-induced obesity are unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effects of obesity and physical training at multiple bone sites in rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: (i) control diet, non-trained (C-NT); (ii) high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet, non-trained (HC-NT); (iii) control diet, trained (C-T); and (iv) high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet, trained (HC-T). At 5 months of age, the rats were submitted to daily exercise for 30 min day−1. After 13 weeks, blood samples, adipose and skeletal tissues were harvested. Two-way ANOVA was applied to detect differences (significance accepted when P ≤ 0.05). The HC-NT group exhibited increased body mass, adiposity, serum leptin, serum insulin, insulin resistance index and concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Obese rats (HC-NT) exhibited thickening of nasal bones, trabecular bones in the lumbar vertebrae and long bones in a site-dependent manner. The HC-T group exhibited similar adiposity and inflammatory results. Morphological analysis of the lumbar vertebrae in rats fed the HC diet revealed characteristics of osteopetrosis that were inhibited by exercise. In conclusion, the HC diet induced obesity and inflammatory/hormonal alterations and increased the trabecular bone in a site-dependent manner. However, obesity caused osteopetrosis in the lumbar vertebrae, which could be inhibited by physical training. Although exercise inhibited the development of bone alterations, physical training did not inhibit the HC diet-induced obesity responses.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the gene and immunohistochemical expression of inflammatory mediators involved in the immune activity and the intrauterine trophoblast migration of the placentas in hypothyroid and L-thyroxine (L-T4)-treated rats. A total of 144 adult female rats were divided equally into hypothyroid,l-T4-treated, and euthyroid (control) groups. Hypothyroidism was induced by daily administration of propylthiouracil. Rats were killed at 0, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 days of gestation. We evaluated the depth of interstitial and endovascular intrauterine trophoblast invasion and the immunohistochemical expression of interferon γ (INFy), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 (iNOS)). The gene expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) andTlr4,Infy,Mif, tumor necrosis factor (Tnf(Tnfα)),Il10,Nos2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) andMmp9, and placental leptin was also measured in placental disks by real-time RT-PCR. The data were analyzed using an Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Hypothyroidism reduced the endovascular and interstitial trophoblast migration, and the expression of TLR4, INFy, MIF, interleukin 10 (IL10), NOS2, MMP2 and MMP9, and placental leptin, while increased the expression of TLR2 (P4-treated rats not only increased the expression of IL10 and NOS2 but also reduced the expression of TNF and MIF at 10 days of gestation (P4-treated group (P4also increased the gene expression ofMmp2at 10 days of gestation (PP4differentially affect the immune profile and the intrauterine trophoblast migration of the placenta, and these effects are dependent on the gestational period.

