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OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which diets with a higher inflammatory potential, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), are associated with cancer development in a cohort of rural post-menopausal women. METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of participants of a randomized control trial evaluating the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cancer development in rural, post-menopausal women in Nebraska. From this cohort, diets were evaluated via a 2005 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline and four years later (Visit 9). DII scores were calculated at both time points for each participant, including an unadjusted and energy-adjusted DII score. The relationship with DII scores and cancer development were evaluated using a chi-squared test and logistic regression, controlling for pertinent confounders. The difference in DII scores at baseline and Visit 9 for participants who developed cancer and non-cancer participants was examined via a repeated measure ANOVA test. RESULTS: There were 1977 participants with baseline and Visit 9 DII scores available for analysis. There was a significant difference in DII scores between baseline and Visit 9, with a significantly larger change in DII scores in the participants who developed cancer (p = 0.0194), shifting to higher pro-inflammatory scores at Visit 9. Cancer status was not associated with baseline DII scores, nor was DII score a predictor of cancer status, when controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate how dietary patterns in persons diagnosed with cancer had significant changes over time, increasing inflammatory diet potential. This increase in inflammatory potential in cancer patients may impact outcomes like treatment success, overall survival, and cancer recurrence, creating a need for more research to further analyze the impact of cancer diagnoses on diet changes, and if these changes are detrimental to cancer survivor outcomes. FUNDING SOURCES: None.

Investigators and clinicians use bone histomorphometry data from iliac bone biopsies to study bone abnormalities in diseased patients, and to understand the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical interventions. This requires access to a high quality normal data-set to be used for comparisons, a resource that has not been adequate to date. The objective of this work is to present static and dynamic bone histomorphometry data from transilial bone biopsies performed on 48 healthy males, evenly distributed between ages 45 and 75. In addition, we compared these results with results from our earlier study in normal postmenopausal women (Recker et al., 1988 [1]). The data include bone density and anthropometric measurements, micro-CT, and a collection of serum biochemical measurements. We found that several of the histomorphometry variables were correlated with serum measurements, i.e. serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Micro-CT variables were correlated with the static histomorphometry variables, and were very similar. Age-related changes were observed for both histomorphometry and Micro-CT, but were surprisingly small in most cases. Comparisons with our previously reported histomorphometry data from normal women were surprisingly similar, but there was a significant age by gender interaction in the wall thickness (W.Th) measurements, i.e. there was a small increase in this variable with age in men, and a significant decline with age in women. The population selected for this study, and the prior study in normal women, were carefully chosen so as to rule out the presence of clinical, life-style or other confounding factors. While the cohort chosen herein was a convenience sample, and not a population-based sample, we believe it can be used as a reference standard with proper precautions in its interpretation and in its comparisons with diseased populations.

Osteoporotic (low-trauma) fractures are a significant public health problem. Over 50% of women over 50 yrs. of age will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetimes. While current therapies reduce skeletal fracture risk by maintaining or increasing bone density, additional information is needed that includes the intrinsic material strength properties of bone tissue to help develop better treatments, since measurements of bone density account for no more than ~ 50% of fracture risk. The hypothesis tested here is that postmenopausal women who have sustained osteoporotic fractures have reduced bone quality, as indicated with measures of intrinsic material properties compared to those who have not fractured. Transiliac biopsies (N = 120) were collected from fracturing (N = 60, Cases) and non-fracturing postmenopausal women (N = 60, age- and BMD-matched Controls) to measure intrinsic material properties using the nano-indentation technique. Each biopsy specimen was embedded in epoxy resin and then ground, polished and used for the nano-indentation testing. After calibration, multiple indentations were made using quasi-static (hardness, modulus) and dynamic (storage and loss moduli) testing protocols. Multiple indentations allowed the median and variance to be computed for each type of measurement for each specimen. Cases were found to have significantly lower median values for cortical hardness and indentation modulus. In addition, cases showed significantly less within-specimen variability in cortical modulus, cortical hardness, cortical storage modulus and trabecular hardness, and more within-specimen variability in trabecular loss modulus. Multivariate modeling indicated the presence of significant independent mechanical effects of cortical loss modulus, along with variability of cortical storage modulus, cortical loss modulus, and trabecular hardness. These results suggest mechanical heterogeneity of bone tissue may contribute to fracture resistance. Although the magnitudes of differences in the intrinsic properties were not overwhelming, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate, and compare the intrinsic properties of bone tissue in fracturing and non-fracturing postmenopausal women.

Fracture liaison services often perform laboratory testing, but these results may be altered by surgery. In 40 hip arthroplasty patients, many laboratory parameters of bone health relevance were reduced by 8-22% on the first post-operative day. Laboratory results obtained in the immediate post-surgery interval do not reliably ascertain baseline status.As secondary causes of osteoporosis are common, fracture liaison services often perform laboratory testing in the immediate post-fracture interval. We hypothesized that laboratory results obtained shortly after surgery may not accurately ascertain baseline status. If true, such alterations might confound subsequent fracture prevention efforts.Patients undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty were studied as a surrogate for hip fracture patients. Blood and urine were obtained 2 weeks before surgery, before anesthetic induction, on post-operative day one, and 6 weeks after surgery. Serum total and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), calcium, creatinine, albumin (Alb), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma hemoglobin (Hgb) and urinary DBP/creatinine ratio (UDBP/Cr) were measured.Forty volunteers (28 women; 12 men) with mean age of 65.7 [8.7] years were studied. Laboratory results were stable from 2 weeks before to the day of surgery. On the first day after surgery, total 25(OH)D, DBP, calcium, creatinine, ALP, and Alb declined 8-22% (p 0.0001); free 25(OH)D and Hgb declined by 8 and 15% (p 0.01), respectively; and UDBP/Cr increased 32% (p 0.01). Using a 25(OH)D30 ng/mL threshold, vitamin D inadequacy prevalence increased from 38% before surgery to 68% the day after (p 0.001). All laboratory values returned to baseline at 6 weeks after surgery.Laboratory values are reduced immediately following elective total hip arthroplasty. Testing at that time does not accurately ascertain baseline status and may lead to elevated estimates of vitamin D inadequacy, incorrect interventions, and misallocation of healthcare resources.

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of bone mineral content (BMC) accrual that may have long-term consequences for osteoporosis in adulthood. Adequate dietary calcium intake and weight-bearing physical activity are important for maximizing BMC accrual. However, the relative effects of physical activity and dietary calcium on BMC accrual throughout the continuum of pubertal development in childhood remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of self-reported dietary calcium intake and weight-bearing physical activity on bone mass accrual across the five stages of pubertal development in a large, diverse cohort of US children and adolescents. The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood study was a mixed longitudinal study with 7393 observations on 1743 subjects. Annually, we measured BMC by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity and calcium intake by questionnaire, and pubertal development (Tanner stage) by examination for up to 7 years. Mixed-effects regression models were used to assess physical activity and calcium intake effects on BMC accrual at each Tanner stage. We found that self-reported weight-bearing physical activity contributed to significantly greater BMC accrual in both sexes and racial subgroups (black and nonblack). In nonblack males, the magnitude of the activity effect on total body BMC accrual varied among Tanner stages after adjustment for calcium intake; the greatest difference between high- and low-activity boys was in Tanner stage 3. Calcium intake had a significant effect on bone accrual only in nonblack girls. This effect was not significantly different among Tanner stages. Our findings do not support differential effects of physical activity or calcium intake on bone mass accrual according to maturational stage. The study demonstrated significant longitudinal effects of weight-bearing physical activity on bone mass accrual through all stages of pubertal development.

