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Background: Bullying behaviour amongst adolescents is becoming a significant public health challenge. Whilst the traditional and electronic bullying as reported by victims has been widely reported, surveys amongst perpetrators, particularly in Africa, are still lacking. Aim: This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of bullying by perpetrators and analysing the relationship between bullying perpetration and psycho-socio-demographic characteristics amongst senior school students in Benin City, Nigeria. Setting: Senior secondary school in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 465 final-year secondary school students aged 16–19 years, who were selected by multistage random sampling, was conducted. The students were made to fill a self-designed questionnaire, in addition to an adapted version of the Wagnild and Young’s resilience scale. Results: The lifetime prevalence of bullying was 16.3%. Binary logistic regression revealed bullying to be significantly associated with students who are male (adjusted odds ratio [AOD] = 2.13, confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–3.93), have poor relations with their teachers (AOR = 2.98, CI = 1.68–5.29), have used alcohol (AOR = 3.51, CI = 1.74–7.09) and are involved in cult and gangsterism (AOR = 9.14, CI = 2.55–32.75). Conclusion: The rate of bullying perpetration by youth in Benin City, Nigeria, is significant and is comparable to global occurrence. The predictors of bullying in this study suggest that perpetrators are individuals who may benefit from rehabilitative measures.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the lifetime prevalence and clinical characteristics of exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) differ between runners entering a 21.1- versus 56-km road race. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The 2012 to 2015 Two Oceans Marathon races (21.1 and 56 km), South Africa. PARTICIPANTS Participants were consenting race entrants (21.1 km = 44 458; 56 km = 26 962) who completed an online prerace medical screening questionnaire. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE A history of EAMC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome variables were lifetime prevalence (%) and clinical characteristics (muscle groups affected, timing of occurrence, severity, frequency of serious EAMC, and self-reported treatment) of a history of EAMC. Differences between 56- and 21.1-km race entrants were explored (relative risk [RR]). RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of EAMC was 12.8%, which was higher in 56- (20.0%; 95% CI 19.5-20.6) versus 21.1-km race entrants (8.5%; 8.2-8.8) (P = 0.0001). In all entrants, the fourth quarter was the most common onset (46.4%), calf muscles were the most commonly affected (53.1%), and most EAMCs were of mild-to-moderate severity (95%). In 56- versus 21.1-km entrants, hamstring (RR = 1.7; 1.5-1.9) and quadriceps muscle groups (RR = 1.5; 1.3-1.7) were more frequently affected (P = 0.0001), the onset of EAMC during racing was less common in the first quarter (RR = 0.3; 0.2-0.4) (P = 0.0001), and serious EAMC was more frequent (RR = 1.6; 1.4-1.9) (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In 56- versus 21.1-km runners, a history of EAMC is 2 times more frequent and muscle groups affected, onset in a race, and severity of EAMC differed. The lifetime prevalence was lower than previously reported in other events. Risk factors associated with EAMC may differ between entrants for different race distances.

We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis (registered with PROSPERO CRD42020142039) of the literature to estimate the lifetime prevalence of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder among adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The literature search was performed on the electronic databases PubMed and PsychINFO without date or language restrictions. Additional studies were identified by hand searching of citations. Inclusion criteria were: studies involving adult patients with ADHD and reporting cocaine use and/or cocaine use disorders. Data were pooled in the meta-analyses using a generalized linear mixed model with random effects. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. Twelve studies were included in the review: six in the meta-analysis of cocaine use and nine in the meta-analysis of cocaine use disorder. The estimated prevalence of cocaine use was 26.0% (95% CI 0.18–0.35) and the estimated prevalence of cocaine use disorder was 10.0% (95% CI 0.08–0.13). Heterogeneity in both meta-analyses was high but decreased to non-significance in the meta-analysis on cocaine use disorder after excluding the outlier study. In conclusion, one out of four adult patients with ADHD use cocaine and one out of ten develop a lifetime cocaine use disorder. Since cocaine use can lead to more severe and complex disorders of impaired systemic functioning, adult patients with ADHD should be assessed for cocaine use disorder and promptly referred for treatment.

The cross-sectional study assesses lifetime use of psychoactive substances in medical students. During 2018, medical students from “Universidad de Buenos Aires” (UBA) in Argentina were offered the survey. Males significantly used at least one of the substances studied once in their lives compared to women (AOR: 1.75; IC 95%= 1.11- 2.77). Similarly, males used more marijuana (AOR: 1.69; 95% CI = 1.08-2.63). The lifetime prevalence increased with career level for any substance, marijuana and stimulants. Being employed was associated with lifetime consumption of marijuana (AOR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.03-2.48). Living with peers was associated with lifetime prevalence for stimulants (AOR: 3.5; 95% CI = 1.54- 7.97). This study shows a lifetime prevalence for the total substances studied was higher compared to studies in the region. marijuana was the substance with the highest consumption, with more than half surveyed having tried it.

Background: Lower back pain (LBP) is associated with increased pain intensity, physical and psychological disability, and increased dependence on pain medications causing adverse effects on the day-to-day quality of life (QOL). The study aimed to assess the prevalence of LBP among Taif University students and its impact on quality of life. Methods: A pretested self-administered questionnaire was distributed randomly and electronically to all students who gave consent to participated. The questionnaire was be divided into three parts. The first part included demographic details; the second part assessed the prevalence of Low back pain and associated data that was recorded using the LBP section of Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (SNMA); the third part consisted of the RAND 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) for assessing the quality of life. Result: In our study majority of the participants were females (87.3%), and 55.3% belonged to the 20-25 years age group. The fixed orthodontic related history showed 59.8% had undergone the treatment for 1 to 3 years and 31.6% of the participants reported that they had removed the fixed braces for more than five years. Among these participants, 89.5% (n=34) reported that the fascia (space) closed between the upper frontal teeth after Frenectomy, and 65.8% (n=25) agreed that spaced between the two upper front teeth still closed after removing the retainer. Conclusion: The lifetime prevalence, annual prevalence, and point prevalence of LBP were found to be 57.9%, 73.1%, and 47.1%, respectively. The point prevalence was statistically higher among female students than male students (p=0.003). There were statistically significant differences seen in lifetime and point prevalence of LBP between different colleges. A linear regression model showed that the annual prevalence of LBP had a significant impact on the students' quality of life.

