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The research was conducted to determine the effects of substituting raw maize with flaked maize in diets containing different levels of metabolic energy on the performance, egg quality, and serum parameters of layer quails. In the experiment, 120 female quails at ten weeks of age were randomly allocated to six treatment groups with four replicates, each consisting of five quails. The quails were fed six diets, with two forms of maize (raw or flaked) and three metabolic energy levels (2750, 2825 or 2900 (control) kcal/kg) during a ten-week trial. Compared with the control group, reducing the metabolic energy level of the diet to 2750 kcal/kg negatively affected egg production (P < 0,01), egg mass (P < 0,01), feed conversion ratio (P < 0,01), and serum cholesterol concentration (P < 0,05). Eggshell thickness decreased significantly in the group receiving 2750 kcal/kg metabolic energy in the diet, and the yolk b* value increased significantly (P < 0,01). The use of flaked maize in the diets significantly increased egg production (P < 0,05), egg mass (P < 0,05), eggshell thickness (P < 0,05), and yolk L* value (P < 0,01) and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0,05) and b* value of the yolk (P < 0,05). Although the effects of the interactions of the metabolic energy levels and forms of maize on the egg yolk b* value were significant (P < 0,01), this effect was not significant for the other parameters. The results indicate that layer quails can be fed diets containing 2825 kcal/kg metabolic energy and that replacement of raw maize with flaked maize in the diet positively affects performance and egg quality.

If the gut of Octopus vulgaris is ligated at both ends, the animal loses weight at about 10% per day at 21°C, dying after about 48 h. Ligation of the ducts to the midgut gland has the same effect. If one or both ducts are cannulated and led to the exterior with a sufficient length of duct remaining, sea water is taken up by peristalsis and there is little or no weight loss. As body weight falls, blood and urine osmolality remain unchanged, but blood conductivity falls and blood copper concentration rises, indicating a loss of salts as well as water. Muscle dry weight, as a percentage of muscle wet weight, increases as body weight falls. Octopus is hyperosmotic compared with sea water and the rate of ultrafiltration through the branchial heart appendages into the kidney sacs is estimated to be sufficient to account for the observed body weight losses. Each side of the midgut gland, connected to the gut by a digestive duct, includes two distinct structures. One, the digestive gland, produces enzymes and is also concerned with absorption of the fluid and paniculate products of digestion. The other, the digestive gland appendage (the so-called ‘pancreas9), is composed of cells with characteristics that strongly indicate bulk fluid transport; it seems likely that this is the principal site of the fluid uptake. This evidently includes salts as well as water, since sea water taken into the gut (notably by rectal pumping) is not concentrated as fluid is withdrawn.

Background: The ability of the human body to produce metabolic energy from light modifies fundamental concepts of biochemistry. Objective: This review discusses the relationships between the long-accepted concept is that glucose has a unique dual role as an energy source and as the main source of carbon chains that are precursors of all organic matter. The capability of melanin to produce energy challenges this premise. Methods: The prevalent biochemical concept, therefore, needs to be adjusted to incorporate a newly discovered state of Nature based on melanin’s ability to dissociate water to produce energy and to reform water from molecular hydrogen and oxygen. Results and Discussion: Our findings regarding the potential implication of QIAPI-1 as a melanin precursor that has bioenergetics capabilities. Conclusion: Specifically, we reported its promising application as a means for treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The instant report focuses on the long-term treatment medical effects of melanin in treating ROP.

The REASIL® HUMIC HEALTH feed additive had a positive effect on the digestibility of wheat nutrients and its energy value. Due to the increase in the amount of digestible nutrients, the level of metabolic energy in wheat grain increases by 2.18-2.56% (2.38% on average), which is a factor confirming the best use of feed nutrients and lower feed costs in production poultry farming.

The paper gives the analysis of the influence of water temperature on the structure of metabolic energy in carp and silver carp of different age groups. The thermophilic species of carp and spotted silver carp cultivated in the polyculture with natural nutritive base served as the material for a research conducted in a hatchery “Individual Enterprise of Alekseeva M. V.” in Kuzovatovsky district of the Ulyanovsk region. Analysis of fish metabolic energy was made using the mean of live weight of yearlings and two-year-old species of carp and silver carp. As a result, there have been obtained the values of the metabolic energy in fingerlings and two-year-old species of carp and silver carp at different ranges of water temperature. Metabolism in carp and silver carp species being representatives of thermophilic fish is most effective at temperatures within +18-+30°С. The study showed that a decrease in water temperature by 5°C (from 20 to 15°C) causes a decrease in food activity, the daily feed intake of yearlings and two-year-old species of carp and silver carp decreased by 35-40%. Expense for the basal metabolism and growth did not change. Metabolic energy was used by 10.8-13,3.0 kJ less. Also, yearlings and two-year-old species of carp and silver carp spent less energy on motion activity than in the warmer water. Thus, under a decrease in the water temperature in the pond the costs of maintaining thermal homeostasis in fish increased, while the costs of basal metabolism, on the contrary, decreased. Situation is quite different when the water is warmed up.

This study supports the hypothesis that well-fed cod (Gadus morhua) seek higher temperatures to increase growth rate, and poorly fed cod select lower temperatures to save metabolic energy. Depth and temperature of free-ranging adult cod (44–79 cm) were studied with data storage tags as part of a ranching project in an Icelandic fjord. Forage fish were regularly provided at four feeding stations where cod formed distinct “herds” (herd cod) that did not mingle much with the rest of the unconditioned cod in the fjord (wild cod). Several parameters (stomach fullness, liver index (fat reserves), condition factor, and growth rate) indicated that food intake was much greater in herd cod than in wild cod. In August, when the thermocline was well established, the herd cod remained in shallow (15–35 m) and warm water (8–10 °C), whereas the wild cod stayed in deep (80–90 m) and cold water (3–4 °C), but occasionally both groups explored depths and temperatures outside their preferred range. After vertical mixing in autumn when thermoregulation was not possible, the depth difference between the two groups decreased significantly.

