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Object location in indoor environments is challenging when there is no physical contact, a field of view, reflective materials, and an excess of obstacles. Several works propose using Radio Frequency Identification technology (RFID) and machine learning methods to develop location systems in those situations. However, using an object as a target class slows learning and prediction in large-scale environments. To circumvent such problems, we proposed a location system that uses hierarchical classification. We divided the environment into regions to reduce the classifier’s training and the number of predicted classes. To define the regions, we used clustering techniques, indicating which clustering technique achieves the best performance in the proposed scenario. The main contribution of this work is a high-precision location system for large-scale environments. The results showed the proposed system’s implantation in a real environment with 400 target objects with 5 cm of location precision. The accuracy for region detection is 99.36%, while for identifying the object is 99.94%. Additionally, with the proposed hierarchical approach, we showed a reduction of 38.16% and 58.39% in processing time and classifier model size.

Most scientific contributions addressing cyber-security issues in water distribution networks present proposals of detection systems and very few propose location systems. A novel methodology for detection and location of cyber-attacks in water distribution networks (WDNs) is proposed in this paper. Structural analysis and autoencoder neural networks are effectively combined with a the control chart Adaptive Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (AEWMA). In the training phase, the proposed detection and location framework only requires data from normal operating conditions and knowledge about the behavioral model of the system which represents an advantage over previous works that demand for additional data of cyber-attacks. Among other advantages of the proposed methodology are the high performance in the effective, robust and early detection and the effectiveness of the location strategy. The proposal was evaluated with the known case study BATADAL.

The article talks about our design of ultrasound-based localization system. The designed system is primarily intended for mobile robotics. The second part of this article is focused on the initial verification of the basic characteristics and accuracy of the position measurement. This location system is currently still in the process of improving the functions required for usage in mobile robotics. We are currently working on removing some types of interferences.

The municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important part of building the smart city. Waste transfer station is an important link between the upper and the lower in the MSW management. Politic, environment and economy are all need to be considered in the waste transfer station location problem. Based on that, By establishing an optimized MSW transfer station location system based on internet of things, the locations of MSW transfer station is studied. Firstly, the Ward’s clustering approach is used to obtain the waste transfer station number in the city. And then a multi-objective model is established and NSGA-II is used to solve the model to obtain the Pareto frontier solution set of waste transfer station location coordinates. According the Google map, the optimal location coordinates of waste transfer station are obtained. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the proposed model and solution algorithm.

Impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) networks are gaining wide acceptance in short-to-medium range wireless sensing and positioning applications that require high accuracy. It is achieved generally via signal message exchange between ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver nodes, where the signal propagating through their analog circuitry suffers transmitting and receiving antenna delays. Such delays, unless measured and properly corrected for, may induce an error in range estimation between UWB nodes and eventually affect the accuracy of real-time location systems (RTLSs) based on the IR-UWB. This paper presents a system to measure the antenna delays of UWB nodes. It provides comprehensive mathematical modeling, design, and implementation of the proposed antenna delay measurement system. Experimental evaluation in a line-of-sight (LOS) environment shows its effectiveness for maintaining the accuracy of the range measurement between UWB nodes by taking into consideration the antenna delays measured by the proposed system.

Location systems and their daily use in industry and individual users have become an inseparable part of our everyday functioning. However, often they are used in the so-called intelligent buildings. Unfortunately, just like location methods operating outside buildings are precise enough to determine our location (e.g. GPS systems for drivers), the situation of locating people inside the building is different, especially when such people cannot be equipped with additional devices (e.g. a transmitter signal). Nevertheless, it is essential in communication routes, large clusters of people, such as airports, railway stations or office spaces. At the same time, determine the number of people in space and the development of services that do not require direct contact (automatic patient/client registration) in times of a possible pandemic.