Prior research has described women's experiences with exercise-induced orgasm (EIO). However, little is known about men's experiences with EIO, the population prevalence of EIO, or the association of EIO with other kinds of orgasm. Using U.S. probability survey data, the objectives of the present research were to: (1) describe the lifetime prevalence of exercise-induced orgasm (EIO) and sleep orgasm; (2) assess respondents' age at first experience of EIO as well as the type of exercise connected with their first EIO; (3) examine associations between lifetime EIO experience and orgasm at respondents' most recent partnered sexual event; and (4) examine associations between lifetime EIO experience and sleep orgasms. Data were from the 2014 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (1012 men and 1083 women, ages 14 years and older). About 9% of respondents reported having ever experienced exercise-induced orgasm. More men than women reported having experienced orgasm during sleep at least once in their lifetime (66.3% men, 41.8% women). The mean age for women's first EIO was significantly older than men (22.8 years women, 16.8 years men). Respondents described a wide range of exercises as associated with their first EIO (i.e., climbing ropes, abdominal exercise, yoga). Lifetime EIO experience was associated with lifetime sleep orgasms but not with event-level orgasm during partnered sex. Implications related to understanding orgasm and recommendations for clinicians and sex educators are discussed.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a chronic and disabling illness with a lifetime prevalence of 2%, twice that of schizophrenia. Although effective treatments exist, OCD often remains underdetected and undertreated.The authors performed a scoping review of the literature (of articles in PubMed and PsycINFO published from January 1, 2000, to February 1, 2020) to define gaps in OCD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. adults. Interventions at the patient, clinician, and health care system levels used to address these gaps are described, and promising approaches from around the world are highlighted.Of 102 potential studies identified in the search, 27 (including five non-U.S. studies) were included. The studies revealed that lack of clinician and patient knowledge about OCD and misdiagnosis contributes to its underdetection. Suboptimal prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications and limited use of exposure and response prevention, as a first-line psychotherapy, contribute to OCD undertreatment. Digital health technologies show promise in increasing OCD detection and delivery of evidence-based care and in ensuring continuity of care (including during the COVID-19 pandemic).Given the significant rates of disability, morbidity, and mortality associated with OCD, addressing gaps in OCD care will reduce the U.S. burden of mental illness. Further research is needed to determine how the use of digital health technologies can increase the detection and management of OCD.

Background Work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMD) is a rising concern for surgeons, particularly those involved in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Severe WRMD can adversely affect surgeon’s health and foreshorten their careers if not appropriately managed. Aims The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of WRMD among Irish otolaryngologists and determine their knowledge of the best ergonomic principles. Methods A national survey was distributed electronically to all otolaryngology consultants and non-consultant hospital doctors (NCHDs) in Ireland. The survey assessed respondents’ age, grade, history of WRMD, and treatments sought for WRMD and knowledge of best ergonomic practice. Results Forty-nine of one hundred and two respondents completed the survey. The lifetime prevalence of WRMD among this cohort was 75.5%. Pain was the most commonly experienced symptom at 71.4%. The neck was the most frequently affected location (59.2%). Treatment for WRMD was sought by 36.7% of participants. The majority of respondents (73.5%) were unaware of recommendations made in the field of surgical ergonomics, while 85.7% were interested in learning ergonomic principles. Conclusion This study demonstrates a high prevalence of WRMD amongst otolaryngologists working in Ireland and demonstrates a need for ergonomic training for surgeons.

BackgroundAlthough the clinical importance of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has received increasing recognition, relatively little is known about its epidemiology. The objective of this study was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of NSSI in adults and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric disorders, and lifetime treatment for NSSI.MethodsA nationally representative face-to-face survey was conducted with 7192 adults aged ≥18 years in England. Respondents were interviewed about engagement in NSSI, psychiatric illness, suicidal thoughts and behavior, and treatment history for this behavior.ResultsThe estimated lifetime prevalence rate of NSSI was 4.86%. Younger age, growing up without biological parents in the household, being unmarried, and impoverished backgrounds were associated with NSSI. The majority of respondents with lifetime NSSI (63.82%) had at least one current psychiatric disorder. Most psychiatric conditions were associated with greater odds of lifetime NSSI in multivariate models. NSSI was strongly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, respectively, even after accounting for psychiatric disorders and sociodemographic covariates. A substantial proportion of respondents with NSSI history (30.92%) have engaged in medically severe self-harm, as indexed by requiring medical attention for this behavior. The majority of respondents with NSSI (56.20%) had not received psychiatric care for this behavior.ConclusionsNSSI is prevalent in the general population and associated with considerable psychiatric comorbidity. A high rate of unmet treatment needs is evident among those with this behavior. Those at the greatest lifetime risk for NSSI may also be particularly limited in their resources to cope with this behavior.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), used to diagnose psychiatric disorders, was revised to DSM-5 in 2013. Changes were made to the criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 1% to 3% in children.1 Prior revisions to OCD criteria (from DSM-III to DSM-IV) resulted in lower reported prevalence rates,2 but this is not yet clear with DSM-5. In DSM-5, the definition of obsessions was broadened (Table 1), and the requirement that obsessions cause marked anxiety or distress was removed. Thus we examined rates of OCD within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study3 using both DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria.

Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is a clinical disorder that causes public mental health problems that need attention. In the last decade, bipolar disorder in children and adolescents has become a trendy field, both in the clinical area and in research, especially in terms of diagnosis, which is still controversial. The controversy that remains is whether it is possible to diagnose bipolar disorder in prepubertal children. Based on the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of the bipolar disorder in children scarce rare. Epidemiological studies report the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I and II disorders in late adolescence is about 1 per cent. Various studies in a large population have shown a prevalence rate of 0.1% -2%. The onset of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is often accompanied by a more severe disease course, compared to bipolar disorder with onset in adulthood. This case report presents a case of bipolar 1 in children accompanied by comprehensive management.

In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) separation anxiety disorder has been included in the chapter on anxiety disorders, thereby removing the age of onset restriction that previously required first onset during childhood or adolescence. Separation anxiety disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 4.8% and onset often occurs after the age of 18 years. Despite the high prevalence, separation anxiety disorder is often underdiagnosed and subsequently remains untreated. This narrative review summarizes the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria as well as important differential diagnostic aspects, common comorbidity profiles and treatment implications of separation anxiety disorder. Furthermore, relevant implications for everyday practice and future perspectives for treatment and research are discussed.

Zusammenfassung Ziel Bestimmung der Lebenszeitprävalenz von Schuldgefühlen in der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung basierend auf den Daten einer bundesweiten telefonischen Bevölkerungsbefragung (n = 1003; 18+ Jahre; Mai–Juni 2019). Methodik Berechnung gewichteter Prävalenzraten mit Konfidenzintervallen (95 %-KI) und Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs mit Kofaktoren anhand multivariabler logistischer Regressionsanalysen. Ergebnisse Die ermittelte Lebenszeitprävalenz empfundener Schuldgefühle beträgt 68,5 % (95 %-KI = 65,6–71,3). Jüngeres Alter, höhere Bildung und aktuelle depressive Symptomatik waren mit höheren Prävalenzraten assoziiert. Kein Zusammenhang zeigte sich für Geschlecht und majore Depression. Schlussfolgerung Ein substanzieller Anteil der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung hat schon einmal Schuldgefühle empfunden. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht v. a. zu der Frage, inwieweit Schuldgefühle zu einem erhöhten Depressionsrisiko beitragen und nicht nur als Kriterium für die Störung anzusehen sind.

