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Augmented reality (AR) optical-see-through (OST) head-mounted displays (HMD) have developed to a point where browsing information on the go is possible. In this paper, we investigate the readability of text on an AR HMD while the user is walking. There are two common methods of displaying text on a HMD: anchoring the text on the screen coordinate system or the world coordinate system. We report on the results of two laboratory experiments comparing text readability when the text is displayed in these two coordinate systems, and while the participants walked on a treadmill. In the first experiment, the participants read letter strings comprising Sloane letters, whereas the second experiment used English words. In addition to evaluating the text readability and workload experienced by participants, we employed IMU sensors to compare the effects of the text display method on the participants’ head movement and gait. In both experiments, the reading speed and head movement were significantly higher and mental workload significantly lower for the world coordinate system than for the screen coordinate system. These results suggest that text readability while walking is better on the world coordinate system, and displaying text with the screen coordinate system results in an unnatural gait owing to the user trying to keep their head still in an effort to stabilize the HMD screen.

This work describes a colorimetric signaling approach for competitive lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) enabling sensitive and semiquantitative direct visual result readout in the form of "text", demonstrated on the example of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) detection. The distinctive feature of the developed text-displaying LFIA (TD-LFIA) is the test zone system consisting of a combination of two types of inkjet-deposited capture molecules referred to as "mask antigen" and "text antibody", allowing for sensitive turn-on signaling as opposed to the inverse response of conventional competitive LFIAs. The user operation is limited to sample application, followed by direct reading of assay results written in text after approximately 10 min. TD-LFIAs enabled the visual detection of 8-OHdG at concentrations down to 3 ng/mL, which is a 2-3 orders of magnitude lower visual detection limit than that achieved with the corresponding conventional design and is comparable to the existing LFIAs relying on external signal readout equipment. Highly reproducible observer-independent assay performance was confirmed, and the result interpretation is not influenced by sample color and readout timing. Making use of customizable threshold settings for text appearance, a device for semiquantitative assays was developed and successfully applied to the detection of 8-OHdG at four concentration levels (trace, low, medium, and high) in 54 human urine samples within the clinically relevant concentration range. The sensitive and intuitive signaling method of the developed system offers great potential for an alternative competitive LFIA platform suitable for real-world point-of-care testing applications.

We designed and evaluated SplitVectors, a new vector field display approach to help scientists perform new discrimination tasks on large-magnitude-range scientific data shown in three-dimensional (3D) visualization environments. SplitVectors uses scientific notation to display vector magnitude, thus improving legibility. We present an empirical study comparing the SplitVectors approach with three other approaches - direct linear representation, logarithmic, and text display commonly used in scientific visualizations. Twenty participants performed three domain analysis tasks: reading numerical values (a discrimination task), finding the ratio between values (a discrimination task), and finding the larger of two vectors (a pattern detection task). Participants used both mono and stereo conditions. Our results suggest the following: (1) SplitVectors improve accuracy by about 10 times compared to linear mapping and by four times to logarithmic in discrimination tasks; (2) SplitVectors have no significant differences from the textual display approach, but reduce cluttering in the scene; (3) SplitVectors and textual display are less sensitive to data scale than linear and logarithmic approaches; (4) using logarithmic can be problematic as participants' confidence was as high as directly reading from the textual display, but their accuracy was poor; and (5) Stereoscopy improved performance, especially in more challenging discrimination tasks.

This article describes the design and implementation of LiftingDoneRight, a novel system for healthcare professionals to enhance their compliance with best practices and regulations regarding proper body mechanics for lifting and pulling activities. The system uses Microsoft Kinect to track the motion of consented users non-intrusively. The system relies on the use of a smartwatch to deliver an alert via vibration and text display whenever a wrong activity that violated the proper body mechanics has been detected. A core contribution of this study is a registration mechanism for a healthcare professional to explicitly give permission to the system to monitor his or her activities. Furthermore, a non-intrusive biometrics-based single sign-on mechanism is incorporated into the system to allow a user to be automatically identified for tracking as long as the user has manually registered with the system before. Finally, the system offers a number of configurations to accommodate different usability needs and privacy requirements.

This article considers a method of improving print quality for screenshots. The proposed method is based on detecting and vectorizing text areas on raster images. The main study is dedicated to smooth screen-text segmentation, determining background and text color, improving resolution, and recovering the contour of symbols and approximating them with Bezier curves. The proposed method is resistant to different colors, text sizes, and languages and makes it possible to obtain a sharp and correct text display for printing.

