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To assess the antipyretic and hepatoprotective effects of Rhynchosia cana (Wild.) DC (R. cana) methanol extract in In-silico trials and laboratory animal models. R. cana methanol extract (MERC) was evaluated for antipyretic activity in yeast-induced Pyrexia. R. cana's hepatoprotective ability was evaluated for hepatotoxicity-induced paracetamol albino rats. The GC-MS eluted compound on the protein TGF-β, and PPARα was conducted in silico docking experiments. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o, a single administration of MERC demonstrated strong antipyretic efficacy in albino rats. When the MERC (400 mg/kg) was given preventively for seven days, highly significant hepatoprotective behaviour was also observed. The docking findings of the TGF-β ligand molecule show that the binding affinity of vitexin is -10.3 Kcal/mol, and Silymarin is -10.6 Kcal/mol. Vitexin displayed a binding affinity of -8.8 Kcal/mol for the PPAR alpha protein, and Silymarin showed an affinity of -8.2 kcal/mol. The present research indicates that MERC has substantial antipyretic and hepatoprotective effects, as confirmed in the In Silico and In Vivo tests.

Fernandoa adenophylla is well-known Thai medicinal tree used for treating skin disorders, as antiviral, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-diarrheal remedies, and muscle relaxant. In the present work, anthelmintic activity was studied on Pheretima posthuma (earth worm) specie. For analgesic activity (hot plate method), three groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were taken followed by intake of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg dose of all extracts. Tramadol (0.1 mg/kg) and normal saline (0.9 g/L) were taken as positive and negative control, respectively. For antipyretic activity (Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia), 5 groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were kept on fasting for 5 h before activity testing, while only water intake was allowed. Doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of all three extracts were administered. Paracetamol and NaCl were administered as standard and negative control, respectively. The rectal temperature was measured every hour for 5 h after dosing to observe changes in temperature. Toxicologically, all extracts were determined up to 4 g/kg in mice. In case of anthelmintic activity, the aqueous extract (60 mg/mL) significantly caused paralysis of P. posthuma in 15.4 ± 1.9 min. The aqueous extract showed greater analgesic activity at dose of 300 mg/kg for 60 min, continued till 90 min (p < 0.001) as compared to other extracts. The antipyretic activity of aqueous extract was significantly raised at 200 mg/kg after treatment (p < 0.01) and maximum level was observed in 4th and 5th hour of treatment. As a result, the plant extract showed no toxicity during toxicological analysis in mice, the highest dose of extracts was 4 g/kg. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves exhibited best pharmacological potentials against model test organisms. Clinical trials are recommended for the above mentioned pharmacological activities of the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves.

Purpose This study paper aims to evaluate the Phytochemical Composition, anti-obesity, anti-antipyretic and analgesic effect of Ephedra alata (Ea) extracts. Design/methodology/approach Obesity was induced in male Wistar rats through a high-fat/fructose diet (HF/FD). Control rats received a standard diet. Findings Results of this study showed that the Ea methanol extract (MEEa) exhibited a prominent selective inhibitory effect against lipase activity (IC50 = 1.29 mg/ml) as compared to water and ethyl acetate extracts (with IC50 = 1.63 and 1.89, respectively). Also, MEEa exert antipyretic and analgesic activities. In high-fat-high-fructose diet rats, the administration of MEEa inhibited lipase activity in the intestine, pancreas and serum by 53%, 40% and 53%, respectively. It was found to significantly decrease body weight by 20% (p = 0.09) and delay the absorption of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). In addition, MEEa efficiently decreased a-amylase activity in the intestine, pancreas and serum by 43%, 26% and 46%, respectively, and blood glucose level by 35% (p = 0.06). Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that MEEa are efficient in preventing obesity and hyperglycemia, pain and fever.

Yue Yu,1,&ast; Qinyan Yang,1,&ast; Zhou Wang,1 Qian Ding,1 Meng Li,1 Yudong Fang,1 Qida He,1 Yi Zhun Zhu1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine & School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People’s Republic of China; 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules & School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yi Zhun ZhuMacau University of Science and Technology, Block E, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +853 8897 2880Fax +853 2882 3575Email yzzhu@must.edu.moPurpose: Ketoprofen (KETO) is a traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) with good analgesic and antipyretic effects. However, as NASIDs, the toxicity of KETO towards gastrointestinal (GI) system might limit its clinical use. S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) is an excellent endogenous H2S donor showed wide application in the field of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, or even the protection of cardiovascular system through the elevation of endogenous H2S concentration. As recently studies reported, co-administration of H2S donor might potentially mitigate the GI toxicity and relevant side effects induced by series of NSAIDs.Methods: In this study, we established a SPRC and KETO co-encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere (SK@MS), and its particle size, morphology, storage stability and in vitro release profile were firstly investigated. The elevation of endogenous H2S level of SK@MS was then calculated, and the pharmacodynamic study (anti-inflammation and analgesic effects) of SK@MS, SPRC, and KETO towards adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) in rats were also studied. Finally, to test the potential side effect, the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were resected from rats and examined by H&E staining.Results: A monodispersed SK@MS could be observed under the SEM, and particle size was calculated around 25.12 μm. The loading efficiency (LE) for SPRC and KETO were 6.67% and 2.64%, respectively, while the encapsulation efficiency (EE) for SPRC and KETO were 37.20% and 68.28%, respectively. SK@MS showed a sustained release of SPRC and KETO in vitro, which was up-to 15 days. SK@MS could achieve a long-term elevation of the H2S concentration in vivo, while SPRC showed an instant H2S elevation and metabolize within 6 h. Interestingly, the KETO did not show any influence on the H2S concentration in vivo. After establishment of AIA model, neither SPRC nor KETO showed scarcely anti-inflammation and anti-nociception effect, while conversely, SK@MS showed an obvious mitigation towards paw edema and pain in AIA rats, which indicated an improved anti-inflammation and anti-nociception effect when co-delivery of SRC and KETO. Besides, low stimulation towards major organs in rats observed in any experimental group.Conclusion: A monodispersed was successfully prepared in this study, and SK@MS showed a sustained SPRC and KETO release in vitro and H2S release in vivo. In the pharmacodynamics study, SK@MS not only exhibited an excellent anti-inflammation and analgesic effects in AIA rats but also showed low stimulation towards rats.Keywords: H2S donor, ketoprofen, adjuvant induced arthritis, anti-inflammation, analgesic effect