INTRODUCTION: Low Back Pain (LBP) constitutes a public health problem as almost every individual is expected to experience LBP at least once during their lifetime. OBJECTIVE: This study is done to determine the prevalence of LBP and associated factors in an urban Nigerian community. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This cross-sectional household survey randomly selected 741 subjects using a 4-stage sampling technique. Data were obtained through a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Association between categorical variables and LBP was analyzed using the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression model (?=0.05). RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 41.32 ± 15.24 years. The point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP were 31.2%, 61.1%, and 70.6% respectively. Aged 40 years and above (p=0.006), being an artisan (p=0.005) or trader (p=0.007) compared to being an office worker (p=0.071), and continuously sitting more than 3 to 4 hours (p

Women in South Asia face the highest lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence in the world, which is just one form of violence against women (VAW). In India, few women seek help after experiencing violence, particularly from formal resources, such as physicians or the police. While many studies have investigated the impact of survivor characteristics and patterns of violence on help-seeking behaviors, there is scant research on support service characteristics and their impact on help-seeking. The introduction of a novel crisis helpline in Gujarat, India provided an opportunity to better understand how successful help-seeking can be driven by the perceived and experienced characteristics of the helpline. We conducted in-depth interviews with helpline users to identify factors and pathways that promoted or discouraged help-seeking in general, help-seeking from a formal source, and help-seeking from this particular helpline. We analyzed 32 interviews of women who used the helpline. Participants were from eight districts across the state, representing a diverse range of sociodemographic backgrounds. After conducting a thematic analysis, we found that action-oriented service, timeliness, and women-focused staff influenced (positively and negatively) participants’ feelings of safety, empowerment, and trust in the helpline, which ultimately impacted their decision to seek help from the helpline or even to seek help at all. This study illuminates how service characteristics, in and of themselves, can influence the likelihood that survivors will seek help, emphasizing the need for survivors to have a voice in the growth and refinement of VAW support services. Consequently, these areas must be a focus of future research and initiatives to improve help-seeking by VAW survivors.

Background Existing methods to estimate lifetime exposure to occupational carcinogenic agents could be improved. Objective We propose a new method to estimate the lifetime prevalence of exposure to occupational carcinogens using the example of painters and workers of the rubber industry in France. Methods From census, we calculated the proportion of painters and rubber industry workers using predefined occupational codes related to each occupation by sex and 10-year age group in 1982, 1990, 1999, 2007, and 2013. Using a beta-regression model, we obtained the yearly prevalence of exposure by 10-year age group over the period 1967-2007. We estimated the age- and sex-specific lifetime prevalence of exposure of the population in 2017 over 1967-2007, summing up the estimated prevalence of exposure for years 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, and 2007 combined with a sex- and age-specific turnover factor. Corresponding population-attributable fractions were estimated for lung and bladder cancers in 2017. Results In 2017, we estimated that 5.6 and 0.2% of men in France had ever worked as a painter or in the rubber industry, respectively, during their working time. The lifetime prevalence of ever having worked as a painter or in the rubber industry was much lower in women: 1.8% and 0.1%, respectively. We estimated that 950 lung cancer and 40 bladder cancer cases were attributable to these occupations in 2017. Significance Based on accurate data and taking into account evolution of specific jobs over time, the proposed method provides good estimates of lifetime prevalence of exposure to occupational carcinogens. It could be applied in any other country with similar data.

Background: The rate of safety harm self-perceived medical errors and harms reported in the U.S. ambulatory system is not well characterized. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of U.S. adult ambulatory care patient self-perceived safety harms and to gauge the degree of association between harms with various patient characteristics and outcomes. Methods: A large U.S. cross-sectional online survey of 9206 ambulatory care adults was assessed for their perception of medical errors and harms during care (misdiagnosis, mistakes in care, and wrong or delayed treatment) and also included patient demographics, health status, comorbidities, insurance status, income, barriers to care (affordability, transportation, and family and social support), number of visits to primary health care services in the past 12 months, and use of urgent or emergency care in the last 12 months. Results: The overall rate of self-perceived medical errors and harms among adult patients in the ambulatory care setting was 36%. Female patients, independent of age, and those with multiple comorbidities or barriers to care, reported the highest number of medical errors. Utilization of multiple providers was associated with a greater number of reported medical errors, often resulting in changing health care providers. Patients who reported having trouble affording health care or navigating the system to receive care also reported higher levels of harm. They were cared for by multiple providers, often switch providers, and their care is associated with greater utilization of health care resources. Patients reporting the highest rates of harm had greater use of hospital and emergency room care. Conclusions: This large U.S. adult ambulatory care study provides evidence that patient self-perceived medical errors and harms reported by patients are common. Patient self-perceived medical errors and harms occur most commonly in women, with poor health, limitation of activities, and who have three or more comorbidities.

Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of 4,069 U.S. veterans in 2019-2020 were used to examine the prevalence of full and subthreshold PTSD in veterans with a history of homelessness; identify characteristics associated with PTSD; examine the proportion of veterans who reported homelessness as an index trauma event and screened positive for PTSD. Results Among veterans with a history of homelessness, lifetime prevalence of full and subthreshold PTSD was 33.0% and 32.0%; and past-month prevalence of full and subthreshold PTSD was 5.6% and 12.7%. These prevalence estimates were more than five times higher than nonhomeless veterans. Among veterans with a history of homelessness, 14.1% reported that homelessness was their "worst" traumatic event which was associated with a fivefold greater odds of current PTSD and nearly threefold greater odds of subthreshold PTSD even after adjustment for other trauma exposures. Conclusions Veterans who have been homeless have extensive trauma histories and both events that occur during homelessness and the experience of homelessness itself may be traumatic and lead to PTSD, substantiating efforts to provide trauma-informed care for this population.

