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Small protein B(SmpB) cooperates with transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) for trans-translation to ensure the quality control of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Furthermore, they regulate cell metabolism separately. According to research, SmpB functions as a transcription factor, and tmRNA acts as a small RNA. Purine pathway has been reported to be related to trimethoprim resistance, including hypoxanthine synthesis, adenosine metabolism and guanosine metabolism. Another reason of drug tolerance is the efflux pump of the bacterium. In transcriptomic data, it was shown that the expression of some related enzymes in adenosine metabolism were raised significantly in smpB deletion strain than that of wild type, which led to the differential trimethoprim resistance of Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii). Furthermore, the metabolic products of adenosine AMP, cAMP, and deoxyadenosine were accumulated significantly. However, the expressions of the enzymes related to hypoxanthine synthesis and guanosine metabolism were elevated significantly in ssrA (small stable RNA, tmRNA) deletion strain, which eventually caused an augmented metabolic product xanthine. In addition, the deletion of ssrA also affected the significant downregulations of efflux pump acrA/acrB. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were overall decreased after the trimethoprim treatment to the wild type, ΔsmpB and ΔssrA. And the difference in sensitivity between ΔsmpB and ΔssrA was evident. The MIC of ΔsmpB was descended significantly than those of wild type and ΔssrA in M9 medium supplemented with 1 mM adenosine, illustrating that the adenosine metabolism pathway was principally influenced by SmpB. Likewise, the strain ΔssrA conferred more sensitivity than wild type and ΔsmpB in M9 medium supplemented with 1mM guanosine. By overexpressing acrA/acrB, the tolerance to trimethoprim was partially recovered in ΔssrA. These results revealed that SmpB and tmRNA acted on different branches in purine metabolism, conferring the diverse trimethoprim resistance to A. veronii. This study suggests that the trans-translation system might be an effective target in clinical treatment of A. veronii and other multi-antibiotic resistance bacteria with trimethoprim.

This study modified carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via microwave and prepared gatifloxacin patches through solvent evaporation technique. The prepared patches were investigated with regards to the physical appearance, thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, drug content, percent moisture loss, percent moisture uptake, water vapour transmission rate, microbial penetration, skin irritancy, stability, in-vitro drug release, release kinetic, ex-vivo permeation, skin drug retention, and ATR-FTIR of skin. The in-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation experiments were conducted via diffusion cell. It was found that CMC viscosity/molecular weight was reduced as the microwave irradiation time prolonged. All the prepared patches were smooth, clear and elastic and possessed good uniformity in weight, thickness, drug content, % moisture uptake and % moisture loss. The drug content was in the range of 85–95%. The drug release was facilitated by the reduction of CMC viscosity following non-Fickian diffusion mechanism as indicated in kinetic studies. Ex-vivo permeation and skin retention of the drug have been intensified when a low-viscosity polymer was introduced. ATR-FTIR results confirmed that the prepared patches mainly influenced the lipids and proteins of the skin which gave rise to the improved permeation and skin retention of the drug.

Currently, energy storage with superior efficiency, inferior cost and environmentally benign is a solemn matter for the humanity worldwide because of constantly escalating demands of energy. Considering this crisis, many productive approaches were proposed to meet the current and future necessities. However, research is still continuous to develop innovative pathways and to improve the existing methodologies. Supercapacitors have taken the superior position among the talented devices for energy storage. Nanomaterials based on graphene (GN) and metal oxides/hydroxides have emerged as much more pertinent and beneficial resources for supercapacitor devices. In this review, we consider advanced research steps towards various versatile designing strategies for GN-metal oxide/hydroxide composite materials. We portray here very recently demonstrated (latest research of years 2013–2015) supercapacitive manners of GN-metal oxide/hydroxide nanocomposites in terms of specific capacitance and cyclic stability. Furthermore, we accentuate the fabrication challenges and future perspectives of such materials for energy storage.

Commercially accessible and long-lasting resources of energy are among the foremost areas of current research. Supercapacitors have taken the position of very thoughtful candidates in the energy-storing field to meet the modern necessities. Several graphene-based materials have been employed for supercapacitor electrodes. Here, we demonstrated an economical and advanced hydrothermal technique using combination of two reducing materials (urea and starch) for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide (RGO/ZnO) composite. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were carried out to study the structure and of RGO/ZnO composite. The supercapacitive behaviour of RGO/ZnO composite was studied via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments. The results showed enhanced specific capacitance (313.14 F g−1) with good cyclic stability (1000 cycles).