This letter proposes a method to apply the random forest (RF) algorithm for exploiting the multipath information and enhance the time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization systems performance. This new approach aims to enhance the performance of a location system in outdoor scenarios, where there are technical restrictions to deploy them in line-of-sight condition. A site-specific fingerprint is extracted with ray-tracing simulations to produce a multipath dataset. The signals are processed with a multidimensional cross-correlation function, called volume cross-correlation (VCC) function, to extract the multipath features from the TDOAs measurements. The machine learning framework searches the points in the scenario, trying to find the most likely to be the emitter position using the processed features and the radio map.

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications have emerged as one of the most promising options to vastly increase wireless data rates due to the high bandwidth they offer. Given the high path loss at mmWave frequencies, such systems require directional antennas to achieve a good communication range. Thus, the communicating devices need to align the beam directions of their mmWave antennas. Due to the high penetration loss, the paths between the antennas also need to be free of blocking obstacles. This makes an efficient and reliable operation of mmWave networks in dynamic environments very challenging. At the same time, the directionality reduces interference and allows to scale these networks to much higher access point and device densities. In this paper, we discuss the above-mentioned challenges and present techniques that allow mmWave networks to scale to high-density deployments, to adapt to dynamic and mobile environments, and to consistently achieve high data rates. This includes learning the environment to find different propagation paths, reacting timely to channel impairments such as blockage, and integrating mmWave networks with networks operating at a lower frequency for robustness. A key ingredient to enable these forms of adaptivity is the use of location information. Such mechanisms then turn a collection of very-high-speed but brittle mmWave links into an efficient, low-latency, and reliable network.

Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) are devices capable of performing basic working movements without the operator being in their immediate working environment. Their capabilities include but are not limited to the perception of the environment with the use of sensors, determining the platform’s position, and planning and executing its movement. Ultra Wideband (UWB) is one of the wireless communication technologies which is increasingly used in location systems. This article presents the use of UWB technology in developing a guide localization system for a UGV (one of the stages of implementing a follow-me system). The article describes tests carried out on the developed testbed. Their aim was to determine the hardware configuration of the anchor arrangement characterized by the minimum number of lost data packets during operation. In order to determine the influence of the analysed variables on the output values, the method of global sensitivity analysis for neural networks was used.

The accuracy of the Bluetooth position, which has a high position speed, is not good. Visual information positioning takes more time, but its positioning accuracy is better. Since single positioning means cannot meet the needs of indoor positioning, we designed an indoor Location system based on fusion of Bluetooth signal and visual information in combination with their characteristics: According to the result of the rough positioning of the Bluetooth signal and the range of the Bluetooth positioning error, we can narrow the scope of the image database and use the visual information to locate the position with a high speed.; Then, according to the posterior probability distribution of the two kinds of positioning, we will integrate the two positioning results into the final positioning results. The simulation results show that the positioning performance of the system is better than that of pure Bluetooth positioning and visual information positioning.

In this work we performed a comparison between two different approaches to track a person in indoor environments using a locating system based on BLE technology with a smartphone and a smartwatch as monitoring devices. To do so, we provide the system architecture we designed and describe how the different elements of the proposed system interact with each other. Moreover, we have evaluated the system’s performance by computing the mean percentage error in the detection of the indoor position. Finally, we present a novel location prediction system based on neural embeddings, and a soft-attention mechanism, which is able to predict user’s next location with 67% accuracy.

