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Traditional NiFe alloy catalyst (NiFe AC) possesses low alcohol selectivity for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of fatty acid due to its excessive deoxygenation into alkane. Herein, we innovatively provide the NiFe alloy oxide catalyst (NiFe AOC) to suppress the adsorption of aldehyde, which is the crucial intermediate of objective product alcohol converting into a side product, via the steric hindrance of lattice oxygen to inhibit the further conversion of alcohol. NiFe AOC reaches 100% conversion of lauric acid with 90% selectivity to lauryl alcohol. Kinetic analysis indicated that the apparent activation energy of side reaction increases by 71.1 kJ/mol for NiFe AOC relative to NiFe AC, evidencing the inhibition for the conversion of objective product alcohol into alkane for NiFe AOC. Furthermore, DFT calculation also suggests that the activation energy of the side reaction increases by 0.33 eV on NiFe AOC compared to NiFe AC. In addition, used NiFe AOC can be totally regenerated via surface reconstruction during the reduction-reoxidation treatment. However, overoxidation inducing NiFe surface phase separation weakened the synergistic interaction of Ni-Fe bimetallic sites and further decreased the catalytic activity.

Promoters play an important role in regulating gene expression, and construction of microbial cell factories requires multiple promoters for balancing the metabolic pathways. However, there are only a limited number of characterized promoters for gene expression in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha, which hampers the extensive harnessing of this important yeast toward a cell factory. Here we characterized the promoters of methanol utilization pathway, precursor supply pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense system, by using a green fluorescence protein variant (GFPUV) as a quantification signal. Finally, the characterized promoters were used for tuning a fatty alcohol biosynthetic pathway in O. polymorpha and realized fatty alcohol production from methanol. This promoter box should be helpful for gene expression and pathway optimization in the methylotrophic yeast O. polymorpha. KEY POINTS : • 22 promoters related to methanol metabolism were characterized in O. polymorpha. • Promoter truncation resulted shorter and compact promoters. • Promoters with various strengths were used for regulating a fatty alcohol biosynthesis from methanol.

Alcohol-forming fatty acyl reductases (FARs) catalyze the reduction of thioesters to alcohols and are key enzymes for microbial production of fatty alcohols. Many metabolic engineering strategies utilize FARs to produce fatty alcohols from intracellular acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP pools; however, enzyme activity, especially on acyl-ACPs, remains a significant bottleneck to high-flux production. Here, we engineer FARs with enhanced activity on acyl-ACP substrates by implementing a machine learning (ML)-driven approach to iteratively search the protein fitness landscape. Over the course of ten design-test-learn rounds, we engineer enzymes that produce over twofold more fatty alcohols than the starting natural sequences. We characterize the top sequence and show that it has an enhanced catalytic rate on palmitoyl-ACP. Finally, we analyze the sequence-function data to identify features, like the net charge near the substrate-binding site, that correlate with in vivo activity. This work demonstrates the power of ML to navigate the fitness landscape of traditionally difficult-to-engineer proteins., Fatty acyl reductases (FARs) are critical enzymes in the biosynthesis of fatty alcohols and have the ability to directly acces acyl-ACP substrates. Here, authors couple machine learning-based protein engineering framework with gene shuffling to optimize a FAR for the activity on acyl-ACP and improve fatty alcohol production.

Abstract Coking coal dust is extremely hydrophobic; therefore, combination with droplets in the air is difficult and dust suppression is challenging. Here, a dust suppressant spray for coking coal dust was studied in order to improve of the combination of droplets and coking coal dust. Based on monomer optimization and compounding analysis, two surfactant monomers, fatty alcohol ether sodium sulfate (AES) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were selected as the surfactant components of the dust suppressant. The surfactant monomers were combined with four inorganic salts and the reverse osmosis moisture absorption of each solution was determined. By combining the reverse osmosis moisture absorption values with the water retention experimental results, CaCl2 was identified as the optimal inorganic salt additive for the dust suppressant. Finally, the optimal concentration of each component was obtained using orthogonal experimental design i.e., AES (0.03%), SDBS (0.05%), and CaCl2 (0.4%). The dust suppressant solution formulated using this method had a high moisture absorption capacity and excellent performance. Graphic Abstract

Triterpenoids and fatty alcohols were identified from the sediments of five mangrove ecosystems (Kunjimangalam, Pazhayangadi, Pappinissery, Thalassery, and Kadalundi) in the northern Kerala coast, ...

Bilayers, self-assembled by cationic surfactants and fatty alcohols in water, are the basic units of lamellar gel networks - creamy formulations extensively used in cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Mesoscopic modelling and study of the bilayers formed by single- or double-tail cationic surfactants (CTAC or DHDAC), and fatty alcohols (FAs) in the lamellar fluid and gel phases were employed. Fatty alcohols with alkyl tail equal to or greater than the surfactant alkyl tail, i.e., C16FA or C18FA and C22FA, were considered. A model formulation was explored with the FA concentration greater than that of the surfactant and the structure of the fluid and gel bilayers in tensionless state characterised via the density profiles across the bilayers, orientational order parameters of the surfactant and FA chains, intrinsic analysis of the bilayer interfaces, and bending rigidity. The intrinsic analysis allows identification and quantification of the coexistence of the interdigitated and non-interdigitated phases present within the gel bilayers. The FA chains were found to conform the primary scaffolding of the bilayers while the surfactant chains tessellate bilayer monolayers from their water-hydrophobic interface. Further, the overlap of the FA chains from the apposed monolayers of the fluid bilayers rises with increasing FA length. Finally, the prevalence of the non-interdigitated phase over the interdigitated phase within the gel bilayers becomes enhanced upon the FA length increase with a preference of the surfactant chains to reside in the non-interdigitated phase rather than the interdigitated phase.

α-Gels are often used as base materials for cosmetics and hair conditioners. α-Gel-based commercial products typically contain many types of additives, such as polymers, electrolytes, oily components, and other surfactants, in addition to the three basic components. However, few systematic studies have been conducted on the effect of such additives on α-gels. In this study, we chose surfactant as an example to initiate the effect of such additives on the structure and rheological properties of α-gel samples formulated using cetyl alcohol (C16OH) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). Optical microscopy analysis demonstrated that the size of the vesicles in the α-gel samples in this study was decreased via the addition of hydrogenated soybean lecithin (HSL) and penta(oxyethylene) cetyl ether (C16EO5), a nonionic surfactant, to them. Rheological measurements revealed that at high C16OH/CTAC ratios, the viscosity and yield stress of the α-gel samples decreased owing to the addition of surfactants to them. Conversely, at low C16OH/CTAC ratios, the opposite tendency was observed. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis indicated that for the α-gel samples with high C16OH/CTAC ratios, the addition of HSL or C16EO5 to them decreased the interlayer spacing of their lamellar bilayer stack, which led to the changes in the rheological properties of the α-gel samples.