This research paper presents the idea of designing and implementing the VGA applications on FPGA. The goal of the first application here is to display a four-bit digit on a VGA screen, and the second application focuses on displaying a 32-bit text on the screen. VGA plays an important role in displaying the data on the screen. VGA cable is connected to the FPGA board easily since a VGA connector is provided on the board. The module is designed by programming of code in VHDL on Xilinx ISE 14.7 software. The synthesis is done with the help of Spartan 3E FPGA which estimate the supporting frame of 50 MHz.

A smart pill box (SPB) for the elderly and nursing homes meets the needs of the market by integrating electronic technology and network functionality. The interactive SPB, which features a particular device that contains embedded sensors in each compartment that not only transmits detected signals to website when users are taking their pills but also receives a remind message back to the LCD screen on SPB by displaying words and/or patterns, or speaking a voice. This study uses the Webduino module installed in SPB to achieve two-way messaging with remote relatives via internet of thing (IoT). The module first reads the sensing signal in the kit and uses WiFi to transmit the signal to WiFi Router, and then sends the medication information to a remote webpage or cell phone for monitoring (on LCD). Remote relatives can input care messages on the webpage or mobile phone to send a signal back to the WiFi Router and then to Webduino module. After receiving the signal, Webduino will send it to Arduino for text display and voice playback in the SPB. Therefore, the elderly staying in their home or nursing home institution can easily manage their medication via this application. The smart interactive pill box will be crucial for medical care management for elder persons of this aging population or in the future.

According to slipping between the driving drum and the belt in motion of the belt conveyor, this article uses the intelligent speed sensor to transfer pulse signal into PLC high-speed counter, then realizes the relevant control through program processing and real-timely shows the value of the belt speed by text display. It completes the detection and display of the belt speed by real-timely, realizes the integration among the belt speed monitor and other control parts, reaches the purpose of slipping protection.

This study focuses on the automated packaging systems of the Phthalic anhydride made up of the PLC of Siemens S7-200 series and the weighing instruments, the sensor is mainly used to complete the Phthalic anhydride product weighing, bagging, sealing, and other functions, and The field text display , the configuration software of PC is used to display real-time monitoring interface. The weighing, bagging, sealing and other functions of the Phthalic anhydride product is completed mainly. The coarse and fine spiral motor is used to ensure system accuracy in the entire Control of the packaging process, the Phthalic anhydride product quickly and accurately weighing can be completed in this design. The application of the photoelectric sensor control the sewing machine start and stop of the sealed packaging process fast and accurate; Combination of TD400C and SIMATIC WinCC configuration software provides the packaging system fine human-computer interface.

In the underground data gathering and processing system, TMS320VC55X acquires signal and send it to display correctly on the LCD. The related hardware and software design of system is introduced in this paper. System adopts MzLH01-12864 display module with serial peripheral interface to realize graphic & text display. On the basis of the hardware interface circuit, SPI working mode of DSP multi-channel buffer serial port, software protocol and sequential flow are recommended. System realizes to display signal on LCD correctly, to demonstrate multiple menu of character and graphics and to implement the human-computer interaction.

A focus group session is a useful tool for learning user expectations, preferences, and suggested enhancements during the design stage of a new product. This paper showcases the usefulness of using a mixed-method focus group study of first responders to examine the design of a hand-held radiation detector. The study used a survey and a semi-structured script that explored five main topics: difficulties of using radiation detection with respect to the equipment and environment; preferences for handle design; preferences for control design; preferences for screen, menu, and interface design, and instructional and maintenance issues. The focus group indicated a desire for fewer and bigger buttons to control the device, a desire for a san serif font type for the display, a request to minimize the use of abbreviations and symbols in the text display, having a color coding display bar to describe radiation levels, and a need for detailed maintenance procedures and processes. These results provide important feedback for planning the development and testing of a more ergonomic radiation detector. Relevance to industry A hand-held radiation detector to test for fissionable materials is one of the essential tools used by first responders. This paper presents the results from a focus group of first responders exploring characteristics for a more ergonomic detector.