Objective: Elimination of food calories as heat could help redress the excess accumulation of metabolic energy exhibited as obesity. Prior studies have focused on the induction of thermogenesis in beige and brown adipose tissues as the application of this principle, particularly because the β-adrenergic environment associated with thermogenic activation has been shown to have positive health implications. The counterpoint to this strategy is the regulation of heat loss; we propose that mammals with inefficient heat conservation will require more thermogenesis to maintain body temperature. Methods: Surface temperature thermography and rates of trans-epidermal water loss were integrated to profile the total heat transfer of genetically-engineered and genetically variable mice. Results: These data were incorporated with energy expenditure data to generate a biophysical profile to test the significance of increased rates of evaporative cooling. Conclusions: We show that mouse skins vary considerably in their heat retention properties, whether because of naturally occurring variation (SKH-1 mice), or genetic modification of the heat-retaining lipid lamellae (SCD1, DGAT1 or Agouti Ay obese mice). In particular, we turn attention to widely different rates of evaporative cooling as the result of trans-epidermal water loss; higher rates of heat loss by evaporative cooling leads to increased demand for thermogenesis. We speculate that this physiology could be harnessed to create an energy sink to assist with strategies aimed at treating metabolic diseases. Keywords: Trans-epidermal water loss, Evaporative cooling, Epidermal barrier, Syndecan-1, Obesity, Mouse skin, Thermogenesis, Dermal white adipose tissue, Energy expenditure, Brown adipose tissue

Bu çalışma, 5farklı çeltik çeşidine (Efe, Yatkın, Halilbey, Kızıltan, Osmancık-97) aittohumların besin değerlerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.Araştırma 2018 yılında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda, çeltik çeşitleriarasında, kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP) ve ham yağ (HY) içerikleriistatistiki anlamda önemli düzeyde (P, This study was carried out in order toevaluate the nutritional value of 5 different rice varieties (Efe, Yatkın, Halilbey,Kızıltan, Osmancık-97). The research was carried out in 2018. As a result ofthe study, the differences in dry matter (DM), crude fat (CF) and crude protein(CP) contents among the rice cultivars were statistically significant (P

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to delineate the effect of different salinities on growth and metabolic responses in fingerlings of orange spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822). The grouper fingerlings (N=1050; Av. wt. 2.0±0.01 g) were distributed equally into seven treatments of varying salinities viz ., 5±1‰ (T 1 ), 10±1‰ (T 2 ), 15±1‰ (T 3 ), 20±1‰ (T 4 ), 25±1‰ (T 5 ), 30±1‰ (T 6 ) and 35±1‰ (T 7 ) in triplicates. Fingerlings were fed with commercial diet containing 45% crude protein and 10% lipid. Results from the experiment concluded that growth performance of fingerlings of T 4 group was better with minimum metabolic enzyme activity. The liver glycogen was significantly lower (p

Background: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the technological state-of-the-art of exosuits and the clinical results obtained when applied to users with mobility impairment. Methods: Searches are carried out in the COCHRANE, PubMed, IEEE Xplore and MEDLINE databases. Titles, abstracts and full texts are screened for inclusion criteria. Technological and clinical data are extracted. The quality of the studies is evaluated via a study quality assessment tool. Results: 19 studies are identified as relevant. Active (47%) and passive exosuits (53%) are used. Most are used untethered (84%), accommodating the demand of mobility. No study reports power consumption, which is important for dimensioning power systems. Fields of applications are post-stroke (79%), osteoarthritis (16%) and post-trauma (5%). Mostly the ankle joint is addressed (57%), while less studies address multiple joints (21%). The outcomes of clinical evaluations of lower-limb exosuits with patients suffering from mobility impairments are positive in the correction of gait pattern and reducing metabolic energy consumption during hemiparetic walking. Conclusions: Lower-limb exosuits for clinical applications are still facing technological challenges. Fields of application are limited to stroke, osteoarthritis and trauma. While clinical outcomes are overall positive, improvements in the study protocols are suggested. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i Benestar

Purpose: To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT). Methods: Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise. Metabolic energy (in kilojoules), metabolic power (in Watts per kilogram), and relative (in percentage) energy contribution of the aerobic (WAER, WAERint), anaerobic lactic (WBLC, WBLCint), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr, WPCrint) systems were calculated by PCr-La-O2 method for 30-15IFT-CONT and 30-15IFT. Results: No difference in peak oxygen uptake was found between 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT (60.6 [6.6] vs 60.5 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1, P = .165, d = 0.20), whereas speed at the last completed stage was higher in 30-15IFT (18.3 [1.4] vs 16.1 [1.0] km·h−1, P d = 1.17). Metabolic energy was also higher in 30-15IFT (1224.2 [269.6] vs 772.8 [63.1] kJ, P d = 5.60), and metabolic profiles differed substantially for aerobic (30-15IFT = 67.2 [5.2] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 85.2% [2.5%], P d = −4.01), anaerobic lactic (30-15IFT = 4.4 [1.4] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 6.2% [1.8%], P d = −1.04), and anaerobic alactic (30-15IFT = 28.4 [4.7] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 8.6% [2.1%], P d = 5.43) components. Conclusions: Both 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT are mainly fueled by aerobic energy, but their metabolic profiles differ substantially in both aerobic and anaerobic alactic energy contribution. Due to the presence of inter-effort recovery, intermittent shuttle runs rely to a higher extent on anaerobic alactic energy and a fast, aerobic replenishment of PCr during the short breaks between shuttles.