The advent of IoT has enabled the design of connected and integrated smart health monitoring systems. These smart health monitoring systems could be realized in a smart home context to render long-term care to the elderly population. In this paper, we present the design of a wearable health monitoring system suitable for older adults in a smart home context. The proposed system offers solutions to monitor the stress, blood pressure, and location of an individual within a smart home environment. The stress detection model proposed in this work uses Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Photoplethysmogram (PPG), and Skin Temperature (ST) sensors embedded in a smart wristband for detecting physiological stress. The stress detection model is trained and tested using stress labels obtained from salivary cortisol which is a clinically established biomarker for physiological stress. A voice-based prototype is also implemented and the feasibility of the proposed system for integration in a smart home environment is analyzed by simulating a data acquisition and streaming scenario. We have also proposed a blood pressure estimation model using PPG signal and advanced regression techniques for integration with the stress detection model in the wearable health monitoring system. Finally, the design of a voice-assisted indoor location system is proposed for integration with the proposed system within a smart home environment. The proposed wearable health monitoring system is an important direction to realize a smart home environment with extensive diagnostic capabilities so that such a system could be useful for rendering long-term and personalized care to the aging population in the comfort of their home., 6 Pages, 2021 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI

In view of the lack of accurate lightning trip out rate calculation method for overhead lines with ungrounded neutral points, this paper comprehensively considers the lightning protection configuration of transmission lines and the actual lightning activity parameters in the line corridor to carry out theoretical analysis, simulation calculation and scheme research. Firstly, based on the line account information and lightning location system monitoring data, based on the electrical geometry model to determine the impact of lightning on the line, an accurate calculation method of lightning trip out rate is proposed, and the method is used to calculate and verify the lightning trip out rate of a neutral point ungrounded line in a certain area. The results show that the lightning trip out rate calculation method can accurately calculate the lightning trip out rate of the line and the line corridor after considering the lightning characteristics of the line and the line corridor.

The number of older people is increasing in many countries. By 2030, it is estimated that 15% of the overall population will be comprised of people aged 65 and above. Hence, the monitoring and tracking of elder activities to ensure they live an active life has become a major research topic in recent years. In this work, an elderly sub-activity tracking system is developed to detect the sub-activity of the elderly based on their physical activities and indoor location. The physical activities tracking system and indoor location system is combined in this project to enhance the context of the elderly activities (i.e. sub-activities as defined in this project). An indoor location system is developed by using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacon and BLE scanners to measure the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) signal to detect the location of the elderly. The activity tracking is carried out via a waist wearable device worn by the elderly. Random forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are used as machine learning classifiers to predict the activity and indoor location with an accuracy of 95.03% and 86.58%, respectively. The data from activity tracking and indoor location sub-systems will then be combined to derive the sub-activity and push to an online Internet of Things (IoT) platform for remote monitoring and notification.

We have been developing a bus location system using LoRa for the community buses in Nonoichi city, Japan. The conventional system has covered only one route and have had reliability problems that communication is done incorrectly in rare cases, sometimes the bus position display is incorrect. Therefore, we decided to cover the entire city of Nonoichi with LoRa network and support all routes running in the city. We also considered adopting multi-channel communication and multiple gateways to improve the reliability of the system. In this article, we describe a multi-channel and multiple gateways scheme to improve reliability.

With the growth of the power grid, the distribution network, which is the end of the power grid, faces problems such as difficult fault location and labor shortages. This paper proposes a fault location algorithm based on the existing distribution network automation information system. The data for the fault location algorithm come from the equipment ledger, telemetry signals, fault location information system, and lightning location information system. Fault location algorithms include multi-interval optimal fault location algorithms and a combination of deep optimal search and breadth optimal search. A set of fault location systems is designed, and historical fault data are imported for experimental verification. The results show that the fault location system based on this algorithm has accurate system positioning and a fast response, which greatly reduces the time for fault finding.

This paper proposes the ability to estimate the origin-destination (OD) of bus passengers with IoT bus location system. This system detects the bus stops where passengers board and deboard the bus based on their feature amounts obtained by intelligently analyzing the video taken inside the bus, and estimates congestion level of bus and OD data. Moreover, we implemented and verified the mechanism for providing these estimated information to Synerex that is proposed as a mechanism for exchanging information about user demand and service provider supply.

