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Radiopharmaceutical therapies are gaining increasing prominence as they improve survival in patients with common diseases such as metastatic prostate cancer ([ 1 ][1],[ 2 ][2]). However, whereas sodium iodide (131I) therapy has been used for over 70 y in treating malignant and benign thyroid

Herein, nickel-catalyzed synthesis of polyarylcarbazole through sequential C-H bond activations has been described. Regioselective indole C2/C3 functionalization has been achieved in the presence of indole C7-H, which is quite challenging. In addition, this approach also gives easy access to building a heteropolycyclic motif through C6/C7 C-H functionalization of indoline. This methodology is not limited to aromatic internal alkynes as coupling partners; aliphatic alkynes have also shown good tolerance. Notably, during the optimization the catalytic enhancement with sodium iodide as an additive has been observed. We have also studied the photophysical properties of these highly conjugated molecules.

A series of novel heteroditopic halogen bonding (XB) receptor functionalised silica based materials, containing mono‐ and bis‐iodotriazole benzo‐15‐crown‐5 groups are investigated for the cooperative binding and extraction of sodium halide ion‐pair species from aqueous solution. Characterisation of the XB materials by CHN elemental analysis, 13C CP/MAS NMR and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopies confirms and quantifies the successful incorporation of the ion‐pair receptor frameworks to the silica material. ICP‐MS solid‐liquid extraction studies demonstrate the bidentate XB functionalised material is capable of NaI extraction from water. Importantly, cooperative XB‐mediated sodium halide ion‐pair binding is determined to be crucial to the material's extraction capabilities, impressively demonstrating a two‐fold enhancement in sodium iodide extraction efficiency relative to a heteroditopic hydrogen bonding receptor functionalised silica material analogue., A series of halogen bonding (XB) heteroditopic ion‐pair receptors comprising of benzo15‐crown‐5 cation binding moieties and iodotriazole XB donors are covalently integrated into silica QuadraSilTM based solid supports. Investigations into their sodium halide extraction capabilities demonstrated their ability as NaI extraction agents from water. Comparison with HB analogues demonstrate the crucial role of XB‐mediated NaI ion‐pair binding in the extraction performance.

The paper considers using a high-sensitivity calorimeter with an isothermal jacket to measure heat capacities of electrolyte salt solutions at the temperature of 298.15 K, the salt being sodium iodide NaI dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and in mixtures of isopropyl alcohol with water containing 10, 20, and 40 % water by mass, at various molalities of the electrolyte salt. We processed the apparent heat capacity values computed for the electrolyte salt by means of the ion association model, which assumes that there exists an equilibrium between ions and ion pairs of the same type in a solution. The association constant values obtained make it possible to predict the heat capacity values not measured empirically, which lie within the margin of error of the experimental values. The investigation shows that the apparent heat capacity of the electrolyte salt as a function of concentration is adequately described by the ion association model in a wide range of solution molalities

A radiopaque compound, namely, 4,4-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)pentanoic acid, was synthesized by the electrophilic aromatic iodination of 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid using sodium iodide and sodium hypochlorite. The active iodines created by hypochlorite were selectively bound to the ortho positions of the diphenolic acid and obtained a tetraiodo compound. Characterization of this iodinated compound was accomplished by routine methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The iodine content in the compound was as high as 64% by weight and therefore expected to possess substantial radiopacity. A 5% solution of the compound in dimethyl sulfoxide exhibited radiopacity of 885 ± 7 Hounsfield Units when tested with computed tomography (CT) scanner. In vitro cytotoxicity test performed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay demonstrated that the compound was noncytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cells up to the level of 0.8 mg/mL concentration. Overall results indicate that this highly radiopaque compound has the potential to be used for X-ray imaging in the clinical scenario.