Graphene-based nanocomposite materials have drawn the serious attention of researchers due to their remarkable applications in the field of energy storage. Here, in the current work, the authors prepared various composite electrode materials composed of iron oxide and reduced graphene oxide. A simple cost-effective and one-step hydrothermal approach was employed, for the first time, using a combination of two reducing agents, namely urea and starch. The formation of composite materials was characterised using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical characteristics of the as-manufactured composite materials were explored using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. It was found that the iron oxide–reduced graphene oxide composite prepared by using two reducing agents exhibits higher specific capacitance (286.6 F g− 1) at scan rate of 5 mV s− 1 in 1M KOH solution.

In this study, we report the successful reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with cost effective and environment friendly methods. In the first method, we irradiated GO with highly energetic UV laser to obtain reduced GO (rGO). Moreover, Ag and Ni nanoparticles (NPs) were also productively deposited on rGO by in situ reduction of metal salts with ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation. In the second method, we employed neem leaf extract as reducing agent to synthesise rGO decorated with Ag and Ni NPs in a one-step approach. The reduction of GO as well as the deposition of Ag and Ni NPs on rGO was examined by Raman spectroscopy. We also performed ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis to observe absorption in UV-vis range, crystallographic orientations and surface morphology of rGO-NPs composites respectively. Both the reducing sources were found efficient for the reduction of GO and successful deposition of metal NPs on the surface of rGO via in situ reduction of metal salts...

Graphene has become a worldwide admired material among researchers and scientists equally due to its unique richness in mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, optical and thermal properties. Researchers have explored that the composite materials based on graphene and metal/metal oxide nanostructures possess excellent potential for energy storage technologies. In particular, supercapacitors based on such composite materials have engrossed the extreme interest of researchers for its rapid charging/discharging time, safe operation and longer cyclic constancy. Till now, several fabrication techniques for composite materials and their energy storage applications have been explored. Here, specially, we have concentrated on the hottest research progress for the fabrication of graphene oxide and metal/metal oxide nanocomposites. We also emphasized on the characteristics and properties of supercapacitors fabricated using these composite materials. Moreover, our study is focused on the specific capacitance and cyclic stability of various composites to haul out the most efficient material for supercapacitor applications.

The present study is aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening and biological activities of methanolic extract of Cyperus scariosus roots. Dried plant was grounded and extracted with methanol to prepare methanol crud extract. In vitro biological tests were conducted using this methanolic extracts according to the standard procedure. 100% death rate of brine shrimp was perceived at 3 mg/mL of plant extract after 72 hours. The extract showed action against Aspergillus flavius i.e. 90% followed by A. niger (91%) while the highest activity was shown against A. fumegatrus (94%). Important scavenging results were detected during scavenging of free radicals viz; 92.2% against DPPH, 82.2% to ABTS, 75.8% to hydrogen peroxide, 88.1% to β-carotene, 86.1% to hydroxyl radical and 89.4% against phosphomolybdate at 3 mg/mL were obtained. The results obtained in this study point out that extract showed significant biological activities which might be due to the presence of bioactive constituents.

This literature review reveals that in the ischemic stroke the blood clot occur in the brain due to which the arteries blocks and stop the blood flow. There are main two types of ischemic stroke one is thrombolic and the other one is embolic. The prevalence of ischemic stroke is about 85% in the U.S while in Pakistan as such no true incidence of stroke was determined but estimated annual rate is 250/100,000 translating to 350,000 new cases every year. The ischemic stroke is more than haemoregic stroke. Approximately 70 percent of patients have ischemic stroke. In the ischemic stroke there are many different types of risk factors or causes are involved due to which the ischemic stroke may cause e.g. oxidative stress, blood pressure, obesity, sex, family history etc. Many ROS are generated and may cause the oxidative stress due to which the brain is damaged and may cause the ischemic stroke. These risk factors may control through proper medications, regular exercise and the intake of many dietary antioxidants. In this type of disease the many different types of antioxidants e.g. (Bilirubin and Glutathione, Tocopherols, Dietary Vitamin E, Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements, Dietary Vitamin C) are also involved which scavenge the free radicals and reduce the chance of oxidative stress and thus the brain prevented from the damage.