Adopted persons are at a higher risk to receive mental health and substance use treatment (Behle & Pinquart, 2016; Brodzinsky, 2013) and are also at a higher risk for a lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder (Kendler et al., 2012; Yoon et al., 2012). Despite the known risks for adopted persons, there remains a gap in counselor awareness and knowledge of the unique counseling needs of adopted persons and their families seeking substance use counseling (Atkinson et al., 2013; Brodzinsky, 2013; Lancaster et al., 2017). Therefore, we provide an overview of the related substance use research, describe the counseling needs of adopted persons and their families, and offer practice implications.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Epistaxis ist ein häufiges Symptom in der Arztpraxis und assoziiert mit verschiedenen Komorbiditäten und Medikamenten, insbesondere Antikoagulanzien. Trotz ihrer Alltäglichkeit gibt es nur wenige Daten zur Häufigkeit ihres Auftretens und möglichen Risikofaktoren. Methoden Die Studie untersuchte anhand einer großen Patientenpopulation (AOK Niedersachsen) über 10 Jahre (2007–2016) die Versorgung von Epistaxis in Niedersachsen. Alter bei Diagnose, Begleitmedikation und Komorbiditäten wurden analysiert und die Prävalenz dargestellt. Ergebnisse 162.167 Versicherte der AOK Niedersachen wurden zwischen 2007 und 2016 aufgrund einer Epistaxis in 308.947 Fällen ärztlich vorstellig. Die meisten Patienten wurden ausschließlich ambulant behandelt (96,6 %). Über den Studienzeitraum stieg die Prävalenz um 21 % (Anstieg von 8,7 auf 9,3 pro 1000 Versicherte/Jahr) bei stabiler Prävalenz für stationäre Vorstellungen (0,2 pro 1000 Versicherte/Jahr). Die höchsten Prävalenzen fanden sich bei Personen bis 20 und über 80 Jahre. In 17,5 % aller Epistaxisfälle wurden Antithrombotika erfasst (9,5 % orale Antikoagulanzien). Über den Studienzeitraum konnte eine erhöhte Verschreibung von Antikoagulanzien (7,7 % in 2007 auf 11,8 % in 2016, insbesondere NOAK) dokumentiert werden. Schlussfolgerung Neben der arteriellen Hypertonie, dem männlichen Geschlecht sowie der typischen Altersverteilung bestand auch häufig eine Medikation mit Antikoagulanzien. Über den untersuchten Zeitraum zeigte sich eine Zunahme von Epistaxisfällen bei gleichzeitig ansteigender Verschreibungshäufigkeit von NOAK, nicht jedoch von schweren hospitalisationsbedürftigen Epistaxisfällen. Eine abschließende Beurteilung hinsichtlich eines möglichen kausalen Zusammenhangs muss in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.

Background Suicide rates among female veterans have continued to increase, particularly among those not using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care. Nonetheless, suicide research has rarely focused on female veterans, particularly non-VHA users. The present study examined the prevalence and onset of suicidal ideation (SI), suicide attempt (SA), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in relation to military service among female veterans. Additionally, current, past, and never VHA users were compared in regard to SI, SA, and NSSI prevalence. Methods Female veterans (n = 439) participated in a national, cross-sectional survey. Results Lifetime prevalence of SI (47.9%), SA (17.7%), and NSSI (13.2%) were high. Participants were more likely to report experiencing SI and SA following separation, compared to preceding (SI, SA) or during (SI only) military service, controlling for time at risk. However, onset was more likely to occur prior to military service, compared to after separation, for SI, SA, and NSSI. In age-adjusted analyses, current and past users of VHA care were more likely to report experiencing lifetime SI, compared to those who never used VHA care. However, when adjusting for service era, past and never VHA users did not significantly differ. Limitations Cross-sectional design, retrospective recall, and convenience sample. Conclusions For female veterans, onset of SI, SA, and NSSI appears to most commonly occur before military service. However, SI and SA prevalence are highest following separation, suggesting a period warranting additional support and intervention. Results underscore the need for continued suicide surveillance, prevention, and intervention efforts for female veterans, especially current VHA users.

BACKGROUND: The Slip! Slop! Slap! Sunsmart safety campaign was an Australian initiative implemented in the 1980s. To assess this campaign's effect on pterygium, we examined the rate of pterygium surgery across Australia and described the prevalence and associations of pterygium in Perth, Australia's sunniest capital city. METHODS: The rate of pterygium surgery was examined using Australian Medicare data. A cross-sectional analysis of the Generation 1 (Gen1) cohort of the Raine Study was performed to investigate the prevalence of pterygium in Perth. We investigated the association between pterygium and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area, an objective biomarker of sun exposure, and demographics and health variables derived from a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2017, the rate of Medicare funded pterygium surgery in Western Australia fell 11%, well below the national average decline of 47%. Of the 1049 Gen1 Raine Study participants, 994 (571 females; mean age 56.7 years, range = 40.9-81.7) were included in the analysis. The lifetime prevalence of pterygium was 8.4% (n = 83). A higher prevalence of pterygium was associated with outdoor occupation (p-trend = 0.007), male sex (p-trend 0.01) and increasing CUVAF area (p-value

Relapse is a condition of getting back to illness after the recovery from illness. It results in stigma, high cost of treatments, and a decline in functionality both for patients and their families. It is common in mentally ill patients therefore this study attempted to assess lifetime prevalence and factors associated with relapse in a patient with mental illness. Institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 178 study participants. Data were collected through face to face interviews by using a single item question to measure relapse. Data were entered by using Epi-data 3.1 software and exported to the statistical package for social science 22.0 software for analysis. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to see the association between dependent and independent variables and to identify significant variables associated with the outcome variable at P < 0.05 multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. One hundred seventy-eight mentally ill patients have participated in the study that yields a response rate of 100%. From all 125 (70.2%) of them had relapsed. Non adherance (AOR = 6.35, 95% CI, 2.524–15.852, P < 0.001), high disablity score (AOR = 3.728, 95% CI, 1.434–9.687, P = 0.007) and having single admission history (AOR = 0.196, 95% CI, 0.050–0.761 P = 0.019) were factors which indepedently associated with relapse of mentally ill patients. This study found more than two-thirds of patients had relapsed. Adherence to medication, functional disability, and having single admission were variables that predict the relapse of mentally ill patients.

Background The Union Territory of Puducherry has a high rate of suicide in India. This study aims to find the prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan and suicide attempts and the risk factors of suicidal behaviours. Methods This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above in rural and urban areas of Puducherry, India. Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale questionnaire was used. Prevalence ratio was estimated to assess the factors associated. Results The 12-month and lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation was reported to be 12.5% (95% CI: 10.4–15.0%) and 20% (95% CI: 17.4–22.9%), respectively. About 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3–1.5%) and 2.1% (95% CI: 1.2–3.3%) of the participants had suicide plan in past 12 months and ever in their lifetime, respectively. Around 1% (95% CI: 0.5–2.0%) and 5.7% (95% CI: 4.3–7.6%) of the participants had attempted suicide in past 12 months and ever in their lifetime, respectively. Family issues, physical abuse, unemployment and place of residence were significantly associated with suicidal ideation in multivariable analysis. Conclusion Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were very high in the study area. Unemployment, physical abuse and family issues were significantly associated with suicidal behaviour.