Extracellular production of long chain fatty acid-based products, such as fatty alcohols, are being investigated as intermediates amenable to separations and catalytic upgrading to hydrocarbon fuels. We previously demonstrated that the oleaginous yeast, Lipomyces starkeyi expressing the fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) gene from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, produced up to 770 mg/L of fatty alcohols. The FAR genes expressed in L. starkeyi transformants exhibited different fatty alcohol production levels. To better understand fatty alcohol production and potentially further increase fatty alcohol titer and yields, we investigated the expression levels, copy numbers, and enzymatic activities of the expressed FAR genes. Our results showed that fatty alcohol production is dependent on the above factors for higher titers of fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohol titer was further increased in the highest producing transformant by testing different basic process configurations (batch and fed-batch) with different initial nitrogen concentrations and feed rates. In fed-batch, a maximum of 4.2 g/L fatty alcohols were produced in 5-L bioreactor. The oleaginous yeast L. starkeyi can produce high titers of fatty alcohols particularly when periodically fed glucose and nitrogen.

1-octanol is a valuable molecule in the chemical industry, where it is used as a plasticizer, as a precursor in the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and as a growth inhibitor of tobacco plant suckers. Due to the low availability of eight-carbon acyl chains in natural lipid feedstocks and the selectivity challenges in petrochemical routes to medium-chain fatty alcohols,1-octanol sells for the highest price among the fatty alcohol products. As an alternative, metabolic engineers have pursued sustainable 1-octanol production via engineered microbes. Here, we report demonstration of gram per liter titers in the model bacterium Escherichia coli via the development of a pathway composed of a thioesterase, an acyl-CoA synthetase, and an acyl-CoA reductase. In addition, the impact of deleting fermentative pathways was explored E. coli K12 MG1655 strain for production of octanoic acid, a key octanol precursor. In order to overcome metabolic flux barriers, bioprospecting experiments were performed to identify acyl-CoA synthetases with high activity towards octanoic acid and acyl-CoA reductases with high activity to produce 1-octanol from octanoyl-CoA. Titration of expression of key pathway enzymes was performed and a strain with the full pathway integrated on the chromosome was created. The final strain produced 1-octanol at 1.3 g/L titer and a >90% C8 specificity from glycerol. In addition to the metabolic engineering efforts, this work addressed some of the technical challenges that arise when quantifying 1-octanol produced from cultures grown under fully aerobic conditions where evaporation and stripping are prevalent.

Fatty alcohols are widely used for various applications and are found in products ranging from detergents to cosmetics and cleaning agents Currently, over 3 million tonnes of fatty alcohols are produced per year from bio-based and petroleum-based feedstocks through chemical conversion and synthetic processes However, the environmental impact of current fatty alcohol production processes has become a major concern, and several bioprocesses have emerged as alternative methods for synthesis These biological processes are environmentally friendly due to their metal-free nature, low consumption of energy, and mild reaction conditions This review overviews the current status of fatty alcohol production ? both chemical and biological approaches Our focus is on biological synthesis approaches using biocatalysis and metabolic engineering due to their proven efficacy Potential downstream processing for these bioprocesses is also presented ? 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Coleus amboinicus (Lour) (torbangun) telah digunakan secara tradisional sebagai stimulan ASI, flavor dalam sejumlah masakan, serta dilaporkan memiliki nilai farmakologi yang cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi teknik ekstraksi cairan bertekanan atau Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) dalam mengidentifikasi kandungan fitokimia dalam torbangun. Kadar fenolik total dan flavonoid dalam torbangun ditentukan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Analisis GC-MS digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia dalam torbangun yang berasal dari hasil ekstraksi teknik PLE secara bertahap menggunakan pelarut dan campuran pelarut dari pelarut nonpolar, semipolar, dan terakhir pelarut polar. Kadar fenolik total dan flavonoid yang diperoleh dari ekstrak torbangun dalam metanol secara berturut-turut adalah 42,17±2,96 mg GAE/g dan 11,20±0,58 mg QE/g. Kandungan senyawa kimia yang teridentifikasi dalam torbangun adalah gula, hidrokarbon, keton, terpena, fenolat, asam lemak, alkohol lemak, steroid, alkaloid, dan lain-lain, dengan kandungan utama berupa senyawa fenolik, alkana, dan gula. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PLE dapat mengekstraksi torbangun dengan lebih efektif dan cepat. Sejumlah senyawa penting berhasil terekstraksi menggunakan komposisi pelarut secara bertahap dan mampu mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif tertentu dalam berbagai tingkat polaritas pelarut. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan pada penelitian pangan fungsional, farmasi, dan metabolomik.

Hypothesis In oleogel food systems (based on the mixture between stearic acid and stearyl alcohol) the strong effect of the weight ratio (R) between these two components on the textural and structural properties is well described. The effect of R for other fatty acids and fatty alcohols is less explored. Moreover, they do not show an enhancement of the oleogel properties for specific R. The effect of R on the oleogel properties, for a mixture of fatty acid and fatty alcohol with longer alkyl chains (behenyl alcohol and behenic acid) in sunflower and soybean oils, which are raw materials widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, was investigated. Experiments We characterized the oleogel properties as a function of R in terms of structuring potential: hardness, oil loss and gel stability. This information was correlated with microstructural data obtained at different length scales by coupling optical microscopy, DSC, SFC, SAXS and WAXS experiments. Findings Our results highlight that R tunes the oleogel properties in a comparable manner to previous results obtained for stearic acid and stearyl alcohol-based oleogels. Two specific R (8:2 and 7:3) close to the 3:1 molecular ratio gave oleogels with both the highest hardness and stability. The morphology and size of the mixed crystals obtained for these R cannot solely explain why they are stronger gels with low oil loss in comparison to the other R. The almost complete crystallization for these two R is one of the key parameters controlling the oleogel properties. As described in the literature, we also suggest that the differences in oleogel properties come from the spatial distribution of the crystalline mass. In this study, we confirm that the effect of the 3:1 molecular ratio in mixed surfactant systems described more than 50 years ago for foams, emulsions and Langmuir monolayers occurs also on the crystallization of mixed fatty alcohol and fatty acid in oils leading to better oleogels properties.

