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Objective: To evaluate sexual function and quality of life features using two validated Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaires, and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) in patients with sexually active on Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) Disorder patient.Method: This research is a cross sectional analytic observational study which was conducted in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital from January 2017 - December 2019. Thirty-five study patients who have been diagnosed with PAS disorder and have been treated for at least 3 months were divided into hysterectomy and conservative groups. This study data consisted of primary data from interviews and secondary data from medical records. Independent T test is used if it is normally distributed and Mann-Whitney is used if it is not normally distributed, and it is declared significant if the P value is

Modern agriculture involves the minimization of species cultivated while maximizing yields. Plant breeding has played a critical role in this process by producing improved cultivars. Plant breeding may both decrease and increase genetic diversity. Reductions or increases in genetic diversity have occurred following domestication and breeding. Legal protection of intellectual property and reduced germplasm sharing have limited the creation of biodiversity. However, germplasm banks have fostered the preservation of biodiversity for future use. The goal of this article is to explain the nature of these fluxes in crop biodiversity and characterize their importance in plant breeding.

Generations ago, “Solid South” stood for the Democratic dominance of southern politics. By the turn of the 21st century, Republicans had taken hold of the South. Today, we are seeing the beginning of another regional political transformation, this time in the progressive direction. As population growth occurs, it has a direct impact on the growth of attachment to the Democratic Party and its candidates. The demographic and political identities of movers—whether they come from outside the South or not—are propelling this political sea change. The migratory patterns of movers that determine local and state population growth are changing the South. When movers flock to an area, they alter the politics of long-term residents, stayers. Movers also alter the politics of the places they leave. This growth is changing state-level politics as well as local politics. Movers and Stayers explains why this is happening and what it means for southern politics.

William Friedman was a geneticist working at Riverbank Laboratories in Illinois. Soon after starting, he became intrigued by one of the lab’s... William Friedman (1891–1969), trained as a plant geneticist at Cornell University, was employed at Riverbank Laboratories by the eccentric millionaire George Fabyan to work on wheat breeding. Friedman, however, soon became intrigued by and started working on a pet project of Fabyan’s involving the conjecture that Francis Bacon, a polymath known for the study of ciphers, was the real author of Shakespeare’s plays. Thus, beginning in ∼1916, Friedman turned his attention to the so called “Baconian cipher,” and developed decryption techniques that bore similarity to approaches for solving problems in population genetics. His most significant, indeed pathbreaking, work used ideas from genetics and statistics, focusing on analysis of the frequencies of letters in language use. Although he had transitioned from being a geneticist to a cryptographer, his earlier work had resonance in his later pursuits. He soon began working directly for the United States government and produced solutions used to solve complex military ciphers, in particular to break the Japanese Purple code during World War II. Another important legacy of his work was the establishment of the Signal Intelligence Service and eventually the National Security Agency.

Agriculture production is a major driver of destabilization of the earth's planetary boundaries within which humanity can safely operate. Producing enough food that is safe and nutritious is the biggest challenge in 21st century agriculture. Yield gains through genetic enhancement have either slowed down or not rising to the level needed to meet the ever-growing demand for nutritious food. A continuous supply of high-quality crop germplasm is the key to developing climate-resilient, resource-use efficient, nutritious and productive cultivars. Global efforts are underway to develop pre-breeding populations, by exploiting exotic germplasm including wild and weedy relatives with required characteristics to support breeding programs. Comprehensive profiling of germplasm/breeding lines (relative to uncharacterized lines) and adopting a strategy based on physiological characterization of parental lines have the potential to facilitate the accumulation of favorable alleles to enhance genetic gain in plant breeding. Advances in genomics, phenomics and bioinformatic resources have led to the deployment of several knowledge-intensive approaches to accelerate genetic gains in diverse food crops. Enhanced capability in data storage, retrieval and analysis has greatly facilitated the development of genotype-phenotype models to predict phenotypes, thus enhancing selection efficiency. Genomic-aided breeding has been successful in enhancing genetic gain relative to pedigree-based phenotypic selection. Genes controlling “recombination hotspots” and targeted recombination may provide breeders opportunity to significantly increase genetic gains. Combining genomic selection with doubled haploid technology, speed breeding and high-throughput phenomics with genotype-by-sequencing profiling allows the fast transfer of increased genetic gains per unit time. An open source software system has the potential to increase breeding efficiency through data and code sharing, while open source seed systems should allow for continued seed saving, breeding, and seed exchange without restriction. Taken together, these approaches should provide breeders with the opportunity to make genetic gains through new technologies and through the infusion of useful genetic variation in crop breeding.