To satisfy the requirement of graphic and text display of instrument,a hardware and software design of a LED Dot-matrix Display was introduced.The display used LED Dot-matrix as its display device,and ARM core microcontroller as its control device.Detail descriptions to the working principle,hardware structure,and programming technique were provided.Schematics for the hardware design were also explained.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate age differences in the visual demands imposed by reading in-vehicle text message displays during simulated driving. Visual demand was operationalized in terms of five eye gaze data parameters. Sixteen young (mean age=20) and 16 older (mean age=77) licensed drivers served as participants. They were required to read variable length text messages from a console mounted display while driving on straight segments on a simulated rural highway. Older drivers required much more time to complete the concurrent text reading task — especially for messages of longer lengths. As hypothesized, most of this age-difference resulted from an increase in the time spent reacquiring the road scene between successive glances to the text display. Lane keeping variability increased and driving speed decreased while reading text for older, but not younger, drivers. This pattern of findings is consistent with prior claims that driving performance in older adults is negatively influenced by problems with attention switching mechanisms.

Over the past 20 years web browsers have changed considerably from being a simple text display to now supporting complex multimedia applications. The client can now enjoy chatting, playing games and Internet banking. All these applications have something in common, they can be run on multiple platforms and in some cases they will run offline. With the introduction of HTML5 this evolution will continue, with browsers offering greater levels of functionality. This paper outlines the background study and the importance of new technologies, such as HTML5's new browser based storage called IndexedDB. We will show how the technology of storing data on the client side has changed over the time and how the technologies for storing data on the client will be used in future when considering known security issues. Further, we propose a solution to IndexedDB's known security issues in form of a security model, which will extend the current model.

A message presentation and processing model is presented here. It was used, in two experiments, to study how different types of highlighting and text display color combinations affect reading performance. We found that highlighting can significantly improve table searching and that the best highlighting method was color, followed by reverse video and blinking. When different color combinations were used for textual display, the reading speed was higher but the visual preference was lower for situations in which the foreground luminance was lower than the background luminance or the foreground chroma was lower than the background chroma. Hue combinations also affected both visual preference and reading speed, but did not override the dominant impacts of luminance and chroma contrast. The color impact on visual preference was not consistent with its impact on reading speed. Based on these findings, design guidelines are proposed.

Thirty-six participants were tested in a flight simulator on their ability to decide which of two airports was furthest from a storm front, based on the manner in which information was presented on a navigational display. Results indicated that use of a moving-map display was superior to either a tabular, text-only display or a text display with an additional orienting symbol. In addition, in contrast to an earlier study (Williams, 1999), pilots performed better using a north-up map than when using a track-up map. Discussion of the results focuses on recommendations for moving-map displays and the display requirements for support of the nearest-airport function within a navigational display in particular.

Thirty-six participants were tested on their ability to orient toward the nearest airport based on the manner in which information was presented on a global positioning system (GPS) area navigation display. Results indicated that use of the tabular, text-only format normally found on such displays was significantly slower and less accurate than either a map display of nearest airport information or a text display that included an orientation symbol. Additionally, pilots ignored information from the heading indicator, focusing on the GPS to perform the task. Discussion focuses on the need to support pilot decision making.

743 This column describes the nonproprietary software Talker, used to adapt screening instruments to audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) systems for low-literacy populations and other populations. Talker supports ease of programming, multiple languages, on-site scoring, and the ability to update a central research database. Key features include highly readable text display, audio presentation of questions and audio prompting of answers, and optional touch screen input. The scripting language for adapting instruments is briefly described as well as two studies in which respondents provided positive feedback on its use. (Psychiatric Services 58:743–745, 2007) C

In this project we use the technologies of virtual reality, conversional interfaces, animated touch screens, metro-style navigation to allow users to immerse inside Qur'an and some of its related sciences. The goal is to build a small scale implementation of only Part 30 "IOA Ua" of a Conversional, Animated Qur'an Memorizer application. The implementation is ported on major smart phones and here w describe the system model and design decisions. Major features of the application are demonstrated and explained. The animated conversional interface is described with its options to change view and customize its drop down menus locations and contents. The flexible indexing of both Qur'an, its narrators, types of recitation, links to Tafseers and glossaries along with the metro-style touch screen navigation and book marking are demonstrated. The search capability of both text and audio has been demonstrated. Tracking of what one has memorized from each Surah so far with ability to change text display through the Qur'an viewer (e.g. display movement characters (CaEOsia)) are demonstrated. The bi-lingual display of Qur'an Tafseers and glossaries are also demonstrated. Changing setting and getting help are also demonstrated. Audi recording is implemented but audio voice recognition, correction and teach exams have not been implemented completely yet in the current small scale implementation. In fact the usability of the conversional, animated, immersive interface screens allows easy interaction with the application. Also on-line help is extensive and allow easy navigation among various interface screens.