In order to further improve the positioning accuracy of indoor positioning based on visible light communication, this paper proposes an RSS fingerprint database location algorithm based on Lambert optimization model, which significantly improves the positioning accuracy. The Internet of Things technology is used to realize the connection between devices and mobile phones, and the positioning information is transmitted to mobile phone clients in real time. To test this system, a visible light indoor positioning system based on STM32F407 development platform was built, which verified that the positioning error of the system was basically stable within 30 mm in the area of 800 mm * 800 mm. This system has stable signal transmission, high precision, small time consuming and low cost of power consumption, which has a good development and application value.

This paper performs a feasibility analysis to find the best-fitting solution in terms of quality/price ratio for designing and developing a Real-Time Location System for Indoor Positioning inside healthcare facilities. In particular, an overall comparison of all the available solutions is done, highlighting pros and cons of each technology (WiFi, RFID, WLAN, Ultra-Wide Band, Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, magnetic fields, infrareds, ultrasounds, computer-vision and Pedestrian Data-Reckoning) for accuracy, price, coverage, infrastructure development and installation, and maintenance. A preliminary scope-review is also produced, which summarizes the obtained outcomes in similar studies. In the results section the proposed system is illustrated via flowcharts and block diagrams, both for off-site and on-site scenarios.

In this work, we proposed an indoor location system that makes use of a Raspberry Pi embedded computer and WiFi signals to guide a person inside a region of the faculty of Electrical and Electronic at Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Peru. The main advantage with similar indoor location systems like beacons or RFID technology is that the presented system does not require additional hardware since it makes use of the pre-installed WiFi routers. The experimental tests show promising results, achieving a location accuracy of 92.31%.

Existing indoor location systems do not easily scale at low cost while maintaining high accuracy. We present EasiTrack, an indoor tracking system that achieves decimeter accuracy using a single commodity WiFi Access Point (AP) under Non-Line-Of-Sight conditions and can deploy at scale with (almost) zero cost. We build a fully functional real-time system with a satellite-like architecture, which enables EasiTrack to support an unlimited number of clients. We have demonstrated EasiTrack in a number of different scenarios to track both humans and machines. The results reveal that EasiTrack achieves a decimeter median accuracy and a

People often spend time in buildings such as offices, hospitals, factory workspaces, and other interiors. Today, positioning and navigation are of great importance in such environments. Global Positioning System (GPS), which is commonly used for location information, cannot be used indoors. Therefore, we need the new technology of the real-time location system. In this research, the use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) RSSI was investigated. The mathematical filters median, mod, max, mean were tried to ensure the accuracy of RSSI. A different triangulation algorithm was used to calculate the positioning. In the study, all calculations and algorithms have been tried in real environments and the results have been recorded. With this work, better algorithms for indoor positioning with BLE technology have been developed and the position accuracy has been improved.

Manually documented trauma flow sheets contain critical information regarding trauma resuscitations in the emergency department (ED). The American College of Surgeons (ACS) has enforced certain thresholds on trauma surgeons' arrival time to the trauma bay. Due to the complex and fast-paced ED environment, this information can be easily overlooked or erroneously recorded, affecting compliance with ACS standards. This paper is a retrospective study conducted at a Level I trauma center equipped with an RFID system to investigate an automated solution to evaluate and improve the accuracy of measuring trauma surgeons' response time to the highest level (red) trauma activations.Clinical Relevance- Demonstration of timely response to trauma activations is required for ACS verification. As real-time location systems become more prevalent, they may improve a hospital's ability to report accurate response times for trauma team activations.

The article deals with the issues of combining information in a two-position small-size radar system to improve the system's resolution when mapping the underlying surfaces in the front side view area. This radar system also serves to improve the accuracy of azimuthal coordinates of physical objects and information sensors detected in the view area. This information is used in the optical two-position system, located on the same small UAVs on which the small-size on-board radars are based, which allows the positioning of cameras on detected objects with high accuracy. The high precision positioning of the cameras allows the combination of the two-position optical system information and radar information. The result of this combination allows to clarify the coordinates of the edges of the underlying surfaces, in particular the coastal zone, as well as to improve the reliability of the classification of underlying surfaces and detected physical objects.