The structure of endocrine morbidity is characterized by a significant spread of thyroid pathology. The insufficient efficacy of inorganic iodine drugs poses the problem of search for new means for iodine deficiency treatment and prevention. Given the progressive aging of the population in economically developed countries, the purpose of the study was to clarify the effect of organic iodine on the features of absorption and elimination of radioactive iodine from the thyroid glands of variously aged rats in the conditions of iodine deficiency in the diet. The study was performed on nonlinear white male rats in two series of studies that were kept on iodine-deficient isocaloric starch-casein diet for 60 days: the first series included two groups of old rats weighing 0.400-0.450 kg, the second series – two groups of sexually immature rats weighing 0.060-0.090 kg. There were 5 rats in each group. In animals of the experimental groups in each series, 10% of casein in the diet was replaced with organic iodine, which came with iodine-protein preparation from the red Black Sea algae Phyllophora nervosa. The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied using the Sodium Iodide Na 131 I Injection drug. The dosimetry was performed using the STS-6 Geiger-Muller Detector. Radioindication of the thyroid gland was carried out after subcutaneous administration of 0.1 ml of 131I solution at the following time intervals: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of 131I. The study results were presented as a percentage of the radioiodine dose administered, adjusted for natural radioactivity background and the radioactive decay of the drug. It was found that in the iodine deficiency conditions, the thyroid glands of old rats have higher rates of radioiodine absorption and a lower rate of its excretion than the glands of immature rats, which indicates their lower iodine reserve and greater liability to iodine deficiency pathology. Intake of organic iodine regardless of the rats’ age is accompanied by a decrease in radioiodine accumulation and acceleration of its excretion from the thyroid gland, which indicates a decrease in functional stress, but the glands of older rats absorb more iodine and excrete it more slowly, indicating less effective correction of iodine deficiency with age. Reduced functional activity of the thyroid glands in old rats can be used as a sensitive changes marker for the in-depth study of thyrotropic and thyroid disrupting effects.

The thermodynamics of solute–solvent interactions associated with solvation phenomena were estimated for solutions of glycine, DL-alanine, DL-norvaline and DL-serine. Initially, Gibbs free energies of transfer from water to water-sodium iodide mixtures were determined from solubility data. The equilibrium solubilities of amino acids in water and aqueous sodium iodide solution at standard temperature T = 298.15 K were evaluated via formol titration. Various important physicochemical factors like enthalpy, free energy, molar volume, molar mass, etc. in aqueous sodium iodide solution were measured at standard temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were used to analyze the virtual stability of the zwitterionic solutes in aqueous sodium iodide solution. The factors associated with solubility were also explained and interrelated with physical and thermodynamic aspects.

Excessive exposure of iodine over a time is well known to cause thyroid dysfunction, which may be followed by different effects on body organs. The present study aimed to illustrate the impacts of exposure of rats to excess iodine (above the tolerable range) and the reversibility of any negative impacts on hormonal profile related to thyroid besides cortisol and the hematological and biochemical parameters along with the histopathological alterations in the thyroid gland, liver, kidneys, and heart. Seventy-five rats were divided equally into three groups: Group 1 was control animals. Groups 2 and 3 received sodium iodide (NaI) orally at a dose of (35 and 70 mg/kg BW), which corresponded to (500 and 1000) times excess iodine from the physiological dose, respectively for 30 days, then the NaI administration stopped in the treated groups for 15 consecutive days. Blood and tissue samples were collected twice for various experimental tests after 30 and 15 days of exposure to excess iodine and stopping the exposure, respectively. Overall results revealed that excess iodine in both tested groups developed a hyperthyroid condition, hypercortisolism, relative polycythemia, neutropenia, elevation in serum liver and cardiac enzymes activities, hyperprotenemia, hyperglobulinemia, elevation in serum urea, and cardiac troponin I concentrations (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the excess iodine caused hyperthyroidism, which was associated with significant changes in erythrogram and leukogram and alterations in hepatic, renal, and cardiac functions in an iodine dose-dependent damage relationship and the most of negative impacts continued after stopping the administration.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. Current pharmacotherapy is not able to stop progression of the disease and can only improve cognitive functions. Therefore, new drugs are being sought that will slow down the development of the disease. Objective: Novel phosphorus and thiophosphorus tacrine derivatives 7-14 were designed, synthesized and their biological activity and molecular modeling was investigated as a new potential anti- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) agents. Methods: 9-Chlorotacrine was treated with propane-1,3-diamine in the presence of sodium iodide to yield N1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)propane-1,3-diamine 6. Finally, it was treated with corresponding acid ester or thioester to give phosphorus or thiophosphorus tacrine derivative 7-14. All of the obtained final structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR and MS. Results: The results of the docking studies showed that the newly designed phosphorus and thiophosphorus tacrine analogs, theoretically possess AChE and BChE-binding ability. Kinetic study showed that 8 and 12 in the series proved to be more potent electric eel AChE (eeAChE) and human (hAChE) inhibitors than tacrine, where 8 inhibited eeAChE three times more than the referenced drug. The highest BChE inhibition revealed 11 and 13. The most active compounds against eeAChE, hAChE and BChE showed mixed type of inhibition. Conclusion: All new synthesized compound exhibited lower toxicity against neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) in comparison with tacrine. Two analogues in the series, 7 and 9, demonstrated lack of cytotoxicity against hepatocellular cells (hepG2).

