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The article discusses the role of apical clathrin-coated endocytic pits in controlling the growth and size of epithelial microvilli. It highlights the importance of microvilli in mediating interactions with the external environment and how their growth during cellular differentiation is limited by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The study suggests that clathrin-mediated endocytosis plays a crucial role in regulating the timing, location, and dimensions of microvillar growth. This research has not yet undergone peer review and can be accessed on biorxiv.org for further information. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the intrinsic diversity in primary cilia, which are filamentous protrusions on human cells. It highlights the importance of studying ciliopathies, hereditary diseases linked to cilia dysfunction, to understand the tissue-specific roles of cilia. The research utilizes spatial proteomics to identify cell-type specific functions of ciliary proteins, revealing that protein trafficking plays a significant role in the functional tuning of individual cilia. The findings suggest that cilia act as dynamic sensory organelles, allowing cells to sense and integrate diverse signals. The study introduces new avenues for basic and clinical research on cilia and ciliopathies. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a preprint abstract that explores the calcium dynamics of skin-resident macrophages, specifically Langerhans cells, during homeostasis and tissue injury. The study found that Langerhans cells in the skin exhibit spontaneous and transient changes in calcium activity, primarily in the cell body and rarely in the dendrites. Triggering somatosensory axon degeneration increased the frequency of calcium activity in Langerhans cell dendrites. Additionally, the study showed that Langerhans cells have a sustained increase in intracellular calcium following the engulfment of damaged keratinocytes, which affects their efficiency in clearing cellular debris. The research highlights the importance of calcium signaling in skin immune cells and suggests that the skin can serve as a useful model for studying calcium dynamics in tissue-resident macrophages. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, osteocytes, which are cells in bone, play a crucial role in bone homeostasis and communication. The protein Osterix (Osx) was found to be co-expressed with collagen type I 1 (Col11) in osteocytes, and its deletion disrupted bone structure and communication. The researchers also identified Connexin43 as a direct target of Osx, which regulates dendrites in osteocytes. This study expands our understanding of Osx's role in bone cells and offers insights into bone diseases. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The study found that damaged axonal mitochondria are targeted for degradation through mitophagy at presynapses, which are the primary sites for this process. When mitophagy is defective, presynapses become vulnerable, leading to neurodegeneration. The researchers also discovered that synthetic upregulation of receptor-mediated mitophagy using the compound Roxadustat could potentially be a therapeutic approach for these diseases. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study that used expansion microscopy (ExM) to visualize axonemal dyneins in primary cilia in murine and human pancreatic islets. Primary cilia are small and difficult to visualize, but ExM is a method that physically expands biological specimens, making it easier to image small cellular structures. The study identified four dynein subunits consistently present in both expanded and nonexpanded samples, with DNAI1 being the most readily detectable. The authors conclude that ExM is a useful approach for identifying ciliary proteins in pancreatic islet tissue and may have broader applications for studying protein composition in other organelles. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study that aimed to develop an experimental system to better understand the neurotoxicity of Aβ42 oligomers, which are implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The researchers used a method called in situ generation to create Aβ42 oligomers in living cells and observed the resulting neurite degeneration and synaptic dysfunction in human glutamatergic neurons. They also tested a molecular chaperone called BRICHOS as a potential inhibitor of Aβ42 aggregation. The study provides a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that this approach can bridge the gap between basic research and clinical applications. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have studied the localization dynamics of the early stage of basal body formation in Bacillus subtilis, a type of bacteria. They found that the basal bodies, which are involved in flagellar assembly, are mostly stationary and do not exhibit dynamic subunit exchange. However, some basal bodies were observed to be mobile, particularly during early assembly and when the rod is mutated. The researchers propose that rod polymerization probes the peptidoglycan superstructure for pores that allow rod completion, and conformational changes in the basal body exchange information with cytoplasmic patterning proteins to restrict assembly at certain pores. This research has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the structure, interaction, and nervous connectivity of primary cilia in beta cells. Primary cilia are sensory organelles found in various cell types, including pancreatic islet beta cells. The study presents three-dimensional reconstructions of mouse and human beta cell cilia, revealing a disorganized structure. The cilia are spatially confined within ciliary pockets or squeezed into narrow spaces between adjacent cells. They physically interact with neighboring islet cells and establish connections with islet-projecting nerves. These findings contribute to understanding the role of beta cell primary cilia in islet cell connectivity and their potential significance in health and diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, activating mutations in the LRRK2 kinase, which are associated with Parkinson's disease, inhibit the formation of primary cilia in certain brain cell types. In the striatum, a region important for movement control, astrocytes, cholinergic interneurons, and Parvalbumin interneurons lose their primary cilia. This loss of cilia affects the ability of Parvalbumin interneurons to respond to Sonic hedgehog signals and decreases the expression of Neurturin, a neuroprotective factor. These findings suggest that LRRK2 activation may impair neuroprotective pathways and reduce the protection of dopamine neurons. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, activating mutations in the LRRK2 kinase, which are associated with Parkinson's disease, inhibit the formation of primary cilia in certain brain cell types. In the striatum, a region important for movement control, astrocytes, cholinergic interneurons, and Parvalbumin interneurons lose their primary cilia. This loss of cilia affects the ability of Parvalbumin interneurons to respond to Sonic hedgehog signals and decreases the expression of Neurturin, a neuroprotective factor. These findings suggest that LRRK2 activation may impair neuroprotective pathways and reduce the protection of dopamine neurons. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the relationship between amyloidosis and axon pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study used histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence imaging to examine axonal phenotypes in AD brains. The researchers found that axonal amyloidosis was widespread in AD brain tissues and was associated with axonal enlargement, loss of axonal structural protein MAP2, Tau phosphorylation, lysosome destabilization, and markers of hemorrhagic insults. The study suggests that axonal amyloidosis and enlargement, along with chronic microhemorrhage and lysosome destabilization, are major neurological defects in AD. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the role of somatostatin in regulating pancreatic beta-cell function. Somatostatin is produced and released by delta-cells in the pancreas and acts as a negative regulator of islet hormone secretion. The study found that somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are present in primary cilia of beta-cells, and their activation reduces the concentration of cAMP in the cilia. Additionally, the researchers observed that primary cilia length is reduced in islets from individuals with type-2 diabetes, which is associated with a decrease in cilia-delta-cell interactions. These findings suggest that primary cilia play an important role in somatostatin's regulation of islet cell function. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the link between mutations in the CILK1 gene and ciliopathies and epilepsy. The study focuses on a specific variant of the CILK1 gene, A615T, which is associated with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The researchers found that this variant impairs the function of primary cilia and ciliary Hedgehog signaling in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). They also observed changes in gene expression related to cilia and biological processes. The study suggests that the regulation of the CILK1 A615T variant by the scaffold protein KATNIP is compromised, leading to the impairment of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of Cyclin O (CCNO) in the differentiation of multiciliated cells (MCC), which are responsible for fluid circulation in various organs. The study shows that CCNO is activated during a specific temporal window, playing a crucial role in the entry into the MCC cell cycle variant and the activation of centriole biogenesis. The absence of CCNO leads to a block in MCC progenitor differentiation, resulting in a lack of centrioles and cilia. This research provides insights into the regulation of MCC differentiation and the development of a subtype of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of the KMN network, which is primarily known for its involvement in chromosome segregation, in neurodevelopment. The study focuses on the C. elegans head nervous system and demonstrates that the KMN network is crucial for establishing proper axonal organization. Specifically, the degradation of the KNL-1 protein leads to disorganized ganglia and abnormal axon placement and organization. The study also highlights the importance of signaling motifs within KNL-1 for recruiting protein phosphatase 1 and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint during neurodevelopment. Additionally, the NDC-80 microtubule-binding mutant is found to play a role in facilitating axon-axon contacts. These findings suggest a non-canonical role for the KMN network in shaping the structure and connectivity of the nervous system during brain development in C. elegans. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of the protein Doublecortin (DCX) in brain development. The study found that DCX interacts with microtubules in advancing growth cones, with approximately 120 DCX molecules bound per micrometer of growth cone microtubule. This interaction can potentially control growth cone organelle entry. Additionally, DCX stabilizes microtubules in the growth cone peripheral domain, reducing the microtubule catastrophe frequency and depolymerization rate. The study suggests that DCX-decorated, rigid growth cone microtubules provide mechanical resistance to actomyosin generated contractile forces in soft physiological environments. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how DCX mutations can lead to brain malformations. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, FSTL1 is a secreted glycoprotein that plays a role in various processes related to health and disease, including development, cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, and obesity. The researchers aimed to identify the intracellular mediators of FSTL1's action on ciliogenesis (the formation of cilia) and adipogenesis (the development of fat cells). They found that the MAP kinase ERK is a mediator of ciliogenesis downstream of FSTL1 and that FSTL1 antagonizes BMP non-canonical signaling to modulate ciliogenesis and adipogenesis. This research suggests a potential connection between FSTL1, cilia, and obesity. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have discovered that a protein called NEKL-4 plays a role in regulating the stability of cilia, which are cell surface extensions involved in various cellular functions. The study was conducted using the model organism C. elegans and found that NEKL-4 is associated with mitochondria and influences ciliary stability by activating certain proteins and promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. This research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, defects in centrioles and cilia are common in cancer cells and have been linked to cancer cell invasion. The study focused on the protein SAS-6, which is involved in centriole biogenesis and cilia formation. The researchers found that expressing a non-degradable mutant form of SAS-6 led to increased ciliation, cilia-dependent cell invasion, and upregulation of the YAP/TAZ pathway. Inhibition of YAP/TAZ or ciliogenesis prevented the SAS-6-induced invasion. The study also found that SAS-6 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Primary cilia are sensory organelles found in various cell types, including pancreatic islet beta cells. These cilia play a role in autocrine and paracrine signaling and are associated with diabetes. The structure of beta cell cilia has been investigated, revealing a disorganized 9+0 axoneme structure. The cilia are spatially confined within ciliary pockets or squeezed into narrow spaces between adjacent cells. They physically interact with neighboring cells and establish connections with islet-projecting nerves. These findings contribute to understanding the role of beta cell primary cilia in islet cell connectivity and their potential involvement in integrating intrinsic and extrinsic signals. [Extracted from the article]

Primary cilia, which are cell surface extensions, play a crucial role in the development and mechanosensation of various tissues, including bone. This study examined the role of primary cilia in bone growth and adaptation by analyzing two specific genes, IFT88 and MKS5, that are necessary for proper cilia assembly and function. The study found that the absence of primary cilia in osteoblasts led to a decrease in body weight and shorter femurs in mice. Additionally, the absence of primary cilia in osteocytes resulted in a decreased response to mechanical loading and reduced bone formation. These findings highlight the importance of primary cilia in skeletal development and mechanotransduction. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have investigated how membrane and extracellular components are internalized along the axon shaft. They focused on clathrin-coated structures and endocytosis along the axon initial segment (AIS) and found that clathrin-coated pits form on bare membrane patches called "clearings" that are devoid of spectrin mesh and lined by actin filaments. The presence of clathrin-coated pits at the AIS does not directly lead to endocytosis, but rather, the spectrin clearings are responsible for regulated endocytosis at the AIS. This research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have discovered a pathway in which cilia, the hair-like structures on brain neurons, are deconstructed during the development of cerebellar granule cells. Through single cell transcriptomic and immunocytological analyses, the researchers found that the transcription of genes required for cilia maintenance decreased during differentiation, leading to cilia loss. Additionally, the binding of centriolar cap proteins to the mother centrioles prevented cilia regrowth. These findings suggest a developmentally programmed mechanism for cilia deconstruction in differentiating granule cells. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the role of a protein called CLUH in maintaining the health and function of axons in spinal motoneurons. The study found that CLUH is essential for preventing axonal degeneration and maintaining motor behavior in mice. CLUH binds to mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins and helps protect mitochondria from damage during their journey along the axon. The absence of CLUH leads to deficits in ATP production specifically in the growth cone of axons. The study highlights the importance of CLUH in mitochondrial quality control and translational regulation in axons for their development and long-term integrity. [Extracted from the article]

Primary cilia are sensory organelles found in various cell types, including pancreatic islet beta cells. These cilia play a role in autocrine and paracrine signaling and are associated with diabetes. The structure of beta cell cilia has been investigated, revealing a disorganized 9+0 axoneme structure. The cilia are spatially confined within ciliary pockets or squeezed into narrow spaces between adjacent cells. They physically interact with neighboring cells and establish connections with islet-projecting nerves. These findings suggest that beta cell primary cilia play a crucial role in islet cell connectivity and integrating intrinsic and extrinsic signals. However, it is important to note that this research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the presence and characteristics of primary cilia in the brain, specifically in the primary visual cortex of mice. Primary cilia are thin extensions off the cell surface that contain receptors for perceiving and transmitting signals. The study found that primary cilia were present in various cell types in the visual cortex, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The structure and organization of the cilia differed between neurons and glial cells, and many cilia were located near synapses, suggesting their potential involvement in detecting locally released signaling molecules. This research provides new insights into the formation and function of cilia in the brain. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the potential of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) in promoting neuronal regeneration. The researchers conducted experiments using a co-culture model system and found that hPMSCs were able to stimulate damaged rat-retina neurons to regenerate by promoting axon growth and restoring neuronal activity. They also discovered that the regenerative capabilities of hPMSCs were mediated through secreted factors, such as brain-derived and nerve growth factors, which play a role in neuronal regeneration. The findings suggest that hPMSCs could be a promising therapeutic option for neurological disorders. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the role of Trabid/ZRANB1 mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. The study found that these mutations hinder the axonal trafficking of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), leading to disrupted neurite growth. The researchers identified two types of Trabid mutations: one that impairs its deubiquitylating (DUB) activity and another that prevents it from binding to STRIPAK, a protein assembly involved in cytoskeleton organization and neural development. Both types of mutations resulted in reduced neuronal and glial cell densities in the brain and motor deficits in mice. The findings suggest that Trabid plays a crucial role in regulating neurite growth and that its dysfunction can contribute to neurodevelopmental phenotypes. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]