Purpose: To evaluate the metabolic relevance of type of locomotion in anaerobic testing by analyzing and comparing the metabolic profile of the Bosco Continuous Jumping Test (CJ30) with the corresponding profile of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Methods: A total of 11 well-trained, male team-sport athletes (age = 23.7 [2.2] y, height = 184.1 [2.8] cm, weight = 82.4 [6.4] kg) completed a CJ30 and WAnT each. During the WAnT, power data and revolutions per minute were recorded, and during the CJ30, jump height and jumping frequency were recorded. In addition, oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentration were assessed, and metabolic profiles were determined via the PCr-LA-O2 method. Results: In the CJ30, metabolic energy was lower (109.3 [18.0] vs 143.0 [13.1] kJ, P d = −2.302), while peak power (24.8 [4.4] vs 11.8 [0.5] W·kg−1, P d = 3.59) and mean power (20.8 [3.6] vs 9.1 [0.5] W·kg−1, P d = 4.14) were higher than in the WAnT. The metabolic profiles of the CJ30 (aerobic energy = 20.00% [4.7%], anaerobic alactic energy [WPCr] = 45.6% [4.5%], anaerobic lactic energy = 34.4% [5.2%]) and the WAnT (aerobic energy = 16.0% [3.0%], anaerobic alactic WPCr = 34.5% [5.0%], anaerobic lactic energy = 49.5% [3.3%]) are highly anaerobic. Absolute energy contribution for the CJ30 and WAnT was equal in WPCr (49.9 [11.1] vs 50.2 [11.2] kJ), but anaerobic lactic energy (37.7 [7.7] vs 69.9 [5.3] kJ) and aerobic energy (20.6 [5.7] vs 23.0 [4.0] kJ) were higher in the WAnT. Mechanical efficiency was substantially higher in the CJ30 (37.9% [4.5%] vs 15.6% [1.0%], P d = 6.86), while the fatigue index was lower (18.5% [3.8%] vs 23.2% [3.1%], P d = −1.38) than in the WAnT. Conclusions: Although the anaerobic share in both tests is similar and predominant, the CJ30 primarily taxes the WPCr system, while the WAnT more strongly relies on the glycolytic pathway. Thus, the 2 tests should not be used interchangeably, and the type of locomotion seems crucial when choosing an anaerobic test for a specific sport.

At cell scale, metabolic energy maintains the living mechanisms running, the major source is resuming by an electronic perturbation that wakes up the whole processes responsible for life. Between the generations of electron to its final acceptor usually, the oxygen, many electron-transporters are involved. Among them the quinines that worked with different valence states of the same metals especially iron to fulfill the cell demand in oxygen and/or collection of electrons to assist the electron transporters. The review talks about the possible intervention by nanomaterials as a source of bio-energy, when the system of respiration is broken and the final acceptor of electron is weak, under hard conditions, to restore bio-respiration and reanimates the collapsed mechanisms. This particular intervention recuperates and extends the respiration, the key of life, for some additional times when all source of oxygen are down and no swinging of electrons between the generators, transporters, and final acceptors of electrons in cell respiration.

This study aimed to evaluate protein quality of top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina based on its net protein utilization (NPU) as well as to evaluate its metabolizable energy. Fifty broiler chicks were used in determination of NPU while fifteen broiler strain Cobbs chickens aged 5 weeks were used for metabolizable energy measurement. This study used descriptive method in which data obtained were analyzed and compared to NPU and metabolizable energy of soybean meal. The results showed that top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina had NPU of 38.58 – 46.98, which is 70.14% - 85-42% of that of soybean meal (55). Its metabolizable energy was 2791.12 kcal/kg and was 9.46% higher than that of soybean meal. As the NPU and metabolizable energy were close to those of soybean meal, top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina can be used to substitute protein from soybean meal in poultry feed.

Lipid droplets, also referred to as adiposomes, are intracellular organelles that are found in most cells. They store oil-based reserves of metabolic energy and components of membrane lipids. Adeno...

A safe and cost effective approach to reduce obesity and accompanying chronic disease would be through controlling appetite and energy balance. Konjac glucomannan (KGM), a soluble dietary fiber (DF) that hydrates gradually and develops high viscosity in solution, has been demonstrated in some preclinical and clinical studies to reduce appetite and obesity. KGM has the highest hydrated volume at the lowest concentration of any DF. Therefore, oral KGM can instill a filling of fullness at a lower dose than other fiber supplements. Appetite reduction may be through increasing gastric retention and delaying gastric emptying by the “mass effect” of a gel-like viscous mass forming in the stomach that triggers afferent vagal signals of fullness. Absorption of nutrients in the lumen is slowed and beneficially increases the levels of appetite related hormones. The intake of KGM either as a supplement or in foods has been shown to have a weight loss effect. However, the results of randomized clinical trials have not been consistent. Besides differences in dose, study duration, and participant selection, the molecular structure and hydration properties of KGM are not described. This may be part of the explanation for the inconsistent results. The current review collected published information related to the role of KGM supplementation in regulation of appetite and obesity, focused on the association between micro and macro physicochemical structures of KGMs with their functions as appetite regulator. Collective clinical data of KGM on long-term metabolic energy surplus and weight loss were also provided.

We exploit the detail-independence feature of thermodynamics to examine issues related to the development of obesity. We adopt a 'global' approach consistent with focus on the first law of thermodynamics - namely that the metabolic energy provided by dietary foodstuffs has only three possible fates: the performance of work (be it microscopic or macroscopic), the generation of heat, or storage - primarily in the form of adipose tissue. Quantification of the energy expended, in the form of fat metabolised, during selected endurance events, reveals the inherent limitation of over-reliance on exercise as a primary agent of weight loss. This result prompts examination of various (non-exercise based) possibilities of increasing the rate of heat loss. Since these, too, give little cause for optimism, we are obliged to conclude that obesity can be prevented, or weight loss achieved, only if exercise is supplemented by reduction of food intake.