It has been demonstrated that it is safe to give Gm-Csf, together with Doxorubicin, by continuous intravenous infusion, thereby substantially increasing the amount of Doxorubicin administered to the average patient, and assuring that each patient receives an individually-determined safe and maximal amount of drug. It is known that Gm-Csf is a potent inducer of components that are major factors in an immunologic attack upon neoplasms. For that reason, we thought it would be worth evaluating in 4 patients’ surface markers of dendritic precursor cells, dendritic cells [DC], and natural killer [NK] cells during the infusion. While there was substantial variation in individual responses, all 4 patients receiving Gm-Csf developed persistent marked increases in cells with each of these markers. The significance of these findings will be discussed.

The Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) (www. osseeds.org) seeks to address the dramatic transition over the past 100 yr in how plant germplasm is distributed, developed, and released: from a freely available resource primarily located in the public sector to proprietary structures managed largely by the private sector. OSSI was developed by a group of plant breeders, farmers, seed companies, nonprofit organizations, and policymakers with the goal of promoting and maintaining open access to plant genetic resources worldwide. OSSI seeks to provide an alternative to pervasive intellectual property rights agreements that restrict freedom to use plant germplasm through the development and promulgation of a Pledge which is intended both to raise awareness of these issues and to ensure that germplasm can be freely exchanged now and into the future. In this paper we discuss the historical forces and trends that have led to various types of biological and intellectual property protections and how this has potentially limited plant breeders’ “freedom to operate” and farmers’ sovereignty over seed. We then discuss how OSSI is providing an alternative to increasingly restrictive intellectual property rights for plants and working to maintain open access to plant germplasm. C.H. Luby and I.L. Goldman, Dep. of Horticulture, Univ. of WisconsinMadison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706; J. Kloppenburg, Dep. of Community and Environmental Sociology, Univ. of WisconsinMadison, 1450 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706; T.E. Michaels, Dep. of Horticultural Science, Univ. of Minnesota, 456 Alderman Hall, Saint Paul, MN 55108. Received 16 Oct. 2014. Accepted 17 Dec. 2014. *Corresponding author (cluby@wisc.edu). Abbreviations: FOSS, free and open source software; IPR, intellectual property rights; MTA, material transfer agreement; NPGS, National Plant Germplasm System; OSSI, Open Source Seed Initiative; PVP, Plant Variety Protection; PVPA, Plant Variety Protection Act; UPOV, Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Published in Crop Sci. 55:2481–2488 (2015). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0708 Freely available online through the author-supported open-access option. © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Published October 19, 2015

The role that attaining maximum drug dosage intensity plays in many anti-cancer protocols is a major one, particularly in those protocols that attempt to totally eradicate the neoplasm. A classic approach to facilitate this process utilizes stem cell transplants as well as the use of hematopoetic growth factors. However, problems arise with both allogenic and autologous transplants as well as from the significant variability in drug tolerance between individual patients. With average fixed dose protocols, these problems substantially limit the ability to optimize drug dosage. We attempted to circumvent this difficulty by using low dose continuous infusional therapy of variable duration depending upon the patient’s response, together with simultaneous hematopoietic growth factor support. This paper presents our results with three drugs, doxorubicin, ifosphamide, and vinorelbine. With these protocols, we were able to individualize and optimize the amount of drug delivered to each patient, as well as to substantially increase the drug dosage intensity of each of these agents.