Heterocysts are the specialized cells for nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria. To protect the oxygen labile nitrogen fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, heterocysts keep their inner environment microoxic by developing layers of barrier on the outside of their outer membranes. Heterocyst specific glycolipids (Hgls) are constituents of the layer of barrier and amphipathic compounds, synthesized from a very long chain fatty alcohol as a hydrophobic tail and a sugar as a polar head. In the model heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Hgls are made of fatty alcohol with 26 carbons and a glucose, linked by an ether bond in alpha configuration. The fatty alcohol is synthesized via reactions of a polyketide synthase, HglEA. In Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, another polyketide synthase HglE2 shared more than 50% identity in an amino acid sequence with HglEA and is expected to be involved in Hgls synthesis. However, no direct evidence has been reported. Here, we experimentally show that HglEA is the contributor of Hgls synthesis, and that HglE2 is not involved in the development of the heterocyst specific glycolipid layer.

Based on the phase separation phenomenon in micro-droplets, polymer-lipid Janus particles were prepared on a microfluidic flow focusing chip. Phase separation of droplets was caused by solvent volatilization and Janus morphology was formed under the action of interfacial tension. Because phase change from solid to liquid of the lipid hemisphere could be triggered by physiological temperature, the lipid hemisphere could be used for rapid release of drugs. While the polymer we selected was pH sensitive that the polymer hemisphere could degrade under acidic conditions, making it possible to release drugs in a specific pH environment, such as tumor tissues. Janus particles with different structures were obtained by changing the experimental conditions. To widen the application range of the particles, fatty alcohol and fatty acid-based phase change materials were also employed to prepare the particles, such as 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and lauric acid. The melting points of these substances are higher than the physiological temperature, which can be applied in fever triggered drug release or in thermotherapy. The introduction of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) enabled the formation of multicompartment particles with three distinct materials. With different degradation properties of each compartment, the particles generated in this work may find applications in programmed and sequential drug release triggered by multiple stimuli.

Nine new β-carboline fatty alcohol hybrids were synthesized from natural amino acid L-tryptophan by the conjugation of 10-undecen-1-ol via ester linkage. All the synthesized products were characterized in each step by spectral techniques (1H, 13C NMR mass and HRMS). Synthesized β-carboline derivatives (7a-i) were screened for biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-biofilm and anticancer. Compounds 7d and 7f showed most potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 and Candida albicans MTCC 3017 microbial strains ranged from 2.8 to 28.3 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition assay showed that the compound 7f exhibited better activity against three bacterial stains with IC50 values from 1.8 to 2.9 µM. All the β-carboline derivatives showed cytotoxic activity, among them compounds 7f and 7h (IC50 values 9.1 and 11.4 µM) were exhibited potential activity. Free radical scavenging activity via DPPH assay revealed that compound 7g acted as a good antioxidant molecule than all the tested compounds.

Fatty aldehydes are among the most important flavor and fragrance compounds. Most biotechnological production approaches make use of the one step conversion of fatty acids from renewable sources by the enzymes α-dioxygenase (αDox) or carboxylic acid reductase (CAR). Their reaction mechanisms and cofactor dependencies are very different. In contrast to heme-containing αDox which requires only oxygen as cosubstrate, CAR needs NADPH and ATP, which is a clear argument for the application of a whole cell catalyst. Therefore we compared fatty acid biotransformations with growing Escherichia coli cells expressing αDox or CAR to investigate their suitability for fatty aldehyde and also fatty alcohol production. Our results show the main product of fatty acid conversions with αDox-expressing cells to be the expected Cn-1 aldehyde. However, 14% of the products consist of the corresponding alcohol, but in addition, 17% of the products consist of further shortened aldehydes, alcohols and acids that result from the consecutive activity of αDox and a putative endogenous fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in E. coli. Conversely, CAR-expressing cells produced only the unshortened fatty aldehyde and alcohol, whereby the latter surprisingly accounts for at least 80% of the products. The considerably higher extend of aldehyde reduction of CAR-expressing cells was shown to be causally connected to the CAR-mediated fatty acid conversion. Our study provides an overview about the applicability of αDox- or CAR-based whole cell catalysts and gives a detailed description of side products as well as suggestions for tailored strain engineering.

Fatty alcohol and fatty acid compounds are responsible for some significant characteristics of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products, such as texture and stability. A knowledge of the solid...

Fatty acid-derived compounds have a range of industrial applications, from chemical building blocks to biofuels. Due to the highly dynamic nature of fatty acid metabolism, it is difficult to identify genes modulating fatty acyl-CoA levels using a rational approach. Metabolite biosensors can be used to screen genes from large-scale libraries in vivo in a high throughput manner. Here, a fatty acyl-CoA sensor based on the transcription factor FadR from Escherichia coli was established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and combined with a gene overexpression library to screen for genes increasing the fatty acyl-CoA pool. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by data analysis, identified genes enhancing acyl-CoA levels. From these, overexpression of RTC3, GGA2, and LPP1 resulted in about 80% increased fatty alcohol levels. Changes in fatty acid saturation and chain length distribution could also be observed. These results indicate that the use of this acyl-CoA biosensor combined with a gene overexpression library allows for identification of gene targets improving production of fatty acids and derived products.

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) was mixed with alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and fatty alcohol ether sulfate (AES) and a FoamScan foam analyzer and a proposed coal dust wetting method were used to test the foaming and wetting properties of various compound solutions. The foaming and wetting properties of the SDBS/AES and SDBS/APG compound solutions were optimal at the mass ratios of 0:1 and 1:2 respectively as the total mass concentration of the compound solution was 0.2%. Besides, the properties of optimal SDBS/APG compound solutions is better than optimal SDBS/AES compound solution. In addition to hydrophilic head, AES contains ether groups (C-O-C) which have lone electron pairs, it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and improve the water locking ability of the liquid film. Therefore, the pure AES solution has a better foaming performance than the SDBS/AES compound solution. For the SDBS/APG compound solution, the head groups of the SDBS (SO3−) have a better hydrophilicity than those of the APG ( OH); therefore, the SDBS molecules are closer to water phase and the APG molecules are closer to the air phase. This arrangement could slow the diffusion of air and decrease the loss of water molecules, which ensures better foaming properties. Because the surface of the coal dust is electronegative, there is no electrostatic repulsion force between APG and coal dust surface, so APG molecules can be absorbed on the surface of coal dust more easily than SDBS. Since the anionic surfactant SDBS can carry more water molecules, the synergistic effects of the SDBS and APG molecules made the dust wetted in the shortest time.