An analysis based on the Jones matrix theoretical analysis is presented in this paper, which is based on the distributed optical fiber location system to study the polarization effect. A new improved distributed optical fiber structured is designed by using a Faraday rotation mirror ,the system is insensitive to the change of the polarization in the sensing part of the optical fiber, remove the linear birefringence and the orientation birefringence, the practicability of the system is increased.

Purpose Common performance metrics for outpatient clinics define the time between patient arrival and entry into an examination room as “waiting time.” Time spent in the room is considered processing time. This characterization systematically ignores time spent in the examination room waiting for service. If these definitions are used, performance will consistently understate total waiting times and overstate processing times. Correcting such errors will provide a better understanding of system behavior. Methods and materials In a radiation oncology service in an urban academic clinic, we collected data from a patient management system for 84 patients with 4 distinct types of visits: consultations, follow-ups, on-treatment visits, and nurse visits. Examination room entry and exit times were collected with a real-time location system for relevant care team members. Novel metrics of clinic performance were created, including the ratio of face time (ie, time during which the patient is with a practitioner) to total cycle time, which we label face-time efficiency. Attending physician interruptions occurred when the attending is called out of the room during a patient visit, and coordination-related delays are defined as waits for another team member. Results Face-time efficiency levels for consults, follow-ups, on-treatment visits, and nurse visits were 30.1%, 22.9%, 33.0%, and 25.6%, respectively. Attending physician interruptions averaged 6.7 minutes per patient. If these interruptions were eliminated, face-time efficiencies would rise to 33.2%, 29.2%, 34.4%, and 25.6%, respectively. Eliminating all coordination-related delays would increase these values to 41.3%, 38.9%, 54.7%, and 38.7%, respectively. Conclusions A real-time location system can be used to augment a patient management system and automate data collection to provide improved descriptions of clinic performance.

En los últimos años, la computación móvil ha impactado de manera considerable el sector de las tecnologías de información. Con el crecimiento de las plataformas móviles, uno de los avances más importantes es el posicionamiento de los dispositivos móviles, que consiste acciones relacionadas con la movilidad de los usuarios e involucra el proceso desensado de posiciones, a través de GPS y códigos QR (Lliteras, Challiol, & Gordillo, 2013). En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio bibliográfico que consiste en acciones que permiten valorar el funcionamiento de los sistemas y las tecnologías quefacilitan el posicionamiento en interiores (indoor). El trabajo es de índole cualitativa. Se resalta la importancia de generar lineamientos para el desarrollo de estas aplicaciones, así mismo continuar investigando en nuevos sistemas inalámbricos y sistemas de localización para elevar los grados de precisión con los que se cuenta actualmente.

Highlights • Contact tracing is an essential step in infectious disease control and prevention. • Using Electronic medical record (EMR) is challenging and misses a number of potential exposures. • Real time location system (RTLS) doubled the potential exposures list for pertussis disease beyond the conventional method of EMR-based contact identification • RTLS is more efficient and timely in the process of contact tracing. • Further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm the findings., Background Contact tracing is the systematic method of identifying individuals potentially exposed to infectious diseases. Electronic medical record (EMR) use for contact tracing is time-consuming and may miss exposed individuals. Real-time location systems (RTLSs) may improve contact identification. Therefore, the relative effectiveness of these 2 contact tracing methodologies were evaluated. Methods During a pertussis outbreak in the United States, a retrospective case study was conducted between June 14 and August 31, 2016, to identify the contacts of confirmed pertussis cases, using EMR and RTLS data in the emergency department of a tertiary care medical center. Descriptive statistics and a paired t test (α = 0.05) were performed to compare contacts identified by EMR versus RTLS, as was correlation between pertussis patient length of stay and the number of potential contacts. Results Nine cases of pertussis presented to the emergency department during the identified time period. RTLS doubled the potential exposure list (P

This paper presents concept and implementation of digital phase-location system, designed as a navigational aid for marine applications. Main feature of proposed system is the ability to work in both synchronous mode, with one master station and set of slave stations synchronized with master, and in asynchronous mode with independent clocking of all stations.