Aim We aimed to evaluate the pooled prevalence of dental pain amongst children and adolescents. Methods Studies conducted in children and adolescents up to18 years of age and where prevalence of dental is reported or calculated were included. Search was performed in four major databases from inception to June 1st, 2019. Prevalence estimate at the maximal recall for the dental pain for the individual study was used to calculate the overall pooled estimate. Results The prevalence of dental pain ranged from 1.33 to 87.8% in the included publications for quantitative synthesis (n = 97). More than half of the publications reported the lifetime prevalence of dental pain (n = 51) while few studies reported the current prevalence of dental pain (n = 3) and only one study evaluated the dental pain in the past one week. Heterogeneity was high among the included publications (Q = 49,063.12; P I2 = 99.8; P P-value: 0.101). Conclusion Two out of ten children below five years, four out of ten children between 6 and 12 years and three out of ten adolescents between 13 and 18 years would have experienced pain in the past. Overall, three out of ten children or adolescents might have experienced dental pain in the past. There was no difference in the pain prevalence between male and females. Studies from Africa reported highest pooled prevalence (50.1%) with least being from Australia (20.7%). Studies from India (40.4%), China (41.3%) and Iran (42.6%) reported high pooled prevalence estimates of dental pain.

We systematically searched medical publication databases for articles in English on upper extremity overuse syndrome in musicians. We focused on non-specific pain disorders, including diagnostic definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. We included 42 out of 156 identified articles. The point prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders ranges from 37% to 47% in musicians with the hand and wrist among the most commonly affected areas, and the lifetime prevalence is reported as high as 89%. Leading symptoms are pain, weakness, stiffness, and loss of control. Intense repetitive use during practice, or before an audition or concert, recent changes in conductors or teachers, psychological stress, the effort of holding a weighty instrument, wrong technique, and joint laxity have all been identified as risk factors. The need for prevention is highlighted. Today’s therapy is mostly based on individual rehabilitation programmes rather than on long-term rest. However, treatment remains predominantly based on beliefs rather than on evidence. The entire subject needs intensive future research.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents is a major health concern globally. The epidemiology and determinant of NSSI have not been studied extensively in Iran. Thus, this longitudinal study sought to investigate the prevalence, incidence and contributing factors of NSSI among adolescents in Iran. This study was conducted at high school students aged 14-18 years old in the metropolitan city of Tabriz, located in north western Iran. Data were collected from 6229 10th-grade students at two time-points, with 12 months interval in October and November 2017 and 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic, NSSI and cigarette and hookah smoking from the study participants. The results showed that lifetime prevalence of NSSI among students was 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7 to 6.9) at the first assessment. Scratching and hair pulling were the most and least common methods of self-injury, respectively. Over the one year, 206 students (3.6% CI 95%: 3.1-4.1) reported the onset of NSSI. Tobacco smoking and previous year average grade were related to the incidence of NSSI. Although gender was significantly associated with the prevalence of NSSI, the relationship between gender and incidence of NSSI was not significant. Although the prevalence of NSSI was low among adolescents, the incidence rate was considerable. Further studies are required to understand the risk factors of NSSI in Iran.

An estimate from the World Health Organization assumes that about 450 million people suffer from mental and behavioral disorders worldwide. In the UK, the lifetime prevalence of mental health conditions is upwards of 10%. Despite this, there is surprisingly little in the way of guidelines for the perioperative management of patients on psychoactive medications and it is largely based on the individual clinician's experience. These are medications that might have significant anaesthetic implications. 1 The anaesthetist may face challenges related to the nature of the psychiatric condition itself, interactions of psychoactive and anaesthetic drugs, and the problems caused by the condition requiring surgery (e.g. electrolyte derangement and prolonged periods of fasting). This article aims to summarize the commonly used groups of psychoactive medications and outline their implications for the anaesthetist.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common mental illness that has a lifetime prevalence of 2–3% and often runs a chronic course with waxing and waning of symptoms [1]. OCD is associated with ...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common among older adults. The epidemiology of MDD is greatly influenced by sociocultural and economic factors. This study examined the 1-month and lifetime prevalence of MDD and its socio-demographic correlates in older adults living in Hebei province, an agricultural area of China.Multistage, stratified, random sampling was administered between April and August 2016. The diagnosis of MDD was established with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders.A total of 3911 participants were enrolled. The 1-month and lifetime prevalence of MDD in older adults was 2.0% (95%CI: 1.6-2.4%) and 3.4% (95%CI: 2.8-4.0%), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that female gender [P0.001, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.53-4.53], presence of comorbid major medical conditions (P0.001, aOR = 4.8, 95%CI: 2.17-10.39) and family history of psychiatric disorders (P = 0.013, aOR = 3.4, 95%CI: 1.30-8.96) were independently and significantly associated with higher odds of MDD.The prevalence of MDD in older adults in Hebei province, China, was lower than most findings in China and other countries. Nevertheless, continued surveillance of elderly depression in China along with the development of primary, secondary and tertiary preventative interventions for the elderly with MDD is indicated.

BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may adversely affect the brain and increase risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. However, little is known about the potential role of air pollution in severity and relapse following illness onset.AimsTo examine the longitudinal association between residential air pollution exposure and mental health service use (an indicator of illness severity and relapse) among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders.MethodWe identified individuals aged ≥15 years who had first contact with the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust for psychotic and mood disorders in 2008–2012 (n = 13 887). High-resolution (20 × 20 m) estimates of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels in ambient air were linked to residential addresses. In-patient days and community mental health service (CMHS) events were recorded over 1-year and 7-year follow-up periods.ResultsFollowing covariate adjustment, interquartile range increases in NO2, NOx and PM2.5 were associated with 18% (95% CI 5–34%), 18% (95% CI 5–34%) and 11% (95% CI 3–19%) increased risk for in-patient days after 1 year. Similarly, interquartile range increases in NO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with 32% (95% CI 25–38%), 31% (95% CI 24–37%), 7% (95% CI 4–11%) and 9% (95% CI 5–14%) increased risk for CMHS events after 1 year. Associations persisted after 7 years.ConclusionsResidential air pollution exposure is associated with increased mental health service use among people recently diagnosed with psychotic and mood disorders. Assuming causality, interventions to reduce air pollution exposure could improve mental health prognoses and reduce healthcare costs.

This study examines the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use and illicit drug exposure in disadvantaged ("Roma") and more affluent neighborhoods in Czechia. The results of a survey among populations of both types of neighborhoods suggest no statistically significant difference between the two in terms of the overall lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use; however, lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use proved higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The population of disadvantaged neighborhoods has also lower chances to use LSD during their lifetime. Further differences were identified in drug exposure, with the population of more affluent neighborhoods being more frequently exposed to illicit drugs than the population of disadvantaged neighborhoods. The predictors of drug use and drug exposure were partially different for both populations. In the disadvantaged population, drug use was revealed, among other predictors, to be associated with housing conditions.