Objective The aim of this study was to unravel the mechanisms by which thyroxine affects skeletal growth by evaluating proliferative activity and angiogenic profile of growth cartilage of neonatal and weanling rats. Methods Sixteen adult Wistar rats were equally divided into 2 groups: control and treated with thyroxine during pregnancy and lactation. The weight, measurement of plasma free T4 and thyroids, femurs' histomorphometric analysis, and proliferative activity and angiogenic profile by immunohistochemical or real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in growth cartilage was performed. Data were analyzed using Student's t test. Results The free T4 was significantly higher in the treated rats. However, the height of the follicular epithelium of the thyroid in newborns was significantly lower in the treated group. The excess maternal thyroxine significantly reduced the body weight and length of the femur in the offspring but significantly increased the thickness of trabecular bone and changed the height of the zones of the growth plate. Furthermore, excess maternal thyroxine reduced cell proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the growth cartilage of newborn and 20-day-old rats ( P < 0.05). There was also a reduction in the immunohistochemical expression of Tie2 in the cartilaginous epiphysis of the newborns and FLK-1 in the articular cartilage of 20-day-old rats. No significant difference was observed in Ang2 expression. Conclusions The excess maternal thyroxine during pregnancy and lactation reduced endochondral bone growth in the progeny and reduced the proliferation rate and VEGF, Flk-1, and Tie2 expression in the cartilage of growing rats without altering the mRNA expression of Ang1 and Ang2.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a triiodotironina (T3) aumenta a diferenciação osteogênica das células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) de ratas adultas ovariectomizadas e com osteoporose e compará-lo ao de ratas adultas e jovens sem osteoporose. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: CTM-TA foram cultivadas em meio osteogênico e distribuídas em sete grupos: 1) CTM-TA de ratas jovens sem osteoporose; 2) CTM-TA de ratas adultas sem osteoporose; 3) CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose e 4, 5, 6 e 7) CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose tratadas com T3 (0,01 nM, 1 nM, 100 nM e 1.000 nM). AVALIARAM-SE: atividade da fosfatase alcalina, conversão do dimetiltiazol (MTT), porcentagem de nódulos de mineralização, celularidade e quantificação de transcriptos gênicos para colágeno I, osteocalcina, osteopontina e Bmp-2. RESULTADOS: Independente da dose, T3 reduziu a conversão do MTT, a atividade da fosfatase, a porcentagem de células e a expressão de colágeno I em pelo menos uma das doses e dos períodos estudados (p < 0,05). Mas o tratamento com T3 não alterou o número de nódulos de mineralização e a expressão de osteopontina e Bmp-2 em culturas de CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: T3 apresenta efeitos negativos sobre alguns fatores envolvidos na diferenciação osteogênica de CTM-TA, sem, no entanto, reduzir a formação de nódulos de mineralização e a expressão de proteínas ósseas. OBJECTIVE: To examine if triiodothyronine (T3) increases osteogenic differentiation adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) from ovariectomized adult rats with osteoporosis compared with young rats and adult rats without osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ASCs were cultured in osteogenic medium and distributed into seven groups: 1) ASCs of young rats without osteoporosis; 2) ASCs of adult rats without osteoporosis; 3) ASCs of adult rats with osteoporosis and 4, 5, 6 and 7) ASCs of adult rats with osteoporosis treated with T3 (0.01 nM, 1 nM, 100 nM and 1,000 nM). We analyzed alkaline phosphatase activity, dimethylthiazol (MTT) conversion, percentage of mineralized nodules, cellularity and quantification of gene transcripts for collagen I, osteocalcin, osteopontin and Bmp-2. RESULTS: Regardless of the dose, T3 reduced the MTT conversion, alkaline phosphatase activity, percentage of cells and the expression of collagen I in at least one of the doses and periods studied (p < 0.05). But, the treatment with T3 does not modify the number of mineralized nodules and the expression of osteopontin and Bmp-2 in culture of ASCs from adult rats with osteoporosis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: T3 has a negative effect on some factors involved in osteogenic differentiation of ASCs from adult rats with osteoporosis, without; however, reduce the formation of mineralized nodules and the expression of bone proteins.

Objective: To evaluate, in rat offspring, bone changes induced by excess maternal thyroxin during pregnancy and lactation, and to assess the reversibility of these changes after weaning. Material and methods: Twenty Wistar rats were distributed in two groups, hyperthyroid and control, that were treated daily with L-thyroxin (50 mcg/animal) and placebo, respectively. The treatment was initiated seven days before mating and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. From every female of each of the two groups, two offspring were euthanized after birth, two at 21 days of age (weaning), and two at 42 days of age (21 days after weaning). In newborns, the length of pelvic and thoracic limbs were measured, and in the other animals, the length and width of the femur and humerus were measured. Bones were dissected, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, and analyzed histomorphometrically. Results: Excess maternal thyroxin significantly reduced the length of the pelvic limb in neonates. In 21-day-old individuals, excess maternal thyroxine reduced the length and the width of the femur and the humerus. It also increased thickness of the epiphyseal plate and the percentage of trabecular bone tissue. In 42-day-old individuals, there were no significant differences between groups in relation to the parameters evaluated in the previous periods. Conclusion: Excess maternal thyroxine reduced growth in suckling rats both at birth and at weaning, and it also increased the percentage of trabecular bone tissue in 21-day-old animals. These changes, however, were reversible at 42 days, i.e., 21 days after weaning. Objetivo: Avaliar, na prole de ratos, as alterações ósseas induzidas pelo excesso de tiroxina materna durante gravidez e lactação, e avaliar a reversibilidade dessas alterações após o desmame. Materiais e métodos: Vinte ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em dois grupos, hipertireoide e controle, que foram tratados diariamente com L-tiroxina (50 mcg/animal) e placebo, respectivamente. O tratamento foi iniciado sete dias antes do acasalamento e continuou durante toda a gravidez e lactação. De cada fêmea de cada um dos dois grupos, dois filhotes foram sacrificados após o nascimento, dois aos 21 dias de idade (desmame), e duas aos 42 dias de idade (21 dias após o desmame). Em recém-nascidos, o comprimento dos músculos pélvico e torácico membros foram medidos, e nos demais animais, o comprimento e a largura do fêmur e do úmero foram medidos. Os ossos foram dissecados, descalcificados, incluídos em parafina e analisados ​​histomorfometricamente. Resultados: O excesso de tiroxina materna reduziu significativamente o comprimento do membro pélvico em neonatos. Em indivíduos de 21 dias de idade, o excesso de tiroxina materna reduziu o comprimento e a largura do fêmur e do úmero. Também aumentou a espessura da placa epifisária e a porcentagem do tecido ósseo trabecular. Em indivíduos com 42 dias de idade, não houve diferenças significativas entre grupos em relação aos parâmetros avaliados nos períodos anteriores. Conclusão: Excesso materno A tiroxina reduziu o crescimento em ratas lactantes tanto ao nascimento quanto ao desmame, e também aumentou a porcentagem de tecido ósseo trabecular em animais com 21 dias de idade. Essas mudanças, no entanto, foram reversíveis em 42 dias, ou seja, 21 dias após o desmame.