The level of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] has high heritability, suggesting that genes may contribute to variations in serum 25(OH)D level and vitamin D dose-response. As vitamin D deficiency has been linked to numerous diseases, understanding how genetic variation contributes to vitamin D dose-response is important for personalized vitamin D treatment and cost-effective disease prevention. To identify genetic variants responsible for vitamin D status and dose-response, we performed two vitamin D3 and calcium clinical supplementation trials in 2,207 postmenopausal Caucasian women. We examined the association of 291 SNPs with baseline serum 25(OH)D levels and 25(OH)D dose-response. Five SNPs, rs10500804 (P = 4.93 × 10−7), rs2060793 (P = 6.63 × 10−7), rs10741657 (P = 1.49 × 10−6), rs10766197 (P = 1.05 × 10−5) and rs11023380 (P = 7.67 × 10−5) in the CYP2R1 gene, as well as 6 SNPs, rs4588 (P = 7.86 × 10−7), rs2298850 (P = 1.94 × 10−6), rs1155563 (P = 6.39 × 10−6), rs705119 (P = 2.80 × 10−5), rs705120 (P = 1.08 × 10−4) and rs222040 (P = 1.59 × 10−4) in the GC gene were associated with baseline serum 25(OH)D levels. SNP rs11185644 near the RXRA was significantly associated with 25(OH)D dose-response (P = 1.01 × 10−4). Our data suggest that polymorphisms in the CYP2R1 and GC gene may contribute to variation in baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration, and that polymorphism rs11185644 may contribute to variation in 25(OH)D dose-response in healthy postmenopausal Caucasian women.

Background and aim To compare the prevalence of extra-esophageal cancers in patients diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) with SEER database. Methods Patients with BE and EAC are part of a NIH supported Familial Barrett's investigation involving personal and family history and pathology correlation recorded in the database. Data pertaining to extra-esophageal cancers in the proband was extracted into an excel datasheet for analysis. Expected prevalence obtained from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) NIH database (1973-2006) for the general population, matched for age, was compared with our cohort. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results There were 1091 probands in the database of whom 876 had complete personal history. The mean age was 57.6 (5-84 years) with 807 Caucasians and 710 males. Overall incidence of extra-esophageal cancers was higher in our cohort when compared with the general population. Conclusion There is a strong association of certain cancer types in patients with BE and EAC. However, further epidemiologic and genetic research is needed for investigation and development of genetic fingerprints.

Hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC) is heterogeneous, with at least three distinctive syndromes, namely, hereditary site-specific ovarian cancer, hereditary breast-ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, and Lynch syndrome II. Ovarian cancer, in accord with virtually all varieties of adult onset cancer, displays an increasing incidence with advancing age; however, it shows an earlier age of onset in hereditary settings.Detailed medical and pathology studies were performed on extended ovarian cancer-prone pedigrees, with special attention given to age at ovarian cancer onset.The age of onset of ovarian cancer is heterogeneous, wherein the average age of onset in HBOC is 52 years, in hereditary site-specific ovarian cancer it is 49 years, and in the Lynch syndrome II it is 45 years, in contrast to its occurrence in the general population, at an average age of 59 years.These differences are important for the initiation of surveillance and management strategies. Age of onset of ovarian cancer differences in these several hereditary subsets are less striking than they are in the case of other integral forms of cancer in the respective syndromes, such as the breast in the HBOC syndrome. In addition, the phenomenon of extremely early age of onset of ovarian cancer occurs infrequently in HOC when compared to other forms of cancer, such as the breast in HBOC or the colon in Lynch syndrome II. Knowledge about age of onset heterogeneity in HOC may harbor important clues about etiology, pathogenesis, and cancer control.

Background: Calcium is an essential cotherapy in osteoporosis treatment. The relative effectiveness of various calcium salts for this purpose is uncertain. Many older women with osteoporosis have phosphorus intakes of ,70% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Objective: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that calcium phosphate would better support anabolic bone building than would calcium carbonate. Design: This study was a 12-mo, randomized, positive-comparator, 2-arm, single-blind clinical trial in 211 patients treated with teriparatide who consumed ,1000 mg phosphorus/d. Participants were randomly assigned to receive, in addition to teriparatide and 1000 IU cholecalciferol, 1800 mg calcium/d as either tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. The primary endpoints were changes in lumbar spine and total hip bone mineral densities (BMDs); secondary endpoints were changes in bone resorption biomarkers and serum and urine calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Results: In the combined group, the lumbar spine BMD increased by 7.2%, and total hip BMD increased by 2.1% (P , 0.01 for both). However, there was no significant difference between calcium-treatment groups, and there were no significant between-group differences in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations or in urine calcium concentrations. Bone resorption biomarkers increased in both groups, as expected with teriparatide, but the increases in the 2 calcium groups did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate appear to be approximately equally effective in supporting bone building with a potent anabolic agent; phosphate salt may be preferable in patients with restricted phosphorus intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00074711. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10. 3945/ajcn.2009.29085.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of prophylactic/extended colectomy (subtotal colectomy) in patients with Lynch syndrome who manifest colorectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective cohort using Creighton University's hereditary cancer database was used to identify cases and controls. Cases are patients who underwent subtotal colectomy, either with no colorectal cancer diagnosis (prophylactic) or at diagnosis of first colorectal cancer; controls for these 2 types of cases were, respectively, patients who underwent no colon surgery or those having limited resection at time of diagnosis of first colorectal cancer. The Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazard regression models from the Statistical Analysis Software program was used to calculate the difference in survival, time to subsequent colorectal cancer, and subsequent abdominal surgery between cases and controls. RESULTS: The event-free survival of our study did not reach 50%, so we used the event-free survival at 5 years as our parameter to compare the 2 groups. The event-free survival for subsequent colorectal cancer, subsequent abdominal surgery, and death was 94%, 84%, and 93%, respectively, for cases and 74%, 63%, and 88%, respectively, for controls. Times to subsequent colorectal cancer and subsequent abdominal surgery were significantly shorter in the control group (P < .006 and P < .04, respectively). No significant difference was identified with respect to survival time between the cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Even though no survival benefit was identified between the cases and controls the increased incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer and increased abdominal surgeries among controls warrant the recommendation of subtotal colectomy in patients with Lynch syndrome.

