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Aroma and flavour represent the key components of food that improves the organoleptic characteristics of food and enhances the acceptability of food to consumers. Commercial manufacturing of aromatic and flavouring compounds is from the industry's microbial source, but since time immemorial, its concept has been behind human practices. The interest in microbial flavour compounds has developed in the past several decades because of its sustainable way to supply natural additives for the food processing sector. There are also numerous health benefits from microbial bioprocess products, ranging from antibiotics to fermented functional foods. This review discusses recent developments and advancements in many microbial aromatic and flavouring compounds, their biosynthesis and production by diverse types of microorganisms, their use in the food industry, and a brief overview of their health benefits for customers.

Introduction: Pharmacovigilance helps in the detection and prevention of adverse effects of drugs. For the effectiveness of this program, health care professionals should report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) considering it as their moral and professional obligation. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the doctors towards ADRs and pharmacovigilance in National Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), a tertiary care teaching hospital situated in the Narayani zone. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of four parts; first part included a demographic profile of participants, the second part consisted of ten questions for the assessment of the knowledge about pharmacovigilance, third part comprised of six questions on attitude and fourth part consisted of five questions on practice. The results were depicted in the form of percentages for each KAPs questionnaire. Results: The response rate of participants was 85.16%. Pharmacovigilance was correctly defined by 52%. Department of drug administration was responsible for monitoring ADRs in Nepal was correctly given by 80%. Only 8% had reported ADRs, although 62% had encountered an ADR in their clinical practice. Conclusion: The doctors at NMCTH had a poor KAP towards pharmacovigilance and educational intervention is needed for the proper functioning of this program.

Background The pandemic of the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions around the world. In pregnancy the dangers to the mother and fetus are still being explored. SARS-CoV2 can potentially compromise maternal and neonatal outcomes and this may be dependent on the pregnancy stage during which the infection occurs. Objective The present study was done to find the histopathological alterations in the placenta of SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnancies with either no symptoms or mild coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 related symptoms and its association with neonatal outcomes. Study design This was a prospective analytical study. Twenty seven asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy delivered between 1st July 2020 and 15th September 2020, were included as cases. An equal number of SARS-CoV-2 negative singleton pregnancies matched for maternal and gestational age during the same period were included as controls. After delivery the histopathological examination of the placenta of these women was done and the findings recorded on a predesigned proforma based on the Amsterdam consensus criteria for evidence of maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion changes. Results The baseline characteristics were comparable between the cases and controls. The following features of maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) were significantly higher in the placentae of COVID-19 positive pregnancies: retroplacental hematomas (RPH), accelerated villous maturation (AVM), distal villous hyperplasia (DVH), atherosis, fibrinoid necrosis, mural hypertrophy of membrane arterioles (MHMA), vessel ectasia and persistence of intramural endovascular trophoblast (PIEVT). Fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM) significantly associated with the positive pregnancies were chorioangiosis, thrombosis of the fetal chorionic plate (TFCP), intramural fibrin deposition (IMFD) and vascular ectasia. Additionally, perivillous fibrin deposition was also significantly higher in the placentae of cases. The percentage of spontaneously delivered women was comparable in the two groups. The sex and weight of the newborn and the number of live births were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women, with otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies, show evidence of placental injury at a microscopic level. Similar findings have been demonstrated in other studies too. This placental injury apparently does not lead to poor pregnancy outcomes. The extent of this injury in symptomatic cases of COVID-19 pregnancies and its consequences on the outcomes need to be analysed.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is transition phase between cognitive decline and dementia. The current study aims to investigate altered metabolic pattern in plasma of MCI for potential biomarkers. MCI (N = 50) and healthy controls (HC, N = 50) age group 55–75 years were screened based on Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI imaging). The MMSE score of MCI was significantly lower (25.74 ± 1.83) compared to healthy control subjects (29 ± 1). The MCI patients exhibit significant changes in white matter integrity in the right frontal lobe, right temporal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major, fornix, corpus callosum. Further, the plasma samples of twenty seven MCI patients (N = 27) and twenty HC subjects (N = 20; having no significant differences in any demographics) were analyzed using 1H NMR based metabolomics approach. Consistent with many previous reports, the levels of several plasma metabolites were found to be elevated in MCI patients compared to healthy controls. Further univariate and multivariate ROC curve analyses provided three plasma metabolites as a diagnostic panel of biomarker for MCI; which are lysine, glycine, and glutamine. Overall, the results of this study will help to improve the diagnostic and prognostic strategies of MCI in addition to improving our understanding about disease pathogenesis. We believe that the over-nutritional metabolic phenotype of MCI needs to be targeted for developing future dietary interventions so that the progression of MCI can be limited. Metabolic derangements associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a common problem that affects people of all ages and appears to develop mostly in childhood and adolescence. Dental anxiety in children has been recognized as a problem in patient management for many years. It is important that dentists are able to assess dental anxiety in child patients as early as possible so that they may identify patients who are in special need with regards to their fear. Age, gender and socioeconomic status play an important role as determining factors in dental anxiety, hence should be considered while measuring dental anxiety. Materials and Methods: A randomized control study was conducted in 4 to 8 years old children using two scales. A list of children from 14 schools in Gautam Budh Nagar district (U.P.) was collected and 1025 children were randomly selected. The children were asked about how they feel when they visit a dentist, by VPT and FIS separately their role with gender, age and socioeconomic was evaluated. Aim: To do comparative evaluation of role of gender, age and socioeconomic status on perceived dental anxiety of 4 to 8 years old children using two scales. Results: Among 1025 children, 532(51.9%) were males and 493 (48.1%) were females. Age wise comparison of both scales score revealed that mean FIS score was statistically significant and higher than mean VPT scale among 7 and 8 year age groups. Among 4, 5 and 6 year age group, no statistically significant difference was found between two scales. Conclusion: Dental anxiety is found to increase with increasing age. Females had a similar level of anxiety as compared to males and Children from low SES had a high level of dental anxiety than children from high SES. Keywords: Anxiety, Gender, Scale.

