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1. Analysis of the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile of Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6'-E-p-coumaryl) glucopyranoside - Tiliroside: in silico, in vitro and ex vivo assay

Author

A. P. Sousa, D. A. Fernandes, M. D. L. Ferreira, L. V. Cordeiro, M. F. V. Souza, H. L. F. Pessoa, A. A. Oliveira Filho, and R. C. S. Sá

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, QH301-705.5, Science, Chemical structure, In silico, Flavonoid, 010607 zoology, toxicidade, hemolytic, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, hemolítico, Humans, Computer Simulation, Kaempferols, Biology (General), Flavonoids, chemistry.chemical_classification, Plant Extracts, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, genotoxicity, Botany, Helicteres velutina, toxicity, genotoxicidade, medicine.disease, Hemolysis, In vitro, QL1-991, chemistry, Biochemistry, QK1-989, Toxicity, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Kaempferol, Zoology, Brazil, Genotoxicity
Abstract

Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid present in many plants species including Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), commonly known in Brazil as “pitó”. This molecule has been shown to have many biological activities, however no study has been carried out to investigate the toxicity of this substance. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible cellular toxicity in silico, in vitro and ex-vivo of the kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6”-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), through chemical structure analysis, toxicity assessment and predictive bioactive properties, using human samples for in vitro and ex-vivo tests. The in silico analysis suggests that tiliroside exhibited great absorption index when penetrating biological membranes. In addition, it also displayed considerable potential for cellular protection against free radicals, and anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and antithrombotic activities. The assessment of the hemolytic and genotoxic effects of tiliroside showed low hemolysis rates in red blood cells and absence of cellular toxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The data obtained indicate that this molecule could be a promising therapeutic approach as a possible new drug with biotechnological potential. Resumo O tilirosídeo é um flavonóide glicosídico presente em muitas espécies de plantas, incluindo Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), conhecida no Brasil como “pitó”. Esta molécula mostrou ter muitas atividades biológicas, porém nenhum estudo foi realizado para investigar a toxicidade dessa substância. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível toxicidade celular in silico, in vitro e ex-vivo do kaempferol-3-O-β-D- (6 ”-Ep-coumaroil) glucopiranosídeo (tilirosídeo), por meio de análises de estrutura química, toxicidade avaliação e propriedades bioativas preditivas, utilizando amostras humanas para testes in vitro e ex-vivo. A análise in silico sugere que o tilirosídeo exibe bom índice de absorção para penetrar nas membranas biológicas. Além disso, apresentou considerável potencial de proteção celular contra os radicais livres e com atividades anticarcinogênica, antioxidante, antineoplásica, antiinflamatória, anti-hemorrágica e antitrombótica. A avaliação dos efeitos hemolíticos e genotóxicos do tilirosídeo mostrou baixas taxas de hemólise nas hemácias e ausência de toxicidade em células da mucosa oral. Os dados obtidos indicam que esta molécula pode possuir uma abordagem terapêutica promissora como uma possível nova droga com potencial biotecnológico.

Published
2023

2. IN SILICO STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROFILE OF β-CITRONELLOL: POTENTIAL AS AN ANTIFUNGAL

Author

H. D. Neto, A. A. O. Filho, M. D. L. Ferreira, E. O. Lima, and D. F. Silva

Subjects
Citronellol, Antifungal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Multidisciplinary, chemistry, medicine.drug_class, In silico, medicine, General Chemistry, Pharmacy, Antimicrobial, Education, Microbiology
Abstract

β-citronellol (3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol) has been exhibiting a number of pharmacological effects that creates interest about its antimicrobial potential, since several substances of the monoterpene class have already demonstrated to possess activity in this profile. In addition, the emergence of fungal species resistant to current pharmacotherapy poses a serious challenge to health systems, making it necessary to search for new effective therapeutic alternatives to deal with this problem. In this study, the antimicrobial profile of β-citronellol was analyzed. The Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) online software was used to study the antimicrobial activity of the β-citronellol molecule by the use of in silico analysis. In contrast, an in vitro antifungal study of this monoterpene was carried out. For this purpose, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution technique in 96-well plates in Saboraud Dextrose Broth/RPMI against sensitive strains of Candida albicans, and this assay was performed in duplicate. In the in silico analysis of the antimicrobial profile, it was revealed that the monoterpene β-citronellol had a diverse antimicrobial bioactivity profile. For the antifungal activity, it presented a percentage value with Pa: 58.4% (predominant) and its MIC of 128 μg/mL, which was equivalent for all strains tested. The in silico study of the β-citronellol molecule allowed us to consider that the monoterpenoid is very likely to be bioactive against agents that cause fungal infections.

Published
2019

3. Amino acid digestibility in six sources of meat and bone meal, blood meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Author

Hans-Henrik Stein, D. M. D. L. Navarro, J. K. Mathai, and N. W. Jaworski

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, chemistry.chemical_classification, Meal, Soybean meal, Lysine, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Blood meal, Body weight, 040201 dairy & animal science, Bone meal, Meat and bone meal, Amino acid, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Food Animals, chemistry, Animal Science and Zoology, Food science
Abstract

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) by growing pigs was determined in blood meal and six sources of meat and bone meal (MBM). Eighteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight: 69.3 ± 4.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 9 incomplete Latin square design with four periods and nine diets, giving eight replications per diet. One diet included 33% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole source of AA. Seven diets contained 9% blood meal or 9% of one of the six sources of MBM and 22% SBM as the only AA containing ingredients. The last diet was a nitrogen (N) free diet. Results indicated that the SID of all AAs were different (P

Published
2018

4. PSII-23 Addition of Hydrogen Chloride to Collection Bags or Containers Did Not Change Basal Endogenous Losses or Digestibility of Amino Acid in Corn, Soybean Meal, or Wheat Middlings Fed to Growing Pigs

Author

Hans H Stein, Laia Blavi, Su A Lee, and D. M. D. L. Navarro

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Soybean meal, Endogeny, General Medicine, Amino acid, Poster Presentations, chemistry.chemical_compound, Basal (phylogenetics), Animal science, Genetics, Animal Science and Zoology, Hydrogen chloride, Wheat middlings, Food Science
Abstract

The hypothesis that apparent ileal digestibility (AID), basal endogenous losses, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA are not affected by adding acid to collection containers or bags used to collect ileal digesta from pigs was tested. Twenty-four barrows (initial BW: 77.8 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were fed diets for three 7-d periods. Corn, soybean meal, and wheat middlings were the sole AA sources in each diet and an N-free diet was also used. Within each period, each of the 4 diets was fed to 6 pigs. Among the 6 pigs, digesta from 3 pigs were collected in bags containing no HCl, whereas 40 mL of 3N HCl was included in the bags used to collect digesta from the remaining 3 pigs. Every other bag collected from each pig was emptied into a container without adding HCl, whereas the remaining bags were added to a container along with 40 mL of 3N HCl for each bag. All digesta were stored at –20 °C immediately after collection. Data were first analyzed using a model that included feed ingredient, HCl in bags, HCl in containers, and all 2-way and 3-way interactions as fixed effects. No 3-way interactions were significant, and data were, therefore, analyzed independently for each diet as a 2 × 2 factorial. Results indicated that there were no interactions between adding HCl to collection bags and to containers, and no effects of adding HCl to collection bags or containers for AID, basal endogenous losses, or SID of most AA were observed (Table 1). In conclusion, if digesta are stored at –20 °C immediately after collection, it is not necessary to add acid to digesta collection bags or collection containers.

Published
2021

5. Addition of hydrochloric acid to collection bags or collection containers did not change basal endogenous losses or ileal digestibility of amino acid in corn, soybean meal, or wheat middlings fed to growing pigs

Author

Hans H Stein, Laia Blavi, Su A Lee, and D. M. D. L. Navarro

Subjects
hydrogen chloride, Physiology, Collection, Soybean meal, Endogeny, Hydrochloric acid, Body weight, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ingredient, Animal science, collection, ileal digesta, Genetics, Amino Acids, Wheat middlings, chemistry.chemical_classification, amino acids, Hydrogen Chloride, General Veterinary, pigs, Nonruminant Nutrition and Feed Processing, Ileal Digesta, Amino acid, chemistry, Basal (medicine), QL1-991, digestibility, Digestibility, Animal Science and Zoology, Pigs, Zoology, Food Science
Abstract

Objective: The hypothesis was that apparent ileal digestibility (AID), basal endogenous losses, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) are not affected by adding acid to collection containers or bags used to collect ileal digesta from pigs.Methods: Twenty-four growing barrows (initial body weight: 77.8±4.5 kg) that were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were fed diets for three 7-d periods. An N-free diet and 3 diets containing corn, soybean meal, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were used. Within each period, each of the 4 diets were fed to 6 pigs. Among the 6 pigs, digesta from 3 pigs were collected in bags containing no HCl, whereas 40 mL of 3 N HCl was included in the bags used to collect digesta from the remaining 3 pigs. Every other bag collected from each pig was emptied into a container without adding HCl, whereas the remaining bags were added to a container along with 40 mL of 3 N HCl for each bag. All digesta were stored at –20°C immediately after collection. Data were analyzed using a model that included feed ingredient, HCl in bags, HCl in containers, and all 2-way and 3-way interactions as fixed effects. No 3-way interactions were significant, and data were, therefore, reanalyzed independently for each diet as a 2×2 factorial.Results: There were no interactions between adding HCl to collection bags and to containers, and no effects of adding HCl to collection bags or containers for AID, basal endogenous losses, or SID of most AA were observed.Conclusion: It is not necessary to add acid to digesta collection bags or collection containers if ileal digesta are stored at –20°C immediately after collection.

Published
2021

6. Vitamin D supplementation in obese Sri Lankan children: a randomized controlled trial

Author

K. M. D. L. D. Kendaragama, S. G. S. Adikaram, Dulani Samaranayake, H. D. Jayasekera, J. T. N. Senevirathne, Vithanage Pujitha Wickramasinghe, and Navoda Atapattu

Subjects
Vitamin, Blood Glucose, medicine.medical_specialty, Parathyroid hormone, Aspartate transaminase, Gastroenterology, vitamin D deficiency, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Insulin resistance, Double-Blind Method, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Childhood obesity, Obesity, Vitamin D, Child, Sri Lanka, Vitamin D deficiency, biology, business.industry, lcsh:RJ1-570, lcsh:Pediatrics, Micronutrient, medicine.disease, Alanine transaminase, chemistry, Randomized controlled trial, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Dietary Supplements, biology.protein, business, Research Article
Abstract

Background Micronutrient deficiencies are identified among obese individuals. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent in obese children, and is hypothesized to cause insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. This study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obesity and related metabolic abnormalities among obese Sri Lankan children with VDD. Methods A triple-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted among vitamin D deficient (n = 96), randomly allocated to three intervention arms - treatment arm receiving weekly vitamin D2 50,000 IU; supplementation arm receiving 2500 IU weekly and control arm, receiving placebo. Anthropometry, percentage fat mass (%FM) and blood pressure were assessed and fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile, aspartate transaminase (ALT), alanine transaminase (AST), vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hs-CRP and OGTT with 2-h random blood glucose and insulin was performed at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Ethics Review Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo approved the protocol. Results Waist circumference Z-score, %FM and serum calcium significantly improved across all three arms, ALT significantly improved in treatment and supplementation arms while, BMI Z-score, PTH and vitamin D significantly improved in the treatment arm. Biceps (p = 0.035) and subscapular (0.048) skin fold thickness, vitamin D (p = 0.004) and ALT (p = 0.012) significantly improved in the treatment arm. Conclusions A strict dietary and physical activity regimen could improve some of the anthropometric, body composition and metabolic profiles, but high dose vitamin D, enhances those improvements. Therefore high dose vitamin D seems to potentiate management outcomes of obese children with vitamin D deficiency. Trial registration The study was registered at the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry (SLCTR/2015/017) on 12th September 2015 at https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-017.

Published
2020

7. Engineered Particle Synthesis by Dry Particle Microgranulation

Author

M. D. L. Garayt, Lituo Zheng, and Mark N. Obrovac

Subjects
Battery (electricity), Yield (engineering), Materials science, core-shell particles, particle engineering, 020209 energy, Oxide, General Physics and Astronomy, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Granulation, granulation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Graphite, microgranulation, General Engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, spheronization, lcsh:QC1-999, General Energy, chemistry, Particle, 0210 nano-technology, particle synthesis, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Summary Uniform ∼10-μm particles are important in several applications, including the metal oxide and graphite active materials in Li-ion batteries. Current production methods (e.g., co-precipitation and spheronization) can be wasteful and have limited composition scope. Here, we report dry particle microgranulation (DPMG) as a method for synthesizing highly engineered particles by consolidating fine, even submicron particles into particles that are tens of microns. DPMG enables the precise control of particle internal composition variation, shape, and morphology that is not possible by previous methods and at near 100% yields with no waste. Using this method, we show that Li-ion battery graphite and metal oxide particles, including those with designed internal composition variation, can be made at 100% yield with little waste. We believe that DPMG could be used in many fields to reduce the cost and environmental impact of particle synthesis and to enable the synthesis in bulk of new, highly engineered particles.