Field carcinogenesis detection represents a promising means for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, although current techniques (e.g., flexible sigmoidoscopy) lack the requisite sensitivity. The novel optical technology low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy, allows identification of microscale architectural consequences of the field carcinogenesis in preclinical CRC models with unprecedented accuracy. To investigate the potential clinical translatability of this approach, we obtained biopsies from the normal-appearing rectal mucosa from patients undergoing colonoscopy (n = 219). LEBS signals were recorded through a bench-top instrument. Four parameters characterizing LEBS signal were linearly combined into a single marker. We found that LEBS signal parameters generally mirrored neoplasia progression from patients with no neoplasia, to 5 to 9 mm adenoma and to advanced adenomas. The composite LEBS marker calculated from the LEBS signal paralleled this risk status (ANOVA P < 0.001). Moreover, this was independent of CRC risk factors, benign colonic findings, or clinically unimportant lesions (diminutive adenomas, hyperplastic polyps). For advanced adenomas, the LEBS marker had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 80%, and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.895. Leave-one-out cross-validation and an independent data set (n = 51) supported the robustness of these findings. In conclusion, we provide the first demonstration that LEBS-detectable alterations in the endoscopically normal rectum were associated with the presence of neoplasia located elsewhere in the colon. This study provides the proof of concept that rectal LEBS analysis may potentially provide a minimally intrusive CRC screening technique. Further studies with an endoscopically compatible fiber optic probe are under way for multicenter clinical validation. [Cancer Res 2009;69(10):4476–83]

The ability of the host to mount an appropriate immune response to aberrant cells is one factor that determines prognosis in cancer patients. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (T regs; CD4+ CD25+ cells) are key regulators of peripheral tolerance. It has been suggested that high levels of T regs are detrimental to the patient in some forms of cancer, but the role of these antigen-specific cells in individuals with colorectal cancers with high levels of microsatellite instability is unknown. Herein, we examined the ability of individuals with MSI-H or microsatellite stable colon cancer to recruit lymphocytes to the tumor site. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on archived paraffin-embedded specimens from a total of 38 individuals with MSI-H (n = 25) or MSS (n = 13) colon cancers to determine the proportion of CD3+, CD8+ and CD25+ cells infiltrating the tumor site. Patients with MSI-H colon cancers had increased percentages of CD8+ TILs (cytotoxic T cells) as compared to individuals with MSS colon cancer (47.3 vs. 24.04% of the infiltrate CD8+, respectively). No differences in the levels of CD25+ T cells were observed between individuals with MSI-H colon cancers and MSS colon cancers (0.53 vs. 0.54% CD25+, respectively). Together, these data suggest that the survival advantage enjoyed by patients with MSI-H colorectal cancer may, in part, be attributed to the increased cytolytic response, but not to an antigen-specific immunosuppressive response in MSS patients.

Persons with the Lynch syndrome (LS) are at high risk for cancer, including cancers of the small bowel, stomach, upper urologic tract (renal pelvis and ureter), ovary, biliary tract and brain tumors, in addition to the more commonly observed colorectal and endometrial cancers. Cancer prevention strategies for these less common cancers require accurate, age-specific risk estimation. We pooled data from 4 LS research centers in a retrospective cohort study, to produce absolute incidence estimates for these cancer types, and to evaluate several potential risk modifiers. After elimination of 135 persons missing crucial information, cohort included 6,041 members of 261 families with LS-associated MLH1 or MSH2 mutations. All were either mutation carriers by test, probable mutation carriers (endometrial/colorectal cancer-affected), or first-degree relatives of these. Among mutation carriers and probable carriers, urologic tract cancer (N = 98) had an overall lifetime risk (to age 70) of 8.4% (95% CI: 6.6-10.8); risks were higher in males (p < 0.02) and members of MSH2 families (p < 0.0001). Ovarian cancer (N = 72) had an lifetime risk of 6.7% (95% CI: 5.3-9.1); risks were higher in women born after the median year of birth (p < 0.008) and in members of MSH2 families (p < 0.006). Brain tumors and cancers of the small bowel, stomach, breast and biliary tract were less common. Urologic tract cancer and ovarian cancer occur frequently enough in some LS subgroups to justify trials to evaluate promising prevention interventions. Other cancer types studied occur too infrequently to justify strenuous cancer control interventions.

Colorectal and endometrial cancer are the characteristic tumors of the Lynch syndrome. We reviewed the available evidence on the occurrence of other types of cancer in the syndrome, aiming to identify those types that can be included in the tumor spectrum, based on this evidence. We chose to define the tumor spectrum as comprising the cancers for which Lynch syndrome patients are at elevated risk. We found sufficiently strong and consistent evidence to include gastric cancer, small bowel cancer, hepatobiliary tract cancer, upper urologic tract cancer, ovarian cancer, and brain tumors in this spectrum, in addition to colorectal and endometrial cancer. We predict that the spectrum will expand as additional studies are reported, especially as prospective studies of mutation carriers are completed.

Purpose To describe a series of families with familial multiple myeloma (MM). Observations were used to generate hypotheses about the role of genetic factors, the mode of inheritance of these factors, and the association of other cancers with familial MM. Patients and Methods This observational study consisted of 39 families with multiple cases of MM or related disorders from four collaborating research centers. Each center followed its usual family study method. Probands were interviewed, and, when possible, cancers were verified by medical records and pathology review. A working pedigree was compiled on each family. Results Seventeen families had affected members in two or more generations, and eight families had two or more affected members in a single generation. Four families had two or more members with plasma cell dyscrasias, with or without a single case of MM. In the remaining 10 families, a single MM case occurred with a family history of other cancers. Other cancers observed in family members included hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In families with MM in multiple generations, there was a decrease in the age at MM diagnosis in successive generations. Conclusion The study of familial MM may provide insights into the pathogenesis and, ultimately, the control and prevention of MM and related disorders. Population-based epidemiologic studies are crucial, but because of the rarity of familial MM, a concerted case-finding approach may also be fruitful. Therefore, we propose an international consortium to study familial MM, and we invite all interested colleagues to participate.

BRCA-1 mutations predispose women to early onset breast cancer, but approximately 20% never develop cancer. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) profiling can differentiate protein signatures of cancer and normal subjects. Our objective was to distinguish women with BRCA-1 mutations who developed breast cancer (BRCA-1 Ca) from those who did not (Carrier), normal volunteers (NL), and women with sporadic breast cancer (SBC), using SELDI-TOF.Baseline serum specimens were obtained from women with BRCA-1 mutations without cancer, SBC, and NL. BRCA-1 women were later divided into two cohorts, pending cancer development. The sera were spotted onto protein chips for SELDI-TOF analysis and analyzed with classification algorithm software.BRCA-1 Ca patients (n = 15) developed cancer within 3 years of baseline, while BRCA-1 carriers (n = 15) were cancer-free in 7 years of follow-up. SELDI-TOF analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins (P.05) between BRCA-1 Ca, Carrier, and SBC patients (n = 16), such that 13/15 BRCA-1 Ca vs. Carrier women were correctly identified (sensitivity/specificity of 87%/87%) and 14/15 BRCA-1 Ca vs. SBC patients were correctly identified (sensitivity/specificity 94%/100%). Profiles of Carriers resembled NL profiles (n = 16).SELDI-TOF protein profiles from this small pilot study distinguished between women with BRCA-1 Ca, Carriers, and women with SBC. Whether BRCA-1 Ca represents earlier detection of occult cancer or other risk factors is unknown. Follow-up studies with larger numbers and longer follow-up are required to validate these findings but may allow more timely prophylactic or therapeutic strategies.

This study provides an assessment of long-term breast and ovarian cancer screening behaviors and the variables associated with adherence with screening among women with or at 50% for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Participants in the study included 112 women (33 mutation carriers and 79 at 50% risk). Data was collected through a mailed questionnaire, which included items to assess screening behaviors in the last 2 years, risk perception, cancer specific distress, adherence determinants, specific barriers, and cancer history. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests to describe bivariate associations and regression analysis. Adherence rates were 72% for annual mammography, 21% for semi-annual clinical breast exam (CBE), 29% for monthly breast self-exam (BSE), and 19% for annual transvaginal ultrasound (US). Only one participant was adherent with semi-annual CA125. Variables that had a significant association (P < 0.05) with at least one screening modality included: a lack of time, marital status, education, cancer history, provider concern, perceived screening utility, confidence in ability to overcome barriers, cancer specific distress, and risk perception. Primary physician behavior, either in terms of screening recommendations or screening performance in the case of CBE, had significant independent association with adherence to mammography, CBE, and US screening recommendations. The results of this study highlight the essential role that primary physicians play in supporting their very high-risk patients' adherence.