Elastomer bearings are design efficient and economical, so these are more widely used for bridge construction. Steel bearings were predominantly used before and their performance was good with few disadvantages due to their corrosive nature and high maintenance. Hence elastomer was introduced as a matrix material for steel bearings. In present study, analysis of mechanical properties is carried by changing elastomer material. The results showed that it is better to produce strong and effective reinforced elastomer bearing using material other than natural rubber. The study compares results of bearing elastomer using silicone rubber, PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) with the conventional synthetic natural rubber elastomer bearing. The effect of shape on maximum stress and deformation is also analysed. The bearing used in the case study is designed for forces applicable to metro rail viaduct. The load calculations are done using the specification provided by BMRCL (Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited). The analysis for stress and deformation is performed using ANSYS. The maximum stress, strain and deformation in bearing using new materials as elastomer were found to be lesser than the bearing using neoprene elastomer bearing.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm accounting for 1% of all malignancies. It is characterized by a monoclonal malignant proliferation of plasma cells accompanied by an increase in M-protein. Plasmablastic myeloma represents 5-15% of the cases of multiple myeloma. This morphology of a MM is an independent predictor of poor survival. Plasmablastic myeloma tends to have worse outcomes than other plasma cell dyscrasias. The median survival of these patients is around 1.9 years. Much of our knowledge on plasmablastic variant of MM is dependent on case reports and case series. Hence, an early identification of this aggressive variant of multiple myeloma and its differentiation from hematological malignancy like plasmablastic lymphoma is necessary for optimal patient management.

We summarize a study involving simultaneous imaging of cervical cells from Pap-smear samples using bright-field and quantitative phase microscopy. The optimization approach to phase reconstruction used in our study enables full diffraction limited performance from single-shot holograms and is thus suitable for reducing cost of a quantitative phase microscope system. Over 48000 cervical cells from patient samples obtained from three clinical sites have been imaged in this study. The clinical sites used different sample preparation methodologies and the subjects represented a range of age groups and geographical diversity. Visual examination of quantitative phase images of cervical cell nuclei show distinct morphological features that we believe have not appeared in the prior literature. A PCA based analysis of numerical parameters derived from the bright-field and quantitative phase images of the cervical cells shows good separation of superficial, intermediate and abnormal cells. The distribution of phase based parameters of normal cells is also shown to be highly overlapping among different patients from the same clinical site, patients across different clinical sites and for two age groups (below and above 30 years), thus suggesting robustness and possibility of standardization of quantitative phase as an imaging modality for cell classification in future clinical usage.

Objective: The aim of this article is to analyze the epidemiology of COVID-19, comparison of routes of transmission in children and adults, comparing the clinical symptoms in adults and children, treatment protocol to be followed and possible treatment options during this pandemic. Data Sources: Data is collected from Pubmed, Medline and Embase databases. Discussion from Previous References Used: Few studies have been done to analyze its effect on children comparing the symptoms of adults and children. Also very less work is done to analyze the special precautions taken while doing dental treatment during this pandemic. Conclusion: The widespread effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) or SARS-CoV-2 has created health concerns in the world. Although efforts have been taken to control the disease, it is still increasing due to the community spread. Health professionals may get patients in their practice with this infection and should prevent its spread. Clinical Significance of this Article: It will help us to differentiate the specific clinical symptoms of adult and pediatric patients coming to dental clinics and the special considerations for them including the emergency dental treatment during COVID-19.

Purpose This paper aims to characterise the “social” in social entrepreneurship (SE) by examining social value creation (SVC) from the perspective of vulnerable beneficiaries within a developing country context. It uses the lens of care ethics to garner insights into SVC based on what beneficiaries care about in their work engagement with social enterprises. Design/methodology/approach The exploratory paper implements a multiple case study approach to theory building, which considers the rich, real-life developing country context wherein much SVC occurs. Data collection primarily uses in-depth interviews with beneficiaries in accordance with socially sensitive research methodologies involving vulnerable participants. Findings The findings offer an ethical view of SVC that is premised on what is of value to beneficiaries in SE. The authors find that SVC is a multi-dimensional and reciprocal process that is shaped as beneficiaries work for social enterprises. The reciprocal nature of the process engenders beneficiary altruism, which may heighten vulnerability and lead to the dark side of SE. Social implications Many of the problems SE tries to address are situated in developing countries. The findings may enable social entrepreneurs, policymakers and social enterprise organisations to develop more responsive and more impactful solutions to social problems in developing countries. They further suggest that beneficiaries must not be looked upon merely as passive recipients of value but as active participants in the SVC process. Originality/value This paper contributes to critical SE discourse by giving voice to beneficiaries in SE.