Background: As more patients survive cancer chemotherapy, problems associated with the late complications of therapy have become increasingly apparent; late doxorubicin cardio-myopathy being one of the most pressing. The relationship between initial dose, schedule employed, and etiology are still not well defined. This study attempts to clarify some of these issues. Methods: Patients receiving large total doses of doxorubicin by schedules designed to minimize peak drug levels were monitored in regard to their cardiac status for up to 31 years following completion of doxorubicin therapy. A computer program predicting the amount of doxorubicin retained by the heart vs. schedules employed was devised with the predictions of the computer program being compared to the clinical findings. Results: 1365 patients receiving doses of doxorubicin greater than 610 mgm./M2 were monitored for up to 31 years following completion of such therapy. No patient developed unequivocal clinical and pathologic evidence of a doxorubicin related cardiomyopathy. Knowing that human cardio-myocytes contain enzymes capable of neutralizing doxorubicin, a computer program predicted that by increasing their efficiency, the schedules employed substantially l decreased the relative amount of drug retained by the heart, findings compatible with both animal experiments and clinical results. Conclusions: administration of doxorubicin by schedules in which peak plasma levels of drug were minimized resulted in marked decreases in both acute and long-term cardiac toxicity; believed to be due to potentiation of myocardial enzymes capable of inactivating the drug.

Increased use of intellectual property rights over plant germplasm has led to a complicated landscape for exchange among plant breeders. Our goal was to examine phenotypic and genotypic diversity present in commercially available carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativus) germplasm in relation to the freedom to operate-the ability for plant breeders to access and use crop genetic diversity. A collection of 140 commercially available carrot cultivars were grown in replicated field trials in the Madison, WI area in 2013 and 2014. Phenotypic measurements were recorded for leaf and root characteristics. Illumina sequencing was used to conduct genotyping by sequencing analysis on all cultivars to understand the range of genetic diversity present. Additionally, the intellectual property rights associated with each cultivar was noted to determine the freedom to operate. We found that although one-third of the commercially available US carrot cultivars in our study are restricted through some form of intellectual property rights, the genetic and phenotypic variability of the protected cultivars does not represent a completely separate group from the available material. Phenotypic analyses including ANOVA and principal components analysis, suggest that many of the traits differed significantly based on market class, but not by whether the cultivar had freedom to operate. The principal components and Fst analyses on the genotyping by sequencing data revealed that carrot market classes (Fst = 0.065) and freedom to operate classes (Fst = 0.023) were not genetically distinct, and that principle components 1 and 2 account for only 10.1% of the total genotypic variation, implying that cultivated carrot germplasm in the US forms an unstructured population. Our findings suggest that the genetic diversity present in carrot cultivars that have freedom to operate is potentially large enough to support carrot breeding efforts in most market classes given present levels of intellectual property protection.

For millennia, seeds have been freely available to use for farming and plant breeding without restriction. Within the past century, however, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have threatened this tradition. In response, a movement has emerged to counter the trend toward increasing consolidation of control and ownership of plant germplasm. One effort, the Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI, www.osseeds.org), aims to ensure access to crop genetic resources by embracing an open source mechanism that fosters exchange and innovation among farmers, plant breeders, and seed companies. Plant breeders across many sectors have taken the OSSI Pledge to create a protected commons of plant germplasm for future generations., This Community Page article highlights the Open Source Seed Initiative, which serves as an alternative to restrictive intellectual property rights and is working to develop an open-source release mechanism for crop plant diversity, analogous to that developed for open-source software.

High-speed video and optical spectroscopy have been used to monitor and account for the improved performance of a solid lubricating interfacial compound (SLIC) treatment of Cu armatures and Cu rails in a subsonic railgun. Videos were taken at 68k frames per second both down bore (breech view) and along the exit path of the gun (muzzle view). A spectrometer collected data at 1 spectrum per ms outside the muzzle. Armatures were made by threading Cu or Cu-clad Al staples through a Delrin projectile. The SLIC treatment consisted of rubbing staples and rails with a fiberglass-reinforced PTFE (Rulon). Untreated staples and rails were susceptible to both arcing and subsequent light emissions, with light emission lasting much longer than coincident voltage spikes in muzzle voltage traces. SLIC-treated staples and rails showed significantly less light emissions, which allowed for real time, laser spot tracking of projectile motion. Image analysis showed that projectiles were accelerated at 10–14 kGees within 1 ms ...