Fatty alcohol is considered as a promising clean fuel alternative to fossil fuel. In this study, we developed a facile and robust multiple enzyme complex of lipase (LIP), carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and aldehyde reductase (AHR) based on cohesin-dockerin specific interaction and E. coli-ice nucleation protein (INP) surface assembly for highly efficient conversion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) to fatty alcohols. The proximity effect, customized ratio and positional arrangement of the three enzymes were readily genetically generated. The optimized cell associated three enzyme complex gave 73% of conversion yield, and showed significantly improved stability in higher temperature, acidic/alkaline environments, polar organic solvents, high concentration of substrate, and good recyclability in successive biotransformations. The three enzyme complex provides an efficient non-natural synthetic cascade route for fatty alcohol bioproduction alternative to complex de novo biosynthesis route.

In this contribution, we report a facile and green process for the quantitative transformation of natural oils, fatty esters, and fatty acids to fatty alcohols over N-modified carbon (N–C) supported RuSn catalysts in water at low temperatures (140–180 °C). The synthesis of the N–C support was carried out by using a one-pot process with melamine, glucose, and ZnCl2 as reactants. The presence of Sn nanoparticles, and pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen in the modified N–C support favoured the good dispersion of Ru nanoparticles, improved the hydrophilic properties of the catalyst for staying in the water layer, and facilitated the adsorption of the carbonyl groups. After strongly interacting with the carbonyl group of fatty acids over Sn nanoparticles and N-groups, Ru nanoparticles catalysed the further acid hydrogenation to the intermediate aldehyde, and subsequently to the target fatty alcohol at a fast rate. This provides a useful and simple method for synthesizing highly hydrothermal-stable metal supported carbon catalysts, which can facilely and selectively hydrogenate the aqueous biomass to value-added chemicals.

In this paper, the structuring of liquid oils, also known as oleogelation, is systematically investigated for the first time using a quasi-quaternary mixing system approach. Native waxes with different quantities of wax esters (WE), n-alkanes (hydrocarbons (HC)), fatty acids (FA), and fatty alcohols (FaOH) are applied in mixtures with hydrolyzed waxes to systematically change the composition. Hydrolyzed waxes contain high levels of FA and FaOH. The model systems are investigated on microscopic level (brightfield light microscopy (BFM), cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM)) as well as on their macroscopic properties (rheology, gel hardness) and calorimetric behavior (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that sunflower wax (SFW)-based gels (12% structurant) become less hard on any admixture. Beeswax (BW)-based gels show significant increases in hardness when 25% and 50% (w/w) hydrolyzate are admixed. This could be related to stepwise crystallization. Further analysis reveals that the dissolution/melting behavior of the wax ester mixtures can be surprisingly well described as ideal solubility of a single pseudocomponent. The approach to unravel the individual contributions of the different species present in waxes is successful and marks a first step to better understand the systematic of wax functionality as oleogelators.

Five Oxalis L. plants belonging to three different sections were collected and subjected to GC-MS analysis to evaluate and understand the relationship between them from the chemosystematic point of view. The GC-MS analysis revealed the identification and characterization of thirty seven compounds belonging to different non-polar chemical classes of which nine compounds (two aliphatic hydrocarbons, one diterpene, one fatty acid, four fatty acid esters and one fatty alcohol) were identified before from the genus while, the rest compounds were identified for the first time. The GC-MS results were chemosystematically significant among Oxalis species and were found to be a good parameter in finding a tangible demarcation between O. corniculata and O. corniculata var. repens, on the other hand it is difficult to differentiate between Oxalis sections by the obtained data.

Moringa oleifera is an important traditional medicinal plant usedfor the treatment of many health problems.It is widely cultivated across the world but it has not well known orwell-studied in Iraq. Therefore, the aimof this study is to identify the bioactive compounds present in acetone:methanol (1:1) seeds extractof IraqiMoringa olieifera by using GC-Mass Spectrophotometry.The results of this analysis revealed 41 compounds which include ,terpenes ( cis-beta-Ocimene 0.97%,Cedrene 0.20%, Cedrenol 1.40%, Verrucarol 0.29 , Dehydroxy-isocalamendiol 0.09% , beta-Myrcene0.14% , 3-Thujene 0.06%, Ocimene 0.72% , Sabinene 0.37% Aromadendrene 1.54%) , phenols (0.34%,Eugenol 0.49%, cis-Isoeugenol 1.21%, Methoxyeugenol 0.26%, Ferrocene 0.57%, Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-, (Z) 0.34 , Oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-2-one -7-neopentylidene) 0.61% ) , fatty acid methyl esters( n-Tridecanoic acid 0.15% , Undecanoic acid 0.09% , Pentadecanoic acid 34.43%, 4-Hexadienal 1.52% ,Dodecanoic acid 11.02% , cis-Vaccenic acid 21.39%, Hexadecenoic acid 0.15% , Eicosanoic acid 0.03%), acid(myristicin,7.8%), Phenyl propanoid (Asarone, 4.99%), Antioxidant (-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 1.38%),Drug (Berbine, 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy, 0.73%), Drug (Thiazolo, 0.63%), aldehyde (Trimethylsilyl vanillin,0.61%), hormone (Octenoic acid, 0.46%), Amine (ethyl ester, 0.42%), Carboxylic acid (Dimethylandrost5-en-3-one, 0.28%), Terpenoid (Lavandulol, 0.19%), Heterocyclic compound (Buten-3-one, 1-(2-carboxy4,4-dimethylcyclobutenyl, 0.18%), Volatile oil (Butanoic acid, 0.16%), Fatty alcohol (1-Heptatriacontanol,0.12%), Hydroxy carbon-alkene-(Carene, 0.11%).It can be concluded from this study that the seeds are considered a rich source of bioactive compounds.

Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) are classified as non-ionic and green surfactants that can be synthesized from renewable materials such as glucose and fatty alcohol. APGs are commonly applied as surfactants in enhancing oil recovery (EOR) since APGs exhibit excellent interfacial activities, emulsified abilities, foaming performance, and wettabilities. In this research, the mixture of APG C12 was synthesized following the indirect method, which was consisted of two stages, i.e. butanolysis and transacetalization. Butanolysis was carried out by reacting glucose in technical grade with 1-butanol (1:2.8, m/m) and PTSA catalyst 1 mol% at 106°C for 6h. The mixture of APG C4 from butanolysis then was further applied in transacetalization without purification by adding 1-dodecanol with some optimizations, i.e. mass ratio of 1-dodecanol, reaction time, and temperature. The optimum condition to afford the APG C12 mixture was the mass ratio of glucose in technical grade and 1-dodecanol 1:7.5 m/m with PTSA catalyst 0.5 mol% at 115°C for 4h. All the mixture of APGs were analyzed for its remaining reducing sugar level using Benedict’s test and further characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, and LC-MS/MS. Moreover, physical characteristic tests such as compatibility, emulsion stability, solubility, and interfacial tension tests were also conducted on all the mixture of APGs. This study reveals that APGs can be synthesized using the indirect method with moderate to good physical characteristics which can be used for EOR surfactant for further application.

Nine new β-carboline fatty alcohol hybrids were synthesized from natural amino acid L-tryptophan and hybridized with 10-undecenol via ester linkage. All the synthesized products were characterized in each step by spectral techniques (1H, 13C NMR mass and HRMS). Synthesized β-carboline derivatives (7a-i) were screened for biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antibio film and anticancer. Compounds 7d and 7f showed most potent antimicrobial activity against B.subtilis MTCC 121, M.luteus MTCC 2470, S.aureus MTCC 96 and C.albicans MTCC 3017 bacterial strains ranged from 2.8 to 28.3 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition assay showed that the compound 7f exhibited better activity against three bacterial stains with IC50 values from 1.8 to 2.9 µM. All the β-carboline derivatives showed cytotoxic activity, among them compounds 7f and 7h (IC50 values 9.1 and 11.4 µM) were exhibited potential activity. Free radical scavenging activity via DPPH assay revealed that compound 7g acted as good antioxidant molecule than all the tested compounds.

Novel fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactants (NFAES) C1:(C12–C14–EO30) and C2:(C16–C18–EO30) were synthesized and characterized, and the effect of an increase of the hydrocarbon chain length at the same numbers of ethoxylated groups of these surfactants on the corrosion of mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl was studied by different methods. These have revealed that the inhibition efficiency (IE%) increases with increasing the dose and the hydrocarbon chain length at the same number of ethoxylated groups in the surfactants (NFAES). The surfactants (NFAES) have a perfect performance as corrosion inhibitors. The results revealed that C2 > C1 in the IE% at the same studied dose of each surfactant, The IE% reached 85% at the very low dose of 30 ppm. Potentiodynamic measurements (PP) revealed that the NFAES surfactants are working as mixed type of inhibitors for both cathodic (reduction) and anodic (oxidation) reactions. The critical micelle dose for C1 is 350 ppm while for C2 it is 30 ppm. IE% acquired from PP, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical frequency modulation are approximatly the same. The surface morphology was analyzed and is discussed.

Background: Aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO) is a non-heme di-iron enzyme that catalyzes deformylation of aldehydes to generate alkanes/alkenes. In this study, we report for the first time that under anaerobic or limited oxygen conditions, Prochlorococcus marinus (PmADO) can generate full-length fatty alcohols from fatty aldehydes without eliminating a carbon unit. Results: Unlike the native activity of ADO which requires electrons from the Fd/FNR electron transfer complex, the aldehyde reduction activity of ADO requires only NADPH. Our results demonstrated that yield of alcohol products can be affected by oxygen concentration and type of aldehyde. Under O2-scant conditions (10-15%), yields of octanol and dodecanol were around 40-60% and could be increased up to 80% under strict anaerobic conditions (>0.0004%). Unexpectedly, Fe2+ cofactor is not involved in the aldehyde reductase activity of PmADO because yields of alcohols obtained from holo- and apo-enzymes were similar under anaerobic conditions. The direct hydride transfer activity of PmADO is highly specific to substrates; NADPH not NADH can be used as a reductant to reduce medium-chain fatty aldehydes (C6-C10) with decanal as the most preferred substrate (the highest kcat/Km value with 98% bioconversion yield). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was used to identify a binding site of NADPH which is located close to the aldehyde binding site. In the metabolic engineered cells containing PmADO, dual activities of alkane and alcohol production could be detected. Conclusion: The findings reported herein highlight a new activity of PmADO which may be applied as a biocatalyst for industrial synthesis of fatty alcohols in the future.

Oil foams that are based on oleogels are stabilized by the presence of crystalline particles at the air bubble surface and in bulk. The size of crystalline particles is an important parameter in oil foam stabilization. The creation process (cooling and shear rate) can tune its properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of altering the weight ratio (R) between long chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols on the oil foam. Two optimal weight ratios R = 7:3 and R = 8:2, for which mixed crystals were present, produced the best foams in terms of overrun, foam firmness and foam stability. R not only affected the crystal size, but also the number of crystalline particles present in the oleogel. Mixed crystals help to produce and stabilize the foams. We highlighted that there is a link between the oleogel stability and hardness with their resulting oleofoam properties.

Super-microporous material (pore size 1&ndash, 2 nm) can bridge the pore size gap between the zeolites (&lt, 1 nm) and the mesoporous oxides (&gt, 2 nm). A series of super-microporous titania&ndash, alumina materials has been successfully prepared via a facile one-pot evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) strategy by different solvents using fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO-7) as the template. Moreover, no extra acid or base is added in our synthesis process. When titanium isopropylate is used as the titanium source, these materials exhibit high BET surface areas (from 275 to 396 m2/g) and pore volumes (from 0.14 to 0.18 cm3/g). The sample prepared using methanol as the solvent shows the largest Brunauer&ndash, Emmett&ndash, Teller (BET) surface area of 396 m2/g. When tetrabutyl titanate is used as the titanium source, these materials exhibit high BET surface areas (from 282 to 396 m2/g) and pore volumes (from 0.13 to 0.18 cm3/g). The sample prepared using ethanol as the solvent shows the largest BET surface area of 396 m2/g.

A series of nonionic surfactants with double hydrophilic head groups was synthesized from ethoxylation of aliphatic 1,2-vicinal diols (C8, C10, and C12) with ethylene oxide, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR). Compared with linear primary alcohols, the lower residual alcohol content of the products indicates that the ethoxylation activity of the 1,2-vicinal diols was higher. The physicochemical properties and surface properties of the vicinal diol polyoxyethylene surfactant (DCjEn) were studied. The DCjEn surfactants reduced the pure water surface tension to ~30 mN ∙ m-1 with low critical micelle concentration variations of ~0.32–0.92 mmol ∙ L-1. The surfactant wettability was superior to that of typical commercial surfactant fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9). A higher foamability and stronger foam stability that is comparable with that of widely used commodities, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were the remarkable properties of the DCjEn for a C12 alkyl chain length. With regards to functional properties, these novel nonionic surfactants can be used as primary surfactants in personal-care products.