Fibrocystic change in the breast is one of the entities under the spectrum of benign breast disease. It occurs primarily in females of the reproductive age group. Though the exact etiology is unknown, estrogen-progesterone imbalance is possibly one of the causative factors. Its occurrence in the pediatric age group is infrequent and is hitherto unreported in the pre-pubertal age group.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to reflect on the value of e-mails for recruiting and interviewing in a specific context in qualitative research, and second, to reflect on the benefits of the reflexive practice in sharing the research experience for gaining a deeper understanding of the field. The purpose is to raise points for consideration in research design for the e-mail method in this type of study.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on reflexivity and integrates fieldwork experiences to present the shared reflections and insights into the enabling and constraining aspects of using e-mail interviews with hard-to-access participants such as senior executives of international businesses.FindingsCloser consideration needs to be given to the use of e-mail interviewing in the research design for such studies, especially regarding culturally held preconceptions about the research environment and how the inevitable challenges in engaging in cross-border research may be resolved.Originality/valueThe paper yields unanticipated insights into the potential of e-mail interviewing for studies that require responses from key informants who are otherwise unlikely to participate in the research. The paper brings greater transparency to researchers regarding the realities of using the method in this context, and thus, it expands the hitherto small repertoire of such studies in qualitative international business research. The contribution also lies in the value of deliberately creating a space for reflexive conversations that open the possibility of more profound understandings in qualitative research.

An entirely unknown species of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019. COVID-19 has already affected more than 180 million people causing ~3.91 million deaths globally till the end of June 2021. During this emergency, the food nutraceuticals can be a potential therapeutic candidate. Curcumin is the natural and safe bioactive compound of the turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) plant and is known to possess potent anti-microbial and immuno-modulatory properties. This review paper covers the various extraction and quantification techniques of curcumin and its usage to produce functional food. The potential of curcumin in boosting the immune system has also been explored. The review will help develop insight and new knowledge about curcumin's role as an immune-booster and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. The manuscript will also encourage and assist the scientists and researchers who have an association with drug development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to develop curcumin-based formulations.

Behçet’s disease is a multi-systemic vasculitis which is characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulceration with positive pathergy test. These features may also be seen in various hematological malignancies. In patients with leukemia who present with Behçet’s disease-like features, it is often difficult to ascertain whether the clinical manifestations are due to leukemia, or there is co-existing Behçet’s disease too. The authors report an Indian farmer who presented with clinical features suggestive of Behçet’s disease with profound neutropenia. On bone marrow examination he was found to have acute monocytic leukemia (AML-M5). Chemotherapy for leukemia did not relieve his oral and genital ulcers, for which glucocorticoids and colchicine had to be given. So the patient had co-existence of Behçet’s disease along with AML-M5, which has never been reported in the literature before.

Intra-abdominal masses in children are usually malignant. Benign tumours at this location are not seen frequently. It is even rarer to find solitary myofibromas intra-abdominally as these tumours are known to have predilection for the head and neck region. We present an unusual case of solitary myofibroma with abdominal localisation in a six-year-old male child who presented with abdominal distension since six months. Computed Tomography (CT) abdomen revealed a complex solid-cystic mass extending from umbilicus to right iliac fossa and measuring 9×6×4 cm. Histopathological examination revealed a tumour displaying biphasic nodular pattern with the presence of lighter staining fascicles of mature myoid cells along with darker staining and more cellular areas of smaller primitive cells. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumour cells were positive for vimentin and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) with variable reactivity for desmin while these were negative for CD34 and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase 1 (ALK). Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, final diagnosis of myofibroma was made. Recognition of these lesions is extremely challenging owing to their rare presentation intra-abdominally and also because of their close morphological overlap with other spindle cell tumours commonly found at this site. This case highlights the combined role played by histopathology and IHC in making a clear distinction between different entities. It is imperative for both clinicians and histopathologists to establish the correct diagnosis as excision of the solitary myofibroma is curative in most cases and offers better clinical course than the more commonly found malignant tumours at this site.

Mental ill health and brain aging disorders has become a challenge worldwide; the treatments are long and include expensive synthetic drugs, with unavoidable serious side effects. Traditional medicines or complementary alternative medicines are known for their holistic view of treatment with no or minimal side effects. The branch of psycho-neuroscience in Ayurveda (Indian medicinal system) which treats brain disorders is based on immune system of an individual, balancing with medicines that are plant-based products (either single plant extract or mixture), with diverse range from herbs to perennial trees with varied plant parts, roots, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits to seeds. The chemical structure of the major compounds ranges from straight-chain fatty acids to terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, peptides, etc. There is still scope for dosage specification and mode of action for the traditional medicines in the future for better nutrition, geriatric and mental health care.