Cyclization of 4-propargylsulfanylquinazoline under the action of iodine gave 3-iodomethyl[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-c]-quinazolinium triiodide, which is reduced with sodium iodide to form 3-methyl[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-c]quinazolinium iodide. The reaction with bromine in dichloromethane leads to the formation of 3-bromomethyl[1,3]thiazolo-[3,2-c]quinazolinium bromide, and in acetic acid—2-(2-aminophenyl)-4-dibromomethyl-1,3-thiazole hydrobromide.

Visualizing the dynamics of cesium (Cs) is desirable to understand the impact of radiocesium when accidentally ingested or inhaled by humans. However, visualization of radiocesium in vivo is currently limited to plants. Herein, we describe a method for the production and purification of 127Cs and its use in visualizing Cs dynamics in a living animal. The positron-emitting nuclide 127Cs was produced using the 127I (α, 4n) 127Cs reaction, which was induced by irradiation of sodium iodide with a 4He2+ beam from a cyclotron. We excluded sodium ions by using a material that specifically adsorbs Cs as a purification column and successfully eluted 127Cs by flowing a solution of ammonium sulfate into the column. We injected the purified 127Cs tracer solution into living rats and the dynamics of Cs were visualized using positron emission tomography; the distributional images showed the same tendency as the results of previous studies using disruptive methods. Thus, this method is useful for the non-invasive investigation of radiocesium in a living animal.

A practical and efficient method to synthesize thiocarbamyl fluorides and isothiocyanates from amines with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride was developed. In the presence of the reducing agent triphenylphosphine and sodium iodide, thiocarbamyl fluorides and isothiocyanates were synthesized from secondary/primary amine in moderate to excellent yields, respectively. A broad scope of substrates and good functional group compatibility were observed.

Surfactants and/or salts at low concentrations are inherently relevant to gas hydrate formation in nature and industry. However, the combined effects of surfactants and salts at low concentrations ...

A new method for the synthesis of α-branched amines by reductive functionalization of tertiary carboxamides and lactams is described. The process relies on the efficient and controlled reduction of tertiary amides by a sodium hydride/sodium iodide composite, in situ treatment of the resulting anionic hemiaminal with trimethylsilyl chloride and subsequent coupling with nucleophilic reagents including Grignard reagents and tetrabutylammonium cyanide. The new method exhibits broad functional-group compatibility, operates under transition-metal-free reaction conditions, and is suitable for various synthetic applications on both sub-millimole and on multigram scales. Ministry of Education (MOE) Nanyang Technological University Accepted version This work was supported by funding from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) (for S.C.), the Singapore Ministry of Education (Academic Research Fund Tier 2: MOE2017-T2-1-064 for S.C.).

Photosensitizers with charge-separated excited states are commonly introduced into photocatalytic systems to accomplish photon-to-electron transformation. Unfortunately, the photosensitizers in cur...

Reaction mechanisms of organic molecules in a salt environment are of fundamental interest and are potentially relevant for atmospheric chemistry, in particular sea-salt aerosols. Here, we found evidence for lactone formation upon infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) of non-covalent bromoalkanoate complexes as well as bromoalkanoate embedded in sodium iodide clusters. The mechanism of lactone formation from bromoalkanoates of different chain lengths is studied in the gas phase with and without salt environment by a combination of IRMPD and quantum chemical calculations. IRMPD spectra are recorded in the 833-3846 cm-1 range by irradiating the clusters with tunable laser systems while they are stored in the cell of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The measurements of the binary complex Br(CH2)mCOOH·Br(CH2)mCOO- for m = 4 indicate valerolactone formation without salt environment while lactone formation is hindered for longer chain lengths. When embedded in sodium iodide clusters, butyrolactone formation from 4-bromobutyrate seems to take place already during formation of the doped clusters in the electrospray process, evidenced by the infrared (IR) signature of the lactone. In contrast, IRMPD spectra of sodium iodide clusters containing 5-bromovalerate contain signatures for both valerate as well as valerolactone. In both cases, however, a neutral fragment corresponding to the mass of valerolactone is eliminated, indicating that ring formation can be activated by IR light in the salt cluster. Quantum chemical calculations show that already complexation with one sodium ion significantly increases the barrier for lactone formation for all chain lengths. IRMPD of sodium iodide clusters doped with neutral bromoalkanoic acid molecules proceeds by elimination of HI or desorption of the intact acid molecule from the cluster.