Simple binary mixtures of hydrogenated and perfluorinated surfactants are typically immiscible in monolayers, with mixtures forming highly-structured films at the air-water and solid-air interfaces. While dispersion interactions between tail groups of the surfactants play a key role in dictating the micron-scale morphology of such mixed films, the influence of the head group on film morphology has been minimally explored. In this work, surfactant head group effects are investigated by comparing thermodynamic miscibility in combination with film morphology in binary mixed films comprised of nonadecanoic acid (ND; CH3(CH2)17COOH) with perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PF; CF3(CF2)12COOH), as well as the corresponding fatty alcohol nonadecanol (NDOH; CH3(CH2)18OH) with PF. Both the fatty acid and fatty alcohol were immiscible with PF in monolayers, with the systems exhibiting small, negative deviations from ideal mixing and forming phase-separated domains under a variety of preparation conditions. Micron and nanometer-scale film morphologies for the two sets of films were significantly different, however, with fatty acid mixtures tending to form polygonal, faceted domains enriched in hydrocarbon whereas the fatty alcohol mixtures formed significantly less structured domains, both at the solid- and liquid-air interfaces. Differences in film morphologies are discussed in terms of head and tail group interactions, and placed in context of existing literature on closely-related monolayer systems.

Wax esters (WE) belong to the class of neutral lipids. They are formed by an esterification of a fatty alcohol and an activated fatty acid. Dependent on the chain length and desaturation degree of the fatty acid and the fatty alcohol moiety, WE can have diverse physicochemical properties. WE derived from monounsaturated long-chain acyl moieties are of industrial interest due to their very good lubrication properties. Whereas WE were obtained in the past from spermaceti organs of the sperm whale, industrial WE are nowadays mostly produced chemically from fossil fuels. In order to produce WE more sustainably, attempts to produce industrial WE in transgenic plants are steadily increasing. To achieve this, different combinations of WE producing enzymes are expressed in developing Arabidopsis thaliana or Camelina sativa seeds. Here we report the identification and characterization of a fifth wax synthase from the organism Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, MaWSD5. It belongs to the class of bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (WSD). The protein was purified to homogeneity. In vivo and in vitro substrate analyses revealed that MaWSD5 is able to synthesize WE but no triacylglycerols. The protein produces WE from saturated and monounsaturated mid- and long-chain substrates. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds expressing a fatty acid reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and MaWSD5 produce WE. Main WE synthesized are 20:1/18:1 and 20:1/20:1. This makes MaWSD5 a suitable candidate for industrial WE production in planta.

In this report, we identify the relevant factors to increase production of medium chain n-alcohols through an expanded view of the reverse β-oxidation pathway. We began by creating a base strain capable of producing medium chain n-alcohols from glucose using a redox-balanced and growth-coupled metabolic engineering strategy. By dividing the heterologous enzymes in the pathway into different modules, we were able to identify and evaluate homologs of each enzyme within the pathway and identify several capable of enhancing medium chain alcohol titers and/or selectivity. In general, the identity of the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (TER) and the direct overexpression of the thiolase (FadA) and β-hydroxy-acyl-CoA reductase (FadB) improved alcohol titer and the identity of the FadBA complex influenced the dominant chain length. Next, we linked the anaerobically induced VHb promoter from Vitreoscilla hemoglobin to each gene to remove the need for chemical inducers and ensure robust expression. The highest performing strain with the autoinduced reverse β-oxidation pathway produced n-alcohols at titers of 1.8 g/L with an apparent molar yield of 0.2 on glucose consumed in rich medium (52% of theoretical yield).

Fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons attract increasing attention as biofuels due to their immiscibility with water, high-energy content, low freezing point, and high compatibility with existing refineries and end-user infrastructures. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has advantages for production of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons as its native routes toward fatty acid synthesis involve only a few reactions that allow more efficient conversion of carbon substrates. Here we describe major biosynthetic pathways of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons in yeast, and summarize key metabolic engineering strategies, including enhancing precursor supply, eliminating competing pathways, and expressing heterologous pathways. With recent advances in yeast production of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons, our review identifies key research challenges and opportunities for future optimization, and concludes with perspectives and outlooks for further research directions.

The application of low dosage kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) for hydrate mitigation in hydrocarbon production operations can offer considerable practical benefits and cost savings. However, there are still concerns over KHI usage, particularly with respect to fouling problems in produced water handling/disposal. One possible solution to fouling is KHI polymer removal from produced waters by solvent extraction, with fatty alcohols showing particular promise for this purpose, these having a high affinity for common KHI polymers, but very limited miscibility with water. In this study, it is demonstrated that such solvents can also be used to create novel water-immiscible KHI formulations, with these offering potential for KHI recycling/reuse. The fatty alcohol 1-octanol has been successfully used as carrier solvent for PVCap to produce a KHI, which is immiscible with water, yet shows comparable hydrate inhibition performance to aqueous PVCap. Evaluation of this immiscible KHI using a crystal growth inhibi...

Fluid fatty alcohols are believed to be nanostructured but broadly amorphous (i.e., noncrystalline) fluids and solvents, including the most popular fatty tissue mimetic, hydrated n-octanol (i.e., hydro-octanol). To check this premise, we studied dry octanol and hydro-octanol as a model of relatively short fluid n-alkanols with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We also combined this alkanol with the matching alkane (i.e., octane) and with a common anti-inflammatory pain killer (ketoprofen). This revealed that (hydro-)octanol and arguably any other short fatty alcohol form a mesophase. Its basic structural motif are regularly packed polar nanoclusters, reflected in the inner peak in the SAXS diffractogram of (hydro-)octanol and other fluid n-alkanols. The nanoclusters arguably resemble tiny, (inverse) hydrated bilayer fragments, located on a thermally smeared para-crystalline lattice. Additives to hydro-octanol can change the nanoclusters only moderately, if at all. For example, octane and the drug ketoprofen added to hydro-octanol enlarge the nanoclusters only little because of the mixture's packing frustration. To associate with and to bring more water into hydro-octanol, an additive must hence transform the nanoclusters: it expands them into irregularly distributed aqueous lacunae that form a proto-microemulsion, reflected in the previously unknown Guinier's SAXS signal. A "weak" (i.e., a weakly polar or nonpolar) additive can moreover create only size-limited lacunae. Coexistence of nanoclusters and lacunae as well as size variability of the latter in hydro-octanol subvert the concept of octanol-water partition coefficient, which relies on the studied compartment homogeneity. In turn, it opens new possibilities for interfacial catalysis. Reinterpreting "octanol-water partition coefficient" data in terms of octanol-water association or binding constant(s) could furthermore diminish the variability of molecular lipophilicity description and pave the ground toward a more precise theoretical quantification and prediction of molecular properties.