The effect of intra-bone injection of differentiated rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) into the femur of osteoporotic female rats was studied. Osteoporosis was induced in Wistar female rats by bilateral ovariectomy. Then, 0.75 million BMMSCs isolated from healthy rats were injected into the femurs of osteoporotic rats. Histomorphometric analysis and histology clearly revealed improvements in the treated group as compared to untreated group. In 2 months, the femurs of treated rats, unlike untreated rats, showed trabecular bone percentage almost similar to the femurs from control healthy rats. To confirm the origin of newly formed bone, the experiment was repeated with BMMSCs isolated from green fluorescent protein transgenic rats. Confocal microscopy demonstrated green fluorescent protein-positive cells at the surface of trabecular bone of the treated rats. We investigated in vitro osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs isolated from osteoporotic rats by studying alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen synthesis, and the ability to form mineralized nodules. Osteoporotic BMMSCs showed less differentiation capabilities as compared to those isolated from healthy rats. The results clearly demonstrated the importance of BMMSCs in osteoporosis and that the disease can be treated by injection of BMMSCs.

Apoptosis, proliferation and histomorphometry of spleen were investigated in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized adult Wistar rats maintained in hypothyroidism induced by daily administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) during 120 days. Two groups ovariectomized euthyroid and non-ovariectomized euthyroid were used as controls. Plasma was collected for free T4 dosage and the spleen for histomorphometry analysis, apoptosis index and the immunohistochemistry expression of caspase 3 and CDC47. Values of free T4 were lower in rats treated with PTU (p

Anatomo-clinical and immunohistochemical findings on three dogs with peripheral nerve sheath tumors assisted at the veterinary hospital are described. Animals showed different clinical signs depending on the location of the tumor. According to microscopy, neoplasia in all the three case were invasive and comprised of pleomorphic, anaplastic with polygonal to very elongated fusiform shapes arranged in a diffuse solid pattern, forming interwoven bundles in some areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to better classify these tumors. The diagnosis of peripheral nerve sheath tumor was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical findings.

Background Caffeine is an active alkaloid that can cause damage to bones in formation during prenatal life into adulthood. This compound can pass across the placenta and into the mother’s milk, causing a reduction in bone formation, growth and mass. The objective of this study was to examine the osteogenic potential of osteoblasts extracted from neonatal rats born to mothers treated with caffeine throughout pregnancy. Methods Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of one control group and three groups that were treated with 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of caffeine by an oral-gastric probe throughout the duration of the experimental period (pregnancy). At birth, three puppies from each dam in each group were euthanized, and osteoblasts were extracted from the calvaria of these pups for in vitro testing. Results The osteoblasts extracted from the pups of rats that received 50 mg/kg caffeine during pregnancy exhibited increased expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, sialoprotein, runx-2, alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen transcripts, resulting in increased synthesis of mineralization nodules. Conclusions Neonates from rats treated with 50 mg/kg caffeine during pregnancy contained osteoblasts with a higher osteogenic potential characterized by increased expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, sialoprotein, runx-2, alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen and increased synthesis of mineralization nodules.