Background Hypophosphatemia is common in severe infections including malaria. Previous studies suggested that serum phosphate concentrations correlate with temperature, but it is unclear whether the type of infection and other factors occurring during infection influence this association. Here relationships were investigated between serum phosphate levels, cause of fever, demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods Anonymized data were analysed from 633 adults with malaria or other febrile illness admitted to Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK. Univariable and multivariable generalized linear model analyses were performed to examine associations with serum phosphate levels. Interaction terms were included to investigate whether cause of fever (malaria vs other illness), malaria parasite species, or malaria severity influenced the association of other variables with phosphate. Results Hypophosphatemia was common in subjects with malaria (211/542 (39%)), and in other febrile illnesses (24/91 (26%)), however median phosphate levels did not differ significantly by diagnostic group, parasite species or severity of malaria. In all analyses, there were highly significant negative associations between serum phosphate and axillary temperature, and positive associations between serum phosphate and platelet count. There were no significant interactions between these variables and cause of fever, parasite species or severity of illness. Sodium and potassium concentrations were associated with serum phosphate in subjects with malaria and when data from all subjects was combined. Conclusion Serum phosphate is consistently associated with temperature and platelet count in adults with diverse causes of fever. This may be a consequence of phosphate shifts from plasma into cells to support ATP generation for thermogenesis and platelet activation.

Human physiology depends on countless biochemical reactions, numerous of which are codependent and interrelated. The speed and level of completion of reactions usually depend on the availability of enzymes. The enzymatic activity depends on the bioavailability of micronutrient cofactors such as vitamins and minerals. To achieve this state, metabolic reactions must reach an optimal metabolic equilibrium.

Cells can generate and conserve metabolic energy with complex pathways, like oxidative phosphorylation, or simpler pathways, like deamination of amino acids, oxidation of carboxylic acids or using light. This thesis focusses on deamination of arginine to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inside synthetic vesicles, which is carried out by the arginine deiminase pathway in cells. This pathway consists of three cytosolic proteins (arginine deiminase, ornithine transcarbamoylase and carbamate kinase) and one arginine/ornithine antiporter.First, these proteins were purified from Lactococcus lactis and characterized, to determine their kinetic constants and the effect of varying conditions on their activity. The enzymes perform their reactions as expected and work relatively well in the tested conditions. The antiporter is relatively slow and possibly the rate-determining reaction of the pathway.Next, the pathway was reconstituted in synthetic vesicles, shifting the focus from the individual proteins to measuring properties of the entire pathway. These properties were measured by studying internal pH, metabolic energy levels and concentrations of arginine, ornithine and citrulline. Without an ATP-consuming process, arginine is found to be hydrolyzed into citrulline, which is a wasteful side reaction that hinders the conservation of metabolic energy. Finally, the ATP-driven transporter OpuA was added to the vesicles, which imports the compatible solute glycine betaine for volume regulation in osmotically stressed vesicles. The addition of OpuA does not only help as an ATP-consuming process, but the presence of glycine betaine protects the proteins from osmotic stress. This leads to higher metabolic energy levels and thus metabolic energy conservation.

One of the grand challenges in chemistry is the construction of functional out-of-equilibrium networks, which are typical of living cells. Building such a system from molecular components requires control over the formation and degradation of the interacting chemicals and homeostasis of the internal physical-chemical conditions. The provision and consumption of ATP lies at the heart of this challenge. Here we report the in vitro construction of a pathway in vesicles for sustained ATP production that is maintained away from equilibrium by control of energy dissipation. We maintain a constant level of ATP with varying load on the system. The pathway enables us to control the transmembrane fluxes of osmolytes and to demonstrate basic physicochemical homeostasis. Our work demonstrates metabolic energy conservation and cell volume regulatory mechanisms in a cell-like system at a level of complexity minimally needed for life., Functional out-of-equilibrium networks are typical of living cells. Here the authors report the construction of a sustained ATP production system in vesicles with controlled energy dissipation and physicochemical homeostasis.

Purpose: To analyze the energetic profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2 (YYIR1 and YYIR2). Methods: Intermittent running distance (IR1D and IR2D), time to exhaustion (IR1T and IR2T), and total recovery time between shuttles (IR1R and IR2R) were measured in 10 well-trained male athletes (age 24.4 [2.0] y, height 182 [1] cm, weight 75.8 [7.9] kg). Respiratory gases and blood lactate (BLC) were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 min postexercise. Metabolic energy, average metabolic power , and energy share (percentage of aerobic [WAER], anaerobic lactic [WBLC], and anaerobic alactic energy system [WPCr]) were calculated using the PCr-La-O2 method. Results: Peak oxygen consumption was possibly higher in YYIR2 (60.3 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) than in YYIR1 (P = .116, 57.7 [4.5] mL·kg−1·min−1, d = −0.58). IR1D, IR1T, and IR1R were very likely higher than IR2D, IR2T, and IR2R, respectively (P d = −2.83; P d = −3.03; and P d = −2.83). Metabolic energy was most likely lower in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P d = 3.24). Average metabolic power was most likely higher in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P −1, d = 3.54). When considering aerobic phosphocreatine restoration during breaks between shuttles, WAER (P = .693, 49% [10%] vs 48% [5%], d = −0.16) was similar, WPCr (P = .165, 47% [11%] vs 42% [6%], d = −0.54) possibly higher, and WBLC (P d = 1.95) almost certainly lower in YYIR1 than in YYIR2. Conclusions: WAER and WPCr are predominant in YYIR1 and YYIR2 with almost identical WAER. Higher IR1D and IR1T in YYIR1 result in higher metabolic energy but lower average metabolic power and slightly lower peak oxygen consumption. Higher IR1R allows for higher reliance on WPCr in YYIR1, while YYIR2 requires a higher fraction of WBLC.

Flipons are sequences capable of forming either right- or left-handed DNA under physiological conditions, forming a class of dissipative structures that trade metabolic energy for information by cycling DNA between different chromatin states. Flipons enhance the diversity of transcriptomes, increasing entropy while enabling the evolution of features both new and unexpected.