Published
2020

8. Effects of physicochemical characteristics of feed ingredients on the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, DM, and nutrients by growing pigs1

Author

D. M. D. L. Navarro, Hans-Henrik Stein, Erik Bruininx, and Lineke de Jong

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Meal, food.ingredient, Pectin, Chemistry, Animal feed, 0402 animal and dairy science, Randomized block design, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, 040201 dairy & animal science, Distillers grains, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Animal science, food, Genetics, Animal Science and Zoology, Composition (visual arts), Beet pulp, Canola, Food Science
Abstract

Effects of physicochemical characteristics of feed ingredients on DE and ME and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, DM, and nutrients were determined in growing pigs using ingredients with different ratios between insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF). Eighty growing barrows (BW: 48.41 ± 1.50 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 diets and eight replicate pigs per diet. Dietary treatments included a corn-based diet, a wheat-based diet, a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet, and seven diets based on a mixture of the corn-SBM diet and canola meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal (CGM), copra expellers, sugar beet pulp (SBP), synthetic cellulose, or pectin. Values for the ATTD of DM and nutrients were also compared with the in vitro digestibility of GE, DM, and nutrients. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat than in canola meal, DDGS, CGM, copra expellers, SBP, and synthetic cellulose, but not different from corn, SBM, or pectin. SBM had greater (P < 0.05) DE and ME (DM basis) compared with all other ingredients. The concentration of ME (DM basis) was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat than in canola meal, DDGS, CGM, copra expellers, SBP, synthetic cellulose, and pectin, but not different from corn. Stronger correlations between total dietary fiber (TDF) and DE and ME than between ADF or NDF and DE and ME were observed, indicating that TDF can be used to more accurately predict DE and ME than values for NDF or ADF. The DE, ME, and the ATTD of DM in ingredients were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with in vitro ATTD of DM, indicating that the in vitro procedure may be used to estimate DE and ME in feed ingredients. Swelling and water-binding capacity were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the ATTD of IDF, TDF, nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), and insoluble NSP, and viscosity was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the ATTD of NDF, IDF, and insoluble NSP, indicating that some physical characteristics may influence digestibility of fiber. However, physical characteristics of feed ingredients were not correlated with the concentration of DE and ME, which indicates that these parameters do not influence in vivo energy digestibility in feed ingredients. It is concluded that the DE and ME in feed ingredients may be predicted from some chemical constituents and from in vitro digestibility of DM, but not from physical characteristics.

Published
2018

9. Amino acid digestibility by weanling pigs of processed ingredients originating from soybeans, 00-rapeseeds, or a fermented mixture of plant ingredients1

Author

D. M. D. L. Navarro, Yanhong Liu, Hans H Stein, and T. S. Bruun

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Meal, Rapeseed, Soy molasses, Chemistry, Animal feed, Soybean meal, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, 040201 dairy & animal science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Genetics, Animal Science and Zoology, Food science, Soybean Proteins, Digestion, Soy protein, Food Science
Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 4 sources of processed soybean products, in conventional dehulled soybean meal (SBM-CV), in conventional 00-rapeseed expellers (RSE), and in a fermented coproduct mixture (FCM) that contained rapeseed meal, wheat, soy molasses, and potato peel fed to weanling pigs. The 4 processed soybean products included 2 sources of enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM-1 and ESBM-2), extruded soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Twenty-seven weanling barrows (9.29 ± 0.58 kg initial BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were randomly allotted to three 9 × 5 Youden squares with 9 pigs and five 7-d periods in each square. Seven cornstarch-based diets were prepared using each of the protein sources as the sole source of CP and AA. A N-free diet was prepared to calculate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, and this diet was fed to 2 groups of pigs, which resulted in a total of 9 dietary treatments. Results indicate that the SID of CP was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, RSE, or FCM. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe were greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, and the SID of Lys was greater ( < 0.05) in SBM-CV than in ESBM-2. The SID of Thr, Trp, Val, and total indispensable AA were not different among the soybean products, but the SID of total dispensable AA in ESBM-1 was greater ( < 0.05) than in SPC. Therefore, the SID of total AA was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, but no other differences were observed among soybean meal (SBM) products. The SID of most AA in RSE and the SID of all AA in FCM were less ( < 0.05) than in all the SBM products, but the SID of all AA in RSE were greater ( < 0.05) than in FCM. Results of this research indicate that although processing of SBM results in increased concentration of CP, processing may also reduce the digestibility of AA, which is likely due to heat damage during processing. There are, however, differences among processed soy products, with some products having greater SID of AA than others. Results also indicate that fermentation of a mixture of rapeseed meal, wheat, and relatively low quality coproducts does not result in SID values that are similar to those of unfermented 00-rapeseed expellers or soybean products.

Published
2017

10. Structures and characteristics of carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs: a review

Author

Jerubella J Abelilla, D. M. D. L. Navarro, and Hans H Stein

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, food.ingredient, Carbohydrate composition, Starch, Carbohydrates, Review, Polysaccharide, Biochemistry, Stachyose, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Chemical structure, Lignin, Monosaccharide, Fiber, Food science, Cellulose, Raffinose, Resistant starch, lcsh:SF1-1100, Feed ingredients, chemistry.chemical_classification, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, 0402 animal and dairy science, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, lcsh:SF600-1100, Pigs, Animal Science and Zoology, lcsh:Animal culture, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

The current paper reviews the content and variation of fiber fractions in feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets. Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy in diets fed to pigs. Carbohydrates may be classified according to their degree of polymerization: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Digestible carbohydrates include sugars, digestible starch, and glycogen that may be digested by enzymes secreted in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Non-digestible carbohydrates, also known as fiber, may be fermented by microbial populations along the gastrointestinal tract to synthesize short-chain fatty acids that may be absorbed and metabolized by the pig. These non-digestible carbohydrates include two disaccharides, oligosaccharides, resistant starch, and non-starch polysaccharides. The concentration and structure of non-digestible carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs depend on the type of feed ingredients that are included in the mixed diet. Cellulose, arabinoxylans, and mixed linked β-(1,3) (1,4)-d-glucans are the main cell wall polysaccharides in cereal grains, but vary in proportion and structure depending on the grain and tissue within the grain. Cell walls of oilseeds, oilseed meals, and pulse crops contain cellulose, pectic polysaccharides, lignin, and xyloglucans. Pulse crops and legumes also contain significant quantities of galacto-oligosaccharides including raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. Overall, understanding the structure, characteristics and measurable chemical properties of fiber in feed ingredients may result in more accurate diet formulations, resulting in an improvement in the utilization of energy from less expensive high-fiber ingredients and a reduction in reliance on energy from more costly cereal grains.

Published
2019

11. Effects of inclusion rate of high fiber dietary ingredients on apparent ileal, hindgut, and total tract digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in ingredients fed to growing pigs

Author

D. M. D. L. Navarro, L. de Jong, Hans H Stein, and Erik Bruininx

Subjects
food.ingredient, Animal Nutrition, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Soybean meal, Marketing & Communicatie, 03 medical and health sciences, Ingredient, Animal science, Nutrient, food, Latin square, Dry matter, Fiber, Canola, Wheat middlings, Human Nutrition & Health, 0303 health sciences, Meal, Chemistry, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Diervoeding, 040201 dairy & animal science, Digestibility, Animal Science and Zoology, Pigs
Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine if values for the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD), the coefficient of hindgut apparent disappearance (CHAD), and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in high-fiber ingredients measured at 150 g/kg inclusion are also accurate if measured at 300 g/kg inclusion in diets fed to pigs. The second objective was to confirm that most of the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) is not fermented by growing pigs. Twenty ileal-cannulated pigs (BW: 30.64 ± 2.09 kg) were allotted to a replicated 10 × 4 incomplete Latin Square design with 10 diets and four 26-d periods. There were 2 pigs per diet in each period for a total of 8 replications per diet. A corn and soybean meal (SBM) basal diet and a corn-SBM diet with 300 g/kg corn starch were formulated. Six diets were formulated by replacing 150 or 300 g/kg corn starch by 150 or 300 g/kg corn germ meal (CGM), sugar beet pulp (SBP), or wheat middlings (WM). Two additional diets were formulated by adding 150 or 300 g/kg canola meal (CM) to the diet containing corn, SBM, and 300 g/kg corn starch at the expense of corn and SBM. Effects of inclusion rate of each fiber source in the diet on CIAD, CHAD, and CTTAD of DM and nutrients were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. Independent t-tests were used to compare inclusion rates within each ingredient. Results indicated that CIAD and CHAD of CP, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and most fiber fractions in CM decreased (P

Published
2019

12. Analysis for low-molecular-weight carbohydrates is needed to account for all energy-contributing nutrients in some feed ingredients, but physical characteristics do not predict in vitro digestibility of dry matter

Author

Hans H Stein, Erik Bruininx, L. de Jong, and D. M. D. L. Navarro

Subjects
Dietary Fiber, 0301 basic medicine, food.ingredient, Animal Nutrition, Pectin, Swine, Animal feed, Soybean meal, Marketing & Communicatie, Zea mays, Physicochemical characteristics, 03 medical and health sciences, Ingredient, food, Total dietary fiber, Genetics, Animals, Dry matter, Food science, Fiber, In vitro digestibility, Triticum, Energy, Chemistry, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Animal Feed, Diervoeding, 040201 dairy & animal science, Bulk density, Diet, Gastrointestinal Tract, 030104 developmental biology, Metabolism and Metabolomics, Fermentation, Digestion, Animal Science and Zoology, Composition (visual arts), Soybeans, Energy Metabolism, Food Science
Abstract

An experiment was conducted to quantify nutrient and fiber fractions of feed ingredients and to determine in vitro apparent ileal digestibility (IVAID) and in vitro apparent total tract digestibility (IVATTD) of DM and OM in each ingredient. Ten ingredients that vary in fiber concentration and composition were used: corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal, copra expellers, sugar beet pulp (SBP), synthetic cellulose (SF), and pectin. Correlations between chemical and physical characteristics of ingredients and IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM were determined. The physical characteristics measured included bulk density, water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling, and viscosity. The analyzed GE was compared with values for GE calculated from all energy-contributing components. Results indicated that the analyzed chemical composition of most ingredients added to 100% or greater, except for DDGS, SBP, and SF, where nutrients added to only 94.29%, 88.90%, and 96.09%, respectively. The difference between the sum of the calculated GE of the analyzed components and the analyzed GE of the ingredients ranged from −2.25 MJ/kg in DDGS to 1.74 MJ/kg in pectin. No correlation was observed between swelling, WBC, or viscosity and IVAID or IVATTD of DM or OM. The concentration of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and total dietary fiber (TDF) was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM. There was a tendency for NDF (r = −0.60) and ADF (r = −0.61) to be negatively correlated (P < 0.10) with IVAID of DM. However, no correlation was observed between the concentration of CP, GE, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, lignin, or soluble dietary fiber and IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM. The stronger correlations between IDF, TDF, and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides and IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM than between ADF and NDF and IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM indicate that the concentration of TDF in feed ingredients is a better predictor of the digestibility of DM and OM than values for NDF and ADF. In conclusion, the calculated GE of some feed ingredients was in agreement with the analyzed GE, which gives confidence that energy-contributing components were accounted for, but for DDGS and SBP, it was not possible to account for all analyzed GE. Concentrations of IDF and TDF, but not the physical characteristics of feed ingredients, may be used to estimate IVAID and IVATTD of DM and OM in feed ingredients.

Published
2018

13. PBPK Model Describes the Effects of Comedication and Genetic Polymorphism on Systemic Exposure of Drugs That Undergo Multiple Clearance Pathways

Author

Vikram Sinha, M-J Kim, Huang Sm, Issam Zineh, M d L T Vieira, Apparaju S, and Ping Zhao

Subjects
Pharmacology, Drug, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, CYP2D6, Polymorphism, Genetic, Chemistry, Model prediction, media_common.quotation_subject, Computational biology, Models, Biological, Drug pharmacokinetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6, Pharmacokinetics, Drug development, Drug Design, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Humans, Drug Interactions, Pharmacology (medical), media_common
Abstract

An important goal in drug development is to understand the effects of intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors (IEFs) on drug pharmacokinetics. Although clinical studies investigating a given IEF can accomplish this goal, they may not be feasible for all IEFs or for situations when multiple IEFs exist concurrently. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may serve as a complementary tool for forecasting the effects of IEFs. We developed PBPK models for four drugs that are eliminated by both cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 and CYP2D6, and evaluated model prediction of the effects of comedications and/or genetic polymorphism on drug exposure. PBPK models predicted 100 and ≥70% of the observed results when the conventional "twofold rule" and the more conservative 25% deviation cut point were applied, respectively. These findings suggest that PBPK models can be used to infer effects of individual or combined IEFs and should be considered to optimize studies that evaluate these factors, specifically drug interactions and genetic polymorphism of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Published
2014

15. Hierarchical Urchin-like Spinel CuxCo3-xO4 Particles as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts in Alkaline Medium

Author

R A E Acedera and M D L Balela

Subjects
Tafel equation, Materials science, Inorganic chemistry, Spinel, Oxygen evolution, chemistry.chemical_element, Ionic bonding, Overpotential, engineering.material, Copper, Hydrothermal circulation, Catalysis, chemistry, engineering
Abstract

In this work, spinel CuxCo3-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50) was synthesized through a typical ethanol-assisted hydrothermal route. The effect of the incorporation of copper on the resulting morphology, structure, and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of the spinel Co oxides was investigated. In general, Cu-doped samples exhibited improved OER activity associated to the reduction of electrical resistivity of the spinel due to the presence of Cu2+ into the lattice. Further, the ionic bonding of OH− with Cu2+ is weaker relative to the Co3+ ions at the octahedral sites, which could have facilitated OER better. Among the Cu concentration experimented, Cu0.5Co2.5O4 exhibited the best OER catalytic with an onset overpotential and Tafel slope of about 271 mV and 100.4 mV·dec−1, respectively. This is attributed to its better conductivity due to the absence of a resistive secondary CuO phase.