Foi estudada a relação tireóide-gônadas e sua influência sobre a morfologia óssea de ratas Wistar, com cinco meses de idade, castradas e induzidas ao hipertireoidismo ou mantidas em eutireoidismo por período de 30, 60 e 90 dias. Ratas não castradas foram mantidas nas mesmas condições e serviram como controle. Ao final de cada período, foram determinadas as concentrações plasmáticas de T4 livre, progesterona e estradiol. Os ossos de cada grupo foram submetidos às análises radiológica e histológica. O hipertireoidismo nas ratas não castradas levou à alteração da morfologia do osso, variável ao longo do período experimental, conduzindo, aos 60 dias, à perda de osso trabecular por aumento da reabsorção óssea. Aos 90 dias não houve perda óssea porque o aumento da reabsorção foi acompanhado por maior aposição óssea. Nas ratas eutireóideas castradas, a diminuição dos níveis de progesterona inibiu a aposição óssea, causando, aos 30 dias, pequena perda do osso trabecular das vértebras lombares e do osso alveolar, que se intensificou aos 60 e 90 dias, atingindo também o osso cortical. A administração de tiroxina nas ratas castradas reduziu a osteopenia decorrente da castração aos 60 dias, mas não aos 90 dias, quando a perda óssea foi mais extensa. Conclui-se que o hipoprogesteronismo e o hipoestrogenismo alteram o metabolismo ósseo e que a resposta do osso ao hipertireoidismo depende do perfil plasmático dos esteróides sexuais, do tempo de exposição e da configuração do tecido ósseo.

O efeito do hipotireoidismo sobre o metabolismo ósseo e as paratireóides na deficiência ou suficiência dos esteróides ovarianos foi estudado em 32 ratas Wistar, com 2 meses de idade, distribuídas em 4 grupos de 8: eutireóideo não castrado (ENC), eutireóideo castrado (EC), hipotireóideo não castrado (HNC) e hipotireóideo castrado (HC). Após 120 dias de tratamento, as ratas foram sacrificadas e o plasma colhido para dosagem de T4 livre. Foi evidenciada hipertrofia das paratireóides somente no grupo HNC. As ratas do grupo HNC apresentaram osteopenia de maior extensão e intensidade, decorrente do menor crescimento, da inibição da aposição e do aumento da reabsorção ósseas. Nas ratas EC, a osteopenia foi causada por menor aposição e aumento da reabsorção ósseas. Embora a osteopenia na associação hipotireoidismo-castração tenha sido quase sempre mais intensa em relação à das ratas EC, sua intensidade, quando comparada à osteopenia dos animais HNC, foi variável e dependente do sítio ósseo estudado. Apesar de causar necrose dos ossos de maior metabolismo, a associação hipotireoidismo-castração não potencializou a osteopenia decorrente da ação isolada do hipotireoidismo até os 120 dias de tratamento.

It has been described the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a multinodular neoplasm distributed in the parietal and visceral pleurae, pericardium, thoracic portion of the diaphragm and renal cortex of an eight year-old, female, mixed breed, cat. Based on the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings it was firmed the diagnosis of biphasic pleural mesotelioma with renal metastasis.

A relação tireóide-gônadas sobre o perfil hematológico foi investigada em ratas Wistar adultas castradas e não castradas mantidas em hipotireoidismo induzido pela administração diária de propiltiouracil por 120 dias. Dois grupos eutireóideos não castrado e castrado foram mantidos nas mesmas condições e serviram como controle. Foram colhidos o plasma para dosagem de T4 livre e o sangue para análise hematológica. Os valores de T4 livre significativamente menores nas ratas tratadas confirmaram seu estado hipotireóideo. O hipotireoidismo causou anemia apenas em ratas com gônadas funcionais, já que a castração reverteu os efeitos do déficit de tiroxina sobre o eritrograma. Tanto o hipotireoidismo quanto o hipogonadismo apresentaram pouco significado sobre o leucograma.