Anxiety disorders are a common problem in adolescent mental health. Previous studies have investigated only a limited number of risk factors for the development of anxiety disorders concurrently. By investigating multiple factors simultaneously, a more complete understanding of the etiology of anxiety disorders can be reached. Therefore, we assessed preadolescent socio-demographic, familial, psychosocial, and biological factors and their association with the onset of anxiety disorders in adolescence. This study was conducted among 1584 Dutch participants of the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Potential risk factors were assessed at baseline (age 10–12), and included socio-demographic (sex, socioeconomic status), familial (parental anxiety and depression), psychosocial (childhood adversity, temperament), and biological (body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol) variables. Anxiety disorders were assessed at about age 19 years through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with onset of anxiety disorder as a dependent variable and the above-mentioned putative risk factors as predictors. Of the total sample, 25.7% had a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety disorder at age 19 years. Anxiety disorders were twice as prevalent in girls as in boys. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female (OR = 2.38, p

BackgroundHistory of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, is the strongest risk factor for perinatal depression (PND). Yet many women without such history experience their first depression episode perinatally, whilst other women with depression history do not experience any episodes during the perinatal period. PND may itself be heterogenous, according to differences in psychiatric history. However, a comprehensive investigation of characteristics of women with PND, with and without a prior psychiatric history, has not been attempted.MethodsIn a large sample of parous women with depression, we sought to identify risk factors associated with PND after previous depression episodes, or as first-onset depression. Using data from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study, we identified two subgroups of PND cases (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score >= 13) with and without prior depression history. For both subgroups, we investigated lifetime prevalence, length and severity of PND. Logistic regression compared a range of characteristics of cases to those of a comparison group with major depression without any perinatal episodes. ResultsCriteria for PND was met by 5,058 (70%) of 7,182 parous women who met criteria for major depression. Of women reporting depression onset before first pregnancy, 2,261 (77%) PND cases were compared to 672 (23%) without PND. Among women reporting their first depression episode during or after their first pregnancy, 878 women for whom this first episode was PND were compared to 2,124 parous women who had experienced depression but never perinatally. Of women who experienced depression prior to first pregnancy, PND cases were significantly more likely to report more episodes of depression (OR=1.1 per additional depression episode, CI=[1.1-1.1], P=1.3E-13), non-European ancestry (OR=1.8, CI=[1.3-2.5], P=1.2E-03), severe nausea during pregnancy (OR=1.3, CI=[1.1-1.6], P=6.6E-03) and emotional abuse (OR=1.4, CI=[1.1-1.7], P=2.0E-03). Women without any depression before their first perinatal episode were significantly more likely to report emotional abuse (OR=1.3, CI=[1.1-1.6], P=1.1E-02) than women with depression without PND.ConclusionsThe majority of parous women in this study experienced PND, associated with more complex, severe depression. Results highlight the importance of perinatal assessments of depressive symptoms, particularly for women with a history of depression or childhood adverse experiences.

Background Syncope is a common presentation to emergency departments. Cardiovascular risk differs markedly among ancestry groups, but data on syncope are scarce. Fundamental understanding of the determinants of syncope in the population might aid in the risk stratification of syncope in acute settings. Purpose To assess lifetime prevalence of syncope and its determinants in the general population. Methods We included 14937 adults (18–70 y) randomly sampled in the cross-sectional Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) population study, stratified by White-European, Asian, Turkish, Moroccan, and West-African ancestry. We assessed syncope history, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), supine stroke volume (SV), cardiac contractility (dP/dt), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and resting plasma activity of CK, an ATP-generating enzyme that facilitates cardiovascular contractility and sodium retention, counteracting hypotensive susceptibility. Results Mean age of the participants (39% men) was 43.3 y (SD 12.9). Lifetime prevalence of syncope was significantly higher in women (31%) vs. men (18%); and in White-European (34%) and other ancestries (25 to 28%), vs. West-African ancestry (19%) (Figure 1). Mean age at first syncope was 24 y (SD 13). Participants without syncope history had higher BP (systolic, +29% SD), BMI (+17% SD), CK (+31% SD) (Figure 1), modestly higher SV, dP/dt, and CO (+6 to 8% SD), and more diabetes (5.2 vs 3.6%). The main protective predictors of syncope were West-African ancestry (0.59 [0.54 to 0.65]), male sex (0.52 [0.48 to 0.57]), and CK (0.56 [0.46 to 0.69]/log CK increase), with high CK in men and West-African ancestry largely explaining the low syncope prevalence in these groups. Conclusion To our knowledge the first population study on syncope by ancestry indicates that the lifetime prevalence is high in White-European women, and low in person of African ancestry. The inverse association of syncope with the pressor enzyme CK needs further study. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1. Syncope by Sex, Ancestry, and CK

Background: The lifetime prevalence of radiculopathy due to a herniated lumbar disc is estimated to be around 4% in females and 5% in males. The efficacy of SNRB in acute LDH has been quoted variedly in previous studies ranging from 30% to 80% [6]. There are only a few studies which identify the various clinical parameters that can predict successful outcomes in patients undergoing SNRB. Methods: The prospective study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Missions Hospital Navi Mumbai, between March 2019 and February 2020.During the study period, total 60 patients with documented LDH on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), presenting with unilateral radiculopathy, with symptom duration of less than 3 months who had failed adequate conservative management of about 3 weeks duration were treated with transforaminal. Result: Out of the 60 patients which were included in the study, 50 patients had adequate pain relief for the study period of one year while 10 patients did not have sufficient relief of pain. Thus Transforaminal SNRB had an efficacy of 83.33% in our study. In our study out of the 60 patients 32 had right side involvement and 28 had left side involvement. Out of those having right side involvement 26 had successful and 6 had unsuccessful outcome while 28 had left side involvement in which 25 had successful outcome and 3 had unsuccessful outcome and the p value was insignificant for this clinical parameter. Conclusion: Transforaminal Selective Nerve Root Block had an efficacy of 83.33% in our study. It is an efficient technique which provides adequate pain relief for about one year.

Objective This study aimed to provide updated lifetime prevalence estimates of eating disorders, specifically bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) and investigate changes over time in lifetime prevalence by age. Method Two thousand nine hundred seventy-seven participants from South Australia were interviewed in the Health Omnibus Survey. DSM-5 criteria were used for current and broad (in accord with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-11 [ICD-11]) criteria for lifetime prevalence of BED. Results This study found that the lifetime prevalence of BN was 1.21% (95% CI [0.87, 1.67]) and 2.59% (95% CI [2.07, 3.22]) for males and females, respectively, and that lifetime prevalence for BED-broad was 0.74% (95% CI [0.49, 1.11]) and 1.85% (95% CI [1.42, 2.40]) for males and females, respectively, which is higher than reported in previous research. Current prevalence (past 3 months) of BN was 0.40% (95% CI [0.23, 0.70]) and 0.81% (95% CI [0.54, 1.20]) for males and females, respectively, and current prevalence for BED was found to be 0.03 (95% CI [0.01, 0.04]) and 0.20% (95% CI [0.09, 0.44]) for males and females, respectively. Conclusions The current study confirmed the moderate community prevalence of BN and BED. BED was found to be less prevalent than BN in the present study, and a significant lifetime prevalence by age effect was found for both. Lifetime prevalence by age indicated that past increases in prevalence may be waning in this century and that overall BN and BED are not increasing in Australia.

