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The preservation of domain knowledge from source to the target is crucial in any translation workflows. Hence, translation service providers that use machine translation (MT) in production could reasonably expect that the translation process should transfer both the underlying pragmatics and the semantics of the source-side sentences into the target language. However, recent studies suggest that the MT systems often fail to preserve such crucial information (e.g., sentiment, emotion, gender traits) embedded in the source text in the target. In this context, the raw automatic translations are often directly fed to other natural language processing (NLP) applications (e.g., sentiment classifier) in a cross-lingual platform. Hence, the loss of such crucial information during the translation could negatively affect the performance of such downstream NLP tasks that heavily rely on the output of the MT systems. In our current research, we carefully balance both the sides (i.e., sentiment and semantics) during translation, by controlling a global-attention-based neural MT (NMT), to generate translations that encode the underlying sentiment of a source sentence while preserving its non-opinionated semantic content. Toward this, we use a state-of-the-art reinforcement learning method, namely, actor-critic , that includes a novel reward combination module, to fine-tune the NMT system so that it learns to generate translations that are best suited for a downstream task, viz. sentiment classification while ensuring the source-side semantics is intact in the process. Experimental results for Hindi–English language pair show that our proposed method significantly improves the performance of the sentiment classifier and alongside results in an improved NMT system.

Objective: To determine any genetic association of COL1A2 polymorphism and the occurrence of dental fluorosis within an Indian human dental fluorosis population. Material and Methods: Fifty-six (56) subjects from two groups i.e. cases with dental fluorosis from the Pavagada population (n=29) and a control group (n=27) without fluorosis, were explored. The ages ranged between 15 and 76 years (mean 50.8 years) were included, and the male to female ratio was 70:30. The severity of dental fluorosis was graded using WHO’s Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (TF), and the concentration of fluoride was determined by a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE). Genomic DNA was extracted using the standard phenol-chloroform method. The rs412777 and rs414408 polymorphism in COL1A2 were genotyped using the Sanger sequence method. Results: Genotype distributions for rs412777 within each group were: AA 41%, AC 51%, and CC 7% for dental fluorosis participants, and AA 56%, AC 46%, and CC 0% for the control participants. Conclusions: The rs412777 and rs414408 polymorphisms in the COL1A2gene showed no significant association between COL1A2 and the occurrence of dental fluorosis amongst this Indian population.

Chromosome 1p36 deletion accounts for around 1% of cases of intellectual disability. The pattern of clinical features includes developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, short stature, intellectual disability, vision and hearing deficits, congenital heart disease, and renal abnormalities. The size of deletion can be variable. We report four cases of 1p36 deletion syndrome detected in the past 3 years in a genetic clinic. One patient was detected by next-generation sequencing, another by chromosomal microarray, and the remaining two by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. We discuss the variable presentations in the four children. Early diagnosis enables better prognostication and further reproductive planning.

Thoracic duct embolization (TDE) is a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of postoperative chylous leaks that fail conventional medical management. TDE can be a technically challenging procedure that requires real-time image guidance to visualize the thoracic duct. This case report describes using hybrid angiography/computed tomography technology to perform TDE through direct access of the cisterna chyli, potentially eliminating the need for intranodal lymphangiography, and reducing procedure length.

Yoga is our ancient science. Yoga provides treatment modalities for many diseases without any bad effect on the body. ADHD is a commonest disorder of childhood in which child shows hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness that is inappropriate for age. In modern there are some drugs that are used in ADHD but all the drugs have bad effect on the body. Yoga and ayurveda are two treatment modalities that may be used in the management of ADHD without any bad effect on the health. Yoga is a type of therapy that is used without medication. Yoga benefits children with ADHD as it uses asanas (physical posture), surya namaskar, pranayam and deep relaxation techniques to calm the senses decrease hyperactivity. Many studies showed beneficial effect of yoga in relieving the symptoms of ADHD like hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness.

Objectives The purpose of this article was to review the fluoride release and uptake ability of some restorative materials which are used for minimally invasive procedures. Methods The literature search on published researches and review articles were carried out by using PubMed, Trip and Cochrane library databases. The search terms used were fluoride, restorative materials, atraumatic restorative treatment or ART, glass ionomer or GIC, resin modified glass ionomer cement or RMGIC. The articles included were between 2000 and 2015. Conclusion Fluoride release varies with m factors including the type of restorative materials used and also the media in which it is stored. Fluoride uptake is dependent on the type of the cement and the availability of fluoride including fluoride releasing capacity in the material.