PURPOSE: To compare genetic test results for deleterious mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 with estimated probabilities of carrying such mutations; to assess sensitivity of genetic testing; and to assess the relevance of other susceptibility genes in familial breast and ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data analyzed were from six high-risk genetic counseling clinics and concern individuals from families for which at least one member was tested for mutations at BRCA1 and BRCA2. Predictions of genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer for 301 individuals were made using BRCAPRO, a statistical model and software using Mendelian genetics and Bayesian updating. Model predictions were compared with the results of genetic testing. RESULTS: Among the test individuals, 126 were Ashkenazi Jewish, three were male subjects, 243 had breast cancer, 49 had ovarian cancer, 34 were unaffected, and 139 tested positive for BRCA1 mutations and 29 for BRCA2 mutations. BRCAPRO performed well: for the 150 probands with the smallest BRCAPRO carrier probabilities (average, 29.0%), the proportion testing positive was 32.7%; for the 151 probands with the largest carrier probabilities (average, 95.2%), 78.8% tested positive. Genetic testing sensitivity was estimated to be at least 85%, with false-negatives including mutations of susceptibility genes heretofore unknown. CONCLUSION: BRCAPRO is an accurate counseling tool for determining the probability of carrying mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 is highly sensitive, missing an estimated 15% of mutations. In the populations studied, breast cancer susceptibility genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 either do not exist, are rare, or are associated with low disease penetrance.

Importance Evidence suggests that low vitamin D status may increase the risk of cancer. Objective To determine if dietary supplementation with vitamin D 3 and calcium reduces the risk of cancer among older women. Design, Setting, and Participants A 4-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, population-based randomized clinical trial in 31 rural counties (June 24, 2009, to August 26, 2015—the final date of follow-up). A total of 2303 healthy postmenopausal women 55 years or older were randomized, 1156 to the treatment group and 1147 to the placebo group. Duration of treatment was 4 years. Interventions The treatment group (vitamin D 3 + calcium group) received 2000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 and 1500 mg/d of calcium; the placebo group received identical placebos. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the incidence of all-type cancer (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers), which was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and proportional hazards modeling. Results Among 2303 randomized women (mean age, 65.2 years [SD, 7.0]; mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, 32.8 ng/mL [SD, 10.5]), 2064 (90%) completed the study. At year 1, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 43.9 ng/mL in the vitamin D 3 + calcium group and 31.6 ng/mL in the placebo group. A new diagnosis of cancer was confirmed in 109 participants, 45 (3.89%) in the vitamin D 3 + calcium group and 64 (5.58%) in the placebo group (difference, 1.69% [95% CI, −0.06% to 3.46%]; P = .06). Kaplan-Meier incidence over 4 years was 0.042 (95% CI, 0.032 to 0.056) in the vitamin D 3 + calcium group and 0.060 (95% CI, 0.048 to 0.076) in the placebo group; P = .06. In unadjusted Cox proportional hazards regression, the hazard ratio was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.47 to 1.02). Adverse events potentially related to the study included renal calculi (16 participants in the vitamin D 3 + calcium group and 10 in the placebo group), and elevated serum calcium levels (6 in the vitamin D 3 + calcium group and 2 in the placebo group). Conclusions and Relevance Among healthy postmenopausal older women with a mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 32.8 ng/mL, supplementation with vitamin D 3 and calcium compared with placebo did not result in a significantly lower risk of all-type cancer at 4 years. Further research is necessary to assess the possible role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01052051

Objective. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a hereditary cancer susceptibility disorder associated with a very high risk for carcinoma of the colon and an elevated risk for certain extracolonic cancers including ovarian cancer. Our aim in this study was to describe the clinicopathologic features of ovarian cancer in HNPCC family members. Methods. Members of the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC collected retrospective data on 80 ovarian cancer patients who were members of HNPCC families, including 31 known mutation carriers, 35 presumptive carriers (by colorectal/endometrial cancer status), and 14 at-risk family members. Results. Mean age at diagnosis of ovarian cancer was 42.7. Nonepithelial tumors made up only 6.4% of the cancers, and borderline tumors comprised just 4.1% of the epithelial cancers. Among frankly malignant epithelial cases, most cancers were well or moderately differentiated, and 85% were FIGO stage I or II at diagnosis. Synchronous endometrial cancer was reported in 21.5% of cases. Conclusions. Ovarian cancer in HNPCC differs from ovarian cancer in the general population in several clinically important respects. It occurs at a markedly earlier age. It is more likely to be epithelial. If it is a frankly invasive epithelial cancer, it is more likely to be well or moderately differentiated. HNPCC patients with ovarian cancer are more likely to have a synchronous endometrial cancer than other ovarian cancer patients and are more likely to be diagnosed at an early stage.

BACKGROUND Cells with deficient DNA mismatch repair develop microsatellite instability. Extensive microsatellite instability (MSI-high) is characteristic of colorectal carcinomas in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) and in 10–% 15% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Microsatellite instability-high colorectal carcinomas differ from others in important clinical and pathologic features. However, MSI typing is expensive and not widely available. Microsatellite instability type may be predicted by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which can be evaluated with ordinary light microscopy. METHODS The authors evaluated TILs as a pathology screen for MSI-high status in 138 colorectal carcinomas that had been evaluated for MSI in a variety of studies. This case series was systematically enriched with HNPCC and other MSI-high cases to allow accurate sensitivity and specificity estimation. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were quantitated as TILs per 10 high-power microscopic fields by an observer blinded to MSI status. RESULTS Of the 138 carcinomas studied, 67 (48.6%) were MSI-high, 22 (15.9%) were MSI-low, and 49 (35.5%) were MSI-stable. All 25 HNPCC colorectal carcinomas were MSI-high. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes counts ranged from 0 to 300, with a markedly skewed distribution (median, 11; mean, 36). Sensitivity and specificity for selected cut points of TIL count were computed. Using a TIL count of 5 as a cut point yields a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 62%. In a population in which 12% were MSI-high, consideration of TIL could reduce the number of colorectal carcinomas referred for MSI testing by greater than one-half, and still 93% of the MSI-high carcinomas would be identified. CONCLUSIONS The presence of MSI defines a subset of colorectal carcinomas with special molecular etiology and characteristic clinical, pathologic features, inclusive of increased survival. The authors conclude that quantification of TILs may provide a simple, single criterion for choosing which colorectal carcinomas are candidates for MSI testing. Cancer 2001;91:2417–22. © 2001 American Cancer Society.