Background: NSAIDs are the most widely prescribed medications worldwide for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. However, their chronic use can lead to several adverse drug events including GI toxicity. The selective COX-2 inhibitors developed as gastrosparing NSAIDs also suffer from serious adverse effects which limit their efficacy. Objective: Local generation of reactive oxygen species is implicated in NSAID-mediated gastric ulceration and their combination with H2 antagonists like famotidine reduces the risk of ulcers. The objective of this work was to design and synthesize novel methanesulphonamido isoxazole derivatives by hybridizing the structural features of NSAIDs with those of antiulcer drugs (ranitidine, famotidine, etc.) to utilize a dual combination of anti-inflammatory activity and reducing (antioxidant) potential. Method: The designing process utilized three dimensional similarity studies and utilized an isoxazole core having a potential for anti-inflammatory as well as radical scavenging antioxidant activity. The compounds were assayed for their anti-inflammatory activity in established in vivo models. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed in potassium ferricyanide reducing power (PFRAP) assay employing ascorbic acid as the standard drug. Results: Compounds 5, 6, 9 and 10 showed antiinflammatory activity comparable to the standard drugs and were also found to be non-ulcerogenic at the test doses. Compounds 6-10 exhibited good antioxidant effect in the concentration range of 1.0- 50.0 μmol/ml. The test compounds were also found to comply with the Lipinski rule suggesting good oral absorption. Conclusion: A new series of isoxazole based compounds is being reported with good antiinflammatory activity coupled with antioxidant potential as gastro-sparing anti-inflammatory agents.

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is used as an analgesic and antipyretic by the Indonesian people, empirically. The aim of this study was to determine the analgesic and antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of sapan wood leaves in Webster mice as experimental animals. The writhing method was used to determine the analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced mice with mefenamic acid as a positive control. The temperature reduction method was used to determine the antipyretic activity in yeast-induced mice with paracetamol as a positive control. One-way ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis, followed by Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. Phytochemical screening showed that sappan wood contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. The optimum dose of analgesic and antipyretic activity was 6.3 mg and 8.4 mg/20 g BW of mice, respectively. The conclusion was ethanolic extract of sappan wood leaves has analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing) is one of the types of oranges containing elements of compounds that are beneficial, so widely used as traditional medicine. This research aims to know the antipyretic activity of ethyl acetate fraction peel of lime. Phytochemical screening test result fraction ethyl acetate lemon rind contains flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and essential oils. Total of 25 mice were divided into 5 groups, group I negative control, group II positive control, group III,IV,V were given ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 0,07%/gBW,, 0,105%/gBWand 0,14%/gBW. Based on the results of graph average temperatures decrease the dose that the third has antipyretic activity because it can lower the temperature and the largest decreased in temperature at a dose 0,14%/gBW. Based on the test result ANOVA obtained sig. value 0,000. which means there is a temperature difference of meaning between 5 group treatment. And on Independent Test Sample T-test between a positive control with a dose 0,14%/gBW the value of sig. 0,601 (> 0,05) which means there is no meaningful difference.

The lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 was isolated from Nigella sativa seeds using a complex of chromatographic methods. Its effect on the course of experimental ulcerative colitis in rats was studied. The effect of biologically active peptides classified as lipid-transfer proteins on the course of experimental ulcerative colitis in rats was compared to that of sulfasalazine. It was found that lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 had pronounced antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects on a model of acute experimental colitis in rats and helped to restore body mass and temperature of the animals. This indicated it is promising for creation of a composition based on lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 for therapy of inflammatory diseases of the colon, namely nonspecific ulcerative colitis.

The current study aimed to determine the various in vivo biological activities of Moluccella laevis L. aerial parts. The anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated after two h, for both the total ethanolic extract (TEE) and the petroleum ether (pet. ether) fraction, exhibited the same percentage of inhibition (26.24%) as that of the indomethacin, whereas the following hour showed results quite higher than that of the positive control. Additionally, the TEE showed higher antipyretic activity compared to the used standard acetylsalicylic acid with a rapid onset (30 min) and a longer duration exhibiting the maximum activity. After four h from the beginning of the experiment, the pet. ether, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and aqueous fractions displayed nearly the same effect as that of acetylsalicylic acid, which lasted up to five h. Moreover, the aqueous fraction exhibited the maximum analgesic activity with a rapid onset and a longer duration followed by the pet. ether fraction, TEE and the EtOAc fraction. These activities could be explained by the presence of the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoidal contents, which are found in both EtOAc fraction and TEE. Due to the pronounced results of M. laevis L. aerial parts, it can be considered as a success of natural products in further drug discovery.

Paracetamol is non-narcotic analgesic and antipyretic of the central action from group of anilides, widely used in clinical practice. This drug has pronounced hepatotoxic effect which amplifies with alcohol. Paracetamol intoxication most frequently happens as a result of deliberate peroral intake of excessive doses of drug with a suicidal purpose. Undeliberate medicine poisoning is possible as a result of self-treatment.

Caesalpinia digyna (Rottl.) (Family: Fabaceae) is well known for its numerous medicinal values against several human disorders including fever, senile pruritis, diarrhea, tuberculosis, tonic disorder, diabetes, etc. The current study is intended to investigate the in vivo antipyretic activity of the methanol extract of C. digyna leaves (MECD) and its carbon-tetrachloride (CTCD) and butanol fraction (BTCD). Besides, in silico molecular docking and ADME/T profiling of the selective identified bioactive compounds of C. digyna has been also studied to validate the experimental outcomes and establish a better insight into the possible receptor-ligand interaction affinity. In vivo antipyretic activity of MECD, CTCD and BTCD were evaluated by employing yeast induced pyrexia technique in mice model and in silico analysis of the identified compounds of C. digyna has been implemented using PyRx autodock vina, Discovery Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera software and ADME/T online tools. MECD and BTCD unveiled significant antipyretic activity in dose dependent manner whereas, CTCD failed to exhibit significant antipyretic activity. Comparing to other test sample, MECD (400 mg/kg; b.w) (p