Now a day’s intelligent diagnoses approaches are massively accepted for the purpose of advance analysis and detection of several diseases. In this work a supervised learning based approach using artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed to achieve more accurate diagnoses outcomes for the case of diabetic retinopathy. Features extracted from the retina images are used as input to the ANN based classifier. Customized ANN architecture by estimating several entities of traditional ANN has been used to improve the accuracy of the method. The ANN architecture used in this work is feed forward back propagation neural network. Accuracy obtained for the proposed method is found to be 97.13%. The results suggest that proposed method can be used to detect diabetic retinopathy effectively.

Cardiac defects presenting in childhood show significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. With availability of advanced genetic technologies, these can be detected early using specialized testing. Prenatal testing is currently feasible with improved ultrasonography and fetal echocardiography. Here, we report two cases of Noonan's and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes in patients seen in the genetic unit of a tertiary care center presenting with cardiac defect with or without developmental delay, short stature, and dysmorphism. In these conditions, there is also increased risk of malignancy such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, definitive diagnosis and counseling is possible in this group of conditions.

The pore system is a significant factor for the hydrocarbon generation, storage and production. Several studies had been carried earlier by distinguished researchers on pore system characterization, where little information regarding a thermally immature basin has been discussed so far. To understand these, total fifty-one samples including 41-shales and 10-coals are taken for study from Barakar (L.Sakmarian-Kungurian) Formation of Auranga basin to investigate the pore characteristics of a low mature substance. This work provides information regarding a low mature basin having oil generation potential. For this, authors have carried low pressure N2 sorption, FE-SEM/EDX with rock eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), ash yield, vitrinite reflectance and clay content. The low-pressure N2 sorption: BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) are employed to analyze the pore size, area, geometry and its distribution. Shale samples have shown variation in the specific surface areas (BET) and pore volume from 7.43 to 30.36 m2/g and 0.019–0.069 cm3/g respectively; whereas coal samples exhibits these properties ranging from 3.13 to 17.2 m2/g and 0.08–0.31 cm3/g respectively. Here, two kinds of desorption curve have been observed: (a) sub-hysteresis types H2′ where rapid desorption (lacking a plateau at high pressure) indicating pipette shaped pore (b) hysteresis type H3 having slow rate of desorption suggesting slit shaped pore. The subtype H2′ i.e. lacking the plateau at high pressure has been distinguished under H2 hysteresis. The dominance of mesopores to macropores are deduced from BJH and presence of micropores were also observed in few samples from t-plot method. The Type II isotherms are observed dominantly in shales and few coal samples (27-shales; 3-coals) whereas Type IV isotherms (13 shales; 7 coals) are mainly noticed in coals and in limited number of shales. Moreover, the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the shale and coal samples ranges from 1.35 to 29.42 wt% and 32.38–63.46 wt% respectively. Tmax [temperature under S2 to release maximum amount of pyrolyzate from the kerogen under rock eval pyrolysis (REP)] range from 409 to 468 °C and 420–426 °C of shales and coals respectively indicating of immature to early mature stage of the sample. The TOC normalized-BET (BET*) in relation to ash yield exhibits the significance of mineral matter in the shales for pore formation. The relation of pyrolysis parameters (S1and S2) with BET* gives the indication of bitumen retention in the pore spaces of organic matter, which reduces their surface area in coals. Fractal geometry of the samples were also studied. The surface fractal dimensions viz. D1 (P/Po = 0.0–0.5) and D2 (P/Po = 0.5–1.0) both are calculated for the basin. The D1 (pore surface) varies from 1.9888 to 2.5530 and 1.8190–2.4430 for shales and coals respectively pointing towards surface heterogeneity and ruggedness of the surface favorable for increasing the adsorption capability. However, D2 (pore structure) for the shales and coals are placed in the range of 2.570–2.759 and 2.6150–2.7530 respectively indicating large heterogeneity of the pore structure causing high capillary condensation that reduces the adsorption ability. The FE-SEM with EDX study supports the analysis of pore structure, characteristics and fractal behaviour of shales and coals.