Published
2019

16. Two-Step Formation of Zno Nanotubes by Wet Oxidation and Selective Etching

Author

M D L Balela and M J A Jose

Subjects
History, Materials science, Potassium, Two step, chemistry.chemical_element, Zinc, Computer Science Applications, Education, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Etching (microfabrication), Nanorod, Wet oxidation, Wurtzite crystal structure
Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) hierarchical structures composed of nanorods were grown by wet oxidation of etched zinc (Zn) foils in hot water at 90°C for 4 h. The ZnO nanorods having an average topmost diameter of 490 nm were then selectively etched in 0.5–4 M potassium chloride (KCl) solution at 80°C for 1–4 h to facilitate conversion to nanotubes. Well-formed ZnO nanotubes were obtained after immersion in 1 M KCl solution at 80°C for 3 h. However, increasing the etching time to 4 h resulted in the collapse of the structure. XRD analysis showed that the nanorods and nanotubes were highly crystalline with wurtzite structure.

Published
2019

17. pH-dependent synthesis of copper oxide phases by polyol method

Author

M S Dc Dela Vega, M D L Balela, and L A Dahonog

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, History, Copper oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials science, Polyol, chemistry, Ph dependent, Computer Science Applications, Education, Nuclear chemistry
Published
2019

18. Z-scan analysis: a new method to determine the oxidative state of low-density lipoprotein and its association with multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers

Author

Maria Camila Pruper de Freitas, M. D. L. Barbosa, Elisete da Conceicao Quintaneiro Aubin, Viviane Giampaoli, Nágila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno, and Antônio Martins Figueiredo Neto

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Apolipoprotein B, biology, Cardiovascular risk factors, General Physics and Astronomy, Mean age, Oxidative phosphorylation, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Positive correlation, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, DOENÇAS CARDIOVASCULARES, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, chemistry, Low-density lipoprotein, Internal medicine, biology.protein, medicine, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Lipoprotein, Lipoprotein cholesterol
Abstract

The great atherogenic potential of oxidized low- density lipoprotein has been widely described in the literature. The objective ofthisstudy was to investigate whether the state of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in human plasma mea- sured by the Z-scan technique has an association with differ- ent cardiometabolic biomarkers. Total cholesterol, high- density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipopro- tein A-I and apolipoprotein B, paraoxonase-1, and glucose were analyzed using standard commercial kits, and low- density lipoprotein cholesterol was estimated using the Friedewald equation. A sandwichenzyme-linked immunosor- bent assay was used to detect electronegative low-density li- poprotein. Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipopro- tein sizes were determined by Lipoprint ® system. The Z-scan technique was usedto measure the non-linear optical response oflow-densitylipoproteinsolution.Principalcomponentanal- ysis and correlations were used respectively to resize the data from the sample and test association between the θ parameter, measured with the Z-scan technique, and the principal com- ponent. A total of 63 individuals, from both sexes, with mean age 52 years (±11), being overweight and having high levels of total cholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were enrolled in this study. A positive correlation betweenthe θparameter and moreanti-atherogenicpattern for cardiometabolic biomarkers together with a negative correla- tion for an atherogenic pattern was found. Regarding the pa- rameters related with an atherogenic low-density lipoprotein profile, the θ parameter was negatively correlated with a more atherogenic pattern. By using Z-scan measurements, we were able to find an association between oxidized low-density lipo- protein state and multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers in sam- ples from individuals with different cardiovascular risk factors.

Published
2016

21. Nanostructured europium oxide thin films deposited by pulsed laser ablation of a metallic target in a He buffer atmosphere

Author

D. F. Franceschini, C. M. Sanchez, R.M.O. Galvão, H. Luna, R. Prioli, G. P. Canal, M. D. L. Barbosa, and R. B. Guimaraes

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Laser ablation, Materials science, Analytical chemistry, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, Condensed Matter Physics, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Pulsed laser deposition, Amorphous solid, Surface coating, chemistry, Thin film, Europium, Helium
Abstract

Nanostrucured Europium oxide and hydroxide films were obtained by pulsed Nd:Yag (532 nm) laser ablation of an Europium metallic target, in the presence of a 1 mbar Helium buffer atmosphere. Both the produced film and the ambient plasma were characterized. The plasma was monitored by an electrostatic probe, for plume expansion in vacuum or in the presence of the buffer atmosphere. The time evolution of the ion saturation current was obtained for several probe to substrate distances. The results show the splitting of the plume into two velocity groups, being the lower velocity profile associated with metal cluster formation within the plume. The films were obtained in the presence of helium atmosphere, for several target to substrate distances. They were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy, for samples as-deposited and treated at 600 degrees C in air. The results show that the as-deposited samples are amorphous and have chemical composition compatible with Europium hydroxide. The thermally treated samples show X-Ray diffraction peaks of Eu_2O_3, with chemical composition showing excess oxygen. Film nanostructuring was shown to be strongly correlated to cluster formation, as shown by velocity splitting in probe current versus time plots., 7 pages, 11 figures, 31 references

Published
2010

22. 297 Effects of Inclusion Rate of High Fiber Dietary Ingredients on Apparent Ileal, Hindgut, and Total Tract Digestibility of Dry Matter and Nutrients in Mixed Diets Fed to Growing Pigs

Author

D. M. D. L. Navarro, Hans H Stein, L. de Jong, and Erik Bruininx

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Chemistry, Hindgut, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Animal science, Nutrient, Genetics, Animal Science and Zoology, Dry matter, Fiber, Inclusion (mineral), 0210 nano-technology, Food Science
Published
2018

23. Scopoletin – an anti-hyperglycemic Coumarin from the fruit of Averrhoa carambola L. (Star fruit)

Author

Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary, M.D.J. Wijayabandara, M. D. L. O. Wijayabandara, and A. Adhikari

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, Column chromatography, biology, chemistry, Traditional medicine, Scopoletin, Ethyl acetate, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, DEPT, biology.organism_classification, Coumarin, Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Averrhoa carambola
Abstract

Purpose: Averrhoa carambola L. has a long history of its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, intermittent fevers, intestinal worms, scabies and inflammatory conditions. The fresh fruit of A. carambola is very popular in Sri Lanka for its glucose-lowering effect and is taken as good remedy for diabetes. The present study was carried out to isolate and characterize anti-hyperglycemic principles of the fruit of A. carambola to obtain additional scientific evidence for its usage in traditional medicine in the management of diabetes. Methods: The dried and powdered fruits of A. carambola were successively extracted with n-hexane and CH2Cl2 using soxhlet apparatus. The CH2Cl2 extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography, eluting in a stepwise gradient with hexane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) mixtures. The fraction eluted with hexane:EtOAc (60:40) yielded a mixture which with preparative thin-layer chromatography afforded a pure compound designated as JW-AC-3. The structure of JW-AC-3 was elucidated on the basis of its Ultra- violet spectroscopy (UV), Infra-Red spectroscopy (IR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) including Distortionless Enhancement Polarization Transfer (DEPT), Homonuclear Shift-Corrilation Spectroscopy (COSY), Nuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy (NOESY), Hetero Multiple Bond Connectivities (HMBC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Quantum Coherence (HMQC) experiments and direct comparison with reported data. Results: JW-AC-3 was identified as scopoletin by direct comparison of its spectral data with reported data of scopoletin. To our knowledge, scopoletin has not been reported from A. carambola. Scopoletin has been shown to possess significant anti-hyperglycemic activity by previous workers. The results of this study clearly indicate that the majority of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fruits of A. carambola could be attributed to scopoletin. The results also provide for the use of scopoletin as a bio-marker in the standardization and quality control of products derived from the fruits of A. carambola . Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate potential use of scopoletin in the development of drugs of natural origin in the treatment of diabetes. The results could also be used in the rationalization of ethnomedical use of the fruits of A. carambola .

Published
2017

24. Facile synthesis of cupric hydroxide and cupric oxide on copper foil for potential electrochemical applications

Author

E M A Espejo and M D L Balela

Subjects
Materials science, Inorganic chemistry, Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Copper, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Pseudocapacitor, 0210 nano-technology, FOIL method
Abstract

This paper presents the synthesis of cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and cupric oxide (CuO) via a simple in situ oxidation of copper (Cu) foil in alkaline solution for electrode materials in pseudocapacitors. Cu(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2/CuO film grown on Cu substrate offer binderless and additive-free active materials directly in contact with the current collector. This approach allows more efficient interaction of electrolyte and the active material in terms of charge and mass exchange for higher capacitance. The Cu-based nanomaterials have uniform morphology, and are needle-like and flower-like in structure for Cu(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2/CuO, respectively. The fabricated nanostructures exhibit a specific capacitance in the range of 400–2000 F/g.

Published
2017

26. Abundance and isotopic composition of gases in the martian atmosphere from the Curiosity rover

Author

Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Atreya, S. K., Franz, H., Wong, M., Conrad, P. G., Harpold, D., Jones, J. J., Leshin, L. A., Manning, H., Owen, T., Pepin, R. O., Squyres, S., Trainer, M., Kemppinen, O., Bridges, N., Johnson, J. R., Minitti, M., Cremers, D., Bell, J. F., Edgar, L., Farmer, J., Godber, A., Wadhwa, M., Wellington, D., McEwan, I., Newman, C., Richardson, M., Charpentier, A., Peret, L., King, P., Blank, J., Weigle, G., Schmidt, M., Li, S., Milliken, R., Robertson, K., Sun, V., Baker, M., Edwards, C., Ehlmann, B., Farley, K., Griffes, J., Grotzinger, J., Miller, H., Newcombe, M., Pilorget, C., Rice, M., Siebach, K., Stack, K., Stolper, E., Brunet, C., Hipkin, V., Leveille, R., Marchand, G., Sanchez, P. S., Favot, L., Cody, G., Steele, A., Fluckiger, L., Lees, D., Nefian, A., Martin, M., Gailhanou, M., Westall, F., Israel, G., Agard, C., Baroukh, J., Donny, C., Gaboriaud, A., Guillemot, P., Lafaille, V., Lorigny, E., Paillet, A., Perez, R., Saccoccio, M., Yana, C., Armiens-Aparicio, C., Rodriguez, J. C., Blazquez, I. C., Gomez, F. G., Gomez-Elvira, J., Hettrich, S., Malvitte, A. L., Jimenez, M. M., Martinez-Frias, J., Martin-Soler, J., Martin-Torres, F. J., Jurado, A. M., Mora-Sotomayor, L., Caro, G. M., Lopez, S. N., Peinado-Gonzalez, V., Pla-Garcia, J., Manfredi, J. A. R., Romeral-Planello, J. J., Fuentes, S. A. S., Martinez, E. S., Redondo, J. T., Urqui-O'Callaghan, R., Mier, M.-P. Z., Chipera, S., Lacour, J.-L., Mauchien, P., Sirven, J.-B., Fairen, A., Hayes, A., Joseph, J., Sullivan, R., Thomas, P., Dupont, A., Lundberg, A., Melikechi, N., Mezzacappa, A., DeMarines, J., Grinspoon, D., Reitz, G., Prats, B., Atlaskin, E., Genzer, M., Harri, A.-M., Haukka, H., Kahanpaa, H., Kauhanen, J., Paton, M., Polkko, J., Schmidt, W., Siili, T., Fabre, C., Wray, J., Wilhelm, M. B., Poitrasson, F., Patel, K., Gorevan, S., Indyk, S., Paulsen, G., Gupta, S., Bish, D., Schieber, J., Gondet, B., Langevin, Y., Geffroy, C., Baratoux, D., Berger, G., Cros, A., d'Uston, C., Forni, O., Gasnault, O., Lasue, J., Lee, Q.-M., Maurice, S., Meslin, P.-Y., Pallier, E., Parot, Y., Pinet, P., Schroder, S., Toplis, M., Lewin, E., Brunner, W., Heydari, E., Achilles, C., Oehler, D., Sutter, B., Cabane, M., Coscia, D., Szopa, C., Dromart, G., Robert, F., Sautter, V., Le Mouelic, S., Mangold, N., Nachon, M., Buch, A., Stalport, F., Coll, P., Francois, P., Raulin, F., Teinturier, S., Cameron, J., Clegg, S., Cousin, A., DeLapp, D., Dingler, R., Jackson, R. S., Johnstone, S., Lanza, N., Little, C., Nelson, T., Wiens, R. C., Williams, R. B., Jones, A., Kirkland, L., Treiman, A., Baker, B., Cantor, B., Caplinger, M., Davis, S., Duston, B., Edgett, K., Fay, D., Hardgrove, C., Harker, D., Herrera, P., Jensen, E., Kennedy, M. R., Krezoski, G., Krysak, D., Lipkaman, L., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McNair, S., Nixon, B., Posiolova, L., Ravine, M., Salamon, A., Saper, L., Stoiber, K., Supulver, K., Van Beek, J., Van Beek, T., Zimdar, R., French, K. L., Iagnemma, K., Miller, K., Summons, R., Goesmann, F., Goetz, W., Hviid, S., Johnson, M., Lefavor, M., Lyness, E., Breves, E., Dyar, M. D., Fassett, C., Blake, D. F., Bristow, T., DesMarais, D., Edwards, L., Haberle, R., Hoehler, T., Hollingsworth, J., Kahre, M., Keely, L., McKay, C., Bleacher, L., Brinckerhoff, W., Choi, D., Dworkin, J. P., Eigenbrode, J., Floyd, M., Freissinet, C., Garvin, J., Glavin, D., Martin, D. K., McAdam, A., Pavlov, A., Raaen, E., Smith, M. D., Stern, J., Tan, F., Meyer, M., Posner, A., Voytek, M., Anderson, R. C., Aubrey, A., Beegle, L. W., Behar, A., Blaney, D., Brinza, D., Calef, F., Christensen, L., Crisp, J. A., DeFlores, L., Feldman, J., Feldman, S., Flesch, G., Hurowitz, J., Jun, I., Keymeulen, D., Maki, J., Mischna, M., Morookian, J. M., Parker, T., Pavri, B., Schoppers, M., Sengstacken, A., Simmonds, J. J., Spanovich, N., Juarez, M. d. l. T., Vasavada, A. R., Yen, A., Archer, P. D., Cucinotta, F., Ming, D., Morris, R. V., Niles, P., Rampe, E., Nolan, T., Fisk, M., Radziemski, L., Barraclough, B., Bender, S., Berman, D., Dobrea, E. N., Tokar, R., Vaniman, D., Williams, R. M. E., Yingst, A., Lewis, K., Cleghorn, T., Huntress, W., Manhes, G., Hudgins, J., Olson, T., Stewart, N., Sarrazin, P., Grant, J., Vicenzi, E., Wilson, S. A., Bullock, M., Ehresmann, B., Hamilton, V., Hassler, D., Peterson, J., Rafkin, S., Zeitlin, C., Fedosov, F., Golovin, D., Karpushkina, N., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Malakhov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Mokrousov, M., Nikiforov, S., Prokhorov, V., Sanin, A., Tretyakov, V., Varenikov, A., Vostrukhin, A., Kuzmin, R., Clark, B., Wolff, M., McLennan, S., Botta, O., Drake, D., Bean, K., Lemmon, M., Schwenzer, S. P., Anderson, R. B., Herkenhoff, K., Lee, E. M., Sucharski, R., Hernandez, M. A. d. P., Avalos, J. J. B., Ramos, M., Kim, M.-H., Malespin, C., Plante, I., Muller, J.-P., Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Ewing, R., Boynton, W., Downs, R., Fitzgibbon, M., Harshman, K., Morrison, S., Dietrich, W., Kortmann, O., Palucis, M., Sumner, D. Y., Williams, A., Lugmair, G., Wilson, M. A., Rubin, D., Jakosky, B., Balic-Zunic, T., Frydenvang, J., Jensen, J. K., Kinch, K., Koefoed, A., Madsen, M. B., Stipp, S. L. S., Boyd, N., Campbell, J. L., Gellert, R., Perrett, G., Pradler, I., VanBommel, S., Jacob, S., Rowland, S., Savijarvi, H., Boehm, E., Bottcher, S., Burmeister, S., Guo, J., Kohler, J., Garcia, C. M., Mueller-Mellin, R., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., Bridges, J. C., McConnochie, T., Benna, M., Bower, H., Brunner, A., Blau, H., Boucher, T., Carmosino, M., Elliott, H., Halleaux, D., Renno, N., Elliott, B., Spray, J., Thompson, L., Gordon, S., Newsom, H., Ollila, A., Williams, J., Vasconcelos, P., Bentz, J., Nealson, K., Popa, R., Kah, L. C., Moersch, J., Tate, C., Day, M., Kocurek, G., Hallet, B., Sletten, R., Francis, R., McCullough, E., Cloutis, E., ten Kate, I. L., Arvidson, R., Fraeman, A., Scholes, D., Slavney, S., Stein, T., Ward, J., Berger, J., Moores, J. E., GeoRessources, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MSL Science Team, NWO-NSO: The role of perchlorates in the preservation of organic compounds on Mars, and Petrology