Optimally accurate and valid estimates of cancer risk in genetically-defined subgroups requires population-based research. For rare genetic traits, very large studies are needed. Such is the case in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC), caused by mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. A potentially more efficient approach is genotyped-proband design (GPD), in which probands are genotyped and the phenotypes of their relatives are investigated. However, to date most information comes from registry-based studies, where ascertainment bias makes interpretation difficult. Development in testing technology will lead to more identified mutation carriers, producing a clinical imperative to estimate risk, despite these problems. We reviewed the available results, and concluded that male mutation carriers have a lifetime colorectal cancer risk of 74% or more; female mutation carriers have a lower risk which is still many times higher than the risk in the general population. Risk is highest between the ages of 40 and 60, but considerable even before age 40. Lifetime endometrial cancer risk is 42% or more; the highest incidence is between age 40 and 60, and diagnosis before the age of 35 is rare. MMR mutation carriers are at elevated risk for ovarian, gastric, urologic tract, small bowel, hepatobiliary tract cancer, and for brain tumors. The risk of these cancer types is much lower than the risk for colorectal and endometrial cancer, but accurate, especially age-related estimates of risk are not available. Prevention strategies depend on estimates of age-specific risk. Clearly, multicenter studies to obtain such estimates are needed.

Background: The transoral, endoscopic route has been suggested as a possible approach for the correction of severe gastroesophageal reflux. Such a procedure would involve no mobilization of the cardia or other structures. The optimal placement, number, and configuration of sutures remains undefined. Methods: With the use of a previously developed endoscopic sewing machine, this study was undertaken in baboons with two suture arrangements immediately below the lower esophageal sphincter. A linear arrangement (group I) and a circular arrangement (group II) were compared. During the 6 months after the procedure, the animals were evaluated using manometry, fluoroscopic barium swallow, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and a pressure volume test. Results: A significant increase in lower esophageal sphincter length was demonstrated only in group II (p = 0.010). A significant increase in lower esophageal sphincter pressure was demonstrated only in group I animals (p = 0.008). The abdominal length increased in group I (p = 0.004) and group II (p = 0.004). The yield pressure and yield volume did not differ significantly from those measured previously in control animals. No evidence of reflux, stricture formation, esophagitis, or other pathology was noted. Conclusions: Some manometric parameters associated with gastroesophageal reflux are altered by the endoscopic placement of sutures below the gastroesophageal junction, with no associated serious complications.

Objective. The literature reports conflicting studies claiming premalignant histological features in benign ovaries from women who may have hereditary predilections for ovarian carcinoma. To test the veracity of these claims, this investigation studied ovaries prophylactically removed from members of hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome families who carry BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and compared these with the ovaries of mutation-negative women from the same HBOC syndrome kindred. Methods. Sixty cases of women from HBOC syndrome families who had undergone prophylactic oophorectomies and whose BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status had been tested were selected from our database. Thirty had tested positive for BRCA1 mutations, 3 carried BRCA2 mutations, and 27 were negative for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations. Histologic material from each case was examined by light microscopy blinded to the mutation status. Histologic features, previously reported to be possible precursor lesions for ovarian cancer, were quantified. Data from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers were compared with those from mutation-negative cases in the direct line of genetic inheritance from the same HBOC syndrome families. Results. Statistical analysis found that a more frequent occurrence of ovarian surface micropapillae in 87% of mutation carriers compared with just 55% of mutation-negative cases was the only histologic feature which was significantly different between the two groups ( P = 0.39). Cortical clefts tended to be deeper in the ovaries of mutation carriers, but this did not reach significance ( P = 0.051). There were no other significant histologic differences between the ovaries removed from mutation carriers and those from noncarriers. Conclusions. The results of our large and prospectively controlled, blinded study contrast with those reported from smaller, unblinded investigations. Except for the possible biological significance of surface micropapillae on ovaries from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, we found no histologic evidence for a genetically determined ovarian carcinoma precursor lesion.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is the most common hereditary form of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and may account for 5-10% of the total CRC burden. The discovery of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, inclusive of hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS2, and hMSH6, has enabled the identification of who has and who does not have inordinately increased susceptibility to CRC as well as a litany of extracolonic cancers. Mutation testing has focused on hMSH2 and hMLH1, the most common mutations in HNPCC. The protocol for DNA testing and DNA-based genetic counseling is described in Part I of this study. One hundred ninety-nine bloodline relatives were tested and counseled from five hMLH1 and two hMSH2 families. Their major reason for seeking genetic counseling and DNA testing was to inform their children and other loved ones of their mutation status. Those who sought counseling overestimated their risk for inheriting the mutation and showed a high rate of interest in prophylactic surgery, and many were greatly concerned about insurance discrimination. Knowledge about HNPCC, its molecular genetic diagnosis, surveillance and management opportunities, and genetic counseling implications are still emerging, all in the face of a greater need for physician education regarding all facets of hereditary cancer.

Hereditary cancer represents approximately 5-10% of the total cancer burden and may account for 60,000 to 120,000 new cancer occurrences this year in the United States. New developments in molecular genetics and the cloning of cancer-prone genes have intensely fueled interest in dealing with hereditary forms of cancer. The authors provide an algorithm that depicts the process for the identification, study, and DNA-based genetic counseling of families being investigated under a research proposal at the Hereditary Cancer Institute of Creighton University School of Medicine. They have studied 56 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma families; in 18 of them, associated genomic mutations have been identified in affected members. DNA-based genetic counseling has been provided for seven of these families. The authors have also evaluated 131 hereditary breast-ovarian carcinoma families. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation searches have been performed for 76 of these families; BRCA1 mutations were found in 38 families and BRCA2 mutations in 9. The study of cancer-prone families is a powerful approach to cancer control, particularly when the germ-line mutation is identified in the family and individuals at high risk can be tested, once they provide informed consent, and receive DNA-based genetic counseling. Discovery of the germ-line mutation for cancer proneness provides an unparalleled opportunity to predict patients' lifetime risk for cancer of specific anatomic sites, inclusive of a pattern of multiple primaries. Surveillance and management protocols, when melded to the particular syndrome's natural history, can be life-saving.

Background The availability of genetic testing for inherited mutations in the BRCA1 gene provides potentially valuable information to women at high risk of breast or ovarian cancer; however, carriers of BRCA1 mutations have few clinical management options to reduce their cancer risk. Decreases in ovarian hormone exposure following bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy (i.e., surgical removal of the ovaries) may alter cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy is associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Methods We studied a cohort of women with disease-associated germline BRCA1 mutations who were assembled from five North American centers. Surgery subjects (n = 43) included women with BRCA1 mutations who underwent bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy but had no history of breast or ovarian cancer and had not had a prophylactic mastectomy. Control subjects included women with BRCA1 mutations who had no history of oophorectomy and no history of breast or ovarian cancer (n = 79). Control subjects were matched to the surgery subjects according to center and year of birth. Results We found a statistically significant reduction in breast cancer risk after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33-0.84). This risk reduction was even greater in women who were followed 5-10 (HR = 0. 28; 95% CI = 0.08-0.94) or at least 10 (HR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12-0.91) years after surgery. Use of hormone replacement therapy did not negate the reduction in breast cancer risk after surgery. Conclusions Bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy is associated with a reduced breast cancer risk in women who carry a BRCA1 mutation. The likely mechanism is reduction of ovarian hormone exposure. These findings have implications for the management of breast cancer risk in women who carry BRCA1 mutations.