Semen armeniacae refers to the seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae). The Prunus armeniaca L. plant is spreading in the Korean peninsula, China, India, Japan, North Africa, and the United States of America. The Prunus armeniaca contains 3% amygdalin, titratable acidity, sugars (saccharose, fructose, and glucose), and organic acids (citric and malic acids) in addition to prunasin and mandelonitrile. Semen armeniacae is used for the treatment of asthma and cough (with expectoration and fever). It is used in constipation therapy. It is also used as eardrops for inflammation and tinnitus and the treatment of skin diseases. The pharmacological effect of Semen armeniacae includes experimental and clinical pharmacology. Experimental pharmacology includes anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. Decoction of Semen armeniacae to 2275 patients with COVID-19 improves clinical parameters such as lung state, clinical cure rate, number of cough reduction cases, symptom score of cough, viral nucleic acid testing, and inflammatory biomarkers. Oral intake of Semen armeniacae extract for 28 days did not cause any hematological, biochemical, or histological changes in rats. The Prunus armeniaca plant declines oxidative stress, inflammation, fat degeneration, and necrosis in alcohol-induced in-vivo and in-vitro liver injury models. There is no effect on fertility in rats after eating Semen armeniacae for 5 weeks. The average daily dose= 3-9 g of Semen armeniacae rinsing in boiling water then adding to a decoction. In conclusion, Semen armeniacae has anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Background Macropanax dispermus is traditionally used to treat various diseases by ethnic people. The present research reports the pharmacological properties with phytochemical profiling of the crude extracts of M. dispermus leaves (MDML), its n-hexane (MDHL), carbon tetrachloride (MDTL), chloroform (MDCL), ethyl acetate (MDEL), and aqueous (MDAL) fractions, and crude methanol extracts of its stem barks (MDMS). The in vitro thrombolytic activity was done on human erythrocytes whereas the cytotoxic activity was done by brine shrimp lethality assay. The in vivo analgesic activity was examined by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and formalin-induced paw licking method. In contrast, antipyretic activity was done by the brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia method. Results MDHL and MDMS showed 37.05% and 42.21% of significant (p 50 values of 23.15 and 37.11 µg/ml during cytotoxicity test, respectively. In acetic acid writhing method, MDTL and MDEL showed significant (p p p p Conclusion The current research suggests that the plant extracts possess potential thrombolytic, cytotoxic, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.

Introduction: Common cold is frequently encountered by people and it also largely affects productivity of the daily routine life. Combination of Paracetamol, Phenylephrine and Chlorpheniramine maleate which acts as an antipyretic, nasal decongestant and anti-histaminic respectively, can be used for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. To the above-mentioned combination, Sodium Citrate was added as an expectorant and Menthol for cooling effect and this post marketing surveillance study was conducted to test the efficacy and safety for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. Methodology: Out of 200 enrolled, 174 patients completed the study. Safety assessment was made by analysing the adverse events reported by the patient or their guardian. Efficacy was evaluated by total symptom score [TSS] (eleven-point scale ranging from 0 to 10 where 0 is no symptom to 10 is the maximum symptoms) which was extrapolated to four-point Likert-type symptom severity scales. Results: TSS was reduced from 5.57 at baseline visit to 3.40 at day 3 to 1.69 at day 5. At day 3 and day 5 there was TSS reduction of 38.865 % and 69.690 % respectively as compared to baseline. 18 episodes of adverse drug reactions were reported and all of them were of expected and non-serious nature. Conclusion: Fixed-dose combination of Paracetamol 125mg, Phenylephrine 5mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate 1mg, Sodium Citrate 60mg and mentholated flavoured syrupy base q.s. per 5ml was found to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of common cold in children of age between 2 to 12 years.

Piroxicam is an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects drugs, used to reduce pain, swelling joint stiffness from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and by inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase. In the research work, seven formulations (F1 to F7) were prepared direct compression method by using 3 superdisintegrants namely Crospovidone, Crosscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate in two ratio (1:0.5 and 1:1) and F7 (without superdisintegrant). All the formulations evaluated various post compression parameters thickness, weight variation, disintegration time, hardness, friability, wetting time, drug content water absorption ratio and in- vitro dissolution studies. The best formulation was studied anti-inflammatory activity in rats by using the paw-edema method. Among all formulations (F1) which contains 1:0.5ratio of Croscarmellose sodium, showed to be the optimized formulation as it give good wetting time (51.66 sec), fast disintegration time (29.16 sec), maximum drug release of 99% within 30 minutes and superior anti-inflammatory activity.

Background and aim Burkea africana stem bark is used as a remedy for malaria in north-central and southern Nigeria. Based on its traditional use, this study was conducted to investigate the antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential of an extract of B. africana stem bark. Experimental procedure A 70% v/v ethanol extract of stem bark of B. africana was prepared by cold maceration. Fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and residual) were also prepared. The extract was screened for hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activity effects. The effect of the extract and fractions against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and multi-drug resistant (W2mef) P. falciparum was assessed. Acute toxicity test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice, and lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats were also employed to screen the extract. Chromatographic fingerprints of the extract and active fraction were obtained. Results B. africana extract showed no cytotoxic or significant hemolytic effects and did not cause acute toxicity or mortality. The ethanol extract exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity while the dichloromethane fraction showed high activity against P. falciparum 3D7 (IC50 = 6.44 μg/ml) and W2mef (IC50 = 6.30 μg/ml) respectively. The extract elicited significant (p Conclusion Burkea africana extract has antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential and its antiplasmodial constituents are concentrated in its dichloromethane fraction.

Objectives Fever is a condition when the body experiences an increase in average body temperature above normal level. Maja fruit (Crescentia cujete L.) contains chemical compounds including alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and terpenoid, suspected as potential antipyretics. Methods The study aimed to determine the antipyretic activity of ethanol extract of Maja fruit. A total of 25 male white mice of the DDY strain (20–30 g). These treatments divided into three groups with a dose extract of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg BW, standard groups of ibuprofen 400 mg/kg BW, and control groups of CMC-Na 1%. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 cc of DPT vaccine-induced. Observations were made by measuring the rectal temperatures of mice using a digital thermometer before DPT vaccine injected or average temperatures, at 0 min (after DPT vaccine injected), 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after administering the test material. The differences between the positive control group, test group, and the negative control group were compared using statistical analysis using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). The results were considered statistically when the value is (p Results The above phytochemical screening results showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were present in the Maja fruit powder and extract (C. cujete L.). Based on the results of the statistical analysis obtained, i.e., Group II was not significantly different from Group III and Group IV (p≤0.05) and was significantly different from Group I and Group V. Group I was significantly different from Group II, Group III and Group IV and was not significantly different from Group V (p≥0.05). Conclusions The study showed that Maja fruit mice’s antipyretic behavior at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW was confirmed as a result in reducing the body temperature of male mice. The 500 mg/kg BW dosage of Maja fruit extract (C. cujete L) effectively reduced fever.