Tamarind seeds have a high energy content but have limited use for pigs because the seed coat is tough and contains anti-nutrient tannins. Therefore, liquid feed fermentation technology is carried out. The aim of this research was to assess the gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy content of liquid feed fermentation (Lff) with different fermentation times in growing pigs. The research materials were whole tamarind seeds, bran, corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The study used a completely randomized design and consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment = Lf0: Lff time 0 days; Lf1: Lff for 7 days, Lf2: Lff for 14 days, Lf3: Lff for 21days, Lf4: Lff for 28 days fermentation. The research variables were the energy content of the ration and the prediction of digestible energy and metabolic energy value. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the Lff with different fermentation time had a significant effect (P

Maintenance energy requirements (MER) of mice selected for high (H) or low (L) oxygen consumption (OC) were compared. Forty-four mice from H and L OC lines were weaned at 3 weeks and divided into four experimental groups: group A were sacrificed at 4 weeks; group B were fed ad libitum, and groups C and D were fed 2.8 and 2.4 g/day, respectively, from 4 to 8 weeks of age. Groups B-D were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Chemical components were estimated for all groups. MER was estimated using a model that partitioned metabolizable energy intake into that used for maintenance, and protein and fat deposition. The feed conversion ratio for the B group was significantly higher in the H than in the L line. Feed intake for metabolic energy content per metabolic body size was significantly also higher in the H line, whereas accumulated energy content per metabolic body size was significantly higher in the L line. MER of the H line was greater than that of the L line (P

This study aimed to investigate the influence of adding different concentrations of peppermint oil to barley straw in some fermented rumen features, in vitro digestibility and energy of metabolism. The results showed a significant decrease (p

Kinos are plant exudates, rich in polyphenols, produced by several angiosperms in reaction to damage. They flow out of kino veins, schizolysigenous ducts composing an anatomically distinct continuous system of tangentially anastomosing lacunae produced by the vascular cambium, which encircle the plant. Kino is secreted holocrinously into the vein lumen by a cambiform epithelium lined by suberized cells that separate kino veins from the surrounding axial parenchyma. A model describing kino flow in eucalypts is presented to investigate how vein distribution and structure, as well as kino holocrine loading, crystallization, and viscosity affect flow. Considering viscosity, vein anatomy, and a time-dependent holocrine loading of kino, the unsteady Stokes equation was applied. Qualitatively, kino flow is similar to resin flow. There is an increase in flow towards the vein open end, and both pressure and flow depend on vein dimensions, kino properties and holocrine loading. However, kino veins present a much smaller specific resistance to flow compared to resin ducts. Also, unlike resin loading in conifers, holocrine kino loading is not pressure-driven. The pressure and pressure gradient required to drive an equally fast flow are smaller than what is observed on the resin ducts of conifers. These results agree with previous observations on some angiosperms and suggest that holocrinous gum flow may have lower metabolic energy costs; thus presenting physiological advantages and possibly constituting an evolutionary step of angiosperms in using internal secretory systems in plant defence mechanisms compared to resin flow in conifers. Understanding of how these physiological and morphological parameters affect kino flow might be useful for selecting species and developing more sustainable and economically viable methods of tapping gum and gum resin in angiosperms., 69 pages, 7 figures, 2 Tables

The bottom-up construction of synthetic cells from molecular components is arguably one of the most challenging areas of research in the life sciences. We review the impact of confining biological systems in synthetic vesicles. Complex cell-like systems require control of the internal pH, ionic strength, (macro)molecular crowding, redox state and metabolic energy conservation. These physicochemical parameters influence protein activity and need to be maintained within limits to ensure the system remains in steady-state. We present the physicochemical considerations for building synthetic cells with dimensions ranging from the smallest prokaryotes to eukaryotic cells.

The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max), the total metabolic energy expenditure (_Etot), and the energy cost (C) measured as the speed of V̇ O2max in swimmers with physical impairments. Eleven swimmers performed an Nx200- m front crawl test from a low to all-out speed and data were obtained at maximum aerobic power. The oxygen uptake was measured breath-by-breath by a telemetric gas exchange system. The _Etot was calculated from the aerobic and anaerobic pathways at maximal intensity. The C was obtained by the ratio of the _Etot and the mean swimming speed. The V̇ O2max was 38.2 ± 8.3 mL.kg. min−1, the _E tot was 191.9 ± 51.7 kJ, and the C was 0.8 ± 0.2 kJ.m−1. The energy contribution of the aerobic pathway was higher (p < 0.001) than that of both the anaerobic pathways, which were similar (p > 0.05). There was no gender effect on the results of the energy contributions (p > 0.05). The anaerobic lactic pathway contribution was higher in male than in female swimmers (p < 0.05). The V̇ O2max and C were higher in swimmers who were less affected by physical impairment. The energy contribution of the aerobic pathways was similar for males and females. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

For all homoeothermic living organisms, heart rate (HR) is a core variable to control the metabolic energy production in the body, which is crucial to realize essential bodily functions. Consequently, HR monitoring is becoming increasingly important in research of farm animals, not only for production efficiency, but also for animal welfare. Real-time HR monitoring for humans has become feasible though there are still shortcomings for continuously accurate measuring. This paper is an effort to estimate whether it is realistic to get a continuous HR sensor for livestock that can be used for long term monitoring. The review provides the reported techniques to monitor HR of living organisms by emphasizing their principles, advantages, and drawbacks. Various properties and capabilities of these techniques are compared to check the potential to transfer the mostly adequate sensor technology of humans to livestock in term of application. Based upon this review, we conclude that the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique seems feasible for implementation in livestock. Therefore, we present the contributions to overcome challenges to evolve to better solutions. Our study indicates that it is realistic today to develop a PPG sensor able to be integrated into an ear tag for mid-sized and larger farm animals for continuously and accurately monitoring their HRs. ispartof: SENSORS vol:20 issue:8 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