One of the first successful efforts of the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC (ICG-HNPCC) at its meeting in Amsterdam in 1990 was the establishment of a set of selection criteria for families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) to provide a basis for uniformity in collaborative studies (Table 1).1 Until 1990, such criteria were lacking and the descriptions of the syndrome in the literature varied widely. In the absence of a common nomenclature it was impossible to compare the results of different studies on HNPCC. The wide acceptance of the ICG criteria is reflected by the fact that almost all investigators currently make use of them. However, the criteria have also been criticized. Some investigators feel that the criteria exclude some classic HNPCC families because they do not take into account the extracolonic cancers that are part of the syndrome. There is also concern that the criteria are being used inappropriately for the diagnosis of HNPCC. As criteria for the selection of families for research, they were originally aimed at specificity more than sensitivity. It is now considered that many true HNPCC families would be missed if the criteria are applied to clinical diagnosis, and that families not meeting the criteria might be falsely reassured and excluded from genetic counseling, DNA testing, or surveillance. To resolve these problems, many investigators have developed additional criteria.2–6 At the ninth meeting of the ICG-HNPCC held in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, in 1997, a definition of HNPCC was proposed that was aimed at helping clinicians to identify families. This provided a detailed description of the specific features of HNPCC rather than the rigid criteria required for collaborative studies. In addition, at the ninth meeting, and also at the tenth held in Coimbra, Portugal, in 1998, new selection criteria for collaborative studies were proposed that included the extracolonic cancers associated with HNPCC. Definition of HNPCC

Background: Clinical history remains an important part of the medical evaluation of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia are considered typical symptoms of GERD. Priority rankings of these symptoms can be determined with a standardized questionnaire. Objective: To determine whether symptom priority ranking and symptom severity grading can provide useful information in the evaluation of patients with GERD. Methods: From 1,850 patients that were analyzed retrospectively, patients with dysphagia unrelated to GERD were excluded. A standardized questionnaire was applied before each patient underwent any esophageal diagnostic study. Priority of symptoms was determined to be primary, secondary, tertiary, or none based on the patient response to the questionnaire. Presence of a stricture was determined either by endoscopy, esophagraphy, or both studies. Stationary esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring were performed on all patients. Through bivariate and multivariate analysis, the relationships among typical GERD symptoms, esophageal reflux-related stenosis, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and composite score were established. Results: High priority ranking of the symptom dysphagia is predictive of the presence of an esophageal stricture, but has a negative association with abnormal manometric and pH studies. In contrast, high priority ranking of the symptom heartburn and regurgitation are positively associated with abnormal manometric and pH results. Conclusions: Priority ranking can be a valuable adjunct to objective testing in the evaluation of GERD. In certain clinical situations it can obviate the need for 24-hour pH monitoring.

BACKGROUND, Small bowel carcinoma is uncommon. However, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) patients are at increased risk of small bowel carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to characterize small bowel tumors in HNPCC patients. METHODS. A questionnaire was mailed to the members of International Collaborative Group on HNPCC (ICG-HNPCC) requesting clinicopathologic data in their registries on HNPCC patients with small bowel carcinoma. Survival was estimated utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS. Forty-two individuals from 40 HNPCC families developed 42 primary and 7 metachronous small bowel tumors. There were 46 adenocarcinomas and 3 carcinoid tumors. The median age at diagnosis of the index small bowel tumor was 49 years. Mismatch repair gene mutations were present in 15 of 42 patients (36%). There were nine hMLH1 and six hMSH2 mutations. The small bowel was the first site of carcinoma in 24 patients (57%). The median survival for the 42 patients was 47 months (range, 0-447 months). The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 44% and 33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Small bowel tumors can be the presenting neoplasms in HNPCC patients. Similar to colorectal carcinoma in HNPCC, small bowel adenocarcinomas in HNPCC patients occur at an earlier age and appear to have a better prognosis than those occurring in the general population.

A blood culture cohort study investigating issues related to isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and other skin microflora is reported. Data were collected over 12 weeks to determine the incidence of significant CoNS bacteremia versus that of pseudobacteremia (contaminants) and to evaluate drug therapy in patients with cultures positive for CoNS. In addition, the effectiveness of 0.2% chlorine peroxide as a bactericidal disinfectant was compared to that of 10% providone iodine. A total of 3,276 cultures of blood from 1,433 patients were evaluated in the study. Eighty-nine cultures were positive for skin flora, with 81 of 89 (91%) involving CoNS. The incidence of significant CoNS bacteremia was 20 of 81 (24.7%), that of indeterminate bacteremia was 10 of 81 (12.3%), and that of contamination was 59 of 81 (72.8%). The incidence of significant bacteremia involving CoNS was double the 10 to 12% rate based on previous estimations at our institutions. In tests with the two bactericidal disinfectants, 22 of 1,639 cultures (1.3%) in the chlorine peroxide group versus 37 of 1,637 (2.3%) in the providone iodine group were considered contaminated ( P = 0.065). Rates of contamination for venipuncture versus catheter collection were not significantly different ( P = 0.46). The overall contamination rate was 59 of 3,276 (1.8%), which is consistent with the lower end of published quality assurance benchmark standards. The low rate was believed to be due to the professional phlebotomy staff in our institutions. There was excellent agreement between retrospective analysis by reviewers, when formal criteria were used, and the attending physicians’ intuitive clinical impressions in the classification of significant bloodstream infections (100% agreement) or contamination (95% agreement). However, physicians still used antimicrobial agents to treat nearly one-half of the patients with contaminated blood cultures, with vancomycin being misused in 34% of patients. In addition, 10% of patients with significant bacteremia were treated with inappropriate agents. There were no significant adverse events or prolonged hospital stays due to the unnecessary use of vancomycin; however, the additional costs of treating patients whose cultures contained CoNS contaminants was estimated to be $1,000 per patient. Measures to limit the unnecessary use of vancomycin (and other agents) are important.

PURPOSE: This clinical case review aimed to identify phenotypic variations in colorectal and extracolonic cancer expression between hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families with MLH1 and MSH2 germline mutations and the general population. METHODS: Colorectal cancer onset and site distribution were compared among 67 members of MLH1 kindreds, 45 members of MSH2 kindreds, and 1,189 patients from the general population. Synchronous and metachronous cancer rates, tumor stage, extracolonic cancer incidence, and survival were also compared. RESULTS: Mean ages of colorectal cancer onset were 44, 46, and 69 years for MLH1, MSH2, and the general population, respectively (P

BACKGROUND The identification of the BRCA1 gene is a powerful tool for predicting a patient's lifetime risk for carcinoma of the breast and ovary when she has hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma (HBOC) syndrome. The process of BRCA1 testing and genetic counseling, and participants' reactions to test results, are described. METHODS Education about the natural history of HBOC syndrome and the pros and cons of genetic testing was provided to 14 HBOC families comprised of 2549 bloodline relatives. Of these, 388 underwent DNA testing. After informed consent was given by participants, formal linkage analysis and gene mutation studies were performed on the families. Qualitative data on intentions and emotional reactions were collected by physicians/counselors during the genetic counseling sessions. RESULTS Of those tested, 181 received their results after further genetic counseling. Seventy-eight of them were positive and 100 were negative for BRCA1 gene mutation. Three had ambiguous findings. The most common reasons given for seeking DNA testing were concern about risk to children and concern about surveillance and prevention. Prophylactic mastectomy was considered by 35% of women who tested positive, whereas prophylactic oophorectomy was considered an important option by 76%. Twenty-five percent of both BRCA1 positive and negative individuals were concerned about discrimination by insurance companies. Eighty percent of those who tested negative reported emotional relief, whereas over one-third of those who tested positive reported sadness, anger, or guilt. CONCLUSIONS DNA testing of patients with HBOC syndrome must be performed in the context of genetic counseling. The authors' results demonstrate the many complex clinical and nonclinical issues that are important in this process. [See editorial counterpoint on pages 2063-5 and reply to counterpoint on pages , this issue.] Cancer 1997; 79:2219-28. © 1997 American Cancer Society.