Sambiloto plant (Andrographis paniculata Ness) is a plant that has been used as medicine from generation to generation. Bioactive compounds in Sambiloto have pharmacological effects such as immunostimulants (increase immunity), antibiotic diuretics (facilitate urine), antipyretics, anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory), hepatoprotective, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, respiratory tract, and heart and lung meridians - lungs. The bioactive compound in Sambiloto which is mostly found in the leaves is Andrographolide. In this study, the isolation of Andrographolide from the leaves of the sambiloto plant (Andrographis paniculata Ness) was carried out using purification and crystallization methods aimed at obtaining pure Andrographolide isolates more efficiently and identifying the results of Andrographolide isolates. The results showed that the isolates obtained using the purification and crystallization methods obtained a yield of 0.47%. In the qualitative test of Andrographolide isolates using eluent and acetate: n-hexane (3: 2), the Rf value was 0.38. The results obtained from Andrographolide isolates using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were identical to the literature on Andrographolide. The absorption peaks at the wavenumbers obtained includes 3400,41 cm-1, 1979,68 cm-1, 1959,46 cm-1, 2928,22 cm-1, 1727,56 cm-1, 1646,98 cm-1, and 907,53 cm-1.

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Bombax costatumPellegr. et Vuillet. (Bombacaceaea) is a plant used in traditional medicine in Cameroon to treat memory impairment, anxiety, insomnia and agitation. Aim of the study:The aqueous extract ofBombax costatumis evaluated for its anxiolytic like effect in mice using experimental models. Materials and methods:The plant extract is administered orally to mice. They were tested one hour later in the stress-induced hyperthermia, hole board, and open field or elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Finally, the brain Gamma aminobutyric acid [GABA] content and GABA-T were quantified inBombax costatumaqueous extract-treated mice at the end of elevated plus maze test. Results:Bombax costatumaqueous extract showed anxiolytic activity. In stress-induced hyperthermia test, the plant extract significantly antagonised the increase of temperature. There is a significant reduction in the stress-induced hyperthermia from 1.13 ± 0.06℃ in the negative control group treated with distilled water to 0.26 ± 0.02℃ in the group of mice administered 100 mg/kg aqueous extract. In addition,Bombax costatumshowed antipyretic activity by reducing the body temperature. In the elevated plus maze test, the aqueous extract increased the number of entries into, percentage of entries into, and percentage of time in open arms. It also reduced the percentage of entries and time in closed arms. Conclusion:The obtained results suggested thatBombax costatumaqueous extracts possess anxiolytic-like and antipyretic activities in mice. This plant could be helpful in the treatment of anxiety and fever in traditional medicine in Cameroon.

Amphimas pterocarpoides is used traditionally for the treatment of oedema, infections, malaria and skin diseases. This study described pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters of the leaf and stem bark. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities respectively. The leaf of A. pterocarpoides is oddly pinnate compound, oblong in shape with acuminate apex and obtuse base. The stem bark is scaly and rugged and exudes a reddish resin when bruised. Leaf microscopy displayed wavy-walled epidermal cells, paracytic stomata, glandular and clothing trichomes, bean-shaped lignified vascular bundle, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. The leaf (APL) and stem bark (APSB) extracts (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited foot oedema in chicks with maximum percentage inhibition of 76.65 ± 6.27% and 77.04 ± 2.53% respectively [ED50 = 225.3± 31.52 mg/kg (APL) and 178.9 ± 29.57 mg/kg (APSB)]. APL, APSB and paracetamol also showed significant antipyretic activity [ED50 = 70.95 ± 9.24 mg/kg (APL), 27.02 ± 1.96 mg/kg (APSB), 32.47 ± 3.03 mg/kg (Paracetamol)]. Tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids and coumarins were identified in A. pterocarpoides. This study has provided essential diagnostic characteristics for the quality control of A. pterocarpoides and justified its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Key words: Pharmacognosy, carrageenan, Amphimas pterocarpoides, pyrexia, inflammation.

Aim: To evaluate the antipyretic activity of Nilavembu kudineer against yeast induced pyrexia in Albino rats. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Research lab, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur, India and KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia between March 2018 and July 2019. Methodology: The Nilavembu kudineer powder was extracted by using acetone, methanol and aqueous solvents. The acute toxicity study was carried on swiss albino mice using acetone, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Nilavembu kudineer. From this, the LD50 value was determined and 1/10th of the LD50 value was taken as ED50 value and selected for the antipyretic studies. The Pyrexia was induced by 20% suspension of Brewers’ yeast at a dose level of 20 mg/kg on Albino rats. The test extracts (200mg/kg), Standard Paracetamol (150 mg/kg) and control saline vehicle were administered orally. The phytochemical parameters such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipid, oil, amino acid, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, flavones, flavanones and alkaloids were tested using standard procedures. Statistical analysis, the values were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dennett’s test. Results: LD50 value of various extracts of Nilavembu kudineer was 2000 mg/kg and 1\10th of ED50 as 200 mg/kg was selected for screening of various pharmacological activities. The treatment with methanolic extract of Nilavembu kudineer at a dose of 200mg/kg significantly (p

Uapaca togoensis Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases including pain, inflammation and fever. This study investigated analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of the residual aqueous fraction of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies were conducted. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin-induced pain tests at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were investigated using carrageenaninduced paw edema and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia model respectively in rats. Oral median lethal dose of the fraction was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The fraction significantly (p

Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-2019 include pulmonary hyper-inflammation; managing local and systemic inflammatory responses may be key in treatment. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a mixture (Cov-Pla 2) containing five medicinal plants in laboratory animals. The antinociceptive activity of Cov-Pla 2 was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia test in rats and hot plate tests in mice. The egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema test was employed to evaluate the extract’s anti-inflammatory activity. The extract produced a dose-dependent (125-500 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid, compared to normal saline and increased reaction latency in the hot plate test. The antiinflammatory test showed a significant (P

Annotation. Polymorphism among biologically active substances is an extremely important factor that modifies the therapeutic properties of pharmaceutical substances and dosage forms, significantly affects the parameters of their biological activity and pharmacokinetics. Chemical synthesis among the derivatives of 4-R-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acids gave the leader compound N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, the crystalline polymorph of which in the form of plates has a pronounced analgesic activity. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of compound B by its effect on various components of the inflammatory reaction, as well as the antipyretic effect of this compound in rats. The anti-alterative activity was determined on the model of planar skin wounds, the antiproliferative effect - on the model of cotton granuloma, the anti-exudative effect - on the model of toxic pulmonary edema in rats. The antipyretic effect was studied in a model of milk fever in rats. The study was performed on 91 white male Wistar rats. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.1" by methods of variation statistics using parametric and nonparametric methods. The results showed that the polymorphic compound B has anti-inflammatory activity on all components of the inflammatory reaction - alteration, exudation and proliferation. In terms of efficacy in the model of experimental inflammation, this substance is superior to meloxicam, as its ED50 when administered orally is 5.2 mg/kg, while the reference drug - 9.1 mg/kg. Compound B exhibits a pronounced antipyretic effect in a rat fever model. Therefore, the polymorphic modification of the carboxamide derivative in the form of plates is promising for further research in order to create on its basis a drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.