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Curiosity rover, chemistry.chemical_element, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mars, MSL Mars Atmosphere Isotopis Composition, martian atmosphere, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Isotopic signature, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, MSL, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Multidisciplinary, δ13C, Atmosphere of Mars, Nitrogen, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Sample Analysis at Mars, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, Carbon monoxide
Abstract

Mars' Atmosphere from Curiosity The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover that landed on Mars in August last year is designed to study the chemical and isotopic composition of the martian atmosphere. Mahaffy et al. (p. 263 ) present volume-mixing ratios of Mars' five major atmospheric constituents (CO 2 , Ar, N 2 , O 2 , and CO) and isotope measurements of 40 Ar/ 36 Ar and C and O in CO 2 , based on data from one of SAM's instruments, obtained between 31 August and 21 November 2012. Webster et al. (p. 260 ) used data from another of SAM's instruments obtained around the same period to determine isotope ratios of H, C, and O in atmospheric CO 2 and H 2 O. Agreement between the isotopic ratios measured by SAM with those of martian meteorites, measured in laboratories on Earth, confirms the origin of these meteorites and implies that the current atmospheric reservoirs of CO 2 and H 2 O were largely established after the period of early atmospheric loss some 4 billion years ago.

Published
2013

27. The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite

Author

Stolper, E. M., Baker, M. B., Newcombe, M. E., Schmidt, M. E., Treiman, A. H., Cousin, A., Dyar, M. D., Fisk, M. R., Gellert, R., King, P. L., Leshin, L., Maurice, S., McLennan, S. M., Minitti, M. E., Perrett, G., Rowland, S., Sautter, V., Wiens, R. C., Kemppinen, O., Bridges, N., Johnson, J. R., Cremers, D., Bell, J. F., Edgar, L., Farmer, J., Godber, A., Wadhwa, M., Wellington, D., McEwan, I., Newman, C., Richardson, M., Charpentier, A., Peret, L., Blank, J., Weigle, G., Li, S., Milliken, R., Robertson, K., Sun, V., Edwards, C., Ehlmann, B., Farley, K., Griffes, J., Grotzinger, J., Miller, H., Pilorget, C., Rice, M., Siebach, K., Stack, K., Brunet, C., Hipkin, V., Leveille, R., Marchand, G., Sanchez, P. S., Favot, L., Cody, G., Steele, A., Fluckiger, L., Lees, D., Nefian, A., Martin, M., Gailhanou, M., Westall, F., Israel, G., Agard, C., Baroukh, J., Donny, C., Gaboriaud, A., Guillemot, P., Lafaille, V., Lorigny, E., Paillet, A., Perez, R., Saccoccio, M., Yana, C., Armiens-Aparicio, C., Rodriguez, J. C., Blazquez, I. C., Gomez, F. G., Gomez-Elvira, J., Hettrich, S., Malvitte, A. L., Jimenez, M. M., Martinez-Frias, J., Martin-Soler, J., Martin-Torres, F. J., Jurado, A. M., Mora-Sotomayor, L., Caro, G. M., Lopez, S. N., Peinado-Gonzalez, V., Pla-Garcia, J., Manfredi, J. A. R., Romeral-Planello, J. J., Fuentes, S. A. S., Martinez, E. S., Redondo, J. T., Urqui-O'Callaghan, R., Mier, M.-P. Z., Chipera, S., Lacour, J.-L., Mauchien, P., Sirven, J.-B., Manning, H., Fairen, A., Hayes, A., Joseph, J., Squyres, S., Sullivan, R., Thomas, P., Dupont, A., Lundberg, A., Melikechi, N., Mezzacappa, A., DeMarines, J., Grinspoon, D., Reitz, G., Prats, B., Atlaskin, E., Genzer, M., Harri, A.-M., Haukka, H., Kahanpaa, H., Kauhanen, J., Paton, M., Polkko, J., Schmidt, W., Siili, T., Fabre, C., Wray, J., Wilhelm, M. B., Poitrasson, F., Patel, K., Gorevan, S., Indyk, S., Paulsen, G., Gupta, S., Bish, D., Schieber, J., Gondet, B., Langevin, Y., Geffroy, C., Baratoux, D., Berger, G., Cros, A., d'Uston, C., Forni, O., Gasnault, O., Lasue, J., Lee, Q.-M., Meslin, P.-Y., Pallier, E., Parot, Y., Pinet, P., Schroder, S., Toplis, M., Lewin, E., Brunner, W., Heydari, E., Achilles, C., Oehler, D., Sutter, B., Cabane, M., Coscia, D., Szopa, C., Teinturier, S., Dromart, G., Robert, F., Le Mouelic, S., Mangold, N., Nachon, M., Buch, A., Stalport, F., Coll, P., Francois, P., Raulin, F., Cameron, J., Clegg, S., DeLapp, D., Dingler, R., Jackson, R. S., Johnstone, S., Lanza, N., Little, C., Nelson, T., Williams, R. B., Kirkland, L., Baker, B., Cantor, B., Caplinger, M., Davis, S., Duston, B., Edgett, K., Fay, D., Hardgrove, C., Harker, D., Herrera, P., Jensen, E., Kennedy, M. R., Krezoski, G., Krysak, D., Lipkaman, L., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McNair, S., Nixon, B., Posiolova, L., Ravine, M., Salamon, A., Saper, L., Stoiber, K., Supulver, K., Van Beek, J., Van Beek, T., Zimdar, R., French, K. L., Iagnemma, K., Miller, K., Summons, R., Goesmann, F., Goetz, W., Hviid, S., Johnson, M., Lefavor, M., Lyness, E., Breves, E., Fassett, C., Blake, D. F., Bristow, T., DesMarais, D., Edwards, L., Haberle, R., Hoehler, T., Hollingsworth, J., Kahre, M., Keely, L., McKay, C., Bleacher, L., Brinckerhoff, W., Choi, D., Conrad, P., Dworkin, J. P., Eigenbrode, J., Floyd, M., Freissinet, C., Garvin, J., Glavin, D., Harpold, D., Mahaffy, P., Martin, D. K., McAdam, A., Pavlov, A., Raaen, E., Smith, M. D., Stern, J., Tan, F., Trainer, M., Meyer, M., Posner, A., Voytek, M., Anderson, R. C., Aubrey, A., Beegle, L. W., Behar, A., Blaney, D., Brinza, D., Calef, F., Christensen, L., Crisp, J., DeFlores, L., Feldman, J., Feldman, S., Flesch, G., Hurowitz, J., Jun, I., Keymeulen, D., Maki, J., Mischna, M., Morookian, J. M., Parker, T., Pavri, B., Schoppers, M., Sengstacken, A., Simmonds, J. J., Spanovich, N., Juarez, M. d. l. T., Vasavada, A., Webster, C. R., Yen, A., Archer, P. D., Cucinotta, F., Jones, J. H., Ming, D., Morris, R. V., Niles, P., Rampe, E., Nolan, T., Radziemski, L., Barraclough, B., Bender, S., Berman, D., Dobrea, E. N., Tokar, R., Vaniman, D., Williams, R. M. E., Yingst, A., Lewis, K., Cleghorn, T., Huntress, W., Manhes, G., Hudgins, J., Olson, T., Stewart, N., Sarrazin, P., Grant, J., Vicenzi, E., Wilson, S. A., Bullock, M., Ehresmann, B., Hamilton, V., Hassler, D., Peterson, J., Rafkin, S., Zeitlin, C., Fedosov, F., Golovin, D., Karpushkina, N., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Malakhov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Mokrousov, M., Nikiforov, S., Prokhorov, V., Sanin, A., Tretyakov, V., Varenikov, A., Vostrukhin, A., Kuzmin, R., Clark, B., Wolff, M., Botta, O., Drake, D., Bean, K., Lemmon, M., Schwenzer, S. P., Anderson, R. B., Herkenhoff, K., Lee, E. M., Sucharski, R., Hernandez, M. A. d. P., Avalos, J. J. B., Ramos, M., Jones, A., Kim, M.-H., Malespin, C., Plante, I., Muller, J.-P., Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Ewing, R., Boynton, W., Downs, R., Fitzgibbon, M., Harshman, K., Morrison, S., Dietrich, W., Kortmann, O., Palucis, M., Sumner, D. Y., Williams, A., Lugmair, G., Wilson, M. A., Rubin, D., Jakosky, B., Balic-Zunic, T., Frydenvang, J., Jensen, J. K., Kinch, K., Koefoed, A., Madsen, M. B., Stipp, S. L. S., Boyd, N., Campbell, J. L., Pradler, I., VanBommel, S., Jacob, S., Owen, T., Savijarvi, H., Boehm, E., Bottcher, S., Burmeister, S., Guo, J., Kohler, J., Garcia, C. M., Mueller-Mellin, R., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., Bridges, J. C., McConnochie, T., Benna, M., Franz, H., Bower, H., Brunner, A., Blau, H., Boucher, T., Carmosino, M., Atreya, S., Elliott, H., Halleaux, D., Renno, N., Wong, M., Pepin, R., Elliott, B., Spray, J., Thompson, L., Gordon, S., Newsom, H., Ollila, A., Williams, J., Vasconcelos, P., Bentz, J., Nealson, K., Popa, R., Kah, L. C., Moersch, J., Tate, C., Day, M., Kocurek, G., Hallet, B., Sletten, R., Francis, R., McCullough, E., Cloutis, E., ten Kate, I. L., Arvidson, R., Fraeman, A., Scholes, D., Slavney, S., Stein, T., Ward, J., Berger, J., Moores, J. E., GeoRessources, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth Sciences [St. Catharines], Brock University [Canada], Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mount Holyoke College, Oregon State University (OSU), University of Guelph, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), State University of New York (SUNY), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), University of Hawaii, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MSL Science Team, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Curiosity rover, Geochemistry, Mars, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Jake_M: a martian mugearite, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nepheline, MSL, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Phonolite, Multidisciplinary, Fractional crystallization (geology), petrochemistry, Igneous rock, Planetary science, MSL Mars Petrochemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Petrochemistry, Geology, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract

International audience; "Jake_M," the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, differs substantially in chemical composition from other known martian igneous rocks: It is alkaline (>15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. Jake_M is compositionally similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. By analogy with these comparable terrestrial rocks, Jake_M could have been produced by extensive fractional crystallization of a primary alkaline or transitional magma at elevated pressure, with or without elevated water contents. The discovery of Jake_M suggests that alkaline magmas may be more abundant on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and trachytes).