Design variables surrounding the presentation of signal words in warnings have been previously shown to affect performance, or variables likely to be related to performance. The present study emphasized the signal word WARNING by presenting it in red, surrounded by a red border. It was at the head of an otherwise black pesticide label that used 8-point type. A study using 24 undergraduates investigated the effect of signal-word font size (8 to 32 points), white space around the signal word (2 to 32 points), and border width (1 to 8 points) on the rated urgency of the label. A measure of the aesthetic merit of each label was also obtained from nine design students and professionals. Seven levels of each variable were used, covering the practically-useful range of each variable in the circumstances. Results showed a linear relationship between each variable and perceived urgency, with text size having the greatest effect, followed by border width. It was shown that, within the variable ranges used, the perc...

In this work a device is described that can be used in hospitals to lower the risk of Adverse Drug Events (ADE) due to the incorrect link between patients and drugs. The device is a container that can be handled by the patient himself of by the caregivers. It is provided with an internal lock that prevents any openings when there is a mismatch between the patient and the drugs inside the container. It is based on passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology and is designed to give a visual alert if a wrong drug (tagged with RFID) is accidentally inserted, also preventing its administration by locking the top aperture. The internal RFID reader is designed to read both the patient’s wristband and the drugs inserted into the device (provided that they are tagged with RFID): the device will not open if some un-prescribed drug is found inside the container, alerting the patient/operator using the on-board display. Every single event is logged in an internal memory and can be transferred to a remote information system for analyses, statistics and risk management. The device is also provided with two status LEDs, a green one and a red one, and with a text display that can show information about the patient’s identity, and therapy. We are now working on the mechanical design and on the development of management software in order to link the device with CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry) systems and with automated drug storage systems.

Real-time, character-by-character transmission of messages in synchronous forms of text-based communications has seen a recent resurgence in CMC. We evaluated the impact of real-time text display on the usability of an instant messaging (IM) client. Participants were randomly assigned to dyads to participate in two discussion tasks using IM with both real-time text and enhanced message-by-message display (i.e., line-by-line display with additional cues to show when the remote party is typing). We found that real-time text helped users better coordinate turns and lead to less self-editing of messages, but had no overall influence on users' typing ability and provided minimal support for collaborative completion of sentences. Users who typed less or had less experience with IM tended to prefer real-time text. These findings have significance for several forms text-based CMC, including IM, chat, text telephony, and collaborative document editing.

A multistandard single-chip teletext processor for application in analog and digital TV sets is described. Based on a 65C02 core with RAM and ROM on chip, an adaptive data slicer, a display controller and a number of interfaces, the new circuit allows acquisition and display of various teletext standards such as WST, CAPTION and VPS. The basic idea behind the multistandard teletext processor concept is the replacement of random logic by software. Except for a DRAM as page memory no additional chips are needed to generate an analog RGB text display decoded from an analog composite video input. >

Communications technology has exploded in past decades, leading to the question of which display method is the best to deliver electronic text messages. Many of these systems employ cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, gas plasma displays, or light‐emitting diodes as the output device. In order to overcome the limitations of screen size of the display units, numerous means of presenting dynamic display on screens have been invented. There are many factors that affect the readability of electronic text. This paper reviews some related empirical studies concerning the various display methods of dynamic text presentation, such as text display type, character type, text display direction, and text/background color combination, highlighting method and validity of highlighting. The subjective evaluation questionnaire is also discussed. According to the readability and preference ratings of the subjects given under different conditions, the best display method and color for comprehending the delivered mes...

Many resource-constrained devices do not need a complex graphical display. They provide an intuitive user interface with buttons and LEDs or a simple text display. However, there is a growing demand for devices that provide a complex user interface with a detailed graphical display. The .NET Micro Framework provides built-in support for color LCD displays, if your device has one.