Background. Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal toxicities and side effects from traditional plants is a growing concern to date. Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) is one of the most prominent traditional medicinal plants, which is frequently testified for its traditionally claimed uses of treating fever and different infectious and noninfectious disorders by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, this plant has not been scientifically assessed for its traditionally claimed uses. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 80% methanol root extract and the derived solvent fraction of Echinops kebericho M. in mouse models. Methods. Successive solvent maceration with increased polarity was used as the method of extractions, and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvents. After extraction, the crude extract and its derived solvent fractions were assessed for their antipyretic activities using yeast-induced pyrexia while, the antioxidant activities were measured in vitro using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. Both the extract and solvent fractions were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for its antipyretic activities, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated at the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard drug (ASA 100 mg/kg), while normal saline-receiving groups were assigned as negative control. Result. E. kebericho crude extract along with its derived solvent fractions showed statistically significant ( p < 0.05 , 0.01, and 0.001) temperature reduction activities. The maximum percentage of temperature reduction was observed by the highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract. The aqueous fraction also showed significantly ( p < 0.05 and 0.01) higher temperature reduction than those of ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The free radical scavenging activities of the crude extract were also significantly high at the maximum dose, and the aqueous fraction showed the significantly highest antioxidant activity. Conclusion. In general, the data obtained from the present study clarified that the extract possessed significant antipyretic and antioxidant activities, upholding the traditionally claimed use of the plant.

The Diclofenac Sodium is BCS class II drug which comes under the antipyretic class drug, and has a wide range of use. But due to its low solubility it has low dissolution rate and hence reduced bioavailability. There are several methods for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. Pastillation technique is widely employed in chemical industry for solidification and better handling. Pastilles are solidified discrete units, acquired directly from the melt mass. However, this method of pastillation has not been explored for the drug delivery system yet. Literature revels that it can be used as a novel, effective and easiest method for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. The selection of polymer was done by the solubility studies and Kolliphor HS 15 was used to make the pastilles of Diclofenac Sodium. Formation of pastilles were confirmed by FT-IR and further evaluated for % yield, drug contents, solubility study and dissolution test. From the results it was concluded that, solubility of Diclofenac Sodium was increased by pastillation method by 2-fold and dissolution rate was also enhanced by double than that of the drug. Thus, pastillation can be an effective and easiest method to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs having good permeability. Keywords: Diclofenac Sodium, Pastillation, Kolliphor HS 15, Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion.

Piper nigrum L. also called black pepper is popular for its numerous uses. The present research is designed to investigate the pharmacological potential of methanol extract of Piper nigrum (MEPN). The antidepressant investigation was performed by using both in vivo forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) methods while the anxiolytic research by hole-board test (HBT) method. Again, the antipyretic analysis was conducted through yeast-induced pyrexia method, whereas clot lysis activity was employed by the thrombolytic method. Furthermore, in silico studies followed by molecular docking analysis of several secondary metabolites, pass prediction, and ADME/T were evaluated with AutoDock Vina, Discovery Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera software PASS online, and ADME/T online tools. The plant extract demonstrated dose-dependent potentiality in antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities. Induction of MEPN produced a significant (p < .5, p < .001) increase of mobility in FST and TST, and increased the head dipping and decreased the latency of time (p < .01, p < .001) in HBT. MEPN 400 (mg/kg; b.w.; p.o.) lowered the rectal temperature of yeast-induced pyrexia substantially (p < .001). Besides, MEPN produced promising (p < .001) clot lysis activity. In the computational approach, among all the proteins, a docking score was found ranging from −1.0 to −7.90 kcal/mol. Besides, all the compounds were found safe in ADME/T study. The results of our scientific research validate the suitability of this plant as an alternative source of novel therapeutics.

Mangifera longipes and Quercus gomeziana both is an ethnomedicinally important Asian herb that has been known for numerous healing activity of tribal people. The present research aims to investigate the phytochemical analysis with in vitro, in vivo possibilities of the soluble ethanol extract of M. longipes root (EEMLR) and Q. gomeziana leaves (EEQGL) by an experimental approach. The plant extract of EEMLR and EEQGL was found secondary metabolites, notably steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, gums, and alkaloids. Additionally, the extract showed significant activity in antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, membrane stabilization, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and analgesic activities while no response in antibacterial activity. Our findings reveal that soluble ethanol extract of EEMLR and EEQGL is safe, which can be an effective source for exploring new medicinal products. This research's outcomes may provide potentials for mitigating pyrexia, inflammation, pain, cellular toxicity, and coagulation.

The widespread coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, attributed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, has resulted in global lockdowns and excess mortality. Remdesivir (RM) is the first and only antiviral drug that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved so far for COVID-19. The treatment protocol involves multidrug combinations, basically depending on RM, in addition to antimicrobials, antipyretics, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants. This study develops and validates sensitive and selective RM screening in spiked human plasma in the presence of commonly co-administered drugs. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, paracetamol, dexamethasone, and anticoagulants (rivaroxaban and edoxaban) have been detected simultaneously with RM in the same biological matrix. Separation has been efficiently achieved by simple reversed phase HPLC with dual detectors. Diode array detector and fluorimetric detection have been used to compare their sensitivity and selectivity. Both assays have been validated according to bioanalytical FDA validation parameters. Chromatographic separation and quantitation of RM along with concomitant drugs instantly bioscreen COVID-19 multiple therapy medication in 10 min run time. Furthermore, the proposed in vitro study takes the lead for prospective testing of possible drug–drug interactions that alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs.

