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Today, cancer treatment is one of the fundamental problems facing clinicians and researchers worldwide. Efforts to find an excellent way to treat this illness continue, and new therapeutic strategies are developed quickly. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a practical approach that has been emerged to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. In the ACT, one of the best ways to arm the immune cells against tumors is by employing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) via genetic engineering. CAR equips cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells and selectively eradicate them. Researchers have achieved promising preclinical and clinical outcomes with different cells by using CARs. One of the potent immune cells that seems to be a good candidate for CAR-immune cell therapy is the Natural Killer-T (NKT) cell. NKT cells have multiple features that make them potent cells against tumors and would be a powerful replacement for T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NKT cells are cytotoxic immune cells with various capabilities and no notable side effects on normal cells. The current study aimed to comprehensively provide the latest advances in CAR-NKT cell therapy for cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAR-cell therapy is a promising new method of cancer treatment. The biomedical cell product Anti-HER2-CAR-T-NK cells has been found safe in a course of intraperitoneal injection at a human-equivalent therapeutic dose in male and female ICR mice. The obtained information can help in the future to form the basis of recommendations for preclinical studies of CAR-cell immunopreparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been remarkably successful in patients with hematological malignancies expressing the CD19 surface antigen, but such level of success is far from being replicated in solid tumors. Engineered T cell receptor (TCR) T cells targeting cancer antigens were first developed over two decades ago and represent an alternative adoptive T cell approach that has produced provocative clinical data in solid cancers. However, several factors may hinder this technology from realizing its full potential, including the need for HLA matching, HLA downregulation by cancer cells, the suppressive tumor microenvironment, and tissue liabilities resulting from targeting antigens shared with normal tissues. Efforts therefore continue to engineer enhanced versions of CAR T and TCR T therapies that can overcome current barriers. Furthermore, emergent novel TCR-based, HLA-unrestricted platforms may also provide unique tools that integrate the complexity of the TCR signaling cascade that can be applied to treat solid tumors. This article reviews the current state of development of TCR T cell approaches and discusses next generation improvements to overcome their current limitations. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) are promising cancer therapeutics. However, since cancer cells can lose the CAR-targeted antigen and avoid destruction, targeting multiple antigens with multiple CARs has been proposed. We illustrate here a less cumbersome alternative, anti-tag CARs (AT-CARs) that bind to tags on tumor-targeting antibodies. We have created novel AT-CARs, using the affinity-enhanced monomeric streptavidin 2 (mSA2) biotin-binding domain that when expressed on T cells can target cancer cells coated with biotinylated antibodies. Human T cells expressing mSA2 CARs with CD28-CD3ζ and 4–1BB-CD3ζ signaling domains were activated by plate-immobilized biotin and by tumor cells coated with biotinylated antibodies against the tumor-associated antigens CD19 and CD20. Furthermore, mSA2 CAR T cells were capable of mediating cancer cell lysis and IFNγ production in an antibody dose-dependent manner. The mSA2 CAR is a universal AT-CAR that can be combined with biotinylated tumor-specific antibodies to potentially target many different tumor types. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]