Biologically-derived hydrocarbons are considered to have great potential as next-generation biofuels owing to the similarity of their chemical properties to contemporary diesel and jet fuels. However, the low yield of these hydrocarbons in biotechnological production is a major obstacle for commercialization. Several genetic and process engineering approaches have been adopted to increase the yield of hydrocarbon, but a model driven approach has not been implemented so far. Here, we applied a constraint-based metabolic modeling approach in which a variable demand for alkane biosynthesis was imposed, and co-varying reactions were considered as potential targets for further engineering of an E. coli strain already expressing cyanobacterial enzymes towards higher chain alkane production. The reactions that co-varied with the imposed alkane production were found to be mainly associated with the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the lower half of glycolysis. An optimal modeling solution was achieved by imposing increased flux through the reaction catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) and iteratively removing 7 reactions from the network, leading to an alkane yield of 94.2% of the theoretical maximum conversion determined by in silico analysis at a given biomass rate. To validate the in silico findings, we first performed pathway optimization of the cyanobacterial enzymes in E. coli via different dosages of genes, promoting substrate channelling through protein fusion and inducing substantial equivalent protein expression, which led to a 36-fold increase in alka(e)ne production from 2.8 mg/L to 102 mg/L. Further, engineering of E. coli based on in silico findings, including biomass constraint, led to an increase in the alka(e)ne titer to 425 mg/L (major components being 249 mg/L pentadecane and 160 mg/L heptadecene), a 148.6-fold improvement over the initial strain, respectively; with a yield of 34.2% of the theoretical maximum. The impact of model-assisted engineering was also tested for the production of long chain fatty alcohol, another commercially important molecule sharing the same pathway while differing only at the terminal reaction, and a titer of 1506 mg/L was achieved with a yield of 86.4% of the theoretical maximum. Moreover, the model assisted engineered strains had produced 2.54 g/L and 12.5 g/L of long chain alkane and fatty alcohol, respectively, in the bioreactor under fed-batch cultivation condition. Our study demonstrated successful implementation of a combined in silico modeling approach along with the pathway and process optimization in achieving the highest reported titers of long chain hydrocarbons in E. coli.

The disposal of spent bleaching earth (SBE), an industrial refining waste from the bleaching process, is a crucial environmental issue. The objective of this work was thus to formulate a microemulsion-based washing agent for the removal of residual rice bran oil from SBE using the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. The HLD equation was used to calculate the optimum salinity at various temperatures in the washing agent solution based on the alkane carbon number (ACN) of the rice bran oil. Three fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactants (Dehydol LS series) were selected for use as nonionic surfactants. From the HLD equation and phase experiments, Dehydol LS3TH was selected to formulate the microemulsion-based washing agent for oil recovery from the SBE. The HLD equation predicted a Winsor Type III microemulsion to occur at 8.5 wt.% of NaCl at 25 °C. Phase behavior studies demonstrated that a Type III microemulsion occurred over a NaCl concentration range of 10–20 wt.%. From these results, a correlation was confirmed between the theoretical HLD prediction and the experimental phase behavior. In the oil recovery study, the microemulsion-based washing agent provided the highest total oil extraction efficiency: up to 71.38 ± 1.75% at the optimum salinity of 15 wt.% NaCl, and a contact time of 30 min at 25 °C. Thus, the HLD concept for predicting microemulsion formulation was found to be an effective way to formulate a microemulsion-based washing agent for vegetable oil removal from SBE.

Glycolipid microbial biosurfactants, such as sophorolipids (SLs), generate high industrial interest as 100% biobased alternatives for traditional surfactants. A well-known success story is the efficient SL producer Starmerella bombicola, which reaches titers well above 200g/L. Recent engineering attempts have enabled the production of completely new types of molecules by S. bombicola, e.g. the bolaform SLs. Scale-up of bolaform SL production was performed at 150L scale. The purified product was evaluated in detergent applications, as classic SLs are mostly applied in eco-friendly detergents. In this paper, we show that they can be used as green and non-irritant surfactants in for example (automatic) dishwashing applications. However, due to the presence of an ester function in the biosurfactant molecule a limited chemical stability at higher pH values (>6.5) was noticed, (therefore called 'non-symmetrical' (nsBola)) which, is a major drawback that will most likely inhibit market introduction. An integrated bioprocess design (IBPD) strategy was thus applied to resolve this issue. The strategy was to replace the fed fatty acids with fatty alcohols, to generate so-called "symmetrical bolaform (sBola) sophorosides (SSs)," containing two instead of one glycosidic bond. Next to a change in feeding strategy, the blocking of the fatty alcohols from metabolizing/oxidizing through the suggested omega-oxidation pathway was necessary. For the latter, two putative fatty alcohol oxidase genes (fao1 and fao2) were identified in the S. bombicola genome and deleted in the bolaform SL producing strain (Delta at Delta sble). Shake flask experiments for these new strains (Delta at Delta sble Delta fao1 and Delta at Delta sble Delta fao2) were performed to evaluate if the fed fatty alcohols were directly implemented into the SL biosynthesis pathway. Indeed, sBola sophorosides (SSs) production up to 20 g/L was observed for the Delta at Delta sble Delta fao1 strain. Unexpectedly, the Delta at Delta sble Delta fao2 strain only produced minor amounts of sBola sophorosides (SSs), and mainly nsBola SLs (alike the parental Delta at Delta sble strain). The sBola sophorosides (SSs) were purified and their symmetrical structure was confirmed by NMR. They were found to be significantly more stable at higher pH, opening up the application potential of the biosurfactant by enhancing its stability properties.

Pseudomanas alcaligenes is a Gram-negative soil bacteria which has the potential to degrade hydrocarbons including aromatic compounds. The biodegradation of a representative oxyethylated fatty alcohol by the PA strain under static model conditions with a surfactant as a sole source of organic carbon was investigated. Polydispersal oxyethylated dodecanol C12E10 is biodegraded by the bacterial P. alcaligenes strain of following two alternative pathways: central fission with formation of poly(ethylene glycols) or ω-oxidation of an oxyethylene chain with the formation of carboxyl end group and intermediate aldehyde group. Shorter homologues of polydispersal mixture C12E10 are faster biodegraded and the mixture is enriched with longer homologues.