Several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been developed for the treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microbes, but their applications are primarily limited to topical infections because in circulation they are bound and inhibited by serum proteins. Here we have found that some AMPs, such as TP4 from fish tilapia, and drugs, such as antipyretic ibuprofen, were bound by bovine serum albumin only in complex with α1-antitrypsin which is linked by disulfide bond. They existed in dimeric complex (2 albumin -2 α1-antitrypsin) in the bovine serum only at fetal stage, but not after birth. The hydrophobic residues of TP4 were responsible for its binding to the complex. Since bovine serum is a major supplement in most cell culture media, therefore the existence and depletion of active albumin/α1-antitrypsin complex are very important for the assay and production of biomolecules.

‘Jurubeba’ (Solanum paniculatum L.) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for liver problems, in addition to being used as a cholagogue, emmenagogue, healing agent, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, tonic, decongestant, diuretic and against inappetence. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, concentration of phenolic compounds and total alkaloids of aqueous extracts prepared from ‘Jurubeba’ leaves subjected to drying. ‘Jurubeba’ leaves were dried at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and velocities (0.4 and 0.8 m s-1) of the drying air. Aqueous extracts of the leaves, subjected to drying, were evaluated by absorbance reading in a spectrophotometer. Increase in drying air temperature reduced the contents of total phenolics and total alkaloids of the leaf aqueous extracts, whereas increment in air velocity increased the concentration of these substances. Antioxidant activity was not influenced by the increase in air temperature at air velocity of 0.4 m s-1, but under air velocity of 0.8 m s-1 there was reduction with increasing temperature. Drying of ‘Jurubeba’ leaves can be carried out with temperature of 40 or 50 °C and drying air velocity of 0.4 m s-1. RESUMO A jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) é uma planta usada na medicina tradicional, para problemas hepáticos, além de ser empregada como colagoga, emenagoga, cicatrizante, febrífuga, anti-inflamatória, antipirética, tônica, descongestionante, diurética e na inapetência. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a atividade antioxidante, os teores de compostos fenólicos e de alcaloides totais dos extratos aquosos preparados a partir de folhas de jurubeba submetidas à secagem. As folhas de jurubeba foram secas em diferentes temperaturas (40, 50, 60 e 70 °C) e velocidades (0,4 e 0,8 m s-1) do ar de secagem. Os extratos aquosos das folhas, submetidas a secagem, foram avaliados por meio de leitura de absorbância em espectrofotômetro. O aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem reduziu o teor de compostos fenólicos e alcaloides totais dos extratos aquosos das folhas, enquanto que o aumento da velocidade do ar aumentou o teor dessas substâncias, já a atividade antioxidante não foi influenciada pelo incremento da temperatura do ar na velocidade de 0,4 m s-1, mas sob a velocidade do ar de 0,8 m s-1 houve redução com o aumento da temperatura. A secagem das folhas de jurubeba pode ser realizada com temperatura de 40 ou 50 °C e velocidade do ar de secagem de 0,4 m s-1.

Background Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Caffeine is one of the most common adjuvant analgesic drugs which is combined with ibuprofen in commercially available formulations. Combining analgesics offers the possibility of increasing effectiveness without increasing dose and therefore risk. Prescribing ibuprofen and caffeine together is common in clinical practice. This is the first work reporting a new and validated gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and caffeine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation was performed on a TRB-17 column (30.00 m in length, 0.25-mm ID, and 0.25-μm df). Detection was carried out using a flame ionization detector (FID). Methyl paraben was used as an internal standard. The injection volume was 1 μL with 1:50 split ratio using nitrogen as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The oven temperature was programmed at 150 °C for 0.5 min, with a rise of 10 °C/min up to 250 °C. The injector temperature was 280 °C, and the detector temperature was 300 °C. The validation of the method including linearity, range, detection limit (DL), quantitation limit (QL), accuracy, precision, specificity, system suitability, and robustness was carried out utilizing International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results The retention times of methyl paraben, ibuprofen, and caffeine were 1.687, 2.594, and 4.031 min, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 1000–7000 μg/mL for ibuprofen and 162.5–1137.5 μg/mL for caffeine with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for both drugs. The DL was found to be 131.68 μg/mL and 15.74 μg/mL for ibuprofen and caffeine, respectively, whereas QL was found to be 399.02 μg/mL for ibuprofen and 47.68 μg/mL for caffeine. The accuracy of the method was validated by mean percentage recovery, which was found to be in the acceptable range. The precision study results of the new method were less than the maximum allowable limit percentage of relative standard deviation %RSD ≤ 2.0. The specificity was evaluated by the standard edition method, and the results of the recovery data showed that excipients do not affect the accuracy of the proposed method. The results of system suitability and robustness tests were also within the acceptable limits. Conclusion The first reported method for simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and caffeine by gas chromatography in bulk and combined dosage form was carried out in this work. The developed method gave a good separation of the drugs and internal standard. The analytical performance of the method was statistically validated as per ICH guidelines, and satisfactory results were obtained. The proposed method can be easily adopted for the routine analysis of ibuprofen and caffeine.

Fever is a condition where the body temperature rises above normal or more than 37 o C and also tend to be an initial clinical manifestation of the use of antipyretic drugs that cause toxicity such as on the liver due to prolonged usage . Particularly, the b angle ( Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) is one of the Zingiberaceae plants that contain essential oils used for the treatment of fever. Therefore, this research aimed to identify active compounds which have antipyretics potential with the in silico approach. The simulation of molecular docking showed 1,4-naphthalenedione-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy was able to attach to the binding site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interact with main residues that constituted the active cavity of COX-2. While the simulation of molecular dynamics suggested that the bound compound was stable at 4 ns, that is the time taken. The binding free energies expected by the MM-PBSA method indicated the 1,4-naphthalenedione-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy had a higher affinity than a native ligand (2-[(2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-amino] benzoic acid, JMS) and paracetamol. This suggested its capacity for advancing as a new COX-2 inhibitor.