Hip pain in febrile children always raises concern for septic arthritis. Pyomyositis is a rare cause of hip pain. Because it involves muscles around the joint, it may have a similar presentation as a septic hip. This entity therefore has the potential for posing a diagnostic dilemma when physicians face a limping child with fever. We report a child who presented with fever and hip pain and has pyomyositis of the obturator internus muscle. This case underscores the need to consider the possibility of alternative etiologies in a limping child.

In this chapter, a nearest neighbor (k-NN)-based method for efficient classification of motor imagery using EEG for brain-computer interfacing (BCI) applications has been proposed. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are obtained from multiple channels from brain. These EEG signals are taken as input features and given to the k-NN-based classifier to classify motor imagery. More specifically, the chapter gives an outline of the Berlin brain-computer interface that can be operated with minimal subject change. All the design and simulation works are carried out with MATLAB software. k-NN-based classifier is trained with data from continuous signals of EEG channels. After the network is trained, it is tested with various test cases. Performance of the network is checked in terms of percentage accuracy, which is found to be 99.25%. The result suggested that the proposed method is accurate for BCI applications.

X-rays are usually the most common form of electric magnetic radiation. Technological developments in imaging have resulted in increasingly powerful and guided X-ray rays, and also growing use of visible light in adolescence microbial tissues and structural elements of materials like concrete. Since its discovery in 1895 X-ray has been commonly used in medication and some areas of technology, science and engineering. The X-ray tube is an essential component of each X-ray union, and in its early stages scientists and doctors utilized gas ion tubing. X-rays are generating because fast-moving electrons suddenly decelerate when they collision with the target anode and interact with it. Therefore, x-ray tube absorbs and dissipates a large heat charge in order to achieve adequate radiation output for digital radiology influencing the structure and function of a x-ray source. An x-ray tube’s key components include electrode and counter electrode frames, rotor and stator, and tube cover. The X-rays generated have waveform features similar to other electromagnetic waves. As x-rays come across matter, the small wavelength of radiation defines their property. Most of the materials are transparent to the x-ray and radiation will not transmit lead and other dense materials. Throughout this paper, we discuss X-ray machine, characteristics and features of x-ray, X-ray source modules, x-ray applications in a broad range of domains to discuss x-ray background, manufacturing and x-ray identification.

The performance of 18 marine fishery resources of the state of Maharashtra in the western region of India was studied using modified and validated RAPFISH methodology (RAPFISH-India), with 45 identified attributes distributed among five evaluation fields: ecology, economic, social, technology and management. The technique relies upon ordination of scored attributes using multi-dimensional scaling. An interdisciplinary approach was carried by analyzing fisheries within each discipline by using all the attributes. Leverage analysis is used to determine the influence of attributes on the ordination. Group wise fishery sustainability scores of all five dimensions were averaged and results indicate that about 60% of fisheries studied fall under ‘Quite Sustainable’ category. The low leverage values indicate the multivariate nature of the ordinations and that the results are not dominated by any one attribute. Fishery specific and dimension specific RAPFISH results are to be considered as very important and shall form the basis for developing fisheries management plans in Maharashtra state.

BackgroundIschemic strokes result in significant healthcare expenditures (direct costs) and loss of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (indirect costs). Interventional therapy has demonstrated improved functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs), which are likely to reduce the economic burden of strokes.ObjectiveTo develop a novel real-world dollar model to assess the direct and indirect cost–benefit of mechanical embolectomy compared with medical treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) based on shifts in modified Rankin scores (mRS).MethodA cost model was developed including multiple parameters to account for both direct and indirect stroke costs. These were adjusted based upon functional outcome (mRS). The model compared IV tPA with mechanical embolectomy to assess the costs and benefits of both therapies. Direct stroke-related costs included hospitalization, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, home care, skilled nursing facilities, and long-term care facility costs. Indirect costs included years of life expectancy lost and lost QALYs. Values for the model cost parameters were derived from numerous resources and functional outcomes were derived from the MR CLEAN study as a reflective sample of LVOs. Direct and indirect costs and benefits for the two treatments were assessed using Microsoft Excel 2013.ResultsThis cost–benefit model found a cost–benefit of mechanical embolectomy over IV tPA of $163 624.27 per patient and the cost benefit for 50 000 patients on an annual basis is $8 181 213 653.77.ConclusionsIf applied widely within the USA, mechanical embolectomy will significantly reduce the direct and indirect financial burden of stroke ($8 billion/50 000 patients).