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a malignant tumour of smooth muscle origin commonly seen in genital and gastrointestinal location. However, its presence in the head and neck region in a young child is extremely rare. Authors present a unique case of LMS in a one year and five-month-old child who presented with a painless mass in the right temporal region of the head. Histopathological examination revealed a highly cellular tumour arranged in intersecting fascicles of spindle cells with brisk mitotic activity and interspersed areas of necrosis. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), the tumour cells were positive for Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA), Desmin and Vimentin and negative for S100 and Myogenin. A diagnosis of LMS was thus, made. Head and neck sarcoma is a broad entity encompassing plethora of differentials with closely overlapping morphological features which renders them diagnostically challenging, this can be resolved by employing various immunohistochemical stains readily available in all laboratories. This case highlights the combined role played by histopathology and immunohistochemistry in arriving at the correct diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of LMS reported in the temporal region of head and is distinct with respect to its rare incidence, location and age at presentation. LMS at this site may masquerade as deceptively benign painless mass and may not be suspected initially, however one should bear in mind that these are moderate-to-high grade tumours and any delay in management may portend poor prognosis. Timely and aggressive surgical management is thus, the mainstay of treatment and critical to patient survival.

In order to integrate and improve eye care in noncommunicable disease (NCD) clinics, screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) was introduced in primary and secondary-level government health facilities. Initially, the project was carried out at the fixed health facilities at one district hospital (DH), two sub-district hospitals (SDH) and two community health centers (CHCs). This was combined with training of existing health care personnel, information-education-communication (IEC) campaign among patients and service providers along with the provision of essential equipment required for screening. In the revised strategy, NCD nurses were also trained for screening. Of 12,788 DM patients registered in NCD clinics, 63.8% (n = 8159) were screened for DR by trained paramedical ophthalmic assistants and the four trained NCD nurses using non-mydriatic fundus camera and teleophthalmology supported remote grading of retinopathy. DR was detected in 9.45% (n = 771) patients and sight-threatening DR (STDR) was detected in 2.35% (n = 192) in one or both eyes. Of 8,159 people screened, 55% (n = 4481) and 45% (n = 3678) were screened at CHC and mobile screening at primary health centers (PHC), respectively. DR screening in a fixed facility at CHC combined with the mobile screening at PHC level and fixed-day screening strategy provides effective coverage.

Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) carry significant morbidity and mortality in paediatric patients. Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA) is a common cyanotic CHD. However, onset of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is potentially severe and rare complication reported in 1-3% of newborns. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a primary disease of cardiac muscle usually recognised in adulthood. Neonatal HOCM without other congenital anomalies, no family history of HOCM, no history of exposure to corticosteroids or any inborn errors of metabolism is rarely recognised. Authors hereby report two cases of neonatal autopsy showing TGA with PAH (Grade 2) and another with HOCM without any primary cause received in our hospital. With this case report authors wish to stress on the importance of cardiac examination (heart and the associated vessels) in autopsy specimen which in turn requires training of pathologists in cardiac pathology along with routine fetal anomaly scanning in arriving successively at the final diagnosis and detecting the cause of death which helps in management of future pregnancies by the clinicians.

In this numerical study, the effect of post-earthquake fire on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns is investigated by using ABAQUS, a finite element-based analysis tool. The steps involved in numerical modelling were cyclic, heat transfer and structural analysis. In the first step, cyclic analysis was conducted to simulate the seismic behaviour, and then, output from the cyclic analysis in terms of residual deformations was used as the input for the sequentially coupled nonlinear thermal stress analysis. First, the simulated numerical model was validated based on the literature available for full-scale testing of CFST columns for cases of cyclic as well as thermal loading. The validated finite element model was then used to investigate the behaviour of CFST column under post-earthquake fire scenarios. The results showed that column with residual deformation showed lesser fire resistance than the undamaged column.

Background: Knowledge of normal development pattern of various endocrine cells of the human pancreas is of paramount importance, due to its implication during replacement therapies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Development related literature of fetal pancreas is scanty due to ethical and technical difficulties to obtain fetuses. Aims and Objectives: Present study was conducted on 49 fetuses from gestational weeks 10 to 40 to obtain the sequential appearance and arrangement of islets of langerhans cells of pancreas. Material and Methods: Forty nine fetuses were collected in formal saline immediately after abortion, medical termination of pregnancy or premature delivery. The fetal pancreas was processed for paraffin blocks. Sections were taken and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin as well as Gomori’s modified Aldehyde Fuchsin stain and observed under light microscope. Results: Islets were initially a small number of cells with Alpha cells, which were seen at 10th week of gestation. Beta cells were identified in the islets of fetuses around 16 weeks of gestation. Delta cells were observed from 17 weeks onwards and islets appeared as a group from the beginning of 19th week. Conclusion: In the present study we observed a sequential development of Alpha, Beta and Delta cells and subsequent grouping of the islets. The exact gestational time of appearance of above islet cells and their encapsulation can add to the existing knowledge data base for successful transplant of pancreas in patients of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(5) 2018 67-72