In Presidential Pork, Dr. John Hudak argues that the role of the president in the distribution of federal largesse—“pork barrel” spending—has been overlooked for far too long. While members of Cong...

Research on presidential greatness has a long history in the study of the American presidency. A prominent aspect of this literature is the study of presidential ratings generated from surveys of both experts and average Americans. A considerable body of research suggests that a relatively small number of factors—such as time in office, intellectual brilliance, and whether a president was assassinated—explain a great deal of the variation in the ratings. However, this list of variables includes no indicators of policy performance. We propose two such measures—one focusing on economic outcomes and one focusing on the outcomes of military conflict—and provide rationales for the hypothesized relationships between these measures of policy performance and presidential ratings. We find evidence of a substantial relationship between economic policy success and presidential ratings. However, there is no evidence of a relationship between foreign policy success and presidential ratings.

The goals of agricultural production have traditionally been to try to accommodate needs for: 1) adequate and reliable yields to provide a sufficient food supply in a growing world; 2) food safety; 3) taste; 4) convenience; 5) profit; and 6) variety. Alternative strategies to enhance any of these outcomes are typically evaluated as to their probable effects on the key outcome: yield. However, with the burgeoning consumer interest in foods that optimize health, attention is shifting from concerns over quantity alone to concerns over the constituents of foods that may promote health, and thus to the agricultural practices that will protect, and perhaps enhance these constituents of the food supply. This shift in focus requires new thinking and new strategies across all segments of the food production system. This paper summarizes selected aspects of crop production that are pivotal to the nutrient value of foods for human consumption and suggests some strategies for establishing a new research and production paradigm that will embrace nutrient quality among the priorities of agricultural research.

This article summarizes perspectives of a group of industrial-organizational (I–O) psychologists who have served with distinction in a number of administrative roles in academic administration. It is based on a panel presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). The discussion covered attractions of academic administration, aspects of I–O psychology that are well-suited to academic administration, relevant preparation not included in the typical I–O education, unexpected aspects of higher education administration, the biggest challenges and greatest rewards, and factors to be considered when contemplating an administrative career in academe. These perspectives are presented in the context of brief reference to articles on administrative roles and issues in higher education and a summary of the guidelines (SIOP, 1999) describing competencies developed in doctoral education in I–O psychology. Differences between roles of faculty and administrators a...

Plants are the foundation for a significant part of human medicine and for many of the most widely used drugs designed to prevent, treat, and cure disease. Folkloric information concerning traditional remedies for disease has had inestimable value in establishing familial and cultural linkages. During the 20th century, modern medical science in the U.S. and other developed countries ushered in a new era focused on synthetic medicines. Even though many of these compounds were based on natural compounds found in plants, the drive towards synthetic pharmaceuticals created a knowledge gap concerning the health functionality of plants, crops, and food. Paralleling this development, biochemists and nutritional scientists pioneered the discovery of vitamins during the early decades of the 20th century. This research paved the way for dietary guidelines based on empirical data collected from animal feeding trials and set the stage for the current emphasis on phytonutrients. Three primary stages characterize the use of fruits and vegetable in human health. The first stage concerns the observation that many fruit and vegetable crops were originally domesticated for their medicinal properties. Making their way into the diet for this purpose, fruit and vegetable crops remained on the fringe from a culinary point of view. The second stage began when the role of vitamins became more widely understood, and fruit and vegetable plants were quickly recognized as a rich source of certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber. At this point, they became more than just an afterthought in the diet of most U.S. citizens. Cartoon icons such as Popeye made the case for the health functionality of leafy greens, while parents schooled their children on the virtues of carrots (Daucus carota), broccoli (Brassica oleracea), and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). This renaissance resulted in large increases in fresh fruit and vegetable consumption across the country, a trend that continues to this day. The third phase can be characterized by the recognition that fruit and vegetable crops contain compounds that have the potential to influence health beyond nutritional value. These so-called functional foods figure prominently in the dietary recommendations developed during the last decades of the 20th century. In recent years, surveys suggest nearly two-thirds of grocery shoppers purchase food specifically to reduce the risk of, or manage a specific health condition. Evidence abounds that consumers, including Baby Boomers, choose foods for specific health benefits, such as the antioxidant potential of vegetables, suggesting high levels of nutritional literacy. Clinical and in vitro data have, to some degree, supported the claims that certain foods have the potential to deter disease, however much research remains to be conducted in order to definitively answer specific dietary-based questions about food and health.