When several versions of a text display variations, it is necessary, for a correct understanding of the text, to determine which variant best reflects the original. These variations can be categorized into graphic, lexical, vacant, and transpositional variations.The graphic variants display different graphs but represent a single word which is the proximate or most likely original. The variation is not significant since the word is known.To handle the other types of variation, one powerful method is to discover the transmission lineage for three or more versions of the text and detect alterations that were made in later versions. When the lineage method does not determine the proximate original, each variation must be approached independently. For lexical variation, the lectio difficilior is more often the proximate original than the lectio faciliior. A taboo character that was later avoided may also represent the proximate original, or the proximate original may be disguised as a dialectal word. For vacant variations, trends toward adding, deleting or altering certain words in a version of the text help to determine the proximate original. When transpositional variation creates differences in the meaning of the text and the lineage method is not of help, judgment must be applied through a careful examination of the context.These methods provide systematic solutions to textual problems that would otherwise require independent analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the possibility of producing a video output using a minimal hardware interface made up of only three resistors. It also presents four peripheral modules together to build the complex mechanism required to produce a properly formatted NTSC composite video signal. A 16-bit timer is used to generate the fundamental horizontal synchronization period. Two output compare modules provide intermediate timing references, and finally the SPI module is used in enhanced mode to serialize the video data using the new 8-level-deep by 16-bit FIFO. After developing basic graphic functions to plot individual pixels first and efficiently draw lines, it presents several possibilities offered by the availability of a graphic video output, including unidimensional and two-dimensional functions graphing. The chapter develops routines to add text to the graphic page, and a new video module specifically optimized for text display only.

In this paper, we describe a multi-domain approach for enhancing text displayed on a computer screen for users with visual aberrations. This research is based on a priori knowledge of the user's visual aberration, as measured by a wavefront analyzer. With this information it is possible to generate text that, when displayed to this user, will counteract his/her visual aberration. The method described in this paper advances the development of techniques for providing such compensation by integrating spatial information in the image as a means to eliminate some of the shortcomings inherent in using display devices such as monitors or LCD panels.

Wearers of Progressive lenses, which have differing power as a function of the eyes' position, must sometimes make head movements in order to clearly see a target in space. The progressive lenses thus induce a "modified gaze field" which changes the required tradeoff between head and eye movement in shifts of gaze. This paper reports experiments using a multi-screen microcomputer text display device to test the effects of various modifications of the gaze field on reading performance. Subjects were asked to repeat aloud 3-word groups presented one word at a time on three CRTs separated by one of several visual angles. The number of words reported incorrectly as presentation rate is increased is a measure of the impairment of gaze-directed reading. Results of preliminary experiments describe the drop in performance under normal vision conditions as a function of target eccentricity. This data is the basis for comparison with the measured performance of subject wearing progressive lenses and illustrates the different gaze shift strategies among subjects.

A previously developed micro-computer system has been expanded to allow rapid display of text on three CRTs. A flexible software system allows workers with minimal computer expertise to create experimental text displays for studies of eye movements and head movements in simple reading tasks. Words or groups of words can be flashed in the center of any of the CRT screens at pre-determined rates and for pre-determined durations. All aspects of the display timing and control are determined by a disk file containing commands and text. This file is easy to create with standard word processing software. A simple hardware interface allows the computer's parallel pi-inter port to control text display on any combination of the three screens. Expansion to more screens is possible. The use of progressive lenses such as VARILUX II (R) is thought to require adaptation of the patient's head movements for effective reading ability. The system has been used in preliminary experiments to test these effects.

This report describes the development of an ultra-low/no-power, wireless, user-interactive, document viewer. The system features a zero-power, pseudo-color, VGA-resolution display manufactured by Kent Displays, Inc. (KDI). Honeywell designed and built the remainder of the Zero Power Display (ZPD) system: interface electronics, application software, housing, and user interface. After image has been loaded onto this 133 dpi, Cholesteric, Liquid Crystal Display (CH-LCD), it remains indefinitely without a power source. The ZPD consumes power only during the time required to refresh the display (maximum refresh rate of 5 Hz). Intelligent system power management is maintained by a microcontroller powered by batteries replenished by a solar cell that is integral to the ZPD housing. The active area of the display is 4.8 x 3.6 in. The ZPD's graphical user interface in enabled by the softkeys that surround the display, packaged in its ruggedized, lightweight (

Virtual environments (VEs) allow users to experience and interact with a rich sensory environment, but most virtual worlds contain only sensory information similar to that which we experience in the physical world. Information-rich virtual environments (IRVEs) combine the power of VEs and information visualization, augmenting VEs with additional abstract information such as text, numbers, or graphs. IRVEs can be useful in many contexts, such as education, medicine, or construction. In our work, we are developing a theoretical foundation for the study of IRVEs and tools for their development and evaluation. We present a working definition of IRVEs, a discussion of information display and interaction in IRVEs. We also describe a software framework for IRVE development and a testbed enabling evaluation of text display techniques for IRVEs. Finally, we present a research agenda for this area.