Published
2013

28. Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover

Author

Leshin, L. A., Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Cabane, M., Coll, P., Conrad, P. G., Archer, P. D., Atreya, S. K., Brunner, A. E., Buch, A., Eigenbrode, J. L., Flesch, G. J., Franz, H. B., Freissinet, C., Glavin, D. P., McAdam, A. C., Miller, K. E., Ming, D. W., Morris, R. V., Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Niles, P. B., Owen, T., Pepin, R. O., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stern, J. C., Summons, R. E., Sumner, D. Y., Sutter, B., Szopa, C., Teinturier, S., Trainer, M. G., Wray, J. J., Grotzinger, J. P., Kemppinen, O., Bridges, N., Johnson, J. R., Minitti, M., Cremers, D., Bell, J. F., Edgar, L., Farmer, J., Godber, A., Wadhwa, M., Wellington, D., McEwan, I., Newman, C., Richardson, M., Charpentier, A., Peret, L., King, P., Blank, J., Weigle, G., Schmidt, M., Li, S., Milliken, R., Robertson, K., Sun, V., Baker, M., Edwards, C., Ehlmann, B., Farley, K., Griffes, J., Miller, H., Newcombe, M., Pilorget, C., Rice, M., Siebach, K., Stack, K., Stolper, E., Brunet, C., Hipkin, V., Leveille, R., Marchand, G., Sanchez, P. S., Favot, L., Cody, G., Fluckiger, L., Lees, D., Nefian, A., Martin, M., Gailhanou, M., Westall, F., Israel, G., Agard, C., Baroukh, J., Donny, C., Gaboriaud, A., Guillemot, P., Lafaille, V., Lorigny, E., Paillet, A., Perez, R., Saccoccio, M., Yana, C., Armiens-Aparicio, C., Rodriguez, J. C., Blazquez, I. C., Gomez, F. G., Gomez-Elvira, J., Hettrich, S., Malvitte, A. L., Jimenez, M. M., Martinez-Frias, J., Martin-Soler, J., Martin-Torres, F. J., Jurado, A. M., Mora-Sotomayor, L., Caro, G. M., Lopez, S. N., Peinado-Gonzalez, V., Pla-Garcia, J., Manfredi, J. A. R., Romeral-Planello, J. J., Fuentes, S. A. S., Martinez, E. S., Redondo, J. T., Urqui-O'Callaghan, R., Mier, M.-P. Z., Chipera, S., Lacour, J.-L., Mauchien, P., Sirven, J.-B., Manning, H., Fairen, A., Hayes, A., Joseph, J., Sullivan, R., Thomas, P., Dupont, A., Lundberg, A., Melikechi, N., Mezzacappa, A., DeMarines, J., Grinspoon, D., Reitz, G., Prats, B., Atlaskin, E., Genzer, M., Harri, A.-M., Haukka, H., Kahanpaa, H., Kauhanen, J., Paton, M., Polkko, J., Schmidt, W., Siili, T., Fabre, C., Wilhelm, M. B., Poitrasson, F., Patel, K., Gorevan, S., Indyk, S., Paulsen, G., Gupta, S., Bish, D., Schieber, J., Gondet, B., Langevin, Y., Geffroy, C., Baratoux, D., Berger, G., Cros, A., d'Uston, C., Forni, O., Gasnault, O., Lasue, J., Lee, Q.-M., Maurice, S., Meslin, P.-Y., Pallier, E., Parot, Y., Pinet, P., Schroder, S., Toplis, M., Lewin, E., Brunner, W., Heydari, E., Achilles, C., Oehler, D., Coscia, D., Dromart, G., Robert, F., Sautter, V., Le Mouelic, S., Mangold, N., Nachon, M., Stalport, F., Francois, P., Raulin, F., Cameron, J., Clegg, S., Cousin, A., DeLapp, D., Dingler, R., Jackson, R. S., Johnstone, S., Lanza, N., Little, C., Nelson, T., Wiens, R. C., Williams, R. B., Jones, A., Kirkland, L., Treiman, A., Baker, B., Cantor, B., Caplinger, M., Davis, S., Duston, B., Edgett, K., Fay, D., Hardgrove, C., Harker, D., Herrera, P., Jensen, E., Kennedy, M. R., Krezoski, G., Krysak, D., Lipkaman, L., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McNair, S., Nixon, B., Posiolova, L., Ravine, M., Salamon, A., Saper, L., Stoiber, K., Supulver, K., Van Beek, J., Van Beek, T., Zimdar, R., French, K. L., Iagnemma, K., Goesmann, F., Goetz, W., Hviid, S., Johnson, M., Lefavor, M., Lyness, E., Breves, E., Dyar, M. D., Fassett, C., Blake, D. F., Bristow, T., DesMarais, D., Edwards, L., Haberle, R., Hoehler, T., Hollingsworth, J., Kahre, M., Keely, L., McKay, C., Bleacher, L., Brinckerhoff, W., Choi, D., Dworkin, J. P., Floyd, M., Garvin, J., Harpold, D., Martin, D. K., Pavlov, A., Raaen, E., Smith, M. D., Tan, F., Meyer, M., Posner, A., Voytek, M., Anderson, R. C., Aubrey, A., Beegle, L. W., Behar, A., Blaney, D., Brinza, D., Calef, F., Christensen, L., Crisp, J. A., DeFlores, L., Feldman, J., Feldman, S., Hurowitz, J., Jun, I., Keymeulen, D., Maki, J., Mischna, M., Morookian, J. M., Parker, T., Pavri, B., Schoppers, M., Sengstacken, A., Simmonds, J. J., Spanovich, N., Juarez, M. d. l. T., Vasavada, A. R., Yen, A., Cucinotta, F., Jones, J. H., Rampe, E., Nolan, T., Fisk, M., Radziemski, L., Barraclough, B., Bender, S., Berman, D., Dobrea, E. N., Tokar, R., Vaniman, D., Williams, R. M. E., Yingst, A., Lewis, K., Cleghorn, T., Huntress, W., Manhes, G., Hudgins, J., Olson, T., Stewart, N., Sarrazin, P., Grant, J., Vicenzi, E., Wilson, S. A., Bullock, M., Ehresmann, B., Hamilton, V., Hassler, D., Peterson, J., Rafkin, S., Zeitlin, C., Fedosov, F., Golovin, D., Karpushkina, N., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Malakhov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Mokrousov, M., Nikiforov, S., Prokhorov, V., Sanin, A., Tretyakov, V., Varenikov, A., Vostrukhin, A., Kuzmin, R., Clark, B., Wolff, M., McLennan, S., Botta, O., Drake, D., Bean, K., Lemmon, M., Schwenzer, S. P., Anderson, R. B., Herkenhoff, K., Lee, E. M., Sucharski, R., Hernandez, M. A. d. P., Avalos, J. J. B., Ramos, M., Kim, M.-H., Malespin, C., Plante, I., Muller, J.-P., Ewing, R., Boynton, W., Downs, R., Fitzgibbon, M., Harshman, K., Morrison, S., Dietrich, W., Kortmann, O., Palucis, M., Williams, A., Lugmair, G., Wilson, M. A., Rubin, D., Jakosky, B., Balic-Zunic, T., Frydenvang, J., Jensen, J. K., Kinch, K., Koefoed, A., Madsen, M. B., Stipp, S. L. S., Boyd, N., Campbell, J. L., Gellert, R., Perrett, G., Pradler, I., VanBommel, S., Jacob, S., Rowland, S., Savijarvi, H., Boehm, E., Bottcher, S., Burmeister, S., Guo, J., Kohler, J., Garcia, C. M., Mueller-Mellin, R., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., Bridges, J. C., McConnochie, T., Benna, M., Bower, H., Blau, H., Boucher, T., Carmosino, M., Elliott, H., Halleaux, D., Renno, N., Wong, M., Elliott, B., Spray, J., Thompson, L., Gordon, S., Newsom, H., Ollila, A., Williams, J., Vasconcelos, P., Bentz, J., Nealson, K., Popa, R., Kah, L. C., Moersch, J., Tate, C., Day, M., Kocurek, G., Hallet, B., Sletten, R., Francis, R., McCullough, E., Cloutis, E., ten Kate, I. L., Arvidson, R., Fraeman, A., Scholes, D., Slavney, S., Stein, T., Ward, J., Berger, J., Moores, J. E., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Troy, NY], Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA-NASA, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [GSFC] (CRESST), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios [Mexico], Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), School of Physics and Astronomy [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Cornell University [New York], Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Jacobs Technology ESCG, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NWO-NSO: The role of perchlorates in the preservation of organic compounds on Mars, Petrology, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], University of California, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Cornell University, and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)

Subjects
Martian, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Thermal decomposition, Curiosity rover, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, Mars, organic analysis, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Isotopes of carbon, Rocknest, 0103 physical sciences, Sample Analysis at Mars, Carbonate, MSL Mars Volatiles Isotopes Organics Soil Gale Crater, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Samples from the Rocknest aeolian deposit were heated to ~835°C under helium flow and evolved gases analyzed by Curiosity’s Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite. H 2 O, SO 2 , CO 2 , and O 2 were the major gases released. Water abundance (1.5 to 3 weight percent) and release temperature suggest that H 2 O is bound within an amorphous component of the sample. Decomposition of fine-grained Fe or Mg carbonate is the likely source of much of the evolved CO 2 . Evolved O 2 is coincident with the release of Cl, suggesting that oxygen is produced from thermal decomposition of an oxychloride compound. Elevated δD values are consistent with recent atmospheric exchange. Carbon isotopes indicate multiple carbon sources in the fines. Several simple organic compounds were detected, but they are not definitively martian in origin.

Published
2013

29. MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES | Pervaporation

Author

M. D. L. De Castro and A. Jurado-López

Subjects
Analyte, Membrane, Chemistry, Phase (matter), Evaporation, Analytical chemistry, Gaseous diffusion, Semipermeable membrane, Pervaporation, Permeation
Abstract

Analytical pervaporation combines the continuous evaporation and gas diffusion of analytes through a gas permeable membrane. The separation is based on the relative rates of permeation through the membrane. The volatile analyte (or its volatile reaction product) present in a heated donor phase evaporates through a porous membrane and it is collected by an acceptor stream and, finally, detected. The process can be performed in a continuous way if the sample reaches the pervaporator by means of a continuous manifold, or in a discrete mode if the sample is injected. This chapter presents the features and fields of application of analytical pervaporation.

Published
2013

31. Protective Agent-Free Synthesis of Colloidal Cobalt Nanoparticles

Author

M. D. L. Balela, Z. Lockman, A. Azizan, E. Matsubara, A. V. Amorsolo, Mohamad Rusop, Rihanum Yahaya Subban, Norlida Kamarulzaman, and Wong Tin Wui

Subjects
Materials science, Hydrazine, Inorganic chemistry, Halide, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanoparticle, Chloride, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid, chemistry, medicine, Particle size, Cobalt, Ethylene glycol, medicine.drug
Abstract

Spherical colloidal cobalt (Co) nanoparticles of about 2–7 nm were synthesized by hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol at 80° C. The mean diameter of the Co nanoparticles was varied to some extent by changing the pH, temperature, Co(II) chloride hexahydrate concentration, and amount of hydrazine. The Co particle size was reduced by decreasing Co(II) chloride concentration and increasing amount of hydrazine.

Published
2010

32. Flow injection determination of oxalate in urine based on an inhibitory effect

Author

M. D. L. De Castro, Miguel Valcárcel, and J. A. Infantes

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Chromatography, Chemistry, Urine, Biochemistry, Oxalate, Biological fluid, Analytical Chemistry, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Investigation methods, Dicarboxylic acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Inhibitory effect
Abstract

Two methods based on the use of the normal and stopped-flow injection modes were developed for the determination of oxalate based on its inhibitory effect on the catalytic action of Fe(III) on the 2,4-diaminophenol/hydrogen peroxide system. The linear determination ranges achieved were between 0.2 and 12.0 μg ml−1 and between 0.2 and 40.0 μg ml−1, the precision was ±5.4%, and ±3.5%, and the sampling rate was 30 and 20 samples h−1 for the normal and stopped-flow method, respectively. Both methods have been applied to the determination of oxalate in urine with excellent results.

Published
1991

33. Trace elements in blood serum of São Paulo youths measured by pixe

Author

M. Martinez, S. Bernardes, Manfredo Harri Tabacniks, M. D. L. Barbosa, Marcia de Almeida Rizzutto, Nemitala Added, and J. Machado

Subjects
Blood serum, chemistry, Trace Amounts, Blood plasma, Analytical chemistry, Trace element, LÍQUIDOS CORPORAIS, chemistry.chemical_element, Sample preparation, Yttrium, Mass spectrometry, Copper
Abstract

The level and change in concentration of trace elements in the fluids of a body may be the result and an evidence of alterations in life functions. In the search for trace element alterations in the human body it is necessary to know referenced values for as many elements as possible. In this work, Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to study elemental concentrations in human blood serum of 30 healthy donors. The serum samples were obtained by centrifugation and were micro-pipetted on 10µm thick Nuclepore film for PIXE analysis. The elemental concentrations were calculated relative to an internal yttrium standard added during sample preparation. A total of 9 elements were measured (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Br) in good agreement with literature data. The accuracy of the method was verified analysing reference serum samples from the NIPH-Québec (ICP04S-06 and ICP02S-05). A preliminary statistical analysis indicated a log-normal distribution only for Fe and Cu, while concentration data for the other elements followed the normal distributions. This result indicates the need for stronger statistical data set since the distribution of the elemental concentrations may be a criterion to access their role in biological functions.