To determine the validity of observations suggesting a significant dichotomy of gynecologic cancers determined by linkage to specific genetic defects associated with two major autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndromes; the Creighton University Hereditary Cancer Registry was searched for female carriers of germ line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, associated with the Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer syndrome, and in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, associated with Lynch syndrome, who were registered with invasive uterine, ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancers between January 1, 1959 and December 31, 2010. From 217 such cases, a total of 174 subjects, consisting of 95 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and 79 carriers of mutations in MMR genes, were identified who had current signed Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act forms and complete primary diagnostic pathology reports and clinical records. Data meticulously extracted from these cases were categorized and statistically analyzed. There were highly significant differences between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and carriers of MMR gene mutations in the proportion of serous carcinomas compared with endometrioid carcinomas of the uterus, including cervix and endometium (p < 0.002), ovaries (p < 0.001) and overall, including fallopian tube and peritoneum cancers (p < 0.001). Endometrioid carcinoma was found in one and transitional carcinoma in another of the 14 BRCA1 mutation carriers with fallopian tube cancer, and endometrioid carcinoma was found in two of four MMR gene mutation carriers with fallopian tube cancers. All other fallopian tube cancers were serous carcinomas. Seven BRCA1 and one BRCA2 mutation carriers were diagnosed with primary peritoneal serous carcinoma; no peritoneal carcinomas were registered in MMR gene mutation carriers. Nine of 14 gynecologic cancers with associated endometriosis in mutation carriers were endometrioid or endometrioid mixed carcinomas compared with just three of other histologic types. Primary breast cancers, that characterize the HBOC syndrome, were much more frequent in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers; while multiple gynecologic cancers and associated colorectal and urinary tract cancers, which are features of Lynch syndrome, were more common in MMR gene mutation carriers. Both serous and endometrioid carcinomas were diagnosed in MMR gene mutation carriers at significantly younger ages than in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (p < 0.0006). These findings confirm a clear dichotomy of uterine, ovarian and fallopian tube cancers associated with inheritance of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 contrasted with inheritance of MMR gene mutations. This opens possibilities for new approaches to molecular genetic research into carcinogenic pathways and raises important new considerations regarding counseling, screening, prophylaxis and treatment of mutation carriers.

Background: Although it is widely accepted that dietary calcium intake (CaI) and weight-bearing physical activity (WBA) increase bone mass accrual during growth, few prospective studies have followed children from early childhood to sexual maturity to evaluate this relationship.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there are pathobiologic differences between BRCA1-related and BRCA2-related hereditary breast cancer (HBC) and non-HBC. METHODS On the basis of linkage to chromosomes 17q or 13q and/or the presence of ovarian and male breast cancer, HBC families were classified as either “BRCA1-related” (26 families, 90 breast cancer pathology cases) or “Other” (26 families, 85 cases), in which most BRCA2 cases were likely to reside. Cases were compared with 187 predominantly non-HBC cases. Tumors were assessed for histologic type, grade, and ploidy and S-phase fraction by quantitative DNA flow cytometry. Clinical presentation and available follow-up data were obtained. RESULTS BRCA1-related and Other HBC patients each presented at lower stage (P = 0.003) and earlier age than non-HBC patients (mean, 42.8 years and 47.1 years vs. 62.9 years, P < 0.0001). Compared with non-HBC, invasive BRCA1-related HBC had a lower diploidy rate (13% vs. 35%; P = 0.002), lower mean aneuploid DNA index (1.53 vs. 1.73; P = 0.002), and strikingly higher proliferation rates (mitotic grade 3; odds ratio [OR] = 4.42; P = 0.001; aneuploid mean S-phase fraction 16.5% vs. 9.3%, P < 0.0001). Other HBC patients, including patients in two BRCA2-linked families, had more tubular-lobular group (TLG) carcinomas (OR = 2.56, P = 0.007). All trends were independent of age. A nonsignificant trend toward better crude survival in both HBC groups was age- and stage-dependent. Compared with Other HBC, BRCA1-related HBC patients had fewer recurrences (P = 0.013), a trend toward lower specific death rates, and fared no worse than breast cancer patients at large. Other HBC patients, despite neutral prognostic indicators, fared worse. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1-related HBCs are more frequently aneuploid and have higher tumor cell proliferation rates compared with Other HBC. Despite these adverse prognostic features, BRCA1-related HBC patients have paradoxically lower recurrence rates than Other HBC patients. The excess of TLG cancers in the “Other” HBC group may be associated with BRCA2 linkage. Cancer 1996; 697-709.

Previous studies have shown that male BRCA mutation carriers stand at increased risk of developing prostate cancer and have concerns about developing cancer. Genetic counseling practitioners often discuss strategies for reducing the risk of cancer for patients at high risk due to their genetic background. Addressing modifiable health habits is one such strategy. Unfortunately, modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer have only been documented in the general population and have not yet been studied in the BRCA carrier subpopulation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer in BRCA carriers. We examined prostate cancer risk factors in 74 men who were part of families with a BRCA mutation. This study examined nine dichotomous variables including: exercise, history of vasectomy, smoking history, alcohol use, finasteride use, statin use, aspirin use, coffee use, and vitamin use. The survey was sent to all cases of prostate cancer in the Hereditary Cancer Center Database at Creighton University with a known BRCA status. This study confirmed the protective benefits of daily aspirin use, which have been observed in previous studies of the general population, and suggests its benefit in BRCA carriers. Protective benefits from regular vigorous exercise and daily coffee use trended towards significance, but neither factor withstood the Bonferroni Correction for multiple comparisons.

Objective: To determine if Apache II Trauma Score or obesity correlate with measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and influence the validity of calculated REE. Design: Descriptive case series. Setting: Hospitalized care at an urban medical center. Patients: Consecutive sample of sixty-six patients having indirect calorimetry measurements. Analysis: Patients were assigned Apache II Scores and classified by body weight (15 obese, 25 normal weight and 11 underweight patients). Estimates of REE were calculated using Harris-Benedict and Mifflin equations. Main Outcomes: Measured REE did not correlate significantly with Apache II scores. Correlation of Harris-Benedict calculated REE with measured REE was moderate (r=0.54, p

(1995). Medical Genetic Study of Eight Pancreatic Cancer-Prone Families. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 141-149.