This paper presents Toyota's new design concept, features, and evaluation results of 3-types in-vehicle equipment which were developed for the VICS demonstration test (1993): Type 1 is a navigation system with dynamic route guidance; Type 2 is a pictorial map display system; and Type 3 is a text display system. We introduce some examples of these displays and describe their detailed features. The Type 1 system has been developed on the basis of our current navigation system with additions of FM-multiplex, microwave-beacon and infrared-beacon receivers. Drivers can get in advance not only the traffic information such as congestion, accidents and so on, but also an optimum route on the full color map display with voice guidance. The Type 2 system can display a simple deformed pictorial map instead of a digital map; it features voice recognition operation and synthesized voice announcement of text data. The Type 3 system has been developed as a part of the audio system; it features a 30-character display and synthesized voice announcement of text data. >

AIM: To evaluate the use of multimedia enhancements, using a computerised microscope, in the training of microscope skills. METHODS: The HOME microscope provides facilities to highlight features of interest in conjunction with either text display or aural presentation. A pilot study was carried out with 10 individuals, eight of whom were at different stages of pathology training. A tutorial was implemented employing sound or text, and each individual tested each version. Both the subjective impressions of users and objective measurement of their patterns of use were recorded. RESULTS: Although both versions improved learning, users took longer to work through the aural than the text version; 90% of users preferred the text only version, including all eight individuals involved in pathology training. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologists appear to prefer visual rather than aural input when using teaching systems such as the HOME microscope and sound does not give added value to the training experience.

This paper introduces research in kinetic typography, a new method of displaying text that takes advantage of the dynamic nature of digital media. We suggest a preliminary set of design issues by which kinetic typography may be understood and used.

We present an automated method of generating human-readable summaries from a variety of text documents including newspaper articles, business reports, government documents, even broadcast news transcripts. Our approach exploits an empirical observation that much of the written text display certain regularities of organization and style, which we call the Discourse Macro Structure (DMS). A summary is therefore created to reflect the components of a given DMS. In order to produce a coherent and readable summary we select continuous, well-formed passages from the source document and assemble them into a mini-document within a DMS template. In this paper we describe an automated summarizer that can generate both short indicative abstracts, useful for quick scanning of a list of documents, as well as longer informative digests that can serve as surrogates for the full text. The summarizer can assist the users of an information retrieval system in assessing the quality of the results returned from a search, preparing reports and memos for their customers, and even building more effective search queries.

The TIPSTER demonstration software program shows how the Architecture can meet the TIPSTER goals and requirements. The demonstration:i Supports document detection, information extraction and document managementi Allows the interchange of components from different contractorsi Uses sharable components interfaced through standard protocolsi Allows document detection and information extraction to work together by using standardized linguistic annotationsi Supports foreign language text display and processing

We designed and implemented a high-resolution video workstation as the central hardware component in a comprehensive multi-project program comparing the use of digital and film modalities. The workstation utilizes a 1.8 GByte real-time disk (RCI) capable of storing 400 full-resolution images and two Tektronix (GMA251) display controllers with 19" monitors (GMA2O2). The display is configured in a portrait format with a resolution of 1536 x 2048 x 8 bit, and operates at 75 Hz in a noninterlaced mode. Transmission of data through a 12 to 8 bit lookup table into the display controllers occurs at 20 MBytes/second (.35 seconds per image). The workstation allows easy use of brightness (level) and contrast (window) to be manipulated with a trackball, and various processing options can be selected using push buttons. Display of any of the 400 images is also performed at 20MBytes/sec (.35 sec/image). A separate text display provides for the automatic display of patient history data and for a scoring form through which readers can interact with the system by means of a computer mouse. In addition, the workstation provides for the randomization of cases and for the immediate entry of diagnostic responses into a master database. Over the past year this workstation has been used for over 10,000 readings in diagnostic studies related to 1) image resolution; 2) film vs. soft display; 3) incorporation of patient history data into the reading process; and 4) usefulness of image processing.