Background: Hand eczema is a very common condition that has a significant effect on an individual’s life in terms of daily functioning including various occupations. Studies show that the point prevalence of hand eczema is around 4% and the lifetime prevalence is 15%. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of hand eczemas in patients attending the Dermatology outpatient department of Bir hospital. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study, where all the cases of hand eczema who presented to the Dermatology Out-Patient Department of Bir Hospital during the period from Baisakh 2075 till Chaitra 2075 B.S were recorded. Results: Eczema was diagnosed in 5,100 new cases (15.74%) and among them, hand eczema was seen in 494 cases, which accounts for 9.68% of all eczemas. The mean age was 37.43 years. Out of all the hand eczemas recorded, 334 (67.6%) were unspecified hand eczemas, pompholyx was seen in 92 (18.6%) cases, chronic hand eczema in 27 (5.5%), contact dermatitis in 20 (4%) patients and finger tip eczema was seen in 15 (3%) cases. Conclusion: Hand eczema is one of the common dermatological conditions. Our study showed the prevalence of hand eczema to be 9.68%.

Objective: To evaluate the lifetime prevalence of infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders in a multisite study of probands with childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives. Methods: Medical questionnaires were completed by 1401 probands and 1045 first-degree relatives in the OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Study. Lifetime prevalence of immune-related diseases was compared with the highest available population estimate and reported as a point estimate with 95% adjusted Wald interval. Worst-episode OCD severity and symptom dimensions were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and Symptom Checklist (YBOCS-CL). Results: Probands reported higher-than-expected prevalence of scarlet fever (4.0 [3.1-5.2]% vs. 1.0%-2.0%, z = 1.491, p

Introduction In recent years, prescription drug misuse has become a common issue among adolescents and young adults in many countries, with, for example, a lifetime prevalence of 12% among individuals aged 12-17 in 2017 in United States. Purpose of review To summarize recently published studies about prescription drug misuse among adolescent and young adults. Recent findings Prescription drug misuse has many definitions, one being any medication taken in a way other than prescribed, whether related to dosage or manner of usage. Among adolescents, it has a relationship with illicit drug use, decline in academic performance, future delinquency, and mental problems. Individual predisposing factors include identity crisis and role confusion, and there are also environmental influences. Preventive approaches include the use of monitoring systems. Management involves initial assessment and treatment, which largely focuses on behavioural interventions. Summary Further understanding of risk and protective factors, co-occurring issues, and treatment can help prevent and reduce the prevalence of prescription drug misuse. Collaboration among government, clinicians, and patients is urged to combat this growing issue.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder which is associated with significant disability and psychosocial factors. There are only few epidemiological studies of MDD in economically underdeveloped regions of China. This study examined the 1-month and lifetime prevalence of MDD and their sociodemographic correlates in Hebei province, China.Using multistage, stratified and random sampling, the study was conducted between April and August 2016. The diagnosis of MDD was established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition.The weighted 1-month and lifetime prevalence of MDD were 0.9% (95%CI: 0.8-1.1%) and 1.6% (95%CI: 1.4-1.8%), respectively in the sample of 14,654 adult participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the age group of 45-59 years (P 0.001, OR=3.206, 95%CI:1.693-6.072), female gender (P 0.001, OR=2.171, 95%CI: 1.522-3.097), married marital status (P 0.001, OR=0.328, 95%CI: 0.198-0.545), college educational level or higher (P = 0.006, OR=0.145, 95%CI: 0.037-0.573), employment (P = 0.010, OR=2.305, 95%CI: 1.220-4.353), major medical conditions (P 0.001, OR=3.758, 95%CI: 2.607-5.418) and family history of psychiatric disorders (P 0.001, OR=3.947, 95%CI: 2.203-7.071) were significantly associated with MDD.The prevalence of MDD in Hebei province was found to be lower than in most areas of China and other countries. Further studies are warranted to confirm the low prevalence of MDD in other economically underdeveloped regions of China.

Homelessness poses serious health risks, and those risks may be exacerbated among slum-dwelling youth in the developing world. We administered a cross-sectional survey to youth receiving services from a community organization in Kampala, Uganda. This secondary analysis explores the relationships between homelessness and various health outcomes. We also explored possible moderating relationships between neighborhood support, homelessness, and health. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to model these relationships. Homelessness was associated with all outcomes analyzed, with youth who reported having been homeless having higher odds of reporting poor health (odds ratio [OR] = 12.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.43, 23.92), higher odds of HIV infection (OR = 1.941; 95% CI = 1.274, 2.958), and higher odds of experiencing rape (OR = 3.459; 95% CI = 2.4, 4.987). No moderation by neighborhood support was observed, though this may be due to low variability. Homelessness warrants specific investigative attention due to its strong association with a broad range of negative health outcomes among slum-dwelling youth. Interventions targeting the specific health risks faced by homeless youth in the developing world may improve social welfare service delivery.

Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) is the commonest form of musculoskeletal disorder among physical therapists. Repetitive tasks, high force manual techniques bending/twisting postures, patient transfer assisting with mat activities, lifting heavy equipment, prolonged constrained posture and foot abnormalties identified as risk factors of low back pain which is common in the field of physical therapy.Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to identify prevalence of work related LBP among physical therapists with different foot postures working in governmental hospitals in fayoum-Egypt.Subjects and Methods: 147 physical therapists who are working in the governmental hospitals in Fayoum-Egypt, the LBP will be measured by Nordic Questionnaires (NQ) and foot postures measured by Foot Posture Index (FPI).Results: 112 of the 147P. Ts (76.19%) have completed the questionnaire. WRLBP (n=68), non WRLBP (n=25), no LBP (n=19). The lifetime prevalence of WRLBP was 60.71%, the twelve-month prevalence of WRLBP was 52.67%, the point prevalence of WRLBP was 47.32%, concerning BMI and WRLBP 74.28% of subjects with BMI of 20-24.9kg/m2 and 54.54% of subjects with BMI of 25-29.9kg/m2, the WRLBP was present in 54.83% of female subjects and in 68% of male subjects, the WRLBP was present in 56% of subjects with normal foot posture, 55% of subjects with pronated foot posture, 91% of subjects with highly pronated foot posture, 100% of subjects with supinated foot posture and 67% of subjects with highly supinated foot posture.Conclusion: There was no statistically significant associ-ation between LBP and foot postures, however there was a statistically significant association between WRLBP and BMI. There was a high prevalence of WRLBP among physical therapists who working in governmental hospitals in Fayoum-Egypt.