Background To construct a real-time computerized location system (RCLS) to analyze and display the axis of corneal astigmatism and to compare its accuracy with the Scheimpflug method. Methods Fifty-seven eyes of 39 volunteers with corneal astigmatism more than 1.00 diopter (D) were recruited. The RCLS was composed of a circular light-emitting diode (LED) light source, surgical microscope, surgical video system, computer and self-programming image analysis software. Scheimpflug imaging measurements (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) were performed on all subjects to determine the axis and power of corneal astigmatism. Thereafter, the axis of corneal astigmatism was analyzed in real-time and displayed by the RCLS on supine position, and videos were recorded. The MB-Ruler 4.0 software was used to measure the astigmatic axis. The accuracy of the RCLS was compared with the Scheimpflug method. Results The RCLS was able to display the axis of corneal astigmatism in real-time. The axial deviation of corneal astigmatism between the two methods was 0.63 ± 3.78° when astigmatism was 1.00 to 2.00 D and decreased to 0.06 ± 1.38° when astigmatism was greater than 2.00 D. A linear correlation of astigmatic axis was noted between the two methods: AxisRCLS = 1.01 × AxisScheimpflug − 1.02 (R2 = 0.998, P

Current onsite safety management always relies on time-consuming predefinitions of hazardous zones based on the managers’ personal capabilities. However, in a typical labor-intensive industry such as construction, the workers themselves can provide a wealth of information for hazard identification. Historical accident-free working locations on site provide a valuable means of recognizing safe workplaces. This paper presents an approach to the automated classification of construction site zones derived from the location tracks of workers collected from a real-time location system (RTLS). Through data mining, filtering and analysis, the location tracks are transformed into grid density maps and continuous density maps. These illustrate the characteristics of spatial-temporal activities onsite as well as providing a visual representation of the distribution of safe and hazardous individual workplaces. A personnel hazard map is generated automatically based on historical accident-free location tracks from a field project using the proposed approach. Compared with the actual workplaces in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity, the evaluation result reveals that the hazardous areas on a construction site can be automatically classified to improve the workplace management of individual workers. The contributions of this research include an automated zone classification algorithm and an evaluation framework consisting of four indicators for hazard awareness onsite.

Chinese cities are becoming larger and urbanization is accelerating with the rapid development of China's economic construction and formulation of planning objectives. Traditional manual management and information processing methods cannot satisfy the requirements of modern urban planning management. Thus, this study analyzes the application of geographic information system (GIS) in urban planning, starting with the characteristics of GIS technology. Structured analysis and design are conducted for urban planning and the location system. The software engineering approach is adopted throughout the entire process, from the survey to the overall design of the system and database. The evaluation factors of the pension facilities in Baohe, Hefei are extracted through the factor evaluation method, and the weight value is determined. The GIS analysis method is then used, and site suitability evaluation is performed on the Baohe district land layout. Results show that the application of urban planning and a location system based on GIS technology can provide the basis for urban planning.

Ultra wide band (UWB)-based real-time location systems (RTLSs) have been widely adopted in the manufacturing industry for tracking tools, materials, and ensuring safety. Researchers in the construction domain have investigated similar uses for UWB-based RTLSs on construction jobsites. However, most of these investigations comprised small-scale experiments using average accuracy only to demonstrate use cases for the technology. Furthermore, they did not consider alternative deployment scenarios for practically feasible deployment of the technology. To overcome these limitations, a series of experiments were performed to study the feasibility of a commercially available RTLS on the construction jobsites. The focus of the work was on feasibility in terms of accuracy analysis of the system for a large experimental site, the level of effort requirements for deployment, and the impact of deployment alternatives on the accuracy of the system. The results found that average accuracy was found to be a misleading indicator of the perceived system performance (i.e., 95th percentile values were considerably higher than average values). Moreover, accuracy is significantly affected by the deployment alternatives. Collectively, the results arising from the study could help construction/safety managers in decision making related to the deployment of UWB-based RTLSs for their construction sites.