Fatty alcohol production in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was achieved through heterologous expression of the fatty acyl-CoA/ACP reductase Maqu2220 from the bacteria Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and the fatty acyl-ACP reductase DPW from the rice Oryza sativa. These platform strains became models for testing multiplex CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) metabolic engineering strategies to both improve fatty alcohol production and to study membrane homeostasis. CRISPRi allowed partial repression of up to six genes simultaneously, each encoding enzymes of acyl-ACP-consuming pathways. We identified the essential phosphate acyltransferase enzyme PlsX (slr1510) as a key node in C18 fatty acyl-ACP consumption, repression of slr1510 increased octadecanol productivity threefold over the base strain and gave the highest specific titers reported for this host, 10.3mgg-1 DCW. PlsX catalyzes the first committed step of phosphatidic acid synthesis, and has not been characterized in Synechocystis previously. We found that accumulation of fatty alcohols impaired growth, altered the membrane composition, and caused a build-up of reactive oxygen species.

The low-temperature flow properties of waxy crude oils are considered the determining factor in the pipeline transportation. Such properties are highly affected by the content, composition and structure of wax. Polymeric additives known as pour point depressants (PPDs) have been developed to control the growth habits of wax crystals to improve the cold flowability of waxy crude oils. The present study aimed to synthesize comb-shaped polymeric additives based on poly (alkyl ester of malenized linoleic acid) to lower the pour point of Egyptian waxy crude oil and study its impact on the growth of wax crystals. Such PPDs were first prepared by free radical polymerization of maleic anhydride with alkyl linoleate. The resultant copolymer was then esterified with fatty alcohol. These obtained polymeric derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR and Raman scattering spectral analyses. The crystallization behavior of paraffin wax was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), photomicrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings of these analyses showed that both of poly (alkyl linoleate-co-succinic anhydride) and poly (alkyl linoleate-co-tetra-esters) lower the crystallization temperature and enthalpies of paraffin wax, whereas photographs and SEM micrographs revealed that treating waxy oils with these pre-prepared polymeric additives led to suppress formation of the paraffin crystallites, and thus reduce the paraffin crystal size. Pour point measurements exhibited that the maximum pour point depression (ΔPP = 18 °C) was obtained by using poly (alkyl linoleate-co-tetra-esters) at dose of 3000 ppm.

Middle chain fatty alcohols, which can be easily obtained from bio-synthesis and fatty acid hydro-treatment, were used as a renewable resource to produce alternative jet fuels by rational integration of selective dehydration and hydro-processing. Various catalysts such as ZSM-22, Al-MCF and ZSM-5 with different textural and acidic properties were tested in the dehydration step. It was found that the structural and acidic properties have significant influences on the dehydration performance and product distribution. After Pt introduction, the fatty alcohols can be converted into paraffins with different isomerization degrees. The different integrations of dehydration and hydro-processing steps resulted in different medium chain fatty alcohol to jet fuel production processes. Three different production processes, one-step hydro-isomerization over Pt/ZSM-22, dehydration (Al-MCF)/hydro-isomerization (Pt/ZSM-22) and dehydration (ZSM-22)/hydro-processing (Pt/MCF) were developed and tested. The dehydration (Al-MCF)/hydro-isomerization (Pt/ZSM-22) process, which provides the highest iso-paraffin yield, was used for conversion of a commercially available alcohol mixture in a pilot scale reactor. The product obtained from such pilot scale experiment had a freezing point of 7566 specification except for density.

The composition of neutral lipids of New Zealand propolis wax was determined with the use of Thin Layer Chromatography, Solid Phase Extraction, Gas Chromatography, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Neutral lipids in the sample were represented mostly by wax esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, and free fatty acids. Low levels of free fatty alcohols were also observed, accompanied by even lower levels of 1-O-alkylglycerols. Wax esters consisted mostly of saturated non-hydroxylated and mono-hydroxylated fatty acids and alcohols, with some monounsaturated non-hydroxylated esters also present. Non-hydroxylated fatty acids contained from 16 to 36 carbon atoms, whilst hydroxylated acids contained from 14 to 26 carbon atoms. While almost 11% of non-hydroxylated fatty acids were monounsaturated, only trace levels of monounsaturated hydroxylated fatty acids were observed. Fatty alcohol moieties of wax esters were predominantly saturated and contained mostly from 24 to 34 carbon atoms per molecule. No polyhydro...

PT X processes crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) into products such as glycerin, fatty acid, and fatty alcohol. The purpose of this study was to determine the acid value of fatty acid using alkalimetry titration methods and gas chromatography and compare the values obtained with the PT X standard. The results showed that the AV 105 E21 and 105 E22 were following the PT X standard, with ranges respectively 355-365 mg KOH/gr and 268-275 mg KOH /gr. This indicates that the fatty acid samples produced can be sold to consumers.

The properties of the surface and the interface of the complex system of hexadecyl/octadecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate with 3 ethoxy groups and octadecyl dimethyl carboxyl betaine were investigated. The complex system had a good synergistic effect and could reduce the Shengli Oilfield crude oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) to 10−3 mN m−1 in a wide total surfactant concentration with less amount of hexadecyl/octadecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate. In addition, we explored the effect of the salinity and divalent ion concentration on the interfacial tension (IFT) of the complex system. The results showed that the complex system can be used in the oil field when the salinity is lower than 50 000 mg · L−1 and the molar ratio of octadecyl dimethyl carboxyl betaine/hexadecyl/octadecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate is 9: 1.

This study aimed to improve the development and utilization of an aqueous extract of Sapindus saponins (SW) from the pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn and fermentation product (SWF) by focusing on its surfactive nature. Compound systems containing SWF and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkyl poly glycoside (APG), and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether were produced, and their detergency and antimicrobial activity were determined. The surfactive nature of SWF was higher compared with that of SW, to different degrees, and its compound system with APG showed the best surfactive activity. The detergency ability of SWF/APG was also higher, to different degrees, compared with SWF and APG based on three types of representative soiled swatches and standard cleaning requirements at the level of 16.7/33.4 mg/mL (SWF/APG, weight per weight). Compared with SWF, the antimicrobial activity of SWF/APG was significantly better ( P Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton rubrum , and Candida albicans . Our results show that Sapindus saponins have the potential for functionality development as a natural detergency resource.