An experiment using 96 Hy-Line brown laying hens at 29 weeks of age that were randomly allocated to four treatments with eight replicates was conducted to assess the effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) oil (SAO) on nutrient and energy utilization. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg SAO. The birds were fed the diets for 14 days. The conventional nutrients and amino acids of feed and excreta samples were measured for calculating apparent metabolic efficiency, and gross energy (GE) was analyzed for computation of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME). Endogenous losses were obtained from another 16 birds for calculating true metabolic efficiency. Birds supplemented with SAO had higher (p < 0.05) metabolic efficiency of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), Lys, Met, Arg, and Thr than those of control group. Quadratic effects on utilization of Lys, Met, and Thr were observed (p < 0.05). Inclusion of SAO to diet improved nutrient utilization, and the efficacy is best at 400 mg/kg.

Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary metabolic energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods A total of 240 crossbred pigs (Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire]) with an average body weight of 8.67±1.13 kg were used for a 6-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to a 2×3 factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design. The first factor was two levels of dietary ME density (low ME level, 13.40 MJ/kg or high ME level, 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary CP levels based on subdivision of early and late weaning phases (low CP level, 19.7%/16.9%; middle CP level, 21.7%/18.9%; or high CP level, 23.7%/20.9%). Results Over the entire experimental period, there were no significant difference in body weight among groups, but a decrease in diet energy level was associated with an increase in average daily feed intake (p = 0.02) and decrease in gain-feed ratio (G:F) ratio (p

(Determination of metabolic energy and nutrient market by product for local poultry feed ingredients)ABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the metabolic energy (ME) and proximate analysis of the coconut husk, garlic skin, heart of young jackfruit, in order to see its potential as a local feed ingredients for poultry, especially chicken. The study was conducted in 3 stages include feed preparation stage, treatment stage and retrieval of data. Stage of treatment involves measurement of metabolic energy to "force feeding" the appropriate method of Sibbald (1976). The results of the proximate analysis and gross energy (GE) are water content ranged from 6.28 to 13.60%, from 5.09 to 12.34% crude protein, crude fat from 0.57 to 48.72%, crude fiber 31.33 to 51.66 %, from 2.38 to 8.39% ash, extract materials without nitrogen from 3.19 to 27.11% and GE 3387.21 to 6491.17 (kcal/kg). The results of ME research is mathematical and biological ME each feed ingredient is coconut husk 4492.84 kcal/kg; 4025.59 kcal /kg, the heart of young jackfruit 1533.44 kcal/kg ; 1625.39 kcal/kg , garlic skins 1388.76 kcal/kg; 1327.65 kcal/kg, leather bean sprouts in 1392.48 kcal/kg; 1089 .33 kcal/kg . Conclusion The study is based on the results of the proximate analysis, the content of GE and EM biological byproduct feedstuffs markets that have potential for use in poultry rations are coconut husk being able to supply the highest energy.

Respiratory measures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are routinely used to estimate the body's steady-state metabolic energy use. However, slow mitochondrial dynamics, long transit times, complex respiratory control mechanisms, and high breath-by-breath variability obscure the relationship between the body's instantaneous energy demands (instantaneous energetic cost) and that measured from respiratory gases (measured energetic cost). The purpose of this study was to expand on traditional methods of assessing metabolic cost by estimating instantaneous energetic cost during non-steady-state conditions. To accomplish this goal, we first imposed known changes in energy use (input), while measuring the breath-by-breath response (output). We used these input/output relationships to model the body as a dynamic system that maps instantaneous to measured energetic cost. We found that a first-order linear differential equation well approximates transient energetic cost responses during gait. Across all subjects, model fits were parameterized by an average time constant (τ) of 42 ± 12 s with an average R2of 0.94 ± 0.05 (mean ± SD). Armed with this input/output model, we next tested whether we could use it to reliably estimate instantaneous energetic cost from breath-by-breath measures under conditions that simulated dynamically changing gait. A comparison of the imposed energetic cost profiles and our estimated instantaneous cost demonstrated a close correspondence, supporting the use of our methodology to study the role of energetics during locomotor adaptation and learning.

γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) catalyzes the conversion of gamma butyrobetaine (GBB) to l-carnitine, which is involved in the generation of metabolic energy from long-chain fatty acids. BBOX inhibitor 3-(1,1,1-trimethylhydrazin-1-ium-2-yl)propanoate (mildronate), which is an approved, clinically used cardioprotective drug, is a relatively poor BBOX inhibitor and requires high daily doses. In this paper we describe the design, synthesis, and properties of 51 compounds, which include both GBB and mildronate analogues. We have discovered novel BBOX inhibitors with improved IC50 values; the best examples are in the nanomolar range and about 2 orders of magnitude better when compared to mildronate. For six inhibitors, crystal structures in complex with BBOX have been solved to explain their activities and pave the way for further inhibitor design.

The energy expenditure of amateur boxing is unknown.Purpose:Total metabolic cost (Wtot) as an aggregate of aerobic (Waer), anaerobic lactic (W[lactate]), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr) energy of a 3 × 2-min semicontact amateur boxing bout was analyzed.Methods:Ten boxers (mean ± SD [lower/upper 95% confidence intervals]) age 23.7 ± 4.1 (20.8/26.6) y, height 180.2 ± 7.0 (175.2/185.2) cm, body mass 70.6 ± 5.7 (66.5/74.7) kg performed a semicontact bout against handheld pads created from previously analyzed video footage of competitive bouts. Net metabolic energy was calculated using respiratory gases and blood [lactate].Results:Waer, 526.0 ± 57.1 (485.1/566.9) kJ, was higher (P < .001) than WPCr, 58.1 ± 13.6 (48.4/67.8) kJ. W[lactate], 26.2 ± 7.1 (21.1/31.3) kJ, was lower (P < .001) than Waer and WPCr. An ~70-kJ fraction of the aerobic energy expenditure reflects rephosphorylation of high-energy phosphates during the breaks between rounds, which elevated Wtot to ~680 kJ with relative contributions of 77% Waer, 19% WPCr, and 4% W[lactate].Conclusions:The results indicate that the metabolic profile of amateur boxing is predominantly aerobic. They also highlight the importance of a highly developed aerobic capacity as a prerequisite of a high activity rate during rounds and recovery of the high-energy phosphate system during breaks as interrelated requirements of successful boxing.