IMPORTANCE Individuals with mental disorders often develop comorbidityover time. Past studies of comorbidity have often restricted analyses to a subset of disorders and few studies have provided absolute risks of later comorbidity.OBJECTIVES To undertake a comprehensive study of comorbidity within mental disorders, by providing temporally ordered age-and sex-specific pairwise estimates between the major groups of mental disorders, and to develop an interactive website to visualize all results and guide future research and clinical practice.DESIGN, SETTING. AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort study included all individuals born in Denmark between January 1, 190 0, and December 31, 2015, and living in the country between January 1, 20 0 0, and December 31, 2016. The analyses were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Danish health registers were used to identify mental disorders, which were examined within the broad 10-level International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, lOth Revision, subchapter groups (eg, codes F00-F09 and F10-F19). For each temporally ordered pair of disorders, overall and lagged hazard ratios and 95% Cls were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regress on models. Absolute risks were estimated using competing risks survival analyses. Estimates for each sex were generated.RESULTS A total of 5 940 778 persons were Included in this study (2 958 293 men and 2 982 485 women; mean [SD] age at beginning of follow-up, 32.1[25.4] years). They were followed up for 83.9 million person-years. All mental disorders were associated with an increased risk of all other mental disorders when adjusting for sex, age, and calendar time (hazard ratios ranging from 2.0 [95% CI, 1.7-2.4] for prior intellectual disabilities and later eating disorders to 48.6 [95% Cl, 46.6-50.7] for prior developmental disorders and later intellectual disabilities). The hazard ratios were temporally patterned, with higher estimates during the first year after the onset of the first disorder, but with persistently elevated rates during the entire observation period. Some disorders were associated with substantial absolute risks of developing specific later disorders (eg, 30.6% [95% CI, 29.3%-32.0%] of men and 38.4% [95% CI, 37.5%-39.4%] of women with a diagnosis of mood disorders before age 20 years developed neurotic disorders within the following 5 years).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Comorbidity within mental disorders is pervasive, and the risk persists over time. This study provides disorder-, sex-, and age-specific relative and absolute risks of the comorbidity of mental disorders. Web-based interactive data visualization tools are provided for clinical utility.

The effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on asthma have been reported in various in vitro, animal, and human epidemiologic studies. However, epidemiological studies on the effects of bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), which are substitutes of BPA, on asthma are lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between BPA, BPS, and BPF and asthma. An asthma-related questionnaire; urinary BPA, BPS, BPF; and the possible confounders were analyzed among 922 adolescents aged 12–17 years who participated in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2016. In males, urinary BPA, BPS, and BPF did not show a significant relationship with the lifetime prevalence of asthma. In females, urinary BPS was higher in the asthma group (p < 0.01). High urinary BPS showed a significant relationship with a high odds ratio (OR) of lifetime asthma prevalence in the model adjusted for possible confounders (p < 0.05). High urinary BPS was particularly associated with an increase in the OR of asthma diagnosed after the age of 60 months (p < 0.01). Urinary BPS was significantly associated with asthma diagnosis, especially after the age of 60 months, among Korean adolescent females.

Major depression is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by affective, cognitive, and physiological impairments that lead to maladaptive behavior. The high lifetime prevalence of this disabling condition, coupled with limitations of existing medications, make necessary the development of improved therapeutics. This requires animal models that allow investigation of key biological correlates of the disorder. Described in this article is the unpredictable chronic mild stress mouse model that can be used to screen for antidepressant drug candidates. Originally designed for rats, this model has been adapted for mice to capitalize on the advantages of this species as an experimental model, including inter-strain variability, which permits an exploration of the contribution of genetic background; the ability to create transgenic animals; and lower cost. Thus, because it combines genetic features and socio-environmental chronic stressful events, the unpredictable chronic mild stress model in mice is a relevant and valuable paradigm to gain insight into the etiological and developmental components of major depression, as well as to identify novel treatments for this condition. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) Test in Mice Basic Protocol 2: Assessment Of Self-Directed Activity And Anhedonia in Mice.

Background Hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin disorder in both adolescence and adulthood. Objectives We sought to assess the lifetime prevalence of hand eczema and associated exogenous and endogenous risk factors among adolescents in Germany. Methods This was a cross-sectional study embedded into a prospective population-based birth cohort in four regions of Germany, which recruited healthy neonates born between November 1997 and January 1999. We included 1,736 participants who had completed the 15-year follow-up from birth cohort and 84.6% (1,468/1,736) had clearly reported whether they have ever had hand eczema. All the data was based on questionnaires and blood tests (immunoglobulin E). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine endogenous and exogenous factors in relation to the lifetime prevalence of hand eczema among adolescents. Results 1,468 adolescents (715 girls, 48.7%) were included in the final analysis. The lifetime prevalence of hand eczema among adolescents at the age of 15 was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.9%-12.1%), with a significantly higher lifetime prevalence among girls than boys (12.7% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.005). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated statistically significant associations between the lifetime prevalence of hand eczema and having ever been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-2.8) or having ever had dry skin (aOR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1), respectively. No statistically significant independent associations were found between asthma, hay fever, allergy-related clinical symptoms, immunoglobulin E positivity and other exogenous factors in relation to hand eczema. Conclusion Our study fills a research gap on the epidemiological burden of hand eczema among adolescents. One out of ten ever suffered from hand eczema until age 15 years indicating that hand eczema constitutes a significant burden in pediatric populations. The role of atopic dermatitis in hand eczema reinforces previous findings. Exogenous risk factors warrant further investigation.

Body dissatisfaction is a substantial problem. Body dissatisfaction's development into several clinical physical and psychological health disorders are well-recognized. A further well-documented consequence of body dissatisfaction is the non-medical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by men. Steroids can cause muscular growth and loss of body fat. A large meta-analysis of studies found that the lifetime prevalence of steroid use among men and boys was 7% a prevalence rate that appears to be increasing. Researchers should not however limit their analyses of the impact of body dissatisfaction to clinical eating disorders or steroid usage. Researchers tend to identify the driver of male body dissatisfaction as other people, especially women and mothers, or individuals themselves. Protein shakes, muscle supplements, cosmetic surgery procedures, hair loss ‘solutions' and male make up represent just some of this landscape. Unregistered cosmetic surgeons have a significant social media presence; with most promoting their own surgeries rather than posting any medically educational content.

The present study aimed to examine the lifetime exposure to serious life events in people with visual impairment compared with the general population. Data were derived from a telephone survey including a probability sample of 736 adults with visual impairment (response rate: 61%). The lifetime prevalence of direct experiences with seventeen different categories of serious life events (Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)) were compared to that obtained from the general Norwegian population (N = 1792, 36% response rate). Altogether, 68% of people with visual impairment had been directly exposed to at least one serious life event, with equal rates among males and females (p = 0.59). The prevalence of serious life events was higher than for the general population (60%, p &lt, 0.001), especially for fire or explosions, serious accidents, sexual assaults, life-threatening illness or injury, and severe human suffering. In conclusion, our results indicate that people with visual impairment are more prone to experiencing serious life events. This highlights the need for preventive strategies that reduce the risk of serious life events in this population.