An efficient photocatalytic dual decarboxylative alkenylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters mediated by triphenylphosphine and sodium iodide has been developed. This protocol proceeds under 456-nanometer irradiation by visible blue light in the absence of transition metals or organic dye based photoredox catalysts. The reaction is successfully applied to a wide range of redox-active esters derived from aliphatic carboxylic acids (1°, 2° and 3°) and α-amino acids, enabling transformations of diverse α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids to α,β-alkylated styrenes with high efficiency and excellent selectivity under mild conditions.

Herein, we report the photocatalytic decarboxylative alkenylation reactions of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derived from α-amino and α-hydroxy acids with 1,1-diarylethene, and with cinnamic acid derivatives through double decarboxylation, using sodium iodide and triphenylphosphine as redox catalysts. The reaction proceeds under mild irradiation conditions with visible blue light (440 nm or 456 nm) in an acetone solvent without recourse to transition-metal or organic dye based photoredox catalysts. The reaction proceeds via photoactivation of a transiently self-assembled chromophore from N-(acyloxy)phthalimide and NaI/PPh3. Solvation plays a crucial role in the reactivity.

The first triphenylphosphine/sodium iodide driven photocatalytic decarboxylative cascade cyclization of 2-isocyano-biaryls with alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters was developed. This operationally simple protocol results in multiple carbon–carbon bond formation under transition metal free conditions, affording a novel and environmentally benign entry to producing 6-alkyl phenanthridines with moderate to good yields.

By simply adding water and sodium iodide (NaI) to chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl), promotion of a Vorbrüggen glycosylation en route to essential HIV drugs emtricitabine (FTC) and lamivudine (3TC) is achieved. TMSCl-NaI in wet solvent (0.1 M water) activates a 1,3-oxathiolanyl acetate donor for N-glycosylation of silylated cytosine derivatives, leading to cis ox-athiolane products with up to 95% yield and >20:1 dr. This telescoped sequence is followed by recrystallization and borohydride reduction, resulting in rapid synthesis of (±)-FTC/3TC from an achiral tartrate ester.

Vinyl sulfides and vinyl sulfones are ubiquitous structures in organic chemistry because of their presence in natural and biologically active compounds and are very frequently encountered structural motifs in organic synthesis. Herein we report an efficient synthesis of vinyl sulfides and vinyl sulfones via transition metal-free sodium iodide-mediated sulfenylation of alcohols and sulfinic acids with solvent-controlled selectivity.

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) semiconductor detectors can be used as medium-resolution gamma-ray spectrometers, with the main advantage of a high portability and operation at room temperature. Their characteristics in terms of detection efficiency and resolution fall between the performance of sodium iodide and germanium detectors. One of the disadvantages of a CZT detector is the presence of a pronounced low-energy tail in the peak shape that complicates the analysis of spectra with overlapping peaks. The range of applications of CZT detectors includes verification measurements of fresh and irradiated nuclear material for safeguarding nuclear materials.

There has been a growing interest in ultrahigh-purity low-background $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{I}$($\mathrm{Tl}$) crystals for dark-matter direct searches. Past research indicates that zone refining is an efficient and scalable way to purify $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{I}$. In particular, $\mathrm{K}$ and $\mathrm{Rb}$---two elements with radioisotopes that can cause scintillation backgrounds---can be efficiently removed by zone refining. However, zone refining has never been demonstrated for ultrahigh-purity $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{I}$, which has become commercially available recently. In this paper, we show that many common metallic impurities can be efficiently removed via zone refining. A numerical model for predicting the final impurity distribution is developed and used to fit the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) measurement data to determine the segregation coefficient and the initial concentration. Under this scheme, the segregation coefficient for $\mathrm{K}$ is estimated to be $0.57$, indicating that zone refining is still effective in removing $\mathrm{K}$ from ultrahigh-purity $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{I}$. As zone refining tends to move the impurities to one end, elements with concentrations too low to be measured directly in the unprocessed powder can potentially be detected in the end due to the enrichment. We also present an analysis technique to estimate the initial concentrations of impurities with partial data, which effectively enhances the sensitivity of the spectrometer. Using this technique, the initial concentration of ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ is estimated to be between 5 parts per trillion (ppt) and 14 ppt at the 90% confidence level (CL), at least 14 times lower than the detection limit of ICPMS and 7 times lower than the current most stringent limit set by the DAMA collaboration by direct counting of radioactive ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. These results imply that zone refining is a key technique in developing next-generation $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{I}$-based crystal scintillators for dark-matter direct detection.