Why do some Hispanic-Americans support ( Vente) and others oppose ( Quedate) the liberalization of immigration policies?1 In this study we attempt to ascertain which combination of demographic, attitudinal, and contextual factors determines Hispanic public opinion toward legal im migration. In a departure from previous research, we conduct an advanced multivariate analysis and utilize an existing national-level sample of His panics. While we find only limited evidence that Hispanic public opinion on immigration varies among nationalistic subgroups (e.g., Cuban-Ameri cans, Mexican-Americans, etc.), we do find that level of acculturation and perceived economic threat influence Hispanic opinion on legal im migration. We also find that Hispanics residing in areas with large illegal migrant populations, and those with more negative attitudes toward the impact of Hispanics on American society, tend to favor more restrictive immigration policies. Finally, we examine the implications of these find ings for future studies of public opinion toward immigration and for the development of immigration policy

The Naval Research Laboratory has initiated a program to study the effects of high power launch on railgun barrel materials. A rail used for 20 shots on the medium caliber launcher at the University of Texas at Austin Institute for Advanced Technology was analyzed using a variety of surface and bulk diagnostics. Initial results are presented.

High levels of skill displayed in perceptual-motor tasks can only be obtained by accurate timing and anticipation. Recent evidence indicates that task characteristics that change or alter the predictability of stimulus events are potent determiners of performance. The effects of stimulus predictability on timing and anticipation were investigated in a series of studies where subjects responded to moving stimuli that entered critical zones on each of three visual displays. Specific task characteristics that changed the predictability of the stimulus sequence and significantly affected performance in the studies included task coherency, preview, speed-, and load-stress.

In September 2010, a group of carrot growers in the USA announced a US$25 million marketing campaign to promote ‘cut and peel’ carrots—also known as ‘baby carrots’—with the slogan: “Eat ‘em like junk food”. The campaign is an attempt to break into the US$18 billion snack‐food industry by “[t]aking a page out of junk food's playbook and applying it to baby carrots” (Horovitz, 2010). It is neither the first nor only example of how food producers have tried to attract consumers with healthier meal choices including greens and fruits. Several food companies have recently introduced products that include ‘hidden’ vegetable servings in an attempt to provide vegetable‐based nutrition by stealth. This approach could be beneficial for individual consumers and public health in general. A recent report from the US Centers for Disease Control indicated that only 26% of adults in the USA eat vegetables three or more times per day, which is far short of the amount recommended by the US government more than one decade ago (Severson, 2010). Consumer interest in whole foods with enhanced nutritional qualities is at an all‐time high, and more consumers are choosing foods on the basis of their healthy characteristics or direct labels that describe health benefits (Cappellano, 2009). This development is taking place amid increasing interest in locally grown food, farmers’ markets and sustainable farming practices (Clifford, 2010). The promotion of ‘healthy’ agricultural food products has therefore coincided with a surging consumer interest in the health functionality of food, particularly fruits and vegetables. It is difficult to tell whether marketing for health functionality is spurring this interest or vice versa. Nevertheless, today's food market offers many whole foods that are perceived and promoted as ‘health functional’ because of their phytochemical constituents: lycopene, vitamins, isothiocyanates or polyphenols, to name just a few. > The …

The training challenges facing organisations resulting from changes over the next several decades are described. These include a decreasing number of persons available for entry level positions including a growing proportion of undereducated young people. Also, jobs will become more complex as a result of technological developments and yet will require more interpersonal interaction between individuals who have different values and who come from different cultures. These changes will result in the need for training systems to maximise the potential of each individual, including basic skill and support programmes for unskilled young people who will need to perform more cognitively complex tasks. Training will also be necessary to help managers work with a more diverse workforce including helping individuals understand how to provide support for persons who have not traditionally been a part of their work organisation.