This chapter discusses different peripheral device controllers. Visual display systems for use with microcomputers make use of video techniques where the text, or graphics, data are presented on a raster scan display similar to that used for television pictures. The Motorola MC6845 is a CRT display controller that provides the control and timing logic for a VDU, but it requires an external character generator ROM, screen refresh memory, and video signal circuits. The Motorola MC6847 video display generator provides a complete video display controller for both text and graphics type displays. The Thomson EFCIS 96364 is a video display controller that provides the display logic and timing for a text display on a television screen. It may be used with any type of microprocessor system using an 8-bit data bus. The floppy disk controller storage medium is a flexible plastic disk coated on one or both sides with a magnetic oxide and is enclosed in a cardboard or plastic envelope for protection.

experiment was conducted to compare 4 information displays on a multimodal interface. The results show that in term of memory accuracy, cognitive workload, the visual display of information was more predominant than the audio display of information. This research on multimodal information display has focused on how complementary information in different modalities can be combined to arrive at a more informative representation. performance and mental workload of text display were studied in the experiment. The task performance and mental workload were used as dependent variables to test the effect of visual and auditory information presentation. The kinds of information presentation of visual and auditory were the two independent variables in the experiment. There were two kinds of information visually presentation, one was to display all information in the full-text; the other was to display only the keywords of the text and the picture which described the content of the text abstractedly. Two conditions of information auditory presentation were to present all the words of the text or to present only the keywords of the text. Two cross two within subjects design was used, Latin square design were used to balance the influence of the different memory materials. The four kinds of information display were: 1) keywords (visual) and keywords (audio); 2) keywords (visual) and full text (audio); 3) full text (visual) and keywords (audio); 4) full text (visual) and full text (audio).

There are a number of different ways to present text on computer-controlled displays, and these vary in their relative readabilities. ‘Electronic pages’ can be made to be almost as readable as high-quality printed pages. Alternative text display formats can make use of some of the flexibility inherent in computers—for example, by presenting text that appears to move upwards from the bottom of the screen or from right to left along a single line. Research has shown, however, that the most viable alternative to the standard page format, both as a tool for the study of reading processes and as a means to promote reading efficiency, is the rapid, serial visual presentation (RSVP) technique. In RSVP the text is divided into small units of one or a few words that are presented successively for brief durations to a common location on a screen. Text presented in this way can be read rapidly and with good comprehension, while the need for eye movements is eliminated. The data from several studies indicate that RSVP can actually improve the comprehension abilities of less-skilled readers. The present paper explores reasons for this apparent advantage of RSVP for some readers, and proposes ways in which the method might be applied in instructional settings.

An integrated hardware and software system was used for the real-time control of text display in a CAI environment. Reliability and cost considerations led to the development of a digital EOG transducer, which was used in conjunction with a KIM-1 microcomputer. This paper traces the development of that system from a complex and expensive PDP-11-based system to a microcomputer firmware approach. Such a system could, in real time, accomplish a similar display task for severely handicapped nonvocal individuals.

A research and development project is under way to specify, design, construct, and evaluate a user interface system to meet the unique requirements of a delivery vehicle for a knowledge-based system applied to gas turbine electronics maintenance and trouble-shooting. The prototype user interface is a portable device with text display, video and overlay graphics display, voice recognition and speech production, special-function keypad, and printer. A modular software structure based on a serial communications protocol between user interface device and expert system host computer provides flexibility, expandability, and a simple, effective user interface dialog. A human factors field evaluation is being conducted to assess aspects of system usability: device hardware, system operability, information presentation effectiveness, and user training.

A portable personal computer has been programmed as a flexible and economical text display device capable of delivering single and multiple words or symbols flashed in the center of the screen with a wide range of repetition times and duty cycles (fraction of stimulus on/off time). All aspects of a computer-controlled experiment are controlled by a command file which can be created by workers with basic word processing skills and no knowledge of computer programming. Digital output is provided for recording stimulus timing on a chart recorder or computer for comparison to eye movements or other externally recorded variables. The system is ideal for zero-eye-movement reading experiments in which sentences are flashed a word or group of words at a time in the center of a CRT screen. If the subject is then asked to repeat the sentence aloud, the percentage of words correctly recalled is a measure of "reading comprehension." Results with nine subjects match previous data [1] obtained cinematographically.