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage of cognitive decline and dementia. The absence of specific diagnostic test for identification of MCI and AD. The current study aims to find proteomics based change in plasma proteins and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based white matter changes in MCI for early detection of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Fifty cases of mild cognitive impairment and age matched control between (55–75 yrs) were screened on basis of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Two dimensional gel electrophoresis and DTI imaging was performed in MCI and age matched control. The MMSE score of MCI were in the range of (28 ± 2–22.6 ± 1) as compared with healthy control (28 ± 2), DTI metrics apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional Anisotropy (FA) has shown significant changes in fornix, corpus callosum, hippocampus, right temporal and right frontal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major of MCI subjects as compared with controls. The protein expression of keratin type-2 was up regulated and albumin was down regulated in MCI subjects as compared with control. The data from present study signifies that expression of Keratin type-2 and albumin along with white matter changes provides early signatures for identification of MCI at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease

Aims and Objective: To study the risk factors, symptomatology and sites of ectopic pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over a 2 year period from August 2011 to August 2013 in Department of OBG at Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B G Nagara, Karnataka. The parameters studied were age and parity distribution, symptoms at presentation, associated risk factors and site of ectopic pregnancy. Results: There were 25 cases of ectopic pregnancy of the total 2542 deliveries accounting to 1%. Most patients were multiparous belonging to the age group of 20 – 30 years. The most common symptom was pain abdomen followed by bleeding per vagina and history of amenorrhea. 32 % of the patients came in shock. Risk factors were associated in 60% of cases, the most common being a history of tubal surgery. Ampullary part of the tube was the most frequent site accounting for 44% of cases. All the patients were managed by surgical intervention. Conclusion: Ectopic pregnancy is a nightmare for the obstetrician. Early diagnosis and early referral are the key to successful management. It is better to over diagnose an ectopic pregnancy especially in a rural setup. The dictum should be to ‘THINK ECTOPIC’ in a woman in reproductive age group with pain abdomen or bleeding PV or when she comes in shock irrespective of tubal ligation.

Wireless technology provides effective and efficient communication between the mobile devices. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is the most influencing field to researchers due to vehicle density, traffic congestion, accidents, etc. In order to overcome these problems, several research works are going on especially in the field of the communication among moving nodes and resources. The necessity of efficient scheduling algorithm is highly required for successful exploitation of a broadcast medium and data transmission. Data scheduling becomes an important issue when vehicles access data through Road Side Unit (RSU). Therefore, to deliver the messages to the recipient properly and accurately, scheduling algorithms have to be emphasized in VANET. In this literature, various data scheduling policies are described to manage the data accessibility from the RSU's to the vehicles. This paper presents the categorization of the scheduling algorithm on the basis of a type of parameters used in the distribution of data items. This analyze that the efficiency of data scheduling in VANET can be improved using CLOUD technology as a storage device. The simulation results of data scheduling using dynamic cloud comparing with previous existing algorithms. Through these comparative results, it shows that the proposed work performs superior and increases QoS, i.e., bandwidth utilization, energy consumption and total time.

Congenital pouch colon is a rare anorectal malformation of unknown embryogenesis in which all or part of the large intestine is replaced by a pouch-like dilatation that usually communicates with the urogenital tract via a fistula. This condition is more common among males in North Indian population and is associated with various anomalies such as uterovaginal malformations. It has been classified into five types that are showing a shift over the years towards less severe types such as type 4. We report a case of type 4 congenital pouch colon with anal agenesis without fistula and lower vaginal agenesis in a 29-week-old female fetus diagnosed during autopsy. The absence of a fistula and association with vaginal agenesis in a female fetus, which gets overlooked even in live births, makes it a unique case. Early prenatal diagnosis and awareness about this condition are essential for appropriate management and favorable surgical outcome.

Researchers are nowadays focused on the importance of bioactive compounds (BACs) of natural origin, which are secondary metabolites derived from seeds, food and fermentation-based metabolic products. Several factors such as food matrix, molecule's size, environmental factors and association with gastrointestinal (GI) material, can impede the bioavailability and absorption of these BACs in host cell systems and target sites. Natural BACs like flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, etc. are particularly important for the production of functional foods and medicinal products, which may have industrial relevance also. Thus the isolation of such natural BACs can be promising multifunctional extracts that can be used in food applications to aid health-promoting effects in host cell systems. Sufficient evidences are however required to make a health claim and to promote functional foods in international markets. This review focuses primarily on recent developments and modulatory roles of potential health-promoting food BACs. Analyses on the techno-chemical and physiological features of functional food components are addressed besides discussing their analytical methods, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. The current study also considers the health potential of BACs and their rising demand in form of functional foods in the world.