Apesar da dedicação incessante dos pesquisadores no estudo da osteoporose, muito ainda necessita ser elucidado. A deficiência dos esteróides sexuais, principalmente a de estrógeno, é considerada a principal causa de osteoporose, embora existam inúmeros outros fatores envolvidos. O hipertireoidismo, por exemplo, é considerado um dos fatores de risco para indução ou agravamento da osteoporose e tem despertado o interesse para o estudo dos efeitos de T3 e T4 sobre o metabolismo ósseo. Embora o hipotireoidismo e a afuncionalidade das gônadas seja uma associação freqüente na mulher, a hipofunção da tireóide não é considerada fator de risco para a osteoporose da menopausa. Assim, o estudo da inter-relação entre os distúrbios endócrinos, tão comuns na idade avançada, e a osteoporose é fundamental, pois deste conhecimento poderão advir meios de controle e tratamento adequados, bem como a definição da real natureza do distúrbio ósseo. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir alguns aspectos da osteoporose e sua inter-relação com os distúrbios endócrinos da tireóide e das gônadas.

A 10 year old female Boxer was taken dead to veterinary hospital for a necropsy without any clinical history, showing a growth on the dorsal part of the tongue. Based on the histopathological findings mesenchymal chondrosarcoma was diagnosed. This report describes the first case of chondrosarcoma on the base of the tongue in veterinary medicine.

Texto completo: acesso restrito. p.168–170 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-08-27T13:21:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1-s2.0-S0737080606000815-main.pdf: 963399 bytes, checksum: 047b7869231c9ae7d603e3b53e7c723c (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-09-03T18:22:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1-s2.0-S0737080606000815-main.pdf: 963399 bytes, checksum: 047b7869231c9ae7d603e3b53e7c723c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-03T18:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1-s2.0-S0737080606000815-main.pdf: 963399 bytes, checksum: 047b7869231c9ae7d603e3b53e7c723c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 A case of renal tubular carcinoma with bone metaplasia is reported in a 20-year-old male, mixed breed horse having a history of weight loss and hematuria. This report includes the clinical signs, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, and the immunohistochemical findings of this neoplasm.

It was reported one case of primary bone lymphoma in eight year-old bitch, Fila, with history of anterior limbs paralysis and side lied. A cervical vertebrae neoplasm was suspected and in view of the poor prognosis, the animal was euthanatized. Based on the anatomopathological and histological findings it was firmed the diagnosis of primary bone lymphoma.

A rare case of bilateral fusion of a supernumerary kidney was found during the necropsy of a female, 8-year-old, mixed breed cat that died as a result of azotemia and chronic enteritis. Apart from enteritis, necropsy revealed four kidneys, two in the sublumbar left region and two in the sublumbar right region, with cortical and medullary regions well individualized and independent; however, the pelvis was partially fused, giving rise to a single ureter. The kidneys were small, whitish and firm, with irregular surfaces. Microscopically, all kidneys displayed normal renal glomeruli and tubules among the immature renal glomeruli and tubules with characteristics of hypoplasia. Foci of glomerulosclerosis, nephrocalcinosis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed.