An artificial nonlinear surface has been developed using antenna-coupled mixers with optical interconnects for microwave and millimeter-wave phase conjugation. Prototype one-dimensional arrays have been constructed and have been used to demonstrate two-dimensional free-space phase conjugation at 10.24 GHz. The phase conjugation properties have been observed and verified by directly measuring the electric-field distribution of the conjugate wave under various conditions. Furthermore, the experiments have shown amplified conjugate wave power up to ten times of that of the incoming wave. This amplifying ability demonstrates the potential of such surfaces to be used in novel communications applications.

The importance of folic acid in the human diet has been recognized in recent years by major increases in government recommended allowances. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important vegetable source of folic acid, however little is known about the extent of variation for native folic acid content in red beet germplasm. A total of 18 red beet entries, including 11 hybrids (F1) and seven open-pollinated cultivars (OP), were evaluated for free folic acid content (FFAC) in replicated field experiments during 1993 and 1994. Significant differences among entries were detected in all studies. FFAC ranged from 3.3 to 15.2 μg·g-1 on a dry mass basis. A significant entry × year interaction was detected. Changes in rank of entries between years were minimal among F1 hybrids, while the changes in rank among OP cultivars were large. These data demonstrate significant variability among cultivated red beet germplasm sources for FFAC. Entries with high FFAC may be useful for increasing levels of this vitamin in red beet.

We propose and demonstrate a tunable photonic radio frequency notch filter. The filter has a single delay line architecture and incorporates a new wavelength-selective true-time-delay. The time delay in the feed-forward loop can be varied by simply changing the optical wavelength resulting in a shift of the null of the filter response. Application in radar systems is discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Applications oflong fiber optic delay lines as a radar test target unit to improve radar testing are discussed. The unit intercepts a small amount ofthe radar's transmitted energy, delays it in a fiber optic delay line, and then feeds it back into the radar as a target return. Both radar system operation and use ofthe test target in end-to-end radar testing and RF unit fault isolation are also described. Keywords: fiber optics, delay lines, radar testing, test target

A new type of RF-photonic antenna design which uses an optical serially-fed phased array is proposed for applications in radar and communication systems. This antenna has the advantages of true time delay and yet only requires one tunable laser and one fiber optic grating delay for beam steering. In addition to discussing the system operation in transmit mode, we also present initial experiments establishing the viability of the basic serial-feed design approach by experimentally demonstrating the concept of optically controlled directional video broadcast using a 9 GHz sub-carrier. Our video transmission results are the first use of an optically controlled serially-fed phased array antenna as a communication device. KEYWORDS: true-time delay, fiber Bragg gratings, phased-array, video broadcast, photonic antenna, wireless communication

Article-at-a-Glance Background Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC), a large staff-model health maintenance organization based in Seattle, is redesigning its information systems to provide the systems and information needed to support its quality agenda. Planning process Long-range planning for GHC’s information resources was done in three phases. In assessment; interviews, surveys, and a benchmarking effort identified strengths and weaknesses of the existing information systems. We concluded that we needed to improve clinical care and patient management systems and enhance health plan applications. In direction setting, we developed six objectives (for example, approach information systems in a way that is consistent with quality improvement principles). Detailed planning was used to define projects, timing, and resource allocations. Major efforts Some of the most important efforts in the resulting five-year plan include the development of (1) a computerized patient record; (2) a provider-based clinical workstation for access to patient information, order entry, results reporting, guidelines, and reminders; (3) a comprehensive set of patient management and service quality systems; (4) reengineered structures, policies, and processes within the health plan, supported by a complete set of integrated information systems; (5) a standardized, high-capacity communications network to provide linkages both within GHC and among its business partners; and (6) a revised oversight structure for information services, which forms partnerships with users. Conclusions A quality focus ensured that each project not only produced its own benefits but also supported the larger organizational goals associated with “total” quality.