Serpentinization of mantle peridotite generates molecular hydrogen that can be exploited by microorganisms to gain metabolic energy; however, the mechanisms that control hydrogen generation and magnetite formation during serpentinization remain poorly understood. We have examined partly to completely serpentinized peridotites recovered during the Ocean Drilling Program and find a remarkable variation in the abundance of magnetite. Some completely serpentinized peridotites have as much as 6.15 wt% magnetite, whereas others are nearly magnetite free (

Tenderness is determined by the growth and size of muscle fibers, which can be arranged through the feed. The current study was designed to investigate protein and metabolic energy level on performance including meat quality and muscle fiber size of male muscovy ducks. Five protein levels and metabolic energy of feed treatments (13% and 2300 kcal/kg, 15% and 2500 kcal/kg, 17% and 2700 kcal/kg, 19% and 2900 kcal/kg, 21% and 3100 kcal/kg) and 100 male dod of muscovy ducks were administered in this research. Protein and metabolic energy level significantly affected (p

The putative citrate metabolic pathway in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 consists of the transporter CitH, a proton symporter of the citrate-divalent metal ion family of transporters CitMHS, citrate lyase, and the membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase complex OAD-ABDH. Resting cells of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 metabolized citrate in complex with Ca 2+ and not as free citrate or the Mg 2+ -citrate complex, thereby identifying Ca 2+ -citrate as the substrate of the transporter CitH. The pathway was induced in the presence of Ca 2+ and citrate during growth and repressed by the presence of glucose and of galactose, most likely by a carbon catabolite repression mechanism. The end products of Ca 2+ -citrate metabolism by resting cells of Lb. casei were pyruvate, acetate, and acetoin, demonstrating the activity of the membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase complex OAD-ABDH. Following pyruvate, the pathway splits into two branches. One branch is the classical citrate fermentation pathway producing acetoin by α-acetolactate synthase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase. The other branch yields acetate, for which the route is still obscure. Ca 2+ -citrate metabolism in a modified MRS medium lacking a carbohydrate did not significantly affect the growth characteristics, and generation of metabolic energy in the form of proton motive force (PMF) was not observed in resting cells. In contrast, carbohydrate/Ca 2+ -citrate cometabolism resulted in a higher biomass yield in batch culture. However, also with these cells, no generation of PMF was associated with Ca 2+ -citrate metabolism. It is concluded that citrate metabolism in Lb. casei is beneficial when it counteracts acidification by carbohydrate metabolism in later growth stages.

Spike frequency adaptation (SFA) exists in many types of neurons, which has been demonstrated to improve their abilities to process incoming information by synapses. The major carrier used by a neuron to convey synaptic signals is the sequences of action potentials (APs), which have to consume substantial metabolic energies to initiate and propagate. Here we use conductance-based models to investigate how SFA modulates the AP-related energy of neurons. The SFA is attributed to either calcium-activated K+ (IAHP) or voltage-activated K+ (IM) current. We observe that the activation of IAHP or IM increases the Na+ load used for depolarizing membrane, while produces few effects on the falling phase of AP. Then, the metabolic energy involved in Na+ current significantly increases from one AP to the next, while for K+ current it is less affected. As a consequence, the total energy cost by each AP gets larger as firing rate decays down. It is also shown that the minimum Na+ charge needed for the depolarization of each AP is unaffected during the course of SFA. This indicates that the activation of either adaptation current makes APs become less efficient to use Na+ influx for their depolarization. Further, our simulations demonstrate that the different biophysical properties of IM and IAHP result in distinct modulations of metabolic energy usage for APs. These investigations provide a fundamental link between adaptation currents and neuronal energetics, which could facilitate to interpret how SFA participates in neuronal information processing.

Therapeutic development against exposure to toxic gases is hindered by the lack of appropriate models to evaluate candidate compounds prior to animal efficacy studies. In this study, an in vitro, air-liquid interface exposure model has been tested to examine its potential application for screening treatments for phosgene (carbonyl chloride)-induced pulmonary injury. Epithelial cultures on Transwell® inserts, combined with a Vitrocell® exposure apparatus, provided a physiologically relevant exposure environment. Differentiated human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cultures were exposed for 8 min to phosgene ranging from 0 to 64 ppm and assessed for changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER, epithelial barrier integrity), cellular viability (XTT) and post-exposure (PE) cellular metabolic energy status. Exposure to phosgene concentrations ≥8 ppm caused dose-dependent and significant decreases in TEER and XTT which did not recover within 24-h PE. In addition, at 64 ppm the rate of oxidative ...

Serpentinization potentially contributes to the origin and evolution of life during early history of the Earth. Serpentinization produces molecular hydrogen (H2) that can be utilized by microorganisms to gain metabolic energy. Methane can be formed through reactions between molecular hydrogen and oxidized carbon (e.g., carbon dioxide) or through biotic processes. A simple criterion, the H2/CH4 ratio, has been proposed to differentiate abiotic from biotic methane, with values approximately larger than 40 for abiotic methane and values of 2/CH4 ratios strongly depend on temperature. At 311 °C and 3.0 kbar, the H2/CH4 ratios ranged from 58 to 2,120, much greater than the critical value of 40. By contrast, at 400–500 °C, the H2/CH4 ratios were much lower, ranging from 0.1 to 8.2. The results of this study suggest that the H2/CH4 ratios cannot reliably discriminate abiotic from biotic methane.