Cutaneous angiomatosis was diagnosed in an adult female llama (Lama glama). Lesions were raised or plaque-like, erythematous, firm to soft in consistency and were observed on the face and skin of the axillary, abdominal, perineal and inguinal regions. The lesions were not painful or pruritic. Microscopical examination revealed an irregular parakeratotic lamellar hyperkeratosis associated with diffuse proliferation of arterioles and venules in the superficial dermis. Immunohistochemical analysis determined that the cells forming these vessels and perivascular cells expressed factor VIII-related antigen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31 and smooth-muscle alpha-actin. These studies confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous angiomatosis.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o hipertireoidismo potencializa a osteopenia causada pela lactação. Foram utilizadas 24 ratas adultas distribuídas em quatro grupos: eutireóideo não lactante (controle), eutireóideo lactante, hipertireóideo não-lactante e hipertireóideo lactante. Todos os animais foram necropsiados, 20 dias após a gestação. As vértebras torácicas e lombares, o fêmur e a tíbia foram colhidos, descalcificados e submetidos à análise histomorfométrica. O grupo eutireóideo lactante apresentou osteopenia intensa em todos os sítios ósseos estudados. No grupo hipertireóideo não-lactante, não houve alteração da porcentagem de tecido ósseo trabecular nos sítios analisados. No grupo hipertireóideo lactante, havia osteopenia na tíbia e no fêmur, semelhante à do grupo eutireóideo lactante. Mas a porcentagem de tecido ósseo trabecular em todos os corpos vertebrais foi significativamente maior em comparação ao grupo eutireóideo lactante. Conclui-se que o hipertireoidismo não agrava a osteopenia lactacional em ratas, mas minimiza a osteopenia vertebral por estimular a atividade osteoblástica. The objective of this study was to verify if hyperthyroidism potentiates the osteopenia lactational. 24 adult female rats were distributed in four groups: euthyroid no lactating (control), euthyroid lactating, hyperthyroid no lactating and hyperthyroid lactating. 20 days after gestation, all the animals were necropsied. The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the femur and tibia were decalcified and processed for histomorphometric analysis. The euthyroid lactating group presented intense osteopenia in the studied bones. In the hyperthyroid no lactating group, there was not any change in trabecular bone percentage in none of the analyzed bone. In the hyperthyroid lactating group, there was osteopenia in the tibia and femur, similar to the one in the euthyroid lactating group. But the trabecular bone percentage in all the vertebral bodies was significantly larger in comparison with the euthyroid lactating group. It was concluded that the hyperthyroidism does not potentiate the osteopenia lactational in female rats, but it minimizes the vertebral osteopenia once it stimulates the osteoblastic activity.

Laser therapy is able to modulate cell metabolism and accelerate the repair of fracture. Little attention has been given to the effect of laser on bone with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The purpose of our study was to verify the effect of laser therapy in combination with bisphosphonate on osteopenic bone structure. The 35 Wistar female rats used were divided into five groups: (1) sham-operation rats (control), (2) ovariectomized (OVX'd) rats with osteopenia, (3) OVX'd rats with osteopenia treated with laser, (4) OVX'd rats with osteopenia treated with bisphosphonate and (5) OVX'd rats with osteopenia treated with bisphosphonate and laser. Groups 3 and 5 were given daily 6 mg doses of bisphosphonate orally. Groups 4 and 5 underwent low level laser therapy [gallium-aluminum-arsenium (GaAlAs) laser, 830 nm, 50 mW and 4 J/cm(2)] on the femoral neck and vertebral segments (T13-L2). Both treatments were performed over an 8-week period. Rats from the osteopenic control and osteopenic + laser groups presented marked osteopenia. In the osteopenic + bisphosphonate group, the trabecular bone volume in vertebra L2 was significantly greater than in the osteopenic control group. Notably, in the association between laser and bisphosphonate, the trabecular bone volume was significantly greater in vertebrae L2 and T13 and was similar to that in the sham-operation control group. It was concluded that the laser therapy associated with bisphosphonate treatment was the best method for reversing vertebral osteopenia caused by the ovariectomy.

The effect of hypothyroidism on the solid form of the Ehrlich tumor in intact or castrated adult female mice was studied. Hypothyroidism was induced by treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU). Forty mice were divided into four groups: castrated hypothyroid, intact hypothyroid, castrated euthyroid, and intact euthyroid. The mice were inoculated with suspension cells into the left footpad. The tumor growth curve was determined by measuring the inoculated footpad during 12 days. At the end of the experimental period the mice were sacrificed. Hypothyroidism was associated with a reduction in size of the tumor only in the castrated animals. Although the neoplastic growth was lower, mean nuclear diameter, number of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), and area of mitosis were higher. In conclusion, hypothyroidism resulted in a delayed growth of the tumor, but it did not affect the malignant features of the neoplastic cells. In addition, the isolated effect of castration caused only mild alterations, whereas hypothyroidism associated with castration resulted in a more prominent delay in the growth rate of the Ehrlich tumor.