Efforts for the development of sodium ion batteries (NIB) are focusing on insertion electrode materials rather than on novel electrolytes. In a radically new approach, sodium insertion into amorphous TiO2 nanotubes, chosen as a typical electrode material for NIBs, is studied for the NaI liquid ammoniate (NaI·3.3NH3) and compared with the behavior in typical organic electrolytes (for instance 1 M NaClO4 in propylene carbonate, PC). The liquid ammoniate leads to significantly larger electrode capacities (between 0.5 and 2.6 V vs. Na+/Na): 145 mA h g−1 in NaI·3.3NH3 versus 105 mA h g−1 in 1M NaClO4/PC at 1 mA cm−2 (14C for the ammoniate). This is linked to the outstanding conductivity and sodium concentration of NaI·3.3NH3, together with the much smaller charge transfer resistance observed for this electrolyte. In more general vein, the prospects for using the NaI·3.3NH3 liquid ammoniate in NIBs are finally discussed. This work was partly supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through projects MAT2015-71727-R and RTI2018-102061-B-I00 (FONDOS FEDER).

Iodocyclization of 2-alkynylanisoles is an efficient route for synthesizing substituted benzofurans. Reaction efficiency with copper(II) sulfate and sodium iodide in an aqueous slurry under mild conditions is a manifold higher than in organic solvents. Water-soluble hosts of the cyclodextrin family solubilize the compounds in aqueous media and affect the reaction efficiency through conformation control and steric interactions. Computational chemistry and spectral titration provide information on the host-guest complex structure and insight into the mechanistic basis of the observed effects.

Hysteresis phenomenon occurs in solar cells and its cause is still an arguable issue as it redefines how accurately we control the device performance. Here, the hysteresis behavior in Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is studied based on the electrolyte. Three electrolytes were used containing Sodium iodide (NaI), Potassium iodide (KI), and Cesium iodide (CsI). Current density-voltage characteristics was measured for each device at fast (1 V/s) scan rate, medium (0.5 V/s) scan rate, and slow (0.1 V/s) scan rate. The charging-discharging process at TiO2/electrolyte interface during forward and reverse scan directions is propose as the responsible mechanism for hysteresis in DSSC. Based on our investigation, hysteresis phenomenon is strongly dependent on the size of alkali metal cation as well as J-V sweep scan rate. Hysteresis is dominant for NaI electrolyte with the smallest Na+ cation size while it diminishes for KI and CsI electrolytes with bigger K+ and Cs+ sizes, respectively. Also, using CsI electrolyte along with the slow scan rate of 0.1 V/s is the perfect combination for the minimal hysteresis in the solar cell. In addition, hysteresis index calculation was redefined based on the intercept cross points between forward and reverse scan directions. Our results suggest that DSSC has a charge storage efficiency accompanied by its primary function as a power conversion device. The charge storage ability occurs for V > VOC during the forward scan and it is significant for smaller cation size.

Large amounts of waste acids with high acidity and arsenic levels are produced during pyrometallurgy of nonferrous metal sulfide ores, in which the treatment of arsenic remains a problem. In this study, copper powder was used as a reducing agent and synergized with iodine ions to effectively remove arsenic from waste acids. The influences of stirring speed, copper powder particle size, sodium iodide/copper powder dosages, and reaction temperature on the removal efficiency of arsenic were investigated. The results showed almost complete removal of arsenic under the optimal conditions: 600 rpm stirring speed, copper powder particle size

Investigations of high-efficiency neutron-sensitive scintillators are very important for a wide variety of applications including special nuclear material detection, fundamental research, radiation safety, and industrial monitoring, among others. Responding to this need, we have been studying the Li x Na(1– x )I (conventionally called LNI) crystal system, using enriched 6Li because of its high neutron cross section. We have successfully grown single crystals of LNI with $x$ values in the range of 4%–20%, by the vertical Bridgman technique. Sodium iodide (NaI) and lithium iodide (LiI) have the same rock salt crystal structure capable of forming a monolithic solid solution over the entire concentration range. These LNI crystals are codoped with a few mol percent of Tl+ and Eu2+ activator to achieve the desired scintillation properties. X-ray excited luminescence spectra of LNI crystals show nearly identical main emission peaks around 440 nm independent of Li concentration. Neutron detection measurements using an americium/beryllium (AmBe) source show that increasing Li concentration from 4 to 20 mol% causes the neutron light yield (LY) to drop from 150 000 to 50 000 photons/neutron, while the gamma equivalent energy (GEE) for neutrons rises from 3.65 to 4.8 MeV. When measured at 662 keV (137Cs), the gamma ray LY behaves similarly, decreasing with the increase of Li content. This can be attributed to the lower fraction of Na, which affects both stopping power and scintillation efficiency. Pulse-shape discrimination measurements show well-defined differences between the gamma and neutron scintillator response.