Drought stress is considered a severe threat to crop production. It adversely affects the morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plants, especially in short duration crops like mungbean. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made towards enhancing climate resilience in legumes through classical and next-generation breeding coupled with omics approaches. Various defence mechanisms have been reported as key players in crop adaptation to drought stress. Many researchers have identified potential donors, QTLs/genes and candidate genes associated to drought tolerance-related traits. However, cloning and exploitation of these loci/gene(s) in breeding programmes are still limited. To bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical breeding, we need to reveal the omics-assisted genetic variations associated with drought tolerance in mungbean to tackle this stress. Furthermore, the use of wild relatives in breeding programmes for drought tolerance is also limited and needs to be focused. Even after six years of decoding the whole genome sequence of mungbean, the genome-wide characterization and expression of various gene families and transcriptional factors are still lacking. Due to the complex nature of drought tolerance, it also requires integrating high throughput multi-omics approaches to increase breeding efficiency and genomic selection for rapid genetic gains to develop drought-tolerant mungbean cultivars. This review highlights the impact of drought stress on mungbean and mitigation strategies for breeding high-yielding drought-tolerant mungbean varieties through classical and modern omics technologies.

Refractance WindowTM-Drying (RWD) is one such novel fourth-generation drying technology which has recently gained huge attention due to its several advantages. It is employed to dry the heat-sensitive products even juices and purees to retain the product color, aroma, antioxidant compounds, and nutritional properties. This technology dries the product through a thin, transparent infrared film which effectively forms a "window” for drying, keeping the product's temperatures very low and ensuring rapid drying, involving all modes of heat transfer. The drying temperature, time, cost, and energy consumption are also lower in this case, but thermal efficiency and product's quality are higher than conventional drying technologies like drum drying, freeze-drying, spray drying, tray drying, etc. which possess their own limitations. The present work, therefore, summarizes the recent trends in RWD, emphasizing its impact on process and food quality properties, and highlights differences between RWD and existing drying technologies. This manuscript discusses in detail the effect of RWD on physical, chromatic, biochemical, functional, structural, textural, and microbial properties of end-product. Further, the patents based on RWD have also been highlighted comprehensively for the first-time, considering their contribution to scientific knowledge and as a platform to support the upcoming developments in the field.

Future intelligent transport systems would heavily rely on Vehicular Ad hoc Network which provides seamless services to the driver on national high-ways. This paper proposes priority based RSA algorithm (p-RSA). The proposed algorithm replaces road side unit with dynamic cloud to reduce the physical infrastructure from the network, provide larger scope of services maintain quality of service to the users. pRSA being on dynamic cloud gives information of the entire traffic to all the vehicles in the range and also the central controlling unit. During call for an emergency service, nearest Police Control Room van is sent a SOS (distress signal can be interpreted as Save our Soul) and at the same time nearest Police Picket and Medical services are alerted. Being on global positioning system and cloud even during misty or foggy conditions every vehicle would know where exactly it is heading and even if a target comes close to other vehicle a warning would flash on the screen with loud beep, the speed would be automatically cut-down to maintain the distance between the vehicles, not only ahead of it, but also behind the target vehicle. Scheduling of pRSA has been compared with first come first serve (FCFS), smallest data size first (SDF) and new method using Deadline and Size of Data (NDS) algorithms on the basis of skew, the priority factor increased by 93.75, 31.25 and 18.75% in comparison to FCFS, SDF and NDS algorithm respectively. Bandwidth consumption and energy utilization are 12.0 and 5.56% less than NDS.

Background: Typhoid fever is a gastrointestinal infection caused by Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S.typhi). Typhoid fever continues to be one of the major public health problems in developing countries. Antimicrobial therapy is critical for the clinical management of enteric fever. Incidences of multi-drug resistance to S. typhi (MDRST) and nalidixic acid resistant (NAR) strain have limited treatment options. Resistance pattern and time to fever clearance vary in different geographical areas and overtimes. Hence, this study was conducted to compare efficacy and safety profile of Cefixime and Ofloxacin in uncomplicated typhoid fever in this region. Method: 50 adults proven cases of typhoid fever of the age group of 18-57 years of either sex were included in the study. Group I was treated with Cefixime 200 mg twice a day for 7 days and CG I was treated with Ofloxacin 200 mg twice a day for 7 days. Patients were clinically and bacteriologically evaluated during the study period and follow-up. Result: So both study groups were found comparable in terms of mean fever clearance time. 96% cure rates were observed in both groups. No relapse was recorded. Conclusion: Both Cefixime and Ofloxacin are equally efficacious and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 3-7