The use of pharmaceutical drugs ends frequently in their inappropriate disposal and treatment at waste water treatment plants, which is the cause of their widespread presence in the environment. Yet, there is limited understanding or knowledge of their effects to non-target aquatic organisms. The drugs acetaminophen (analgesic and antipyretic) and propranolol (β-blocker) are widely found in the aquatic environment, where they can interact with non-target exposed organisms, causing adverse effects. Heat shock proteins (namely HSP70) are molecular chaperones which help to refold misfolded cellular proteins, and the increase in their in vivo levels indicates a change in the cell to counteract the proteotoxic effects of the triggered stress, namely which is consequent to exposure to toxicants. The objective of this study was to quantify the levels of liver HSP70 proteins in individuals of the neotropical fish species Phalloceros harpagos, acutely and chronically exposed to concentrations of acetaminophen and propranolol, in the range of those already determined to occur in the wild. Fish acutely exposed to acetaminophen (concentrations of 8, 80, 800, and 8000 μg L-1) and to propranolol (levels of 1, 10, and 1000 μg L-1) evidenced increased intensity of HSP70 immunolabeling in liver cells. Similarly, animals chronically exposed to propranolol, at concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μg L-1, showed a comparable trend. This finding suggests the triggering of a cytoprotective effect that was effective in preventing cell death in exposed groups in relation to the control group. In contrast, chronic exposure to acetaminophen caused a decrease in HSP70 labeling intensity in fish hepatocytes (animals exposed to 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg L-1), with no induction of DNA fragmentation in the nuclei of hepatocytes of these fish. Some of the hepatic HSP70 responses observed in this study were obtained at levels already reported to occur in the wild. Finally, this study showed how levels of acetaminophen at microliter concentration can exert side effects on non-target organisms after chronic exposure, suggesting that environmentally exposed organisms may be subjected to adverse conditions that modify the typical response pattern of HSP70 levels. published

Background Insecticides are widely used in agriculture to curb the loss caused by insects. These insecticides are incorporated into the food chain and accumulate in the human body, as well disturb the various metabolic pathways. Imidacloprid is an insect neurotoxin commonly used in agriculture to control the insect pests. P. niruri is a traditional medicinal shrub widely used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-lethality agent. Objective The present study is designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Phyllanthus niruri (Bhumi amla) on the deleterious Insecticide imidacloprid in the vital organs of Chicken embryos. Materials and methods The embryonated chicken eggs were divided into the four groups (one control and three treated groups); the chorioallantoic membranes of control received 200 μl phosphate buffer saline, whereas group I and group II received 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl aqueous extract of P. niruri (PNE) respectively. Group III received both 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl PNE. The serum was collected on the 18th day its development; which was subjected to the biochemical analysis based on colorimetric assay in semi-automated biochemical analyzer using commercial kits. Results We observed significant in ovo effects of imidacloprid on chicken embryos; the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were increased in imidacloprid treated group I; histopathology also revealed damage to the liver (necrotic areas and dilated blood sinusoids). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, cholesterol, triglycerides protein and albumin levels were also altered significantly (p Conclusion The serum biochemicals were returned back to the nearly normal levels. PNE has ameliorated and overcome the effects of imidacloprid reasonably with the subsequent treatment among group III. Hence, P. niruri may be used to minimize the effects of an accidental exposure of imidacloprid.

Plants of Delphinium are herbal medicine used in the Tibet region with whole grass as a drug, which have the effects of analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, and anticancer. The main bioactive compounds are alkaloids, flavonoids, and sterols. This review summarized the compounds and pharmacological effects of Delphinium and provides a reference for further research on Delphinium.

In late December 2019, the outbreak of respiratory illness emerged in Wuhan, China, and spreads worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) named this disease severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) caused by a new member of beta coronaviruses. Several medications are prescribed to patients, and some clinical trials are underway. Scientists are trying to find a specific drug against this virus. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis, clinical features, and current treatments of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Then, we describe the possible therapeutic effects of curcumin and its molecular mechanism against coronavirus‐19. Curcumin, as an active constituent of Curcuma longa (turmeric), has been studied in several experimental and clinical trial studies. Curcumin has some useful clinical effects such as antiviral, antinociceptive, anti‐inflammatory, antipyretic, and antifatigue effects that could be effective to manage the symptoms of the infected patient with COVID‐19. It has several molecular mechanisms including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic properties with inhibitory effects on Toll‐like receptors, NF‐κB, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and bradykinin. Scientific evidence suggests that curcumin could have a potential role to treat COVID‐19. Thus, the use of curcumin in the clinical trial, as a new treatment option, should be considered., Curcumin has antinociceptive, antipyretic, antifatigue, and antiemetic effects. Curcumin could alleviate symptoms of the infected patient with COVID‐19. Curcumin could reduce inflammatory cytokines via inhibiting TLR/MAPK/NF‐κB signaling. Curcumin might attenuate ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis due to anti‐inflammatory properties.

Despite the Cox inhibitory anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as Ibuprofen, their chronic use is associated with a plethora of patho-physiological insults. One such toxic effect on testicular tissues is not well studied and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. Thus, the current study is designed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of essential trace element selenium (Se) to ameliorative Ibuprofen associated testicular toxic effects. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups and fed on diets containing different concentrations of sodium selenite, viz. 0.01 mg/kg (Se- deficient), 0.2 mg/kg (Se-adequate), or 0.5 mg/kg (Se- supplemented) for 8 weeks. After diet feeding schedule, each group was divided into two subgroups i.e., with or without the treatment of Ibuprofen (120 mg/kg Bw). The protective effect of Se was evaluated by measuring testicular Se and selenoproteins status, spermatogenic markers, histopathology and testicular redox status. Ibuprofen diminished seminal volume, sperm count, sperm motility, which correlated well increased testicular reactive oxygen species. Se deficiency exacerbated these detrimental effects of ibuprofen by increasing oxidative stress. Alternatively, Se supplementation through antioxidant enzymes mediated protective effects. Se as essential antioxidant selenoproteins ameliorates Ibuprofen induced male reproductive toxicity.

Background Scorpion venom is a very complicated mixture of various peptides/proteins which could induce toxicological and pharmacological responses. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the possible pharmacological properties (analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory effects) of the Egyptian scorpion venom Androctonus amoreuxi in mice and rats injected intraperitoneally with 1/10 and 1/5 LD50 (0.11 and 0.22 mg/kg for mice; 0.385 and 0.77 mg/kg for rats, respectively). Results The peripheral and central analgesic effect of A. amoreuxi venom was determined using the tests of mice-abdominal writhing and tail immersion of rats, respectively. The antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities were examined using the pyrexia rats model induced by Brewer’s yeast and the paw mice edema induced by carrageenan, respectively. The venom of A. amoreuxi produced significant (p < 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity in both animal models. Also, treatment with the scorpion venom showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-independent reduction in pyrexia of rats. More importantly, the venom significantly inhibited mice paw edema induced by carrageenan. Conclusion Accordingly, the present results showed that the venom of this scorpion possesses remarkable pharmacological properties (analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory activities) on animal models, and might be contain certain peptides responsible for the reported activities.