Purpose Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression of Gas6 and its effects on autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Method A total of 24 male NOD.H-2h4 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) a control group supplied with regular water; (2) a sodium iodide (NaI) group supplied with 0.005% sodium iodide water; and (3) a group treated with recombinant mouse Gas6 (rmGas6) after iodine supplementation (NaI + Gas6 group). The severity of lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid was measured through histopathology. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1β, as well as anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) titers were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the expression of Gas6, Caspase 3, TAM receptors (Axl and MerTK), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and I-kappa-B α (IκB-α) were measured by Western blotting. Finally, the proportions of T cells were determined in the splenocytes of NOD.H-2h4 mice by flow cytometry. Results The mRNA and protein expression of Gas6 was significantly lower in the NaI group compared to the control group. Serum levels of TgAb, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were also significantly higher in the NaI group but were dramatically reduced after rmGas6 injection. The prevalence of thyroiditis and the infiltration of lymphocytes were significantly lower in the NaI + Gas6 group compared to the NaI group. The protein expression of cleaved-Caspase 3, phosphorylation of MerTK, and NF-κB and IκB-α in the thyroid gland were significantly reduced after rmGas6 administration. The proportion of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells in splenocytes were also significantly reduced after rmGas6 treatment, whereas there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of Treg cells. Conclusion Gas6 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of AIT and may therefore be a potential therapeutic target.

In this paperwork three samples were done; the first sample was a mixture of the polymer with epoxy. The second sample was mixture the polymer with epoxy and Barite. The third sample was pure from the Date kernel powder. The results have been compared with the gamma rays Radiation properties. Linear attenuation coefficients were calculated 1 keV and Using a gamma spectrometer sodium iodide detector at gamma ray’s energy 662, 1173 and 1332 keV. The ability of these compounds to attenuate and shield gamma rays has been investigated. Showing the Date kernel is found as high efficiency better than Barite and polymer. The readings and results on radioactive materials were taken at the Radioactive Waste Treatment Centre of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Baghdad, Iraq.

The structural phase transition and metallization of the simple alkali iodide, sodium iodide (NaI) is investigated through their band structures. The band structure, density of states (DOS) and total energy are computed as a function of volume for both NaCl and CsCl phases using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The phase transition pressure (PT) and the corresponding reduced volume (VT) estimated in our calculation are 0.038 Mbar and 0.89 respectively. The metallization pressure PM is 2.6259 Mbar and the corresponding reduced volume (VM) is 0.36. The results of the metallization pressure in NaI are compared with that of other alkali iodide spotassium iodide (KI) and RbI. It is found, that the charge transfer from s and p states to the d state will cause metallization and the metallization pressure increases with a decrease of the lattice constant. It is also confirmed that the metallization and structural phase transition do not occur simultaneously in ionic compounds.

Physical fractionation methods used in soil organic matter (SOM) research commonly include density-based procedures with heavy liquids to separate SOM pools with varying turnover rates and functions. Once separated, the heavy SOM pools are often thoroughly rinsed with water to wash off any residues of the heavy liquids. Using four soils with contrasting properties, we investigated the effects of using either sodium polytungstate (SPT) or sodium iodide (NaI), two of the most commonly used heavy liquids, on the distribution of organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) in free light, intra-aggregate light, and mineral-associated heavy SOM pools isolated by a common fractionation scheme. We also determined the effects of washing the mineral-associated heavy SOM fractions on the recovery of organic C and total N after separation. Because of its smaller viscosity compared to that of NaI, SPT consistently yielded greater intra-aggregate and smaller mineral-associated soil organic C contents. We also confirm that some commercial SPT products, such as the one used here, can contaminate organo-mineral heavy pools with N during density-based fractionation procedures. We do not recommend the repeated washing of heavy fractions separated with Na-based heavy liquids, as this can mobilize SOM.

Regulating the aqueous polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) is a major opportunity for future materials design, requiring the development of scalable, industry‐oriented procedures that afford modest molar mass and dispersity control without long reaction times and environmentally demanding conditions. To address these challenges, this report presents the rapid copolymerization of aqueous mixtures of AA and sodium acrylate using an inexpensive and scalable protocol based on alkyl iodides/sodium iodide as mediators in water.