BackgroundThe sense of smell is very influential in the taste of foods. If the smell pleases us, we anticipate the taste of the food with a great deal of relish. If our sense of smell is impaired, so is our taste. The effect of appliance on taste perceptions has always had a controversial subject.Materials and methodsThe present study was designed to analyze the change in taste perception in children using removable orthodontic appliances. All the selected volunteers were given different taste stimuli and were asked to score as per their perception. The verbal score was calculated based on the correct and incorrect taste stimuli given to them. Visual analog scale was used to assess intensity and hedonic (palatability) estimation of the volunteers.ResultsThe volunteers from both study and control groups scored different values for taste stimuli. The majority of stimuli were estimated correctly by both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the study and control groups.ConclusionIn different testing sessions, the scoring of the volunteers was nearly constant, indicating that an appliance does not play a major role in the alteration of taste stimuli.Clinical significanceThe appliance brings about transient change in taste perception, we should educate the patient before delivering the appliance about the transient change in taste perception and encourage full-time wear of the appliance, including during meals, without fear of affecting taste sensations.How to cite this articleRazdan P, Sakthivel VS, Naqvi ZA, Goyal V, Tripathi S, Singh S. Alteration in Taste Perception among Young Children during the use of Removable Orthodontic Appliance Therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(7):607-613.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is most frequently a self-limiting benign viral skin disease. Transmitted by direct skin contact, it is characterized by flesh-colored, dome-shaped, umbilicated lesions. Diagnosis of MC is often done clinically, but when needed, biopsy can be performed, in which characteristic Henderson-Patterson bodies, representing intracytoplasmic assemblies of the virus, are pathognomonic. Atypical presentations of MC are rare in immunocompetent individuals and are challenging to diagnose. We report a case of giant MC, presenting as an ulcero-proliferative growth, in neck of an 8-month-old female child. Fine-needle aspiration cytology smears revealed characteristic intracytoplasmic molluscum bodies. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by histopathology. In this case, cytological examination helped in reaching the correct diagnosis, in a clinically unsuspected case.

We empirically explore the process of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) through the conceptual lens of effectuation, a theory describing how entrepreneurs innovate. In particular, we investigate how endogenous innovations emerge and evolve into new products or services. The study thus provides an alternative perspective to most CE research that assumes a causation or rational-analytic approach to innovation. We implement a qualitative, multi-case study research design with corporate innovation projects as the level of analysis. Data are from interviews as well as secondary sources and were analyzed using within and cross case analysis. Findings reveal organic stages through which ideas are shaped into viable products. Findings show important effectuation principles at work including stakeholder commitments, affordable loss thinking, and a focus on control instead of prediction. Interestingly, findings illustrate how effectuation may differ in the corporate as compared to the new venture context. Implications for the wider literature are discussed along with limitations of the research design.

Objective: Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) produces an inflammatory condition leading to multiple organ failure. LPS most potent bacterial products are used for induction of host oxidative stress responses and liver injury. Methods: Present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Asparagus racemosus Willd. root extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress in rats by measuring oxidative stress markers, nitric oxide, liver function test and cytokines. Results: The obtained data showed that LPS administration significantly reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), total cholesterol (TC) and albumin (ALB). There was significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), cytokines activity, serum aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and nitric oxide(NO). Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus (MEAR) administration significantly (P

The method is proposed single shot face detection and gender recognition using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN). The proposed method is using the YOLO algorithm to detect the human face and make gender recognition. The face detection and gender recognition are very interesting since the past two decades. This can be used in future for the security purpose, biometric, digital cosmetic and many more. As human face is a dynamic object having a high degree of variability in its appearance, that make the face detection problem difficult in the computer vision task. The goal of this paper is to multiple face detection and its gender recognition in one shot of image is passed in the network and give the better performance in term of speed and accuracy.

Background: Fear of a dental child is most commonly associated with dentist attire and usage of syringe. The objective of the study was to evaluate the preference of dentist’s attire and kind of syringe (conventional or camouflage) among different age groups of children. Materials and Methods: In this cross‑sectional study A total of 750 children aged 4–14 years were included in the study. All the participants were subdivided into five major groups according to their age, i.e., 4–5 years, 6–7 years, 8–9 years, 10–11 years, and 12–14 years. A set of six photographs which included dentists in white‑colored apron, pink‑colored apron, green‑colored apron, blue‑colored apron, and gown with cartoon character and dentists without apron (formal attire) along with: (a) camouflage syringe and (b) conventional syringe were provided to every child and was asked to give his/her preference looking at the six set of pictures. The preference of each child was thus recorded. Children’s anxiety level during injections and dentist attire was assessed and recorded using two anxiety scales, i.e. the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale faces version and Facial Image Scale.SPSS statistical software and Chi‑square test were used. (P < 0.05). Results: A majority of 35.3% participants in the 4–5‑years age group preferred aprons with cartoon character, while 65.3% in the 12–14‑years age group selected white apron as the preferred choice. Regarding preference of the syringe type, it was observed that 82% of the younger age preferred camouflage syringe and 75% of the older age preferred conventional syringe. On comparison of both the scales, no significant differences were found. About 82% children in the older age group were reported to be nonanxious with white attire and only 14% were anxious with the conventional syringe type. Conclusion: Younger children have a greater preference of colorful attire of dentist and camouflage syringe over the conventional one when compared to older children. Key Words: Age, attire, dental anxiety,dentist, syringe

Primary nodal gastrinoma is a rare entity and the diagnosis is often contemplative when no other non - nodal primary site can be identified despite thorough investigations and operative exploration. Here we report one such case wherein a primary nodal gastrinoma was diagnosed as an entity of exclusion. Additionally, the location of the disease outside the confines of the conventional gastrinoma triangle further contributes to the rarity of the presentation. A young male patient had presented to us with history of multiple operations in the past for recurrent upper abdominal pain presumably consequential to peptic ulcer disease viz a trucal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, duodenal ulcer perforation surgery and a cholecystectomy. CT scan and endoscopic USG showed a preaortic calcified node located outside the limits of the gastrinoma triangle. A raised serum gastrin level and an endoscopic guided FNAC confirmed the diagnosis of a gastrinoma. A 68 Ga-DOTANOC PET CT revealed an exclusive nodal uptake with no discenable primary lesion. Normalization of gastrin levels after removal of the involved pre-aortic node further pointed to the diagnosis of primary nodal gastrinoma. A high index of clinical suspicion is warranted especially in a history of multiple surgeries for recurrent upper abdominal pain and location of the lesion outside the confines of the ‘Gastrinoma Triangle’ should not be deterrent for the diagnosis.