Observations of coherent cellular behavior cannot be integrated into widely accepted membrane (pump) theory (MT) and its steady state energetics because of the thermal noise of assumed ordinary cell water and freely soluble cytoplasmic K(+). However, Ling disproved MT and proposed an alternative based on coherence, showing that rest (R) and action (A) are two different phases of protoplasm with different energy levels. The R-state is a coherent metastable low-entropy state as water and K(+) are bound to unfolded proteins. The A-state is the higher-entropy state because water and K(+) are free. The R-to-A phase transition is regarded as a mechanism to release energy for biological work, replacing the classical concept of high-energy bonds. Subsequent inactivation during the endergonic A-to-R phase transition needs an input of metabolic energy to restore the low entropy R-state. Matveev's native aggregation hypothesis allows to integrate the energetic details of globular proteins into this view.

The maximum abilities of birds to dissipate heat with an increase in their metabolic rate as a result of both activity and heat stress have been estimated by an integrated measurement of energy expenditure at rest (measured according to oxygen consumption) and common activity, the so-called existence metabolism (measured according to food consumption) in 26 passerine species, covering the overall order relative to the size range (from goldcrest to raven) and 16 nonpasserine species of the same size range (25–4000 g). The passerine and nonpasserine species do not differ in the mean change of heat loss in the cases of both maximal (h min) and minimal (h max) insulations. Both the minimal (h min) and maximal (h max) nonevaporative heat losses in both groups of species display similar dependences on the body weight, and the regression slopes for both h min and h max are equal. On the other hand, h max is approximately fourfold higher as compared with h min. This demonstrates that birds at the same ambient temperature (T A) are able to increase fourfold the amount of dissipated heat losses without increasing their evaporative heat loss. An increase in the h max/h min ratio suggests a more perfect organization of the systems associated with blood circulation and respiration, which naturally gives great advantages for any life activities, first and foremost, allowing for an increase in activity. The efficiency of metabolic energy transformation into mechanical work during standard existence varies in the studied species from 0.28 to 0.22 in summer and in winter.

Care in the growth phase is very important to ensure the longevity of the animal in the productive system, especially in highly intensified management. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the energetic and mineral metabolic profile in buffalo heifers receiving diets with different concentrations of energy. Twenty buffalo heifers of the Murrah breed, aged six to eight months, were distributed in four treatments with levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of energy in the diet. The experiment lasted 129 days (45 adaptation and 84 experiment). To evaluate the metabolic profiles, four blood samples were collected at 21 days intervals. Posteriorly, biomarkers for the energy profile (glucose, lactate, fructosamine, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) and mineral profile (total calcium, ionic calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorine) were analyzed. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression by GLM procedure of SAS (2000), considering 5 % of significance. In the energetic profile, a positive linear effect was observed for total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol and quadratic effect for plasma glucose, with the increase of energy in the diet. The mean values presented were 1.43 mmol/L for total cholesterol, 0.79 mmol/L for HDL cholesterol and 1.82 mmol/L for plasma glucose. In the mineral profile, a quadratic effect was observed for total and ionic calcium (Ca) levels, positive linear effect for phosphorus (P) levels and negative linear effect for chlorine (Cl) levels. However, the mean values presented were 2.16; 1.48; 2.43 and 85.96 mmol/L for total Ca, ionic Ca, P and Cl, respectively. We conclude that diets with high energy levels for buffalo heifers do not cause alterations in energy and mineral metabolism, that could impair sanity and productivity. This proves that buffaloes have a good ability to metabolize dietary nutrients, allowing them to maintain productive functions. Key Words

Feed broiler is one important factor that is very supportive of other factors when broiler maintenance. One way to reduce the use of maize is to use alternative raw materials of wheat. Wheat can be obtained and the price is cheaper than corn but contains a high Non Starch Polysaccharide, while the poultry digestive tool is not able to digest such crude fiber because it has no crude fiber-breaking enzymes so it needs enzyme addition to the efficient use of nutrient feed. The research method used is the experimental method using Completely Randomized Design consisting of 4 treatments 5 replications. The treatment is as follows P 0 (without wheat and xylanase); P 1 (substitution of maize with 20% wheat); P 2 (maize substitution with 40% wheat) and P 3 (substitution of maize with 60% wheat). The observed variables are metabolic energy of pseudo-feed and metabolically correlated false energy n. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) if there are differences among the treatments followed by Duncan's Test. The results showed that the use of wheat with a xylanase enzyme supplementation as a substitute corn provides highly significant effect (P

Skin exposure to infrared (IR) radiation should be limited in terms of irradiance, exposure time and frequency in order to avoid acute or chronic damage. Recommendations aimed at protecting humans from the risks of skin exposure to IR (e.g. ICNIRP, ACGIH) are only defined in terms of acute effects (e.g. heat pain and cardiovascular collapse), whereas the actual exposure conditions (e.g. spectral distribution, exposure geometry, frequency and number of exposures, thermal exchange with the environment, metabolic energy production and regulatory responses) are not taken into consideration. Since the IR component of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is mainly IR-A, and considering the increased use of devices emitting artificially generated IR-A radiation, this radiation band is of special interest. A number of in vitro and/or in vivo investigations assessing cellular or tissue damage caused by IR-A radiation have been undertaken. While such studies are necessary for the development of safety recommendations, the results of measurements undertaken to examine the interaction between skin and IR radiation emitted from different sources presented in this study, together with the detailed examination of the literature reveals a wide spectrum of contradictory findings, which in some instances may be related to methodological shortcomings or fundamental errors in the application of physical and photobiological laws, thus highlighting the need for physically and photobiologically appropriate experiments.