The utilization of sodium iodide, potassium persulfate, and a thermal radical initiator enables facile access to PAA via the direct reverse iodine transfer polymerization of acrylic acid. This polymerization proceeds rapidly in aqueous media using inexpensive and commercially available reagents.

Understanding the influence of salt ions on the microscopic properties of liquid interfaces is of both fundamental and practical importance. A large number of previous experimental and theoretical investigations have explored the salt effects on the surfaces of either pure water or neat organic liquid. However, how the salt ions affect the interfacial structures of water/organic liquid mixtures has rarely been studied. Here, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) were carried out to investigate the influence of sodium iodide (NaI) on the air/liquid interfaces of the methanol-water mixtures. The SFG-VS spectral intensities were discovered to increase with the addition of 3 M NaI, while the center frequencies of the C-H stretching vibrations at high methanol concentrations showed a ∼2 cm-1 blue shift compared with those obtained before adding NaI. The MD results indicated that Na+ and I- can only affect Part I (near the bulk phase) but not Part II (near the gas phase) of the interfacial region. It was also found that the average orientations of interfacial methyl groups were constant and not effectively disturbed by the changes of methanol concentrations or the addition of NaI. It is therefore concluded that the changes of the SFG-VS intensities upon the addition of NaI salts were mainly caused by the increasing number of interfacial methanol molecules. Further analysis showed that the existence of NaI affects the surface tensions more for the interfaces with higher bulk methanol concentrations, which is in agreement with the SFG-VS results. It is noteworthy that the maximum number density of methanol molecules with the net nonzero orientations is reached near the Gibbs dividing surface, the reasons of which are worth further investigating.

Electrochemical oxidative radical sulfonylation/semipinacol rearrangement sequences of alkenylcyclobutanols have been developed. The reaction proceeds in an undivided electrochemical cell equipped with platinum plate electrodes employing sodium iodide as a redox catalyst and a supporting electrolyte. This approach is environmentally benign by using shelf-stable arylsulfonyl hydrazides as arylsulfonyl radical precursor and electrons as oxidizing reagents. The present protocol offers a facile way to prepare β-sulfonated cyclic ketone derivatives.

The usefulness of dried Dowex H+ cation-exchange resin with or without sodium iodide (NaI) as a catalyst system for different kinds of esterifications using carboxylic acids and alcohols as starting materials has been systematically investigated. The Dowex H+/NaI approach is very effective, generally high yielding, energy-efficient, and nontoxic, and the Dowex H+ resin is reusable. Since the whole procedure from start to product isolation is also very simple, these features make the method environmentally friendly. The method is regioselective, and its potential for separation of valuable carboxylic acids like resin acids from mixtures containing other kinds of carboxylic acids has been demonstrated. Examples for green and straightforward esterification of highly important natural amino acids are also presented.

Expression of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is stimulated by sterol-regulatory-element-binding transcription factors (SREBFs) in mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells. Because conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to inhibit transcriptional activity of SREBFs in the mammary gland, the hypothesis was tested that CLA isomers inhibit NIS expression induced by all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in MCF-7 cells through inhibiting SREBF activity. c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA decreased ATRA-induced NIS-mRNA expression from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.80 ± 0.12 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P0.05) and 0.62 ± 0.10 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P0.05), NIS-protein expression from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.77 ± 0.08 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P0.05) and 0.63 ± 0.05 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P0.05), and NIS-promoter activity from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.74 ± 0.13 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P0.05) and 0.76 ± 0.13 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P0.05); however, c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA increased the mRNA levels of SREBF isoforms and their target genes. In contrast, the mRNA expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) was strongly induced by ATRA alone but decreased by CLA isomers from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.80 ± 0.06 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P0.05) and 0.86 ± 0.06 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P0.05). Overexpression of PPARγ in MCF-7 cells increased basal NIS-promoter activity, and treatment with the PPARγ ligand troglitazone stimulated ATRA-induced NIS-promoter activity. In conclusion, the results suggest that CLA isomers exert their effect on the expression of NIS by decreasing PPARG expression in MCF-7 cells.