In determining the importance of fisheries sustainability indicators, stakeholders’ interest plays a defining role in the fisheries management practices. The indicator based tools such as RAPFISH have been available for sustainability assessment of fishery resources. In the present study, procedures to validate the pre-selected RAPFISH, which is a multidisciplinary indicator based evaluation tool for measuring the sustainability of fishery resources, are applied. The sustainability indicators were subjected to validation process based on feedback from resource owners, users and experts, using Multi-Criteria Analyses such as Weighted Sum Model and Analytic Hierarchy Process. Based on the validation results, suggestions have been made to improve methodology and its effective application in practice. This paper demonstrates RAPFISH as a potentially effective multidisciplinary tool for evaluation of sustainability of fishery resources.

In an era of high-throughput sequencing, drilling of biological data to extract hidden valued information plays an important role in making critical decisions across every branch of science, whether it is genomics or proteomics or metabolomics or personal medicine. For example, the genome sequence of the patients contains much valuable information about the myriad of disease causes, easy extraction of which from the sequences will enable science to develop patientspecific medicine, thereby accelerating curing process and minimizing drug’s side effects. Today, true solutions of the several problems in the biological field are hidden in the analysis of exponentially increasing data, so-called Big Data. Big data has become currently hot and open issue for the biological community to handle, collect, store, analyze and manage such vast amount of data. Due to this, the computing Big Data has become the new paradigm of the science and big data in bioinformatics. While, big data is playing central role in the continuity of the progress of research in the biological field, but it presents challenges in terms of scalability, complexity, privacy and security. Big Data in the biological field have revolutionizing power to bring dramatic changes in our current understanding about several solved and unanswered problems. With these emerging big data, bioinformatics field is also evolving continuously. This paper presents the concept of biological big data and its associated challenges in the bioinformatics field which will provides a snapshot of the importance of biological big data in the bioinformatics future research.

Objectives: The objective is to determine the solubility (SL) and sorption of novel atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) materials in deionized water or artificial saliva. Materials and Methods: Two compositions of newly developed ART materials were prepared. Individual compositions were prepared separately and placed in 100% humidity at ambient temperature for 24 h. Each was stored in separate vials, either 7 ml of deionized or artificial saliva at ambient temperature for 1, 7, 14, or 28 days. The sorption (S%) and SL% were then determined. Student's t-test was employed to assess the significance level of the differences observed. Results: After 1 day, the mean values for water sorption of the ART-I were 12.1% and ART-II were 16.8% in deionized water (P = 0.01). However, the mean water sorption in artificial saliva for ART-1 was 15.3% and that for ART-II was 18.5% (P = 0.05). The mean SL of ART-I and ART-II was 7.4% and 7.2%, respectively, in deionized water (P = 0.66), and in artificial saliva, it was 7.0% and 6.0%, respectively (P = 0.19). Conclusions: We conclude that water sorption potential of ART-II is more in artificial saliva and SL potential of ART-I was more in deionized water.

Aluminium phosphide is a solid fumigant pesticide, insecticide and rodenticide. Aluminium phosphide is used as a poison either by inhalation or ingestion. Poisoning is usually suicidal, occasionally accidental and rarely homicidal. It is commonly known as an agent of sure death in the medical profession. A case of poisoning was brought by the police for postmortem examination. Postmortem findings, chemical analysis report and recovery of empty Quickphos container at the scene of death by police, confirmed it to be a case of aluminium phosphide poisoning. Language: en

Electrical injuries are potentially devastating with high degree of morbidity and mortality. Deaths due to electrocution need to be thoroughly investigated and documented for reasons of compensation and for instituting future measures in relation to safety and prevention. In the present case, the deceased sustained electrocution while working at a function pandal and died on the spot. An attempt is made to discuss about electrocution and related injuries.

Background: An analysis of the Prostate Cancer Database Project previously identified an association between hepatitis C antibody testing and prostate cancer (Pca). Methods: The records