The possibilities for using photonic technology to enhance the performance of phased array systems are examined. The principal advantage of photonics is that a photonic array antenna can be partitioned in two halves, the beam-forming manifold consisting of photonic components and the antenna front end consisting of RF components only. The two parts are linked by optical fibers, with the transmitter, receiver, and the beam steering unit conveniently located at a remote site. Several possible architectures of such a system are discussed. It is estimated that, for array applications, a system noise figure of less than 5 dB with a dynamic range of about 60 dB can be achieved with state-of-the-art photonic components and technology.

The first microwave-phased array antenna steered by optical delay lines is described. The optical ''time shifters'' utilize the propagation of light waves through a finite length of fiber to generate the time delays that control the beam pointing angle. Delay times specified by the antenna steering angle were implemented by switching bias currents of high speed lasers pigtailed to fiber optic delay lines.

This report documents a review of the technical approach used to support long-hand, networked data communications in DARPA's Advanced Distributed Simulation Technology (ADST) Program. The review was conducted 1-2 March 1990 by an independent panel of five scientists whose comments are presented and summarized. The panel concluded that: (1) the current technical approach to long-haul data communication in ADST is sound, given current system requirements and resources; (2) the existing architecture and protocols will support a one order of magnitude increase in traffic over the next five years, assuming the current pace of improvements in computation continues and is reflected in system improvements; (3) the ability of the current approach to support a two order of magnitude increase in traffic over the next 10 years is much less certain; (4) the system has been appropriately designed to support migration to standardized architectures and protocols; (5) the system should incorporate standardized approaches where they satisfy the levels of performance needed, but performance should receive preference over standardization where they do not; (6) a comprehensive assessment of system requirements for long-haul data communications requirements in the network is needed and should be undertaken promptly; (7) general purpose mechanisms for network management and security should be incorporated in the system; (8) data collection and analysis of network traffic and requirements should be instituted as a routine component of system operations to monitor performance and to guide system modifications and growth.

A fiber-optic delay network consisting of eight different and selectable fiber delays has been demonstrated over a 1 to 11 GHz frequency range. The delay networks can be used as a three-bit resolution beam steerer for an electronically steered antenna. Discrete delay increments were selected by switching the bias current of high speed 1.3-micron laser diodes pigtailed to the delay lines.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 34(7), DECEMBER 1999 Received for publication 10 Feb. 1998. Accepted for publication 9 Mar. 1998. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. Enhancement of Horticultural Crops for Improved Human Health: Introduction to the Colloquium

Since the 1930s, more than 130 inbred lines and 60 hybrid cultivars of onion have been released in the public sector in the United States. Other than breeder's reports from the period 1946-1965 and anecdotal information kept by onion workers, no systematic treatment of the pedigree of public onion germplasm releases has been developed. The objective of this research was to collect, characterize, and display the genetic relationships among more than 200 public onion germplasm sources used in the United States since 1931. Pedigree information revealed that most modern onion cultivars in the United States descend from a few open-pollinated populations brought to this country by immigrants. For example, selection in the open-pollinated populations Common Yellow and Silverskin by onion farmers in the eastern U.S. resulted in the formation of Yellow Globe Danvers, which was a precursor to virtually all Eastern storage onion germplasm in the U.S. Open-pollinated populations such Yellow Globe Danvers, Valencia, Sweet Spanish, Bermuda, and Grano formed the foundation germplasm for the first public U.S. onion breeding programs. Findings from this study suggest a relatively narrow germplasm base of public onion germplasm in the United States; however, this narrow pool coexists alongside significant gains through scientific breeding efforts, particularly during the past 75 years.