Published
2008

34. Rice grain cooling using intermittent adsorption and desorption of water vapour: development of a mathematical model

Author

D. D. K. Galahitiyawa, L. B. M. D. L. Priyadarshana, H. K. P. P. Kariyawasam, B.F.A. Basnayake, K. G. W. U. Karunasinghe, and K. S. P. Amaratunga

Subjects
lcsh:Agriculture, Adsorption, Chemistry, Mass transfer, Desorption, Heat transfer, heat and mass transfer, numerical solutions, paddy, grain temperature, mathematical model, lcsh:S, Thermodynamics, Relative humidity, Forced-air, Bin, Water vapor
Abstract

A one-dimensional heat and mass transfer model was developed for predicting grain temperature in a deep bed of paddy exposed to intermittent adsorption and desorption cycles and the numerical solutions of the model were approached by finite difference method. The inlet temperature and relative humidity of air were used as the model inputs. The model was validated using a laboratory scale experimental setup. The data were collected by forced air ventilation with moist air following intermittent adsorption and desorption cycles of 5 and 10 min in a 0.15 m bed of paddy in a 0.11 m diameter circular bin. The measured and predicted grain temperatures at different layers were in close agreement over the test period with an accuracy of ± 0.5 °C. Thus, the mathematical model developed can be used in predicting the rice grain temperature with similar applications. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 25 (4): 487-501 (2014)

Published
2015

35. Isolation of bergenin from the leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus willd (katupila) – a novel method of obtaining bergenin

Author

M.D.J. Wijayabandara, M. D. L. O. Wijayabandara, and Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Traditional medicine, Flueggea leucopyrus, Botany, Bergenin, Biology, Isolation (microbiology)
Abstract

Bergenin was isolated as the major active constituent from the leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. The result of this study also provides for the use of F.leucopyrus as a novel source for the commercial supply of bergenin to the global market as bergenin is a medicinal agent required for the production of various pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of a variety of disorders.

Published
2015

36. Ultrastructural study of the distribution of calcium in the pineal gland of the rat subjected to manipulation of the photoperiod

Author

A. López Gil, L. Muñoz Barragan, M. D. L. Pizarro, and F. E. Pastor

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Histology, Light, Enucleation, chemistry.chemical_element, Biology, Calcium, Pineal Gland, Pinealocyte, law.invention, Norepinephrine, Pineal gland, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Biogenic Monoamines, Molecular Biology, photoperiodism, Rats, Inbred Strains, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Darkness, Rats, Microscopy, Electron, Medical Laboratory Technology, Cytosol, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Ultrastructure, Anatomy, Electron microscope, Adrenergic Fibers, Extracellular Space, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Subcellular Fractions
Abstract

Using the pyroantimoniate technique, a study was conducted at electron microscope level on the distribution of the calcium ion in the pineal glands of normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats with initial weights of 150-200 g subjected to a 12:12 light dark cycle and others under the same conditions were subjected to modifications in the noradrenergic signal, such as continuous illumination over 7 days, blinding by bilateral enucleation (7 or 90 days) before sacrifice and bilateral superior cervical gangliectomy at 21 days before sacrifice. All the animals were sacrificed by decapitation, half of them at midday and the other half at midnight. Abundant fine precipitations of calcium were found in the intercellular spaces of the pineal glands of the normal rats. By contrast, in the gangliectomized animals subjected to constant illumination and chronic binding these precipitations were few in number. Additionally, two types of pinealocytes were observed regarding the distribution and concentration of intracytoplasmic calcium in both the normal and experimentally manipulated animals. Type I correspond to the classic light pinealocytes, with an absence of intracytoplasmic precipitations, although in the normal and gangliectomized animals sacrificed at midnight it was possible to observe fine deposits inside the mitochondrial matrix. Type II correspond to the classic dark pinealocytes, with a dense cytoplasmic matrix and numerous deposits of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear calcium; these were never seen in the type I pinealocytes.

Published
1989

37. Dynamic Oscillations in the Membrane Potential of Pancreatic Islet Cells

Author

E. K. Matthews and M. D. L. O'connor

Subjects
Periodicity, Physiology, Aquatic Science, Permeability, Membrane Potentials, Divalent, Islets of Langerhans, Mice, Goldman equation, Animals, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Membrane potential, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemistry, Sodium, Depolarization, Islet, Electrophysiology, Glucose, Membrane, Order (biology), Biochemistry, Insect Science, Potassium, Biophysics, Calcium, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract

Glucose and other metabolizable sugars which elicit insulin release from the β-cell of the pancreatic islet induce repetitive oscillations in the β-cell transmembrane potential. Upon each phasic depolarization are superimposed rapid fluctuations in potential, i.e. ‘action potentials’ or ‘spikes’ which occur as bursts of electrical activity; the duration and frequency of each burst is a function of glucose concentration. These established electrophysiological features of glucose-islet cell interaction are described in detail together with a consideration of their possible molecular and ionic basis. Based on these observations, a dynamic mathematical computer model of the β-cell membrane electrical behaviour is presented which utilizes the Goldman equation extended to include divalent ions. The model illustrates how the ionic mechanisms deduced from experimental observations can account for the electrical patterns produced by the β-cells in the presence of D-glucose; it also allows systematic changes to be made in a number of state variables in order to assess their relative importance and possible contribution to the integrated processes actually observed. Finally, distinction is made between aspects of the model which are well supported by experimental results and those areas which require further analysis.

Published
1979

39. Cytoplasmic organelles in the male germ-cells of Vaginula maculata (Pulmonata, Mollusca)

Author

M. D. L. Srivastava

Subjects
Male, Organelles, Neutral red, Histology, Janus Green B, Cell Biology, Golgi apparatus, Biology, Nile blue, Spermatozoa, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Cell biology, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, Germ Cells, chemistry, Cytoplasm, Mollusca, Botany, Organelle, symbols, Animals, Nebenkern, Acrosome
Abstract

1. The spermatocytes and early spermatids of Vaginula possess a single Golgi element, consisting of an osmiophil externum and an osmiophobe internum. It is somewhat spherical, and is clearly observable in untreated living cells. In late spermatids the Golgi bodies break up into granules indistinguishable from mitochondria. 2. The acrosome is a small structure and arises without the intervention of the Golgi bodies. 3. The mitochondria are small osmiophil granules and rodlets. They remain scattered haphazard and do not give rise to Nebenkern or mitochondrial sheath of the middle piece. 4. The Golgi body does not consist of vacuome and ‘chondriome actif’. It stains neither with janus green B, nor with neutral red, but stains deeply with nile blue sulphate and methylene blue. 5. The mitochondria stain with janus green B, but not with nile blue sulphate. 6. Neutral-red bodies appear in the ground cytoplasm of the spermatocytes and spermatids. These are probably segregation droplets.

Published
1954

40. Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

Author

D. M. D. L. Navarro, Hans H Stein, F. N. Almeida, J. A. S. Almeida, and Shelby Curry

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Fat content, Chemistry, Research, Amino acid digestibility, Body weight, Biochemistry, Amino acid, Reduced fat, Animal Science and Zoology, Pigs, Food science, Distillers dried grains with solubles, Corn oil, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different concentrations of fat. Twelve growing barrows (initial body weight: 76.1 [Formula: see text] 6.2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods. The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5, 7.5, and 6.9% respectively. Diets contained 60% DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5, 5.2, and 5.2%, respectively. Two additional diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with 7.5 and 6.9% fat were also formulated, and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5% fat. A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA from the pigs. Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods. The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The apparent ileal digestibililty (AID) and SID of CP and all indispensable AA, except AID Pro and SID of Trp, were greater (P0.01) in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat. Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA. In conclusion, conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA. The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

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41. Quality of Vitamin K Antagonist Control and 1-Year Outcomes in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Perspective from the GARFIELD-AF Registry