Sida acuta burm.f belongs to Malvaceae, the mallow family and enjoys tropical and pantropical distribution. The plant is usually known as wireweed in the countryside, and it is highly medicinally valued traditionally and ethnobotanically promised. The species have literature reports on scientific attributes like abortifacient, anthelmintic, diuretic, anti-rheumatic, antipyretic and wound healing properties. The present study is concerned with acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta Burm.f leaves in Wistar albino rats. Acute toxicity evaluation was conducted for 14 days. Acute doses of 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg BW were administrated to test groups of animals under consideration on the first day of experimental evaluation with three animals in each of total six groups along with control. For the remaining 13 days, animals were observed for noted behavioural changes and body weight were recorded respectively for 7th and 14th day of experimental analysis. At the end of the trial period, all the animals were euthanised, and various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination were carried out to assess the toxicity of extract. The present study revealed that the ethanolic extract of Sida acuta Burm.f leaves is non-toxic up to 2000mg/kg body weight. Subchronic toxicity evaluation was conducted for 28 days with several doses 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500mg/kg BW. Control rats without any treatment were maintained during the entire period of experimental analysis. The results of subchronic toxicity parameters indicate no significant changes to the biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and Cholesterol) haematological and histopathological observation in comparison to the control groups. Based on subchronic toxicity parameters data, effective doses (200 and 400mg/kg BW) is determined for further cancer (colon) study in Wistar albino rats.

Acetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic agent, which causes liver and kidney damage when it is taken in high doses. It also has an adverse effect on reproductive system. Terminalia arjuna has a beneficial effect on hepato-protective properties. In this study, effect of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using Terminalia arjuna (AuNPs) has been evaluated for prevention of reproductive disorder in male Wistar rats. Then, experiment was conducted on 24 healthy male Wistar rats. Biochemical test such as sperm count, sperm viability, seminal fructose level, testicular cholesterol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and histopathological analysis revealed that co-administration of green synthesized AuNPs along with acetaminophen showed effective significant recovery in the reproductive disorder caused due to acetaminophen toxicity. Overall, the results emphasized the promising effect of green synthesized AuNPs against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats.

Piroxicam is an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) persisting antipyretic and analgesic effects and being usually implied in managing and treating osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, soft tissue disorders, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute gout and also in post-operative pain management. The present research was undertaken aiming to formulate Piroxicam encompassing floating oral in situ gels, in order to augment its anti-inflammatory activity and to alleviate its gastric ulceration potential. In the present work, a three-factor at two-level (23) factorial design was adopted to inspect the effects of three factors viz. sodium alginate [A], sodium bicarbonate [B], and sodium citrate [C] on the dependent variables like in vitro gelation, in vitro floating, percentage water uptake, and percentage drug release. All the formulations have exhibited pH ranging from 6.7 ± 0.25 to 7.4 ± 0.24. Percentage drug content was noted in the range of 96.3 ± 0.27 to 99.5 ± 0.28%. In vitro gelation was instantaneous post administration of the system, which remained intact for an extended time period. Percentage water uptake was in the range 9.01 ± 0.15 to 31.01 ± 0.25%; floating lag time was estimated around 7 ± 0.39 to 57 ± 0.36 s. Formulations F4 and F5 reflected floating even past 12 h. All the formulations have exhibited drug release of around 90% within 8 h. It was experiential that the chosen independent variables had significant effect on the dependent variables, justifying the robustness and aptness of design implied for optimization. The developed system may be a promising and alternative strategy to augment gastric retention of Piroxicam, thereby increasing its therapeutic efficacy. It even offers additional benefit of reducing the gastric irritation, tissue damage, and ulceration, by avoiding direct contact of drug with mucosa of stomach.

Pseudarthria viscida L. Wight & Arnott belongs to family Leguminosae commonly called as Salaparni is an essential component of potent Ayurvedic formulations. It has been screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic & anti-diarrhoeal activity. Currently, there is no enough scientific evidence or literary resources on the anti-inflammatory & antipyretic activity of this plant. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring P.viscida for its therapeutic potentials as anti-inflammatory & antipyretic agent. A research was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property ( inflammation-induced to rat paw oedema by carrageenan & cotton pellet granuloma) & antipyretic (Pyrexia induced by brewer’s yeast) activities of petroleum ether extract of Pseudarthria viscida (PEPV) stems & roots in albino rats. Pre-treatment of the animals with the plant extract (100 & 200 mg/kg, p.o.) has prevented the inflammation produced evident by the change in volume of paw oedema which is proportional to the dose. A maximum effect was seen at 200 mg/kg, which was competent to Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p). The antipyretic effect of PEPV (100 & 200 mg/kg, p.o.), measured as percentage lowering in body heat was compared with st&ard, Paracetamol (150 mg/kg, p.o.). The anti-inflammatory & antipyretic activities showed dose-related response at 100 mg/kg & 200 mg/kg, when compared to the st&ard. This current research investigated & advocates the anti pyretic property & anti-inflammatory potency of Pseudarthria viscida, and it supports the application of the plant in medicine as per ethnopharmacology.

Vernonia amygdalina has been widely utilized in Ghana and other West African states for numerous parasitic infections, diabetes and some inflammatory conditions. In this study we evaluated the antipyretic and antimalarial properties as well as in vitro antioxidant activities of an ethanolic stem bark extract of V. amygdalina (VAE). The antipyretic effect of VAE was assessed using Baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia and the antimalarial activities of plant extract against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice in the Peters 4-day suppressive test. The antioxidant activities of the stem bark extract were determined by DPPH radical scavenging and total phenol content assay. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. V. amygdalina (100-600 mg kg-1) dose related decreased the Baker’s yeast-induced fever in young rats. Also, it exhibited a significant (F (5, 24) = 91.35, P < 0.0001) anti-plasmodial activity in the mouse model. It caused a percentage suppression of 81.80 ± 3.76 at 600 mg kg-1and a relative antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay with an IC50 of 146.4 ± 2.31 µgml-1 and a total phenol content of 345.7 ± 4.56 mg g-1 of gallic acid equivalence. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extract contained tannins, reducing sugars, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. V. amygdalina hydroethanolic stem bark extract evoked promising antipyretic, anti-plasmodial and antioxidant effects. Key words: Vernonia amygdalina, pyrexia, malaria, antioxidants, Baker’s Yeast, Plasmodium berghei.