This review examines issues and topics concerning systematic modes of instruction designed to produce environments that shape behavior to satisfy stated objectives. Training here is defined as the acquisition of skills, concepts, or attitudes that results in improved performance in an on-the-job environment. Even a cursory inspection of this review displays the diverse nature of literature in this field which includes such topics as: need assessment techniques, evaluation methodology, and particular modes of instruction; in addition, there are topics with social and political implications such as training for second careers and training hard-core unemployed youth. This is the first examination of the topic in this series since J. P. Campbell's (1971) review. Computer searches covering the period since his review produced over 3000 references from the Educational Resources Information Center and Psychological Abstracts bibliographic data bases. The resulting eye strain was partially alleviated by a set of informal decision rules which helped determine the materials read and considered for this review. First, consistent with the definition of training, the selection process emphasized topics related to systematic instruction designed to produce transfer in work organizations. Thus, topics that emphasized the development of basic principles in learning (e.g. massed vs spaced learning) were excluded unless the research was directly relevant to an instructional program for training purposes. Also, topics such as organization development which have implications for quality of work life and institutional effectiveness that extend beyond the considerations of most training programs were excluded as a separate topic. However, there is an attempt to describe relevant literature from a wide variety of disciplines which touch on many important developments. Therefore, this review examines discussions on such topics as criterion development, found in the educational psychology literature; need assessment methodology, developed in vocational education; and instructional systems approaches, evaluated in military environments. This review also attempts to conceptualize training issues broadly. It would have been possible to complete this article by examining only the different types of training approaches utilized. However, such an approach would have excluded many important issues that should affect our understanding of training as a system within a work organization. For example, it is possible to consider training as part of the socialization process. Also, it is important to consider training and its evaluation as an intervention which affects the lives of people in work organizations. This review attempts to provide such a perspective as well as examine the more traditional topics.

Evidence is presented of strong association between bullous disease of the lung and primary lung cancer. From a special survey conducted at Philadelphia’s central mass radiography unit, the prevalence rate of lung cancer in those with bullous disease of lung was 61 per 1,000 men compared to 1.9 per 1,000 men without bullous disease. The relative risk of lung cancer in those with bullous disease of lung is calculated as 32. Supportive evidence was obtained from review of all cases of primary lung cancer detected in the past 21 years at this unit. Prevalence rates of bullous disease in 790 men with lung cancer were 12.1 per 1,000 white men and 54.2 per 1,000 nonwhite men. These rates were considerably higher than those found in the special survey, two and six per 1,000, respectively.

A synchronized transistor switching circuit has been designed for use in computer applications. The circuit is phase bistable rather than amplitude bistable. The basic unit of the circuit is a commutating ring which is operated by clock pulses and which is sampled at one-half the repetition rate of the clock. An input pulse changes the phase of the ring with respect to the sample pulses. This is analogous to a change in the output amplitude of a conventional amplitude bistable device caused by introduction of an input pulse. The basic transistor circuit used is the one-shot multivibrator. The latter device has proved to be more reliable than any amplitudebistable transistor circuit. In section I are presented some features of a transistor switching circuit. Section II contains a simplified description of the phase-bistable circuit and its mode of operation. In section III is described the transistor circuitry, while in section IV some general applications to digital computers are discussed.

Classical vigilance research has provided little insight into mechanisms responsible for complex monitoring performance. It has been unsuccessful both in establishing an appropriate data base for such behavior and in generating fruitful hypotheses. An empirical approach is therefore proposed in which variables contributing to task complexity are manipulated at a molar level, and those found to influence monitoring performance are subjected to progressive refinement. Three illustrative experiments are reported using a task designed to permit manipulation of a variety of complexity variables. Low frequency, high density, and irrelevant signals all were found to inhibit detection; in addition, sizable decrements occurred under some combinations of these conditions. Refinement of the density effect suggested that pattern of scanning, probably controlled by the reinforcing properties of detected signals, is of major importance in complex monitoring performance.

The performance of fatty acids under inerted atmospheres is found to depend upon base stock. The presence of aromatics in the base oil causes severe failure of the test specimens even under conditions of light load. The severity increases with increasing acid chain length in the series C4 to C18. The results are rationalized by suggesting a surface fatigue mechanism. The generation of a carboxylate anion is assumed to cause crack growth and the cyclic stressing of the moving member which occurs during the sliding process is assumed to cause rapid crack propagation. Presented as on American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE International Lubrication Conference held in New York City, October 9–12, 1972

An introduction to the principles of communications over dispersive channels — in which a heuristic channel model is developed, and simple formulas and curves are investigated for the selection of communications system parameters