ObjectiveThis study was done (1) to determine whether congenital indirect inguinal hernias in male pigs could be repaired by placing a polypropylene mesh prosthesis over the defect intra-abdominally, (2) to measure the incidence of adhesions between intra-abdominal viscera and the prosthesis with an

Objective To assess the impact of calcium-fortified food and dairy food on selected nutrient intakes in the diets of adolescent girls. Design Randomized controlled trial, secondary analysis. Setting and Participants Adolescent girls (n = 149) from a midwestern metropolitan area participated in randomized controlled trials of bone physiology from 1997 to 2008. Intervention Subjects randomly assigned to a high-calcium (HC) diet supplying 1,500 mg calcium/d, or their usual diet (UC). Main Outcome Measures Dietary intake was assessed from 3-day food records and calcium intakes categorized by food source. Food group composites, representing calcium-fortified and dairy food categories, were examined for their relative nutrient contributions. Student t tests were used to evaluate differences in selected nutrient intakes between the 2 study groups. Results Dairy food contributed 68% of the total mean 1,494 mg calcium/d in the HC group, and calcium-fortified food contributed 304 mg calcium. In the UC group, dairy food contributed 69% of the total mean 765 mg calcium/d and calcium-fortified food contributed 50 mg calcium. Nutrient profiles of the dairy composites differed significantly from the calcium-fortified composites (P Conclusions and Implications Dairy food was the primary source of calcium selected by these adolescent girls; calcium-fortified food augmented calcium intakes.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) dates to Warthin's description of family G, which he began studying in 1895. Warthin's observations were not fully appreciated until 1966 when two families with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer were described. This condition was first termed the "cancer family syndrome" and was later renamed HNPCC. Some have proposed that HNPCC consists of at least two syndromes: Lynch syndrome I, with hereditary predisposition for CRC having early (approximately 44 years) age of onset, a proclivity (70%) for the proximal colon, and an excess of synchronous and metachronous colonic cancers and Lynch syndrome II, featuring a similar colonic phenotype accompanied by a high risk for carcinoma of the endometrium. Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis and carcinomas of the stomach, small bowel, ovary, and pancreas also afflict some families. Current estimates indicate that HNPCC may account for as much as 6% of the total CRC burden. There are no known premonitory phenotypic signs or biomarkers of cancer susceptibility in the Lynch syndromes. This report will summarize current knowledge, with emphasis on the manner in which this knowledge can be employed effectively for diagnosis and management of HNPCC.

Published studies of families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) frequently report the occurrence of cancers at extracolonic sites. Our purpose in this study was to compare the observed frequency of cancer at specific sites in members of 18 unrelated HNPCC kindreds with expectations based on general population incidence in order to determine whether there were specific types of cancer for which family members were at elevated risk. We were able to stratify family members according to their risk of carrying the putative HNPCC gene. We found that putative HNPCC gene carriers and their high risk relatives have been diagnosed with cancers other than uterine and colorectal more frequently than expected based on general population incidence figures. Specific sites where elevations are seen include the stomach, small intestine, biliary system (especially the bile ducts), urological system (especially the kidney and ureter), and ovary.

During its second meeting at Amsterdam in 1990, the International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC) decided to carry out a pilot study on colorectal cancer surveillance in HNPCC. The objectives of the study were to ascertain in each of the participating centers the number of HNPCC families, the recommended screening procedures, the age at diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and the occurrence of interval cancers. Nine centers in seven countries including Denmark, Finland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States participated. Data were derived from a total of 165 families. With respect to screening, half of the centers advise colonoscopy as the only procedure. The interval between the consecutive examinations varies from one to three years. In the majority of the centers, screening begins at 20 to 25 years. Lifelong screening is recommended by three centers, while the rest advise discontinuation at age 60 to 75 years. The family material included 840 patients with colorectal cancer. The mean age at diagnosis was 45 years, and about 15 percent were diagnosed at age 60 or later. A total of 682 high-risk relatives are being followed. After the follow-up of 1 to 10 years in these families, only six cases of interval cancers were encountered.

Background It is undetermined whether calcium supplementation has an effect on obesity or body composition in postmenopausal women. The purpose of the study is to detect the effect of calcium supplementation on indices of obesity and body composition. Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from a population-based, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial designed to determine the effects of calcium and vitamin D on osteoporotic fractures. The cohort included 1179 postmenopausal women who were randomly assigned into one of three groups: 1) supplemental calcium (1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d) plus vitamin D placebo (Ca-only group); 2) supplemental calcium (1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d) plus supplemental vitamin D3 (1100 IU/d) (Ca + D group); or, 3) two placebos (placebo group). After applying the exclusion criteria for this analysis, 870 subjects were included in this study. The primary outcomes for the present study were changes in body mass index, trunk fat, trunk lean, and percentage of trunk fat after calcium supplementation. Results Changes in trunk fat, trunk lean, and percentage of trunk fat were significantly different between the calcium intervention groups (Ca-only group or Ca + D group) and the placebo group during the trial (P < 0.05). The calcium intervention groups gained less trunk fat and maintained more trunk lean when compared to the placebo group. No significant difference was observed for body mass index between groups. Conclusion Calcium supplementation over four years has a beneficial effect on body composition in postmenopausal women.

Survival of random skin flap distal end depends on hemodynamic, cellular, and coagulation mechanisms. This study was designed to evaluate whether administration of ciprostene, a stable prostaglandin I2 analogue, and indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase-hydroperoxydase enzyme inhibitor, would improve the survival rate of random skin flaps. Forty-five male rats were divided into nine groups and injected with sesame oil (control), ciprostene (20 micrograms/kg/day), and/or indomethacin (2 mg/kg/day). Injections were done before (pretreatment for 4 days), after (posttreatment for 6 days), and before/after (pre/posttreatment for 4 and 6 days, respectively) the elevation of random dorsal skin flaps. In the pretreatment and pre/posttreatment studies, the flap survival rate of all drug-injected groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (p less than 0.02). In addition administration of ciprostene alone yielded a trend of better flap survival rate, which, however, was not statistically significant (p less than 0.12). Of interest in the posttreatment study, only the simultaneous administration of ciprostene and indomethacin significantly increased skin flap viability compared with the other groups (p less than 0.02). Therefore, the results demonstrated that administration of ciprostene and indomethacin either alone or together partially reversed the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause necrosis of random skin flap distal end. These pharmacological changes significantly improved random skin flap survival rate.

We describe the clinical and pathologic features in four extended kindreds that are consistent with the hereditary flat adenoma syndrome (HFAS). This colon cancer susceptibility disorder is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant. The principal phenotypic marker is multiple colonic adenomas (usually less than 100), with a tendency for proximal location. The majority of these adenomas are flat or slightly raised and plaquelike, as opposed to polypoid. Colon cancers have typically developed in middle age and show no unusual histologic features. There are a variety of extracolonic manifestations, including adenomas and carcinomas of the small bowel and fundic gland polyps. The HFAS is contrasted with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and shown to be distinct from both in the numbers and distribution of colonic adenomas and the typical age of cancer diagnosis. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Given its linkage to the FAP locus on 5q and the phenotypic parallels between HFAS and FAP, we conclude that HFAS is a variant of FAP.

Hereditary breast cancer (HBC) is noteworthy for certain unique facets of its natural history and heterogeneity. Interfamily heterogeneity in age at initial breast cancer diagnosis was investigated in 217 family members with HBC. The mean age at diagnosis was 44.9 years (standard deviation ± 12.5 years). A one-way analysis of variance in ages at diagnosis, using the family as a random effect factor, indicated that between-family differences were significant (P < 0.002) and accounted for approximately 18% of the variance in ages at diagnosis. A subset of families with HBC was characterized by an extraordinarily early onset of breast cancer. A knowledge of the natural history of HBC with particular attention to age at onset allows for the development of more accurately targeted surveillance, genetic counselling, and management strategies. Cancer 1992; 69:1404-1407.