Crowdsourcing a chromophore Photoredox catalysis is widely used to accelerate chemical reactions by channeling the energy in visible light. However, most implementations rely on expensive chromophores to absorb light. Fu et al. now show that a pair of cheap components acting in concert can induce these reactions, despite not being strong visible absorbers individually. The combination of sodium iodide and triphenylphosphine allowed photoinduced electron transfer to catalyze a variety of alkylations. Science , this issue p. 1429

Polymer brushes are known to form highly efficient lubricating layers for a broad range of contacting surfaces in water. Here we focus on brushes of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) polymers that are end-anchored to the substrate at a high density. We show that the friction coefficient, which is measured upon sliding atomic force microscopy colloid probes on PMPC brushes at different normal loads, decreases when salts are added (1 M sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium iodide (NaI), cesium chloride (CsCl) and cesium iodide (CsI)). Interestingly, we observe that the reduction in the friction coefficient increases with increasing anionic size in the solution, while the size of the cation has no measureable effect. We relate the reduction in the friction coefficient to a decrease in the compliance of the brush. In pure water the brush is swollen and soft, resulting in a large contact area between colloids and brushes and, therefore, a relatively “high” friction coefficient. In salt solutions, the stiffness of the brush increases with increasing anionic size resulting in a lower contact area and, therefore, lower friction coefficient.

The inhibitive efficacy of environmental friendly pyrazine derivatives, 2,3-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid (Pyrazine C), pyrazine carboxamide (Pyrazine E) and 2-methoxy-3-(1-methylpropyl) pyrazine (Pyrazine H), on X60 steel were investigated in 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which simulate oil well acidizing conditions. The inhibitors were examined for their inhibition performance utilizing weight loss measurement at 60 °C and 90 °C for 6 h and electrochemical methods namely potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) at 25 °C. Results showed that efficiencies of pyrazines C and E were not affected by increase in their concentrations at 60 °C, however inhibition performance of pyrazine E increased with concentration at 90 °C while pyrazine C remained unchanged. The inhibition performance of pyrazine H increased with concentration at both temperatures. It was observed that addition of sodium Iodide (NaI) and Glutathione (Glu) enhanced the inhibition performance of pyrazine C and E but has no significant effect on pyrazine H. Potentiodynamic test showed that the three pyrazine derivatives investigated are mixed typed inhibitors. Pyrazine C and H are predominantly cathodic whereas pyrazine E was shown to be predominantly anodic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were utilized to further confirm the inhibition of steel corrosion by the three pyrazine derivatives.

It has long been known that large soft anions like bromide, iodide and thiocyanate are protein denaturing agents, but their mechanism of action is still unclear. In this work we have investigated the protein denaturing properties of these anions using Ribonuclease A (RNase A) as a model protein system. Salt-induced perturbations to the protein folding free energy were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and the results demonstrate that the addition of sodium iodide and sodium thiocyanate significantly decreases the melting temperature of the protein. In order to account for this reduction in protein stability, we show that the introduction of salts that contain soft anions to the aqueous solvent perturbs the protein unfolding free energy through three mechanisms: (a) screening Coulomb interactions that exist between charged protein residues, (b) Hofmeister effects, and (c) specific anion binding to CH and CH2 moieties in the protein polypeptide backbone. Using the micellization of 1,2-hexanediol as a ruler for hydrophobicity, we have devised a practical methodology that separates the Coulomb and Hofmeister contributions of salts to the protein unfolding free energy. This allowing us to isolate the contribution of soft anion binding interactions to the unfolding process. The analysis shows that binding contributions have the largest magnitude, confirming that it is the binding of soft anions to the polypeptide backbone that is the main promoter of protein unfolding.

A concise and efficient synthesis of linezolid and eperezolid were accomplished through a convergent scheme utilizing diverse reaction conditions. The synthesis demonstrates utility of a new approach to facilitate the expeditious construction of 3-aryl-5-(substituted methyl)-2-oxazolidinones and easier insertion of N-acetyl group. This new approach offers the possibility of accessing related 2-oxazolidinone members easily as well as making additional analogues of Linezolid. The adopted method afforded high purity and excellent yield compared to other existing synthetic methods. The compounds were successfully characterized by known spectroscopic techniques.

2-Iodomethyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium triiodide was synthesized by the reaction of 1-allylpyridin-2(1H)-one with hydrogen iodide in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or with iodine in acetone. The title compound reacted with palladium(II) iodide in DMSO to give crystalline bis(2-iodomethyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium) di-μ2-iodido-tetraiodidodipalladate(II) whose structure was proved by X-ray analysis. The reaction of 2-iodomethyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium triiodide with sodium iodide in acetone afforded 2-iodomethyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium iodide which decomposed into initial 1-allylpyridin-2(1H)-one and iodine on heating in methanol.