Author

Faria Neto, J., Steffens, A., Yim, K. H., Yoo, K. M., Yoon, E. J., Yun, S. Y., Angchaisuksiri, P., Chawanadelert, S., Mongkolwongroj, P., Kanokphatcharakun, K., Cheewatanakornkul, S., Laksomya, T., Pattanaprichakul, S., Chantrarat, T., Rungaramsin, S., Silaruks, S., Wongcharoen, W., Siriwattana, K., Likittanasombat, K., Katekangplu, P., Boonyapisit, W., Cholsaringkarl, D., Chatlaong, B., Chattranukulchai, P., Santanakorn, Y., Hutayanon, P., Khunrong, P., Bunyapipat, T., Jai-Aue, S., Kaewsuwanna, P., Bamungpong, P., Gunaparn, S., Hongsuppinyo, S., Inphontan, R., Khattaroek, R., Khunkong, K., Kitmapawanont, U., Kongsin, C., Naratreekoon, B., Ninwaranon, S., Phangyota, J., Phrommintikul, A., Phunpinyosak, P., Pongmorakot, K., Poomiphol, S., Pornnimitthum, N., Pumprueg, S., Ratchasikaew, S., Sanit, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Silaruks, B., Sirichai, R., Sriwichian, A., Suebjaksing, W., Sukklad, P., Suttana, T., Vensentini, N., Ingaramo, A. C., Sambadaro, G. A., Fernandez Caputi, V, Berman, S. G., Dragotto, P., Kleiban, A. J., Centurion, N., Giacomi, G., Ahuad Guerrero, R. A., Conde, D., Zapata, G., Di Paola, L. A., Ramos, J. L., Dran, R. D., Egido, J., Fernandez, A. A., Fosco, M. J., Sassone, S., Sinisi, V. A., Cartasegna, L. R., Berli, M. A., Gomez Vilamajo, O. A., Ferroni, F., Alaguibe, E. D., Alvarez D'Amelio, A., Arabetti, C., Arias, L., Belardi, J. A., Bergesio, L., Berli, F., Berli, M., Borchowiec, S., Buzzetti, C., Cabrini, R., Campisi, V, Cappi, A. L., Carrizo, R., Colombo Berra, F., Costabel, J. P., Costamagna, O. J. A., Damonte, A. A., De Urquiza, I. N., Diez, F., Eden, M. F., Fanuele, M., Fernandez Voena, F., Foa Torres, M., Funosas, C., Giacomi, M. P., Gimenez, C. H., Gurfinkel, E. P., Had, M. de L. M., Hansen, V, Hrabar, A. D., Ingratta, M., Lopez, A., Maehara, G., Maffei, L., Martinelli, A., Martinelli, C., Matkovich, J., Mautner, B., Meirino, A., Munguia, R., Navarro, A., Novas, V, Perez Prados, G., Pontoriero, J., Potito, R. N., Ricotti, C., Rodriguez, M. A., Mairesse, G., Boussy, T., Godart, P., De Wolf, A., Voet, J., Heyse, A., Hollanders, G., Ann, W., Vercammen, J., Purnode, P., Blankoff, I, Faes, D., Balthazar, Y., Beutels, M., Marechal, P., Verstraete, S., Xhaet, O., Striekwold, H., Thoeng, J., Hermans, K., Alzand, B., Ascoop, A-K, Banaeian, F., Barbuto, A-M, Billiaux, A. C., Blockmans, M., Bouvy, C., Brike, C., Capiau, H., Casier, T., Conde Y Bolado, A., De Cleen, D., De Coninck, M., de Vos, M., de Weerdt, N., Delforge, M., Delvigne, M., Denie, D., Derycker, K., Deweerd, E., Dormal, F., Drieghe, S., Everaert, M., Eykerman, T., Feys, E., Ghekiere, M., Gits, F., Hellemans, S., Helvasto, L., Jacobs, C., Lips, S., Mestdagh, I, Nimmegeers, J., Piamonte, V, Pollet, P., Postolache, A., Raepers, M., Raymenants, E., Richa, J., Rombouts, H., Salembier, J., Scheurwegs, C., Semeraro, O., Simons, N., Smessaert, C., Smolders, W., Stockman, I, Tahon, S., Thyssen, V, Tincani, G., Van Durme, F., Van Lier, D., Vandekerckhove, H., Vandekerckhove, Y., Vandenbroeck, D., Vandorpe, A., Vanhalst, E., Vanhauwaert, B., Vantomme, C., Vergauwen, L., Verloove, H., Vydt, T., Weyn, T., Jansky, P., Reichert, P., Spacek, R., Machova, V, Zidkova, E., Ludka, O., Olsr, J., Kotik, L., Plocova, K., Racz, B., Ferkl, R., Hubac, J., Kotik, I, Monhart, Z., Burianova, H., Jerabek, O., Pisova, J., Petrova, I, Dedek, V, Honkova, M., Podrazil, P., Spinar, J., Vitovec, J., Novak, M., Lastuvka, J., Durdil, V, Antonova, P., Bockova, L., Bultas, J., Chlumsky, J., Dastychova, L., Drasnar, T., Honek, J., Horejsi, M., Hubacova, V, Janska, L., Kopeckova, I, Kratochvilova, R., Krcova, E., Labrova, R., Lindourkova, A., Lipoldova, J., Lubanda, H., Ludkova, A., Mahdalikova, L., Majernikova, M., Michalik, D., Potuznik, P., Prochazkova, E., Sulc, A., Sveceny, J., Valtova, M., Zidek, M., D'Avino, M., Bongiorni, M. G., Severi, S., Capucci, A., Lodigiani, C., Salomone, E., Serviddio, G., Tondo, C., Golino, P., Mazzone, C., Iacopino, S., Pengo, V, Galvani, M., Moretti, L., Ambrosino, P., Banfi, E., Biagioli, V, Bianchi, A., Boggian, G., Breschi, M., Brusorio, S., Calcagnoli, F., Campagna, G., Carpenedo, M., Ciabatta, C., Ciliberti, G., Cimmino, G., D'Arienzo, C., Di Gennaro, L., Fedele, M., Ferrini, P. M., Granzow, K., Guazzaloca, G., Guerra, F., Lo Buglio, A., Longo, S., Macellari, F., Mesolella, E., Rolandi, F., Said Palladino, M. E., Salinger, M., Sanziani, L. S., Schygiel, P. O., Sossich, A., Tinto, J. F., Tonelli, L., Tufare, A. L., Vallejo, M., Yunis, M. E., Zillo, M., Zurbrigk, F. J., Barretto, A. C. P., Sobral Filho, D. C., Jaber, J., Armaganijan, D., Kakkar, Ajay K., Worthy, V, Verdi, C., Tripti, T., Treasure, L., Thompson, N., Theobald, H., Thatcher, A., Stephanie, B., Smith, K., Shoemaker, J., Shaw, P., Sanghera, T., Sage, A., Robertson, C., Richardson, T., Richard, C., Raziano, S., Raynor, J., Purcell, T., Pickelsimer, N., Peterson, J., Pearl, G., Paserchia, S., Parrott, T., Parker, M., Palumbo, V, Orosco, C., Minardo, J., Merritt, D., Merliss, A., Malone, E., Lincoln, T., Lee, J. A., Lay, M., Langdon, J., Knowles, P., Kerr, J., Keeling, M., Karl, S., Jones, P., Jones, L., Jones, A., Jasinski, S., Hicks, T., Hawkins, B., Hartranft, E., Harbour, T., Hakimi, F., Haideri, A., Gentry, P., Fielder, D., Ferdinand, K., Felpel, S., Evans, L., Eley, M., Dickerson, A., DePauw, J., Congal, S., Cervellione, K., Cassidy, D., Canova, M., Cameron-Watts, J., Browne, A., Brown, A., Bowers, S., Bentley, M., Bartlett, M., Ball, K., Asafu-Adjaye, N., Treasure, C., Nishijima, D., Pitta, S., Duffy, P., Noveck, H., Ison, R., Alberts, M., Remmel, K., Theodoro, D., Diercks, D., Delafontaine, P., Ahmed, W., Reddy, R., Haque, I, Gutowski, T., Alfieri, A., Beach, S., Miller, S., Williams, M., Mendelson, R., Falkowski, S., Franco, M., Cox, M., Kutayli, W. M., Ferrick, K., Quick, A., Wilson, V, Mullen, P., Garcia, J., Blumberg, E., Rama, P., Canosa, R., Goldhaber, S. Z., Thanzeel, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, N., Mohamed, R., Maqsood, I, Makdad, M., Magdaluyo, K., Jadhav, S., Haridas, P., El Bardisy, S., Al Mulla, A., Abdul, A., Subbaraman, B., Khan, M., Gupta, R., Wassef, A., Bazargani, N., Maruthanayagam, R., Al Naeemi, A., Al Omairi, M., Abu-Mahfouz, M., Naguib, A., Singh, R., Esheiba, E. M., Ibrahim, M., Nathani, M., Agrawal, A., Yousef, G., Al Mahmeed, W., van Zyl, F., Tau, T., Tarr, G., Smith, L., Skein, A., Shaik, F., Sasto, J., Salie, M., Rikhotso, L., Page, A., Mostert, M., Mavhusa, L., Marks, J., Loyd, E., Karsten, M., Henley, L., Ellis, T., Du Plessis, G., de Meyer, L., Davids, A., Conway, G., Chami, C., Cassimjee, S., Cannon, C., Boshoff, C., Booysen, M., Bester, C., Angel, G., Oosthuysen, W., Maharajh, S., Ramdass, A., Engelbrecht, J., Ahmed, F., Ismail, S., Loghdey, R., Ueckermann, V, Mntla, P., Greyling, D., Louw, R., Murray, A., Theron, H., van Zyl, L., Guerra, M., Pillay, T., Garda, R., Kelfkens, Y., Horak, A., Siebert, H., Bayat, J., Kettles, D., Zaatout, E., Tawfik, M., Taha, N., Soliman, A., Sobhy, M., Setiha, M., Samir, S., Sami, N., Salem, H., Reda, M., Reda, A., Ohanissian, A., Nawar, M., Mowafy, A., Khairy, T., Katta, A., Elkhadem, M., El-Etreby, A., Elbahry, A., El Etriby, S., El Din, M. G., Abou Seif, S. K., Abd El-Aziz, A., Ragy, H., Wright, D., Wong, S., Trahey, T., Stevenson, J., Spearson, S., Snell, L., Schulman, S., Sas, G., Robinson, M., Roberts, P., Raines, M., Pinter, A., Petrie, F., Pandey, M., Otis, R., Otis, J., Neas, I, Navratil, J., Moor, R., Mangat, I, Lewis, S., Lewis, C., Largy, J., Kwan, L., Kornder, J., Korley, V, Kim, R., Kelly, S., Kahlon, R., Jethoo, G., Jean, C., Jackson, A. M., Hines, K., Hines, C., Haveman, K., Gulliver, W., Grenier, M-C, Fox, B., Fournier, D., Ferleyko, L., Fearon, A., Farquhar, D., Ewert, A., Dunnigan, J., Douglass, S., Dorian, P., Djaidani, Z., Denis, I, Dehghani, P., Daheb, S., Cleveland, T., Clarke, B., Carroll, L., Burke, E., Breakwell, L., Bignell, N., Bigcanoe, J., Bergeron, C., Mooso, B., Beaudry, K., Aves, T., Aro, L., Ahmad, K., Bonet, J., Ramjattan, B., Cha, J., Lavoie, A., Parkash, R., Fikry, S., Vizel, S., MacDonald, P., Angaran, P., Coutu, B., Schweitzer, B., Hruczkowski, T., Dhillon, R., Dresser, G., Nadeau, R., Du Preez, M., Poirier, G., Heath, J., Berlingieri, J., Ayala-Paredes, F., Beaudry, P., Leader, R., Cheung, S., Pandey, A. S., Gupta, M., Luton, R., Eikelboom, J., Spyropoulos, A., Connolly, S. J., Wong, K., Wilford, E., Wallis, L., Waldman, A., Vorster, M., Tsay, I. M., Thompson, S., Tarrant, J., Swaraj, K., Sutcliffe, S., Stoyanov, N., Singleton, C., Singh, C., Shrestha, P., Shone, S., Setio, H., Seremetkoska, M., Sanders, L., Rose, J., Raynes, S., Ratcliffe, M., Rashad, H., Preston, S., Plotz, M., Paul, V, Patching, T., Patching, K., Parsons, L., Palmer, J., O'May, V, Oldfield, G., Nagalingam, V, Myers, J-D, Mussap, C., Morrison, H., McKeon, L., McIntosh, C., McCarthy, C., MacKenzie, M., Fitzpatrick, D., Fetahovic, T., Ferreira-Jardim, A., Eslick, R., Eskandari, M., Duroux, M., Dolman, M., Dixon, S., Dimitri, H., Cresp, D., Conway, B., Connelly, A., Carlton, L., Campo, M., Buckley, E., Boys, J., Bonner, M., Black, A., Beveridge, R., Batta, C., Barry, L., Aggarwala, A., Faunt, J., Carroll, P., Starmer, G., Rogers, J., Lee, A., Binnekamp, M., Jepson, N., Arstall, M., Astridge, P., Choi, A., O'Donnell, D., Crimmins, D., Blombery, P., Phan, T., Ayres, B., Zimmett, L., French, J., Eccleston, D., Kiat, H., Colquhoun, D., Catanchin, A., Coulshed, D., Kilian, J., Roberts-Thomson, P., Lehman, R., Abhayaratna, W., Van Gaal, W., Singh, B., Blenkhorn, A., Gibbs, H., Thomson, A., Thomas, N., Sword, A., Stoddart, H., Simper, H., Simmons, P., Shewring, J., Seamark, C., Saunders, P. B., Rogers, G., Rickenbach, M., Reed, R., Redpath, D., Randfield, S., Powell, K., Nadaph, M., Muvva, R., Munro, I, Lomax, L., Jeffers, L., Jacobs, P., Hay, A., Halpin, A., Goram, J., Fox, R., Flynn, A., Dooldeniya, C., Dobson, S., Cartwright, S., Bennett, J., Ayers, J., A'Court, C., Ahmad, S., Pugsley, M., Gunasegaram, J., Wong, M., Cooke, P., Beattie, A., McEleny, P., Wastling, R., McGinty, P., Bandrapalli, M., Liley, C., Vinson, P., Zaman, K., Davies, T., Forshaw, K., Veale, R., Wilkinson, J., Geatch, D., Estifano, S., Myhill, T., Lucraft, L., Batson, R., Choi, H., Stephenson, T., Hargreaves, N., Schatzberger, T., Davies, S., Baron, R. T., Haria-Shah, R., Bunney, R., Boon, M., Wong, T., Sterry, M., Shepherd, D., Walton, S., Jackson, D., Ward, B., Coates, S., Heer, A., Roberts, N., Coulson, W., Peters, S., Wilson, A., Khalaque, S., Choudhary, F., Sabir, A., Rothwell, A. C., Edwards, D., Braddick, M., Mannion, S., Aylward, M., Oliver, R., Hawkins, C., Galloway, S., Sharma, P., Heath, R., Danielsen, M., Neden, C. A., Stuart, E., Davies, R., Hart, N., Ali, A., Patel, J. R. A., Pinnock, H., Roome, P. C., Vercoe, S., Hodgins, I, Webster, J., Dau, H. S., Kamath, R., McLeod, A. J., Glencross, S., Gibbons, L., Haq, I. U., Little, H., Barrow, S., Butter, K. C., Howard, M., Zaidi, S. M. A., Chigbo, C., Thompson, R., Walls, N., Hutton, C., Jacobs, M., Abushal, S., Davies, E., Oliver, J. L., Priyadharshan, R., Rogers, S., Milne, K., Parfitt, M., Wakeling, J., Alborough, E., Kelsall, A. R., Fooks, T., Fisher, E., Litchfield, J., Bisatt, J., Clark, M., Gray, D., Bird, N., Vishwanathan, B., Howitt, A., Strieder, E., Gilliland, A., de Kare-Silver, N., Sathananthan, S., Cairns, J., Willcock, W., Ahmad, N., Sarai, B., Watson, E., Thomas, M. J., Jones, K. P., Van Zon, G., Bradshaw, C., Cumberlidge, D. F., Douglas, K., Ladha, K., Saigol, M., Wong, S. W., Patel, R. P., Lumley, L., Murdoch, W., Kernick, D., Eden, J., Weeks, P., Jones, C. P., Ainsworth, P., Davies, J. A., Russell, D., Sinha, B., Railton, T., Gallagher, A., Pandya, P., Matthews, J., Wadeson, P., Thurston, S., West, R., Stipp, Y., Macey, N., Scouller, F., Evans, P., Lumb, W., Wetherwell, S., Aldegather, J., Oginni, O., Page, M., Giles, C., Jones, H., Sharp, H., Jefferies, A., Mackay, S., Leung, D., Lehman, S., Lehman, M., Lawlor, V, Kassam, I, Juergens, C., Johnson, K., Jacobson, B., Hoffmann, B., Hesketh, L., Hegde, M. P., Hayes, K., Modi, M. H., Grabek, T., Gibbs, J., Geraghty, R., Richardson, M., Paul, C., Seamark, D., Tragen, D., Taylor, G., St Joseph, V, Thompson, J., Fairhead, S., Franklin, S., Wilson, P., Ramesh, C., Aziz, M., Paul, N., Stokes, M., Wakeman, A., Hutchinson, P., Bilas, R., Sircar, S., Singal, A., Suryani, S., Wagner, H., Gooding, T., Williams, A., McDonnell, J., Pickavance, G., Kainth, M. S., Ross, A., Jhittay, P. S., Leese, J., Evans, R., Saunders, P., Goodwin, D., Chauhan, N., Fitzmaurice, D., Varenov, V., Todoriuk, L., Stets, R., Shumakov, O., Sapatyi, A., Romanova, O., Romanenko, O., Rasputina, L., Pyvovar, S., Proshak, O., Plevak, D., Petrovskyy, R., Pavelko, M., Palamarchuk, O., Ovdiienko, T., Nemtsova, V, Mospan, M., Mochonyi, V, Medentseva, O., Matova, O., Kizim, S., Khyzhnyak, O., Kaplan, P., Kamenska, E., Ivanov, A., Daniuk, I, Chabanna, O., Burdeuna, L., Berko, G., Belegai, R., Fushtey, I, Tykhonova, S., Yagensky, A., Kraydashenko, O., Stanislavchuk, M., Sychov, O., Svyshchenko, Y., Kovalskyi, I, Andere, N., Amaro, M., Alvarez, M., Alvarez, D., Alonso, C. (Concepcion), Alonso, C. (Carmela), Prieto Diaz, M. A., Iniguez Romo, A., Marcos Gomez, G., Arcocha Torres, M. F., Vazquez Caamano, M., Vaquer Perez, J. V., Cosin Sales, J., Jimenez Navarro, M., Quiles Granado, J., Marco Macian, M. D., Garcia Riesco, L., Ridocci Soriano, F., Ripoll Vera, T., Herreros Melenchon, J., Rodriguez Alvarez, M., Jimenez Gonzalez, M., Iglesias Sanmartin, J., Moleiro Oliva, M. A., Barreda Gonzalez, M., Montero Alia, J. J., Escriva Montserrat, E., Del Val Plana, N., Almeida Fernandez, C. A., Epelde Gonzalo, F., Vida Gutierrez, M., Corros Vicente, C., Llibre, J. Bayo, Rodriguez Morato, M., Brotons Cuixart, C., Palacin Piquero, H., Monte Collado, I, Baron Esquivias, G., Gonzalez Juanatey, J. R., Merce Klein, J., Grande Ruiz, A., Iglesias Alonso, L. F., Moro Serrano, C., Gomez Pajuelo, C., Garcia Pavia, P., Motero Carrasco, J., Isart Rafecas, J., Marquez Contreras, E., Toran Monserrat, P., Tranche Iparraguirre, S., Tercedor, L., Lopez Fernandez, M. F., Alvarez Garcia, P., Vinolas, X., Zotova, I, Zhuravleva, E., Zhirov, I, Zemlianskaia, O., Volodicheva, O., Ushakov, A., Suslova, O., Speshilova, S., Sinitsina, O., Rachkova, S., Platonov, D., Ovsannikova, A., Osmolovskaya, Y., Orlov, Y., Novikova, E., Nagibovich, G., Motylev, I, Monako, G., Medvedeva, T., Machilskaya, O., Lileeva, E., Lebedeva, O., Kuvanova, M., Kurylo, B., Kupriyanova, T., Kungurtseva, O., Kuchuk, P., Kropova, O., Lowe, S., Smith, R. N., Burns, G., Conn, P., Warke, A., Mulholland, C., Poland, K., Korneeva, O., Konyushenko, D., Kolesova, T., Ivanova, Y., Gurmach, M., Gubanov, A., Gorshkova, T., Gorbunova, E., Erofeeva, S., Dumikyan, A., Chugunnaya, S., Bitakova, F., Belenkova, Y., Batalov, R., Agakhanyan, A., Edin, A., Nagibovich, O., Shapovalova, Y., Zubeeva, G., Rossovskaya, M., Sobolev, K., Polkanova, E., Moiseeva, Y., Kostenko, V, Novikova, T., Zrazhevskiy, K., Mazur, E., Shutemova, E., Sergeev, M., Chizhov, P., Aleksandrova, E., Miller, O., Barbarash, O., Vishnevsky, A., Drapkina, O., Zateyshchikov, D., Poltavskaya, M., Yakupov, E., Khokhlov, A., Egorova, L., Nikolaev, K., Kolesnikova, A., Kropacheva, E., Zateyshchikova, A., Belenky, D., Kamalov, G., Popov, S., Tereshchenko, S., Libis, R., Eltishcheva, V, Panchenko, E., Zyczynska-Szmon, M., Zakutynska-Kowalczyk, K., Wrobel, M., Wojnowski, L., Wojewoda, P., Wilgat-Szecowka, M., Wilczewski, P., Wierzbicka, A., Wieczorek, W., Wesolowska, K., Wegrzynowska, M., Walasik, P., Tybura, S., Trzcinski, G., Troszczynska, M., Traczyk, T., Szwoch, M., Szumczyk-Muszytowska, G., Szulowska, A., Szuchnik, E., Szkrobka, W., Cieszynska, A., Cieslak, K., Cichomski, R., Chojnowski, P., Chmielowski, A., Bzymek, R., Brzustowska, M., Brzozowski, W., Broton, E., Blaszczyk, D., Biernacka, A., Biedrzycki, L., Bernat, L., Bekieszczuk, E., Basiak, M., Bartnik, J., Bartkowiak, R., Barszcz, A., Araminowicz, J., Andrzejewski, D., Ambicka, M., Lesnik, J., Nessler, J., Domanska, E., Raczak, G., Rusicka-Piekarz, T., Baszak, J., Lysek, R., Mazur, S., Myszka, W., Miekus, P., Jurowiecki, J., Cymerman, K., Galbas, K., Wozniak-Skowerska, I, Kukla, P., Okopien, B., Sciborski, R., Jaworska, K., Ruszkowski, P., Glanowska, G., Ogorek, M. (Michal), Bronisz, M., Opolski, G., Trusz-Gluza, M., Chmielnicka-Pruszczynska, M., Karczmarczyk, A., Zinka, E., Lewczuk, J., Ostrowska-Pomian, B., Lajkowski, Z., Krzciuk, M., Kania, G., Olszewski, M., Minc, P., Gruchala, M., Kucharski, L., Swiatkowska-Byczynska, L., Hiczkiewicz, J., Zaluska, R., Kuzniar, J., Supinski, W., Kosior, J., Loboz-Grudzien, K., Wozakowska-Kaplon, B., Ogorek, M. (Marcin), Biedrzycka, M., Gieroba, A., Korzeniak, R., Stepinska, J., Strand, S., Ringdalen, K., O'Donovan, M., Nilsen, V, Lensebraaten, A. B., Jekthammer, A., Dominguez, I, Claussen, H., Ausen, K., Antonsen, H., Otterstad, J. E., Berg-Johansen, J., Koval, O., Ushakov, O., Mostovoy, Y., Serediuk, N., Kupnovytska, I, Kraiz, I, Zhurba, S., Karpenko, O., Tseluyko, V, Rudyk, I, Parkhomenko, A., Winnik, S., Saga, E., Henriette, I, Guinand, A., Grau, A., Elise, G., Bruegger, J., Amstutz, D., Debrunner, J., Beer, J. 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(Lars), Gustavsson, M., Olsson, L-B, Lindh, A., Liu, B., Svard, G., Borjesson, U., Egilsson, A., Elmersson, M., Henriksson, K., Linden, J., Wirdby, A., Rosenqvist, M., Ubeda Pastor, M., Torres Marques, J., Torres, C., Tobajas, G., Terns Riera, M., Teixido Fontanillas, M., Sorribes Lopez, J., Simon Valero, C., Sierra, N., Serralvo, E., Seoane Blanco, A., Senan Sanz, M. R., Santolaya, C., Sanchez Parra, S., Sanchez Mendez, L., Sanchez Calderon, P., Saez Jimenez, S., Rodriguez Garcia, M., Rodriguez, E., Rodrigo, C., Roca Saumell, C., Roca, M., Robiro Robiro, X., Rivera, R., Riquelme Sola, L., Rios, V, Rincon Diaz, L. M., Renom, R., Quintern, V, Prieto, I, Perez Carasa, M., Pereda Armayor, M., Pena Garcia, E., Pareja Ibar, I., Palomo Merchan, N., Otero Tomera, D., Ortiz Cortes, C., Ortega, V. M., Orellana Figueroa, H. N., Negrete Palma, A., Munoz Munoz, R. B., Moure Gonzalez, M., Montes, D., Montero Alia, P., Molina, M., Millan, G., Mendez Zurita, F., Mazon, P., Martinez Mena, M., Martin Vila, A., Marcus, S., Mara Guerra, J., Manzanal Rey, A., Lopez, M., Llobet Molina, M., Lezcano Gort, L. E., Lasuncion, I, Lage Bouzamayor, M. B., Juan Salvadores, P., Jimeno Besa, B., Jimenez Fernandez, M. J., Iglesias Garcia, A., Hevia Rodriguez, E., Herrero Maeso, B., Gutierrez del Val, M. del C., Guerrero Molina, A., Grigorian, L., Gonzalez, P., Gonzales Segovia, A., Gomez Perez, Y., Gomez, C., Gines Garcia, C., Gavira Saenz, M., Garcia Millan, V, Garcia Bermudez, M., Fosch, J., Ferrer, A., Fernandez Mas, E., Fernandez Escobar, E., Fernandez, M., Espallargas, A., Elorriaga Madariaga, A., Domenech Borras, A., Diaz Lopez, C. M., Dachs, M., Cotilla Marco, M., Costas, S., Prego de Faria, J. 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(Tsugihiro), Nandate, H., Zaitsu, R., Fujiura, Y. (Yoshihisa), Yoshimura, A., Numata, H., Ogawa, J., Tatematsu, H., Kamogawa, Y., Murakami, K., Wakasa, Y., Yamasawa, M., Maekawa, H., Abe, S., Kihara, H., Tsunoda, S., Saito, K. (Katsumi), Saito, K. (Kazuyuki), Fudo, T., Obunai, K., Tachibana, H., Oba, I, Kuwahata, T., Higa, S., Gushiken, M., Eto, T., Yoshida, H., Ikeda, D., Fujiura, Y. (Yoshitake), Ishizawa, M., Headlee, M., Henson, L., Herrick, C., Haas, Sylvia, ten Cate, Hugo, Accetta, Gabriele, Angchaisuksiri, Pantep, Bassand, Jean-Pierre, Camm, A. John, Corbalan, Ramon, Darius, Harald, Fitzmaurice, David A., Goldhaber, Samuel Z., Yilmaz, MEHMET BİRHAN, Goto, Shinya, Jacobson, Barry, Kayani, Gloria, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Misselwitz, Frank, Pieper, Karen, Schellong, Sebastian M., Stepinska, Janina, Turpie, Alexander G. 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(Yuhei), Sumi, H., Nagatomo, T., Sanno, K., Fujisawa, K., Atsuchi, Y., Nagoshi, T., Seto, T., Tabuchi, T., Kameko, M., Nii, K., Oshiro, K., Takezawa, H., Nagano, S., Miyamoto, N., Iwaki, M., Nakamura, Y. (Yuichiro), Fujii, M., Okawa, M., Abe, M. (Masahiko), Abe, M. (Masatake), Abe, M. (Mitsunori), Saito, T., Mito, T., Nagao, K., Minami, J., Mita, T., Sakuma, I, Taguchi, T., Marusaki, S., Doi, H., Tanaka, M., Fujito, T., Matsuta, M., Kusumoto, T., Kakinoki, S., Ashida, K., Yoshizawa, N., Agata, J., Arasaki, O., Manita, M., Ikemura, M., Fukuoka, S., Murakami, H., Matsukawa, S., Hata, Y., Taniguchi, T., Ko, T., Kubo, H., Imamaki, M., Akiyama, M., Inagaki, M., Odakura, H., Ueda, T., Katsube, Y., Foo, C. G., Chow, J. H., Chen, D. D., Jaufeerally, F. R., Lee, Y. M., Lim, G., Nakata, A., Watanabe, H., Techigawara, M., Igarashi, M., Taga, K., Kimura, T., Tomimoto, S., Shibuya, M., Nakano, M., Ito, K., Seo, T., Hiramitsu, S., Hosokawa, H., Hoshiai, M., Hibino, M., Miyagawa, K., Horie, H. 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(Hideki), Ido, T., Iiji, O., Ikeda, H., Ikeda, K., Ikeoka, K., Imaizumi, M., Inaba, H., Inoue, T., Iseki, F., Kawada, Y., Kawai, K., Kawakami, K., Kawakami, S., Kawamoto, T., Kawano, S., Kim, J., Kira, T., Kitazawa, H., Kitazumi, H., Kito, T., Kobayashi, T., Koeda, T., Kojima, J., Komatsu, H., Komatsu, I, Koshibu, Y., Kotani, T., Kozuka, T., Kumai, Y., Kumazaki, T., Maeda, I, Maeda, K., Maruyama, Y., Matsui, S., Matsushita, K., Matsuura, Y., Mineoi, K., Mitsuhashi, H., Miura, N., Miyaguchi, S., Miyajima, S., Miyamoto, H., Miyashita, A., Miyata, S., Mizuguchi, I, Mizuno, A., Mori, T., Moriai, O., Morishita, K., Murai, O., Nagai, S. (Sho), Nagai, S. 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Subjects
Male, Registrie, Vitamin K, Organic chemistry, lcsh:Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Antiplatelet Therapy, Vascular Medicine, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Atrial Fibrillation, Medicine and Health Sciences, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Registries, lcsh:Science, Prospective cohort study, Stroke, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Pharmaceutics, Mortality rate, Atrial fibrillation, Vitamins, Vitamin K antagonist, Middle Aged, ddc, Physical sciences, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Chemistry, Treatment Outcome, Neurology, Female, Arrhythmia, Research Article, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system, Asia, Death Rates, medicine.drug_class, Cerebrovascular Diseases, B vitamins, Population, Cardiology, Hemorrhage, Chemical compounds, 03 medical and health sciences, Antiplatyhelmintic Agents, Signs and Symptoms, Drug Therapy, Population Metrics, Diagnostic Medicine, Internal medicine, Organic compounds, medicine, Humans, International Normalized Ratio, education, Demography, Ischemic Stroke, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Population Biology, business.industry, Risk Factor, lcsh:R, Anticoagulant, Biology and Life Sciences, Anticoagulants, ta3121, medicine.disease, Antiplatyhelmintic Agent, Prospective Studie, People and Places, Attributable risk, Physical therapy, lcsh:Q, business, RC
Abstract