Background: Delivery mechanism is a spontaneous process and requires no intervention. Advances in medical technology in maternity care have drastically reduced maternal and infant mortality. Aim of the study was to determine maternal knowledge, attitude and preferences of pregnant women towards mode of delivery in a tertiary care center. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 100 antenatal women in third trimester who attended the antenatal clinic in Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab from September 2015 to January 2016.The information regarding socio-demographic profile, obstetric history, knowledge and attitude statements towards vaginal and cesarean delivery was collected. Results: Total of 100 women was enrolled in the study. Out of these, majority (47%) had secondary education. Majority of the women (89%) interviewed had positive attitude towards vaginal delivery. High rate of cesarean section was seen in patients with primary and secondary infertility as they thought that babies born by cesarean section are healthier than those delivered by vaginal delivery. The most frequently mentioned source of information about mode of delivery was family and friends. Almost half of women agreed to the statement that vaginal delivery creates a more affectionate mother and baby relationship. Economic factors play an important role in deciding cesarean birth. Conclusions: Majority of pregnant women interviewed in our institution were keen to deliver vaginally, while the remaining women due to lack of knowledge or phobia of vaginal delivery wanted to undergo a cesarean section. Improving women’s knowledge about the risks and benefits of different modes of delivery can lead to a positive maternal attitude towards vaginal delivery.

Most of the building construction worldwide use bricks as building material for masonry construction. Use of geopolymer bricks using industrial waste is a sustainable alternative to conventional bricks. The present study assesses the feasibility of using red mud based geopolymer bricks in masonry for structural applications. Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) was used as a partial replacement of sand in casting bricks. Mechanical property of bricks was evaluated and the results analysed. The optimum percentage of red mud was found to be 30% but the bricks cast with 50% red mud too, exhibited good dry compressive strength of 8.7 MPa with 1:1 binder: aggregate ratio. In general, strength and stiffness of bricks increased when sand was partially replaced with GBFS. Ultimate strength and masonry efficiency of prisms cast with geopolymer brick and cement mortar proved to be better than those cast with geopolymer mortar.

Aim: This study aimed to correlate periodontal pathogens in endodontic periodontal diseases. Methodology: This study was conducted on 40 patients of both genders. All the participants were obtained from department of endodontics and periodontology with history of endo-perio lesion in same teeth. Polymerase chain reaction was performed and correlation was established. Results: This study included 18 males and 22 females. The mean age of male was 42.5 years and female was 41.3 years. Specimens of Tannerella forsythia were isolated from 94% endodontium and 92% periodontium, Porphyromonas gingivalis from 71% endodontium and 55% periodontium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from 12% endodontium and 58% periodontium. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Bacteria in endodontic-periodontal infection confirmed statistically significant correlation between absolute quantitation of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis (r = 0.412, P < 0.05), P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.524, P < 0.05), and T. forsythia and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.427, P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was correlation between targeted bacterial species levels from concurrent endodontic-periodontal diseases. Thus, it can be suggested that dentinal tubules may be the pathway for spread of bacteria.

Purpose: To compare the acceptance of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening by the proximity of care and health education in rural Maharashtra. Methods: Study was done in the public health facilities in four blocks (in two blocks at community health center (CHC) level and in other two blocks at primary health center (PHC) level with the provision of transport from villages to PHCs) over 3 months. Health education was not imparted in one block in each segment. Health education consisted of imparting knowledge on diabetes mellitus (DM) and DR by trained village-level workers. The screening was done using non-mydriatic fundus camera and teleophthalmology supported remote grading of DR. Results: In the study period, 1,472 people with known diabetes were screened in four blocks and 86.6% (n = 1275) gradable images were obtained from them. 9.9% (n = 126) were detected having DR and 1.9% (n = 24) having sight-threatening DR (STDR). More people accepted screening closer to their residence at the PHC than CHC (24.4% vs 11.4%; P < 0.001). Health education improved the screening uptake significantly (14.4% vs 18.7%; P < 0.01) irrespective of the place of screening—at CHC, 9.5% without health education vs 13.1% with health education; at PHC, 20.1% without health education versus 31.6% with health education. Conclusion: Conducting DR screening closer to the place of living at PHCs with the provision of transport and health education was more effective for an increase in the uptake of DR screening by people with known diabetes in rural Maharashtra.

A research experiment was conducted during rabi season 2010 and 2011 in AICW and BIP, College of Agriculture, Rewa (M.P.). Results revealed that weed free plot and variety Jyoti gave significantly higher yield 4.084 t/ha as compared to other treatments.