The problem of determining the object’s position has recently become an active research area, due to the increased demand for accurate outdoor and indoor positioning. This paper presents a preliminary testing campaign of the Decawave MDEK1001 development kit which uses UWB transmissions to determine the position of a tag in a real-time location system. The performance is evaluated in terms of positioning accuracy, and measurement error variation of the tag coordinates. The results analysis highlights the potential of the system and provides guidelines on how to increase the positioning accuracy.

In this work we proposed an indoor location system that makes use of a mobile phone and WiFi signal levels to determine the location of a person in the museum “Eduardo de Habich” at the Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Peru. Therefore, by determining the location, additional information such as recommendations, multimedia, an more could be shown to each user in order to have a better user experience. The main advantage with similar indoor location systems such as Beacons or RFID technology is that the proposed system does not require additional hardware as it only uses pre-installed WiFi hotspots. The experimental tests show promising results, achieving a location accuracy of 93.61%, which is useful for similar navigation tasks.

Lightning discharges have been widely studied in many physical and engineering fields, being responsible for hazardous events such as human injuries, damages to transmission lines and wind turbines, wildfires ignitions and adverse impacts on the aviation sector. An improved understanding of the phenomenon is important for warning and safety applications, in order to perform reliable risk assessment to respond to impacts. The introduction of Lightning Location Systems (LLS) helped mitigating threats since 1920. This contribution is focused on LLSs for intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges, aiming at presenting an overview on the working principles of the most used techniques to locate lightning. The companion paper will describe in detail the performances of the main LLS and present examples of some existing LLS networks, with particular attention to the ones that operate in the Mediterranean areas.

Aiming at the four-station networked TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) localization system, a direct location method based on electronic elevation map search is proposed, the Geometric Dilution Precision (GDOP) is derived, and the factors affecting the location accuracy are analyzed. The location method under real conditions is also simulated, and its feasibility is demonstrated, which provides a new engineering method for networked TDOA location.

Transportation is an important one as far as the growth of a particular city is considered. Public transport in most Indian cities is rapidly deteriorating because of increasing travel demand and inadequate transportation system. Aurangabad is one of the essential administrative districts in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. Near about 219 Sq. Km urban sectors with a population near about 1,228,300 as up to the year 2018. This creates an increase in no of two-four wheelers on roads which leads to a fatal accident on the way. BRTS is superior to another transportation system which provides knowledge about automated vehicle location system and also being flexible, easily accessible and cost-effective being able to transport a large number of people. For implementation purpose to know there is a need for BRTS or not, various data such as accident data, interview of people and driver for what problem they face, various traffic studies are carried out.

This article aims to describe, explain and propose the implementation of a Mobile LoRaWAN Gateway device and how this can use the benefits of the LoRaWAN communication protocol and system architecture along with IoT to bring a new solution for applications which need a mobile alternative, or which not have the resources to support a conventional LoRaWAN gateway solution. The purpose of this project is to test the capabilities of the LoRaWANtaking a different approach and prove its advantages against other similar solutions that do not use LoRaWANfor some applications.

Real-time Location Systems (RTLS) are important technology utilized to provide spatial and temporal location information to Industry 4.0 systems. We discuss in more details ultra-wide band radio frequency identification systems (WB RFID). We proposed utilization of visualization and data analytics techniques to quantify and examine latencies and availability and demonstrated their potential usages in a large scale environment. The proposed methodology could easily be extended to other RTLS systems with similar configuration.