Aims Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) need to be individually dosed. International guidelines recommend a target range of international normalised ratio (INR) of 2.0–3.0 for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). We analysed the time in this therapeutic range (TTR) of VKA-treated patients with newly diagnosed AF in the ongoing, global, observational registry GARFIELD-AF. Taking TTR as a measure of the quality of patient management, we analysed its relationship with 1-year outcomes, including stroke/systemic embolism (SE), major bleeding, and all-cause mortality. Methods and Results TTR was calculated for 9934 patients using 136,082 INR measurements during 1-year follow-up. The mean TTR was 55.0%; values were similar for different VKAs. 5851 (58.9%) patients had TTR

Published
2016

42. The ubiquitous hammerhead ribozyme

Author

Marcos de la Peña, Andrej Lupták, Christian Hammann, Jonathan Perreault, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Heisenberg Research Group Ribogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology [Darmstadt], Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, and This work was supported by grant HA3459/3 and a Heisenberg fellowship HA3459/5 by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to C.H., by the NIH (R01GM094929) and the Pew Charitable Trusts to A.L., and by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain (BFU2011-23398) to M. d-l P.

Subjects
Hammerhead ribozyme, viruses, Sequence Homology, Review, Cleavage (embryo), Genome, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: RNA, Catalytic, RNA, Catalytic, MESH: Genome, Nucleotide, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Sequence Homology, Nucleotide Motifs, Molecular Biology, Catalytic RNA, chemistry.chemical_classification, Genetics, biology, fungi, Ribozyme, Genetic Variation, Structure, Catalytic RNAs, biology.organism_classification, Database searches, Homology, MESH: Tandem Repeat Sequences, enzymes and coenzymes (carbohydrates), MESH: Nucleic Acid Conformation, Retrotransposons, chemistry, Tandem Repeat Sequences, MESH: Nucleotide Motifs, biology.protein, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme, VS ribozyme
Abstract

The hammerhead ribozyme is a small catalytic RNA motif capable of endonucleolytic (self-) cleavage. It is composed of a catalytic core of conserved nucleotides flanked by three helices, two of which form essential tertiary interactions for fast self-scission under physiological conditions. Originally discovered in subviral plant pathogens, its presence in several eukaryotic genomes has been reported since. More recently, this catalytic RNA motif has been shown to reside in a large number of genomes. We review the different approaches in discovering these new hammerhead ribozyme sequences and discuss possible biological functions of the